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Vertical tubes 100 mm in diameter and 6 m long are used to concentrate a dilute aqueous
solution in a once-through falling-film evaporator. The flow rate per tube is 3,000 kg/h, and the
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viscosity of the solution at the initial boiling point is 2.5 cP. (a) What would be the average phone to post a questio
residence time of the liquid in the tube if no evaporation occurred? (b) What fraction of the water We'll send you a one-tim
would be evaporated if the overall ΔT were 90°C and the overall heat-transfer coefficient were
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3,500 W/m2 · °C? (c) If the same fraction evaporated could be achieved in an upflow evaporator
of the same size, what would be the average residence time? (Assume the fluid in the tube is 888-888-8888 Text
two-thirds liquid and one-third vapor.)

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Step 1 of 5

Evaporation involves concentrating a solution which consists of a non-volatile solute and a

volatile solvent. Mostly, water is taken as solvent. In an evaporator, the liquid is evaporated into A
gaseous form of the particular substance. There are various types of evaporators that are used
tex
with different performance types. Unit Transport
Operations... Phenomena
7th Edition 3rd Edition

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Step 2 of 5

(a)

Calculate the shear stress on lower surface of control volume:

is called as liquid loading and it is given as follows:

…… (1)

Here, is feed rate and is the breadth of the layer in direction perpendicular to plane of the
surface.

is given as follows:

…… (2)

Here, is the diameter of the vertical tube.

Substitute as in equation (2) as follows:

Substitute as and as in equation (1) as follows:

The Reynolds number for flow down a flat plate is given by the equation as follows:

…… (3)

Here, is absolute viscosity.

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Substitute as and as in equation (3) as follows:

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Assume the flow to be laminar, the film thickness is given as follows:

….. (4)

Here, is density, is acceleration due to gravity and is inclination angle.

Substitute as , as , as , as and
as in the equation (4) as follows:

The film thickness increases with power of the rate of flow for greater than . This
is why the actual thickness is greater than for laminar flow.

Measurements of film thickness indicates a transition at . Beyond this point, the

thickness increases with around power of the rate of flow.

Correction factor is given as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above equation:

So, at , is wriiten as :

If no evaporation occurred, the average residence time of the liquid in tube is given as
follows:

Here, is the length of the tube.

Substitute as , as , as and as in the

above expression as follows:

Comment

Step 3 of 5

Therefore, the average residence time of the liquid in tube is .

Comment

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Step 4 of 5
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(b)

The rate of heat transfer is given as follows:

…… (5)

Here, is the overall heat-transfer coefficient, is overall temperature drop and as heat-
transfer surface.

Calculate as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above equation as follows:

Substitute as , as and as in equation (5) as

follows:

Evaporation per tube is given as follows:

Here, is latent heat.

Substitute as and as in the above expression as follows:

Or,

Percent evaporated can be determined as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above expression as follows:

Therefore, fraction of water evaporated is .

Comment

Step 5 of 5

(c)

For the same total amount that gets evaporated, the liquid flow at bottom of the tube is
.

The liquid flow at top of the tube is calculated as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above expression as follows:

Calculate average flow as follows:

Substitute as and as in the above expression as follows:

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Total volume of one tube is given as follows:
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Substitute as and as in the above equation as follows:

Assume liquid to occupy of this, then the average residence time is calculated as

follows:

Substitute as , as and as in the above

expression as follows:

Therefore, average residence time is .

Comment

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