MATHEMATICS - IB

MATERIAL
INDEX
1. PREREQICITES
2. LOCUS
3. TRANSFORMATION OF AXIS
4. STRAIGHT LINES
5. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
6. CORDINATE SYSTEM , DC”S AND DR”S
7. 3-D PLANES , 3-D LINES
8. LIMITS , CONTINUITY
,DIFFERNTIABILTY
9. DIFFRENTIATION

10. TANGENTS AND NORMALS

RATE MEASURE
11. MEAN VALUE THEROMS ,
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
12. SEQUENCE AND SERIES

13. STATISTICS
 PREREQUISITES OF
2D-GEOMETRY
SYNOPSIS Harmonic Conjugate :
Distance between two points :  If P and Q divide AB internally and externally in
 i) The distance between two points the same ratio, then P is called as harmonic
A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) is
conjugate of Q and Q is called as harmonic
AB = (x1  x 2 )  (y1  y 2 )
2 2
conjugate of P, also P, Q are a pair of conjugate
ii) The distance of the point P (x, y) from the
points w.r.t. A and B
origin O is OP = x y
2 2
i) Q is harmonic conjugate of P with respect to A, B
iii) The distance of a point P  x , y  from then AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
x-axis is | y | and from y-axis is | x |
ii) If P, Q divide AB harmonically in the ratio m:n
Section Formula :
then A, B divide PQ harmonically in the ratio
 i) P is any point on the line passing through A and
B. P divides AB in the ratio AP : PB. (m-n) : (m+n).
If AP and PB are in the same sense (direction) Points of trisection :
then the division is internal, otherwise the division
If P and Q are points on the line segment joining
is external.
A, B dividing AB in the ratio 1:2 or 2:1 then P
and Q are called points of trisection of AB .
i) If P and Q are points of trisection of AB then
a) mid point of AB is same as mid point of
ii) The point ‘P’ which divides the line segment joining PQ .
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n
AB
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1  b) PQ 
a) internally then P =  m  n , m  n  ; 3
 
(m + n  0) Collinearity :
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1   Three or more points are said to be collinear iff
b) externally then P=  m  n , m  n  ;
  they lie on a straight line.
(m-n  0) i) The points A, B, C are collinear iff
iii) The mid point of the line segment joining
AB + BC = AC or AC+CB=AB
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is  ,  or BA + AC = BC
 2 2 
iv) If P (x, y) is any point on the line passing through A ii) Points A,B,C are collinear iff Area of  ABC  0
(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) then the ratio in which P iii) The condition for the three points (x1, y1),
divides AB , ie AP : PB = x1-x : x-x2 (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) to be collinear is
or y1-y : y-y2 x1-x2 : x2-x3 = y1-y2 : y2-y3

1
Area of the Triangle : ii) If D, E, F are mid points of sides BC, CA,
i) Area is non negative AB of  ABC then
ii) Area of the triangle formed by the vertices

x1 y1 1
1
 x1, y1  , x2, y2  and  x3, y3  is 2 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1

iii) Area of the triangle with vertices

(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is
area of  ABC = 4 area of  AEF
1 x1  x 2 y1  y2
2 x1  x 3 y1  y3 sq.units = 4 area of  BDF
iv) Area of the triangle with vertices = 4 area of  DCE
(0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
= 4 area of  DEF
1
| x1 y 2  x 2 y1 | sq. units.
2 Area of Quadrilateral :
v) Area of the triangle formed by
 i) Area of the quadrilateral formed by
 1  1  1 (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3) and (x4, y4) is
A  a,  , B  b,  and C  c, 
 a  b  c 1 x1  x3 y1  y3
(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) 2 x2  x4 y2  y4 sq. units
is
2abc
ii) Area of the pentagon formed by (xk, yk)
vi) Area of an equilateral triangle is
(k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is
3 2
a) a where ‘a’ is length of the side of the
4 1 x1 x2 x3 x 4 x5 x1
sq. units
triangle. 2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y1

h2
b) where ‘h’ is length of the altitude of the iii) If p1 , p2 are the distances between two parallel
3
sides and  is the angle between two adjacent
triangle
 If G is centroid of  ABC then p1 p2
sides of a parallelogram then it's area is
sin 
i) area of  ABC = 3 area of  ABG
= 3 area of  BCG
= 3 area of  ACG

iv) In case of rhombus p1  p2  p thus area of

p2
rhombus =
sin 

2
Centroid : ii) If I is incentre of  ABC then AI : ID =
 In any triangle medians are concurrent and the point (AB+AC) : BC where AD is the internal angular
of concurrency is called centroid of the triangle. bisector of  A.
i) Centroid divides each median from vertex in the iii) In  ABC , if A (x 1 , y1 ), B (x 2 , y2 ) and
ratio 2:1 internally. C (x3, y3), BC = a, CA = b and AB = c then
incentre of  ABC is
 ax 1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy 3 
I=  , 
 abc abc 
iv) The incentre of a triangle formed by
(0, 0), (a,0), (0,b) is
 a|b| b|a| 
ii) Centroid of the triangle formed by I , 
 | a |  | b |  a 2  b2 | a |  | b |  a 2  b2
A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) is  

