Chapter 8

Basic Concepts of
Chemical Bonding

Dr V Paideya
2022

© 2015 Pearson Education

 Learning Outcomes: 8.1
Write Lewis symbols for atoms and ions.
Define lattice energy and be able to arrange
compounds in order of increasing lattice energy
based on the charges and sizes of the ions
involved.
Use atomic electron configurations and the
Octet rule to draw Lewis structures for
molecules.
Use electronegativity differences to identify
Basic Concepts
of Chemical
covalent and ionic bonds. Bonding
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 Chemical Bonds
• Three basic types of bonds
– Ionic
• Electrostatic attraction
between ions.
– Covalent
• Sharing of electrons.
– Metallic
• Metal atoms bonded to
several other atoms.
Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Symbols

• method used to denote potential bonding electrons

by using one dot for every valence electron around
the element symbol.
• When forming compounds, atoms tend to gain, lose,
or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight
valence electrons (the octet rule). Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Theory
Some fundamental ideas associated with Lewis
theory are:

1. The Valence e-’s are vital in chemical bonding

2. Ionic bond - complete transfer of e-  ions which are

held together by attractive electrostatic forces

3. Covalent bond - sharing of a pair of e-‘s between 2 atoms

4. Octet rule - atoms will bond in order to obtain 8 e-‘s in

their valence shell  noble gas e- configuration. Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
5
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 Lewis Symbols for Atoms

The chemical symbol surrounded by dots

representing e-‘s in valence shell
Silicon [Ne] 3s 2 3p 2 .: 4 valence electrons

.
. Si .
.
Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
6
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 Example 1
Write Lewis symbols for the following elements:
a) N, P, As, Sb, Bi

b) Al, I, Se, Ar

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
7
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 Lewis Structures
A combination of Lewis symbols that represents
either an ionic or a covalent bond.
Molecules/polyatomic ions can be drawn in terms of Lewis
symbols; e- distribution.

Ionic Bond:
x
. .. + .x . . -
Na + Cl Na + Cl
..

..
.. ..
Covalent Bond:

. .. ..
x
H + Cl .
H x Cl
Basic Concepts
..

..
.. ..
of Chemical
Bonding
8
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 Ionic Bond
Transfer of electrons from metal to nonmetal to
form ions that come close together in sold ionic
compound

Electrostatic attractions of closely packed, oppositely

charged ions in a regular 3-D array

Formed when metal (that easily loses electrons) reacts

with non-metal (that easily gain electrons).

# e- lost by metal = # e- gained by nonmetal

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
9
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 Ionic Formation
• Atoms tend to lose (metals) or gain
(nonmetals) electrons to make them
isoelectronic to the noble gases.

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Structures for Ionic
Compounds (Ex 2)
Shows the complete transfer of electrons
a) BaO

c) Al2O3

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
14
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 Properties of Ionic Compounds
• All solids at room temperature and brittle, hard, & rigid

• Melting points greater than 300°C

• Liquid state conducts electricity, solid state does not

• If soluble in water then good electrical conductor

• Chemical formula is empirical formula, simply giving

the ratio of ions based on charge balance

• Ions arranged in a pattern called a crystal lattice

maximizes attractions between + & – ions Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
15
15
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 Covalent Bonding
• In covalent bonds, atoms
share electrons.
• There are several electrostatic
interactions in these bonds:
– attractions between electrons
and nuclei,
– repulsions between electrons,
and
– repulsions between nuclei.
• For a bond to form, the
attractions must be greater
than the repulsions. Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Structures
• Sharing electrons to make covalent bonds can
be demonstrated using Lewis structures.
• We start by trying to give each atom the same
number of electrons as the nearest noble gas by
sharing electrons.
• The simplest examples are for hydrogen, H2, and
chlorine, Cl2, shown below.

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Electrons on Lewis Structures

• Lone pairs: electrons located on only

one atom in a Lewis structure
• Bonding pairs: shared electrons in a
Lewis structure; they can be
represented by two dots or one line

Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example 3
Write a Lewis structure for the ammonia molecule.

Lone Pair

H N H  H–N–H

–
H Bond Pair
H

Orbitals with unpaired electrons

overlap  Covalent bonds Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
19
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 Multiple Covalent Bonds
• Some atoms share only one pair of electrons.
These bonds are called single bonds.
H + H H H H H
• Sometimes, two pairs need to be shared. These
are called double bonds.

• There are even cases where three bonds are

shared between two atoms. These are called
triple bonds.
Basic Concepts
of Chemical
Bonding
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.