 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
Ex-Centre :
 ,   The internal angular bisector of one angle and
 3 3  external angular bisectors of other two angles of a
iii) If D, E, F are midpoints of sides AB, BC, CA triangle are concurrent and the point of concurrency
of  ABC then centroid of  ABC = centroid is called Excentre.
of  DEF.
iv) If G is centroid and D,E,F are midpoints of
sides BC , CA, AB of  ABC then
(a) AB2 + BC2 + CA2 = 3(GA2 + GB2 + GC2).
(b) 3  AB 2  BC 2  CA2  = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
v) If G is centroid of  ABC and P is any point in
the triangle then i) The excentre opposite to the vertex A is
PA2 + PB2 + PC2 = GA2 + GB2 + GC2 + 3PG2  ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy3 
Incentre : I1 =  , 
 a  b  c a  b  c 
 The internal angular bisectors of a triangle are ii) The excentre opposite to the vertex B is
concurrent and the point of concurrency is called
incentre of the triangle. Incentre is equidistant from  ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy 3 
I2 =  , 
all the three sides.  abc a bc 
A iii) The excentre opposite to the vertex C is
 ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy 3 
A/2 A/2 I3 =  , 
 a bc a  bc 
N
M iv) In any triangle incentre I is orthocentre of the
triangle formed by excentres I1, I2 & I3.
If a  PA   b  PB   c  PC  is minimum, then
2 2 2
C/

the point P with respect to ABC , is incentre.

2

2
B/

B/2 C/2
B C
Orthocentre :
D
 The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent and the
i) In a triangle ABC, if the internal angular bisector point of concurrency is called orthocentre (O) of
of A meets BC at D then BD : DC = AB : AC. the triangle.

3
  The co-ordinates of vertices of an equilateral
triangle are not all rational.
 In an equilateral triangle orthocentre,circum centre,
centroid,incentre coincide.
Nine Point Circle :
 In a triangle ABC, let D, E, F be the feet of the
altitudes, and X, Y, Z be the mid point of the sides
i) In a right angled triangle the vertex at the right of triangle and P, Q, R are the mid points of AO,
angle is the orthocentre of the triangle. BO, CO where ‘O’ is the orthocentre then D, E,
ii) For acute angled triangle orthocentre lies inside the F, X, Y, Z, P, Q, R lie on a circle called nine point
triangle. circle of the triangle.
iii) For obtuse angled triangle orthocentre lies outside i) The centre of the nine point circle, denoted by ‘N’,
the triangle. N is the mid point of orthocentre and circumcentre
iv) If ‘O’ is orthocentre of  ABC then the four points (ON=NS)
O, A, B and C are such that each point is
1
orthocentre of the triangle formed by the remaining ii) Radius of the nine point circle = ( circum
three points. 2
radius)
v) Orthocentre of the triangle formed by the points
iii) (a) OG : GS = 2 : 1 (3G=2S+O)
 c  c   c (b) ON : NG : GS = 3 : 1 : 2
 ct 1 ,  ,  ct 2 ,  and  ct 3 ,  is
 t1   t2   t3  Nature of Triangle Based on an Angle :
 c   i) If all the three angles in a triangle are acute, then
 ,  ct 1 t 2 t 3 
 t1 t2 t 3 
the triangle is called an acute angled triangle.
vi) The orthocentre of the triangle formed with ii) If any one of the three angles is greater than a right
(0, 0), (x 1, y1) and (x 2, y2) as vertices is angle, then the triangle is called obtuse angled
triangle.
x1x 2  y1 y 2
(k(y2  y1), k(x1  x2)) where k = x y  x y iii) In a triangle ABC if BC is the largest side then
1 2 2 1 a) AB 2  AC 2  BC 2  triangle ABC is right
vii) The triangle formed by the feet of altitudes in a angled
triangle is called Orthic triangle or Pedal triangle.
b) AB 2  AC 2  BC 2  triangle ABC is an acute
Here triangle DEF is the orthic triangle of triangle
angled triangle
ABC .
c) AB 2  AC 2  BC 2  triangle ABC is an obtuse
Circum Centre:
 In any triangle perpendicular bisectors of sides are angled triangle.
concurrent and the point of concurrence is called Types of Quadrilaterals :
circum centre (S) of that triangle. Circum centre is  i) The quadrilateral formed by
at an equidistance from all the three vertices. A (x 1, y1), B (x2, y2) , C (x3, y3) and D (x4, y4)
i) The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is mid is a Parallelogram if
point of its hypotenuse. mid point of AC = mid point of BD
ii) For acute angled triangle circumcentre lies inside ii) Parallelogram ABCD is a
the triangle. a) Rhombus if AB = BC and AC  BD
iii) For obtuse angled triangle circumcentre lies outside b) Rectangle if AB  BC and AC = BD
the triangle. c) Square if AB = BC and AC = BD
iv) The circum centre of the triangle formed by
Missing Vertices :
(0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
 i) If G (xo, yo) is centroid of  ABC whose two
 y2 (x  y )  y1(x  y ) x2 (x  y )  x1(x  y ) 
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 vertices are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then third vertex
 , 
2(x1y2  x2 y1) 2(x2 y1  x1y2 ) (x3,y3) = (3x0  x1  x2, 3y0  y1  y2)
 

4
ii) If D, E, F are mid points of the sides  In a parallelogram, if diagonals intersect at right
A
angles, then parallelogram is rhombus
 Diagonals of a rhombus bisects the angles
 Let two straight lines meet at A and any line Parallel
to angle bisector meet them in B and C then triangle
ABC is isosceles triangle and AB = AC
B C x1x 2  y1 y 2
 cos POQ 
x 1  y 12
2
x 22  y 22
BC, CA, AB of  ABC then A = E + F  D,
B=F+D  E, C=D+E  F Where P  x1 , y1  , Q  x2 , y2  and '0' be the
iii) If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are three consecutive
origin.
vertices of a parallelogram, then its fourth vertex is
 If P is the length of the diagonal of a square
(x1 + x3  x2 , y1 + y3  y2)
then
iv) Two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (x1,y1)
and (x2,y2) then the third vertex can be p
a) length of the side is units.
2
  x1  x 2   3  y1  y 2   y1  y 2   3  x1  x 2  
 , 

 2 2 
 p2
b) Area of the square is
v) If (x1,y1) , (x2,y2) are two opposite vertices of 2
a square then the other two vertices are Eg : 1
  x1  x 2    y1  y 2   y1  y 2    x1  x 2   If the point  x1  t  x 2  x1  , y 1  t  y 2  y1  
 , 
 2 2  divides the join of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y 2 
Length of the Medians : internally, then t 
 Length of the median through vertex Sol :ratio is x 1  x : x  x 2
1  x1  x1  t(x2  x1 ) : x1  t  x2  x1   x2
i) A is 2b 2  2c 2  a 2
2
 t(x1  x2 ) :  x1  x2   t  x1  x2 
1
ii)B is 2c 2  2a 2  b 2  t:1t 0 (  Division is internal)
2
 t  1  t   0  t   0,1 
1
iii) C is 2a 2  2b2  c 2 v) The ratio in which the line segment joining
2 (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) is divided by
Where AB = c ; BC = a ; CA = b i) x-axis is -y1 : y2 ii) y-axis is -x1 : x2
Some standard results : Eg : 2
 The line segment joining the mid points of two sides If Q is harmonic conjugate of P with respect
of triangle is equal to half of the third side and to A, B and AP = 2, AQ = 6 then AB =
parallel to the third side Sol :AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
 In a triangle ABC if AD is the median drawn to
2 1 1
  
BC then AB  AC  2  AD  BD
2 2 2 2
 AB AP AQ  AB = 3
 A triangle is isosceles if any two of its medians are Eg : 3
equal If P and Q are two points on the line joining
 The diagonals in rhombus,square,rectangle and A(-2,5), B(3,1) such that AP= PQ = QB then
parallelogram bisect each other PQ=
 The figure obtained by joining the middle points of AB 25  16 41
Sol. PQ   
the quadrilateral in order is parallelogram 3 3 3

5
Eg : 4 Eg : 9
In a triangle ABC, A(5,6), B(-1,4) and centroid The radius of nine point circle of the triangle
is at (2, 4). Then area of triangle formed by formed by (4,6), (0,4), (6,2) is
the mid points of sides of ABC is Sol : AB 2  16  4  20 , BC 2  36  4  40 ,
Sol :Area of ABC = 3 (Area of GAB ) AC 2  4  16  20 . Triangle is right angled.
= 4 (Area of DEF ) hyp 2 10
Circum radius R    10
3 2 2
 Area of DEF  area of GAB
4
R 10 5
Radius of nine point circle is  
3 1 51 64 9 2 4 2
 .  sq.units
4 2 52 64 4 Eg : 10
The triangle with the vertices (-2,4), (0,0),
Eg : 5
(5,-1) is
The area of the pentagon whose vertices are
(4, 1), (3,6 ), (-5,1), (-3, -3) and (-3, 0) is Sol : AB2  20, BC2  26,AC 2  49  25  74
1) 30 Sq. Units 2) 60 Sq. Units AB 2  BC 2  CA 2 ,BC 2  CA 2  AB2 ,
3) 120 Sq. Units 4) 75 Sq. Units CA 2  AB 2  BC 2
1 4 3 5 3 3 4 60  Triangle is obtuse angled triangle.
Sol :   30 Sq. Units Eg : 11
2 1 6 1 3 0 1 2
If a vertex of a triangle is (1,1) and the mid
Eg : 6 points of two sides through this vertex are (-
The orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices 1,2) and (3,2) then the centroid of the triangle
 is
 1   1 1  3 1
are  2, 2  ,  ,  and  2, 2  is Sol : D=E+F-A=(-1+3-1,2+2-1)=(1,3)
  2 2   
  7
Sol :Slope of AB is 0, slope of AC is not defined  centroid of ABC = centroid of DEF   1, 3 
 
Triangle is right angled.
Eg : 12
 1  If G is the centroid of ABC and BC=3, CA=4,
 Orthocentre = A   2, 2 
  AB=5 then BG=
Eg : 7 Sol :Length of the median through B is
In ABC , the vertices are A=(2,3), B=(-2,-5), 1 1
2c 2  2a2  b 2  50  18  16  13 
C=(-4,6). If P is a point on BC such that AP 2 2
bisects the angle A, then P =
Sol :P divides BC in the ratio AB:AC =
BG 
2
3
 
13 
52
3

4 5 :3 5  4:3 EXERCISE - I
 16  6 24  15   22 9  1. The distance between the points
P ,  , 
 7 7   7 7 (sin  , cos  ) and (cos  , -sin  ) is
Eg : 8 1) 1 2) 3) 2 4)
2 6
If A (3, -4), B(7, 2) are the ends of a diameter
of a circle and C is a point on the circle then
2. Distance between two points (2, cot  ) and
the circumcentre of ABC is
(1, 0) is
Sol :Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
1) cosec  2) sec 
Circumcentre = mid point of AB = (5, -1)
3) | Sec  | 4) | cosec  |
6
3. P is a point on the line x=y. If the distance of P 3) Right angled
from (1,3) is 10 then x and y coordinates of P 4) Right angled isosceles
are both equal to
1) 9 or -5 2) -9 or 5 3) -9 or -5 4) 9 or 5  8
10. The points  0,  , 1,3 ,  82,30 are vertices of
4. The coordinates of the point which divides the  3
line segment joining (a+b, a-b) and
1) An obtuse angled triangle
(a-b, a+b) in the ratio of a:b externally is
2) An acute angled triangle
 a 2  2ab  b 2 a 2  b2  3) Right angled 4) Lies on a same line
1)  , 
 ab ab 
11. The maximum area of the triangle formed by
the points (0,0), (acos  , bsin  ) and (acos  ,
 a 2  2ab  b 2 a 2  b2 
2)  ,  -b sin  ) (in square units)
 ab ab 
3 ab
 a 2  2ab  b 2 a 2  b2  1) ab 2) ab 3) 4) a2b2
, 4 2
3)  ab ab 

 12. An equilateral triangle has each side equal to
‘a’. If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are the
 a 2  ab  2b 2 a 2  ab  2b 2 
4)  ,  2
 a  2b 2a  b  x1 y1 1
5. If the points A(a, b), B(  a,  b) and vertices of the triangle then x2 y2 1 =
P(a2, ab) are collinear then the ratio in which x3 y3 1
P divides AB is
1) 1 + a : 1  a 2) 1 : a 3a 4
1) 3a4 2) 3) 4a4 4) a4
3) a : 1 4) 1  a : 1 + a 4
6. The ratio in which the y-axis divides the line
y z z x
segment joining (3,6), (12,  3) is 13. The sides of a triangle are  ,  and
1) 1 : 4 internally 2)  2 : 1 z x x y
3) 1 : 4 externally 4) 2 : 1 x y
7. If A(  2, 5), B(3, 1) and P, Q are the points of  then its area in square units is
y z
trisection of AB , then mid point of PQ is
x y z
1  1) xyz 2)  
1) (2, 3) 2)  2 , 3  y z x
 

 1  x2 y 2 z 2
3)   2 , 4  4) (1, 4) 3) xyz 4)
  2
8. The harmonic conjugate of (4, 1) with respect 14. The centroid and two vertices of a triangle are
to the points (3, 2) and (  1, 6) is (4,  8), (  9, 7), (1,4) then the area of the
triangle is
7 8 7 8 1) 333 sq.units 2) 166.5 sq.units
1) (  4, 1) 2) (1, 4) 3)  ,  4)  , 
 3 3 6 6 3) 111 sq.units 4) 55.5 sq.units
9. The triangle with the vertices (4, 3), (  3,2), 15. The points  a,0 ,  0, b , 1,1 are collinear if
(1,  6) is
1 1 1 1
1) An obtuse angled triangle 1)  1 2)  2
a b a b
2) An acute angled triangle

7
 1 1 1 1 then the condition for its centroid to lie on
3)   3 4)   4 x-axis is
a b a b
1) 3a + 3b = 1 2) a+b=3
16. If 3, 5 be the distances between the parallel
3) ab=3 4) 2a+3b=7
sides and 30 O is the angle between two
26. If A(3,  4), B(7, 2) are the ends of a diameter
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area
of a circle and C(3, 2) is a point on the circle
1) 15/2 2) 15 3) 30 4) 15/4
then the or thocentr e of the  ABC is
17. The vertices of a triangle are (2,1),
(-2,-2), (1,0). Then sum of squares of the 1) (0, 0) 2) (3,  4) 3) (3, 2) 4) (7, 2)
lengths of the medians of the triangle is 27. Incentre of the triangle with vertices
1) 25 2) 40 3) 30 4) 45 (4,-2), (5,5) (-2,4) is
18. The lengths of the sides of a triangle ABC are 1) (5/4, 3/4) 2) (3/2, 3/2)
3) (5/3, 5/3) 4) (5/2, 5/2)
AB=10, BC=7, CA= 37 then length of the
median through the vertex C is KEY
1) 3 2 2) 2 3 3) 3 3 4) 4 2 01) 2 02) 4 3) 1 04) 1 5) 1 06) 3
07) 2 08) 3 09) 2 10) 4 11) 3 12) 2
19. If the sides of ABC are 5, 7, 8 units then
13) 2 14) 2 15) 1 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1
AG 2  BG 2  CG 2  19) 1 20) 2 21) 3 22) 1 23) 1 24) 4
1) 46 2) 138 3) 92 4) 69 25) 2 26) 3 27) 4
20. The centroid of a triangle is (2,3) and two of
its vertices are (5,6) and (-1,4) then the third SOLUTIONS
vertex of the triangle is 1. Put   0 then A  0,1 B 1, 0 
1) (3,1) 2) (2,-1) 3) (4,-1) 4) (3,0)
21. If P (1,2), Q (4,6), R(5,7), S(a,b) are vertices
1  0   0  1
2 2
AB   11  2
of a parallelogram PQRS then
1) a  2, b  4 2) a  3, b  4 Let P(k, k) be any point on x = y
A(1,3) given PA=10
3) a  2, b  3 4) a  3, b  5
PA2  100
22. If  2, 4  ,  2,6  are two vertices of an
 k 1  k 3
2 2
equilateral triangle then the third vertex is 100 k2 12k k2 96k 100

1) 2  3,5  2)  3  2,5
3)  5, 2  3  4)  5, 2  3  k  k  9  5 k  9  0

23. If  2, 4  ,  4, 2  are the extremities of the k  5  or  9

hypotenuse of a right angled isosceles triangle,
2. distance = 1  cot 2   cos ec 
then the third vertex is
1)  2, 2  or  4, 4  2)  3,3 or  4, 4  3. P  k , k  A 1,3 , PA = 10

3)  2, 2  or  3,3 4)  2,3 or  3, 2  4. 
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 
,
 mn m  n 
24. The side of a square ABCD is ‘a’units. A,B,C,D
are in the anti-clockwise order. If AB and AD 5. m : n  x1  x2 : x2  x3
are coordinate axes. Then the coordinates of
a  a2 : a2  a
C are
1) (a, -a) 2) (-a,-a) 3) (-a,a) 4) (a,a) 6. Y-axis divides  x1 y1  and  x2 y2  in the ratio
25. If (1,a), (2,b), (c2,-3) are VERTICES of a triangle

8
  x1 : x2 BC  32  22  9  4  13
7. mid point of PQ = mid point of AB
CA  12  12  2
8.  4,1 divides  3,2  and  1,6  in the ratio
3
-1:5. The point that divides joining the line segment now AD  BE  CF 
2 2 2

4
 AB 2  BC 2  CA2 
7 8
 3, 2  and  1,6  in the ratio 1:5 is  3 , 3  18. Use length of median through C
1
9. AB 2  50,BC 2  80,AC 2  90 = 2a 2  2b 2  c 2
2
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2 ,BC 2  CA 2  AB2 , 2 2 2 2 2
19. AB  BC  CA  3 GA  GB  GC
2
 
CA 2  AB 2  BC 2
20. C = 3G-(A+B)
10. AB 2  26,BC 2  52,AC2  26 21. S=P+R-Q
. 22. Third vertex
1  x1  x 2  3  y1  y 2  y 1  y 2  3  x1  x 2  
11.  x1 y 2  x 2 y1   , 
2  
 2 2 
1
 ab sin 2 for maximum  sin2  = 1
2  2  2  3  4  6 4  6  3  2  2 
x1 y1 1  , 
3 2 1  2 2 
a  x2 y2 1  
12. 4 2
x3 y3 1 
 2  3,5 
3 2
13. put x = y = z = 1, Area 
4
a  2  4   4  2  4  2   2  4 
23. Third Vertex  , 
 2 2 
14. Given g  4, 8  A  9,7  , B 14  area of triangle
  3  1,3  1
1 x1  x2 y1  y2
GAB 
2 x1  x3 y1  y3   4, 4  or  2, 2 
24. A(0,0)B  a, 0  D(0,a)
1 13 15 1 1
  156  45   C  a,a 
2 3 12 2 2
 Area of triangle ABC = 3(area of triangle 25. G y  0

3 111 26. C  900

GAB)=  166.5 sq.unitsArea of the
2 27. Given A   4  2  , B   5,5  , C   2, 4 
15. Slopes are equal
 7    1
2 2
p1 p2 a  BC   49  1  50  5 2
16.  
sin 
17. Given A  2,1 , B  2, 2  , C 1,0 
 6    6 
2 2
b  CA   36  36  72  6 2

 4    3
2 2
AB   16  9  5 c  AB  12  7 2  1  49  50  5 2
I n c e n t r e
 20 2 30 2 10 2 10 2 30 2  20 2   5 5 
 ,    , 
= 16 2 16 2   2 2
9
 EXERCISE - II 3) 1,3 4) 3, 2
8. Area of the triangle with vertices (t,t-2),
1. The point A  sin  ,cos   is 3 units away from
(t+3,t), (t+2, t+2) is
the point B  2 cos 750 , 2 sin 750  if 1) 4 2) 8 3) 6 4) 10

00    3600 then  
9. The points with coordinates  2a,3a  ,
1) 1950 2) 1050 3) 2850 4) 2700  3b, 2b  and  c, c  are collinear
2. The abscissae of two points A and B are the 1) for all values of a,b,c
roots of the equation x2+2ax-b2=0 and their 2) for no values of a,b,c
ordinates are the roots of y2+2py-q2=0 then 3) iff a,c/5,b are in H.P.
the distance AB in terms of a, b, p, q is 4) iff a,2c/5,b are in H.P.
1) a 2  b2  p 2  q2 10. a, b, c are in A.P and x, y, z are in G.P. The

2) 2 a 2  b 2  q 2  p 2 points  a, x  ,  b, y  ,  c, z  are collinear if

1) x 2  y 2) x  z 2
3) a2  b2  p2
3) y 2  z 4) x  y  z
4) a2  b2  q2 11. If ‘O’ is the origin and A (x 1 , y 1 ),
3. The point P(x,y) is equidistant from the points B (x2, y2) then the circum radius of  AOB is
Q(c+d,d-c) and R(c-d,c+d) then
OA.OB.AB OA.OB.AB
1) cx = dy 2) cx + dy = 0 1) 2 | x y  x y | 2) | x y  x y |
3) dx = cy 4) dx + cy = 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

4. The coordinates of the point that is two-thirds

2.OA.OB.AB OA.OB.AB
away from (-4,3) to (5,7) is 3) | x y  x y | 4) 2 | x y  x y |
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
 17   17   3   2 
1)  2 , 3  2)  2, 3  3)  2, 17  4)  3, 17  12. If x1,x2,x3 are in A.P. and y1, y2, y3 are also in
       
A.P. with same common difference then the
5. The point whose coordinates are points (x1,y1), (x2,y2) and (x3,y3) form
x=x1+t(x2-x1) and y=y1+t(y2-y1) divides the join
1) A scalene triangle 2) A right angled triangle
of (x1,y1), (x2,y2) in the ratio
3) An equilateral triangle 4) Collinear
t 1 t t 1 t 13. Area of the triangle formed by (0,0),
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 t t 1 t t
6. The area of triangle formed by the vertices a , 0  ,  0, a  is 2a1
x2 6x
5 sq. units then x =
(a, 1/a), (b, 1/b) and (c, 1/c) is
1) 1 or 5 2) -1 or 5 3) 1 or -5 4) -1 or -5
abc  a  b  b  c  c  a  14. If  1,  2 are the areas of incircle and
1) 2) 2abc
abc circumcircle of a triangle with sides 3,4 and 5
abc 1 2 1
4) (a  b  c )
2 2
3) then 
a bc 2 2
7. Let A h, k  , B 1,1 , C  2,1 be the vertices of a
16 4 9 9
right angle triangle with AC as its 1) 2) 3) 4)
hypotenuse.If the area of the triangle is 1 then 25 25 25 16
the set of values of K can be 15. Let A = ( -4,0 ), B = ( -1,4 ). C and D are points
which are symmetric to points A and B
1) 1,3 2) 0, 2 respectively with respect to y-axis, then the

10
 area of the quadrilateral ABDC is circle centre is
1) 8 sq.units 2) 12 sq.units  7 11   7 11   11 7   7 7 
3) 20 sq.units 4) 10 sq.units 1)  ,  2)  ,  3)  ,  4)  , 
4 4  4 2   4 4 2 4
16. Instead of walking along two adjacent sides
of a rectangular field , a boy took a short cut 25. If  x1, y1  ,  x2 , y2  ,  x3 , y3  are vertices of
along the diagonal and saved the distance equilateral triangle such that
equal to half of the longer side. Then the ratio
 x1  2    y1  3   x2  2    y2  3
2 2 2 2

of the shorter side to the longer side is
 x3  2    y3  3
2 2
1) 1:2 2) 2:3 3) 1:4 4) 3:4
17. Orthocentre of the triangle with vertices (4,1),
then x1  x2  x3  2  y1  y2  y3  =
(7,4), (5,-2) is
1) (0,0) 2) (1,2) 3) (3/2, 3/2) 4) (2,1) 1) 18 2) 24 3) 6 4) 8
18. O is the orthocentre of the triangle formed by 26. If (0, 0) is orthocentre of triangle formed by
A(1,-3), B(7,2), C(2,5) then the distance A cos,sin   , B  cos  ,sin   , C  cos  ,sin  
between the orthocentres of  BOC,  AOB then BAC =
is
0
1 1
1) 65 2) 2 65 3) 65 4) 65 1) 600 2) 300 3) 450 4) 22
2 2
19. The circumcentre of the triangle formed by 27. Origin is the orthocentre of the triangle formed
(-2,3), (2,-1) and (4,0) is by the points (5, -1), (-2,3) and
1) (3/2, 5/2) 2) (-3/2, 5/2) (-4, -7) then the nine point circle centre is
3) (3/2, -5/2) 4) (-3/2, -5/2)  1 5   1 5 
20. In a  ABC, the sides BC  5, CA  4, AB  3 . If 1)  ,  2)  , 
 3 3   4 4 
A (0,0) and the internal bisector of angle A
3) (1, 1) 4) (5, 3)
 12 12  28. I , I1 , I 2 , I 3 are incentre and excentres of
meets BC in D  ,  then incentre of
 7 7 
 ABC. If I(0, 0) I1(2, 3), I2(5, 7) then distance
 ABC is between orthocentres of  I I1 I 3 and  I1I 2 I3
1) (2,2) 2) (3,2) 3) (2,3) 4) (1,1)
21. (0,0), (20,15), (36,15) are the vertices of a 1) 13 2) 5 3) 74 4) 2 37
triangle then the ex-centre opposite to vertex 29. If (a, b), (x, y), (p,q) are the coordinates of
(0,0) is circumcentre, centroid, orthocentre of the
1) (35,20) 2) (19,18) 3) (16,25) 4) (14,22) triangle then
22. The mid points of the sides of a triangle are 1) 3x = 2a + p, 3y = 2b + q
(1/2, 0), (0, 1/2) and (1/2, 1/2) then its 2) x = 3a + 2p, y = 3b + 2q
circumcentre is 3) 3x = a + 2p, 3y = b + 2q
1) (1,1) 2) (1,1/2) 3) (1/2,1) 4) (1/2,1/2) 4) x = a + p, y = b + q
23. If G be the centroid and I be the incentre of
the triangle with vertices A(–36, 7), B(20, 7) KEY
01) 1 02) 2 03) 3 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
25 07) 3 08) 1 09) 4 10) 4 11) 1 12) 4
and C(0, –8) and GI = 205 then  =
3 13) 4 14) 2 15) 3 16) 4 17) 2 18) 1
1) 1/25 2)1/5 3)25 4)5 19) 1 20) 4 21) 1 22) 4 23) 1 24) 4
24. Orthocentre of the triangle is (2,1) and the 25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 3 29) 1
7 5
circumcentre is  ,  then its nine point
2 2

11
 SOLUTIONS
 2cos 75  sin     2sin 750  cos    3
2 2
1. 0

2. L et x 1, x2 are x-coordinates of A, B and y1, y2

are y-coordinates of A, B then 15.
x1+x2 = -2a x1x2 = -b2
y1+y2 = -2p y1y2 = -q2
AB2 = (x1 - x2)2 + (y1 - y2)2
15 4 1
= (x1 + x2)2 - 4x1x2 + (y1 + y2)2 - 4y1y2 Area = 2 5 4 = 20  20  20 sq.units
2
3. PQ2  PR 2
a
2 1
:  2:1 16. a2  b2  b
4. 2
3 3
5. x 1  x : x  x 2 17. Slope of BC is 3
Altitude through A is x + 3y  7 = 0, verify
6. Use area of the triangle formula
18. Distance between the orthocentres=AC
7. Slope of BC = 0  AB is vertical  h  1
19.  r bisector of AB is x  y + 1 = 0.
Area of ABC  1
8. Put t = 0 20. I divides AD in the ratio b  c : a
9. Slopes are equal   ax1  bx2  cx3  ay1  by2  cy3 
10. a, b, c are in AP ab bc 21. I1   , 
 a  b  c a  b  c 
 a, x  ,  b, y  ,  c, z  are collinear 22. Vertices of the triangle are 1, 0  ,  0,1 ,  0, 0 
x y yz
   16 
a b b c 23. G  , 2  , I   1,0  , GI  205
 3  3
x y 24. Nine point circle centre = mid point of orthocentre
 1
yz and circumcentre
 x  y  y  z  x, y, z are in A.P 25. SA = SB = SC
x, y, z are in A.P and also in G.P  x  y  z S = G = (2, 3)
abc  x1  x2  x3  2  y1  y2  y3  =6+18=24
11. R 
4 26. Let S=(0, 0)
12. Put x 1 , x 2 , x 3 = 1,2,3 SA = SB = SC  equilateral triangle
y 1 , y 2 , y 3  2, 3, 4 27. Nine point circle centre divides OG in the ratio 3 : 1
Slope of AB = Slope of BC 28. distance between I and I2 = 74
1 29. Centroid divides orthocentre,Circumcentre in the
13. Area  x1 y 2  x 2 y1
2 ratio 2 : 1
 hyp
14. r  ,R 
s 2
5
r  1, R 
2

12
 LOCUS
SYNOPSIS
 Locus is the set of points (and only those points)
that satisfy the given consistant geometric
condition(s).
i.e i) Every point satisfying the given condition (s)
is a point on the locus.
ii) Every point on the locus satisfies the given
condition(s).
 Locus is the path traced by the conditional point(s).
It is a necessary condition, converse need not be
true.
 Algebraic relation between x and y obtained by
applying the geometrical conditions is called the
equation of locus.
 The locus of a point which is equidistant from two
fixed points A and B is the perpendicular bisector
of the line segment AB.
 The locus of a point which is at a constant distance
from a fixed point is a circle
 A and B are fixed points. P is the point moves
PA
such that  k is
PB
i) a straight line if k=1 ii) a circle if k  1 and k>0.
iii) an empty set if k  0 .
 If the join of two fixed points A,B subtends a right
angle at P, then the locus of P is a circle on AB as
diameter.
 The locus of the third vertex of a right angled triangle
when the ends of a hypotenuse are given as  x1 , y1 
and  x2 , y2  is a circle whose equation is
 x  x1  x  x2    y  y1  y  y2   0
 Given A & B are two fixed points.The locus of a
point P such that the area of  PAB is a constant
is a pair of lines parallel to AB.
 If A, B,C are three points then the locus of a point
P such that PA 2  PB 2  K .PC 2 is
i) a straight line if K=2 ii) a circle if k  2 and K>0
iii) an empty set if k  0
1
 The locus of the point which moves equidistant from
a fixed point and fixed st. line is a parabola.
y
P
M
x
S
 A,B are two fixed points and
PA + PB = k then
(i)If AB < k, locus of P is an ellipse
(ii)If AB =k, locus of P is line segment AB
(iii)If AB >k , locus of P does not exist
 A,B are two fixed points and
|PA - PB| = k, then
(i)If AB <k, locus of P does not exist
(ii)If AB =k, locus of P is line through A and
B except line segment AB
(iii)If AB > k, locus of P is a hyperbola
 The curve represented by
S  ax2  by 2  2hxy  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
and   abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2 is
i) a circle if a=b, h=0, g 2  f 2  ac  0 ,   0
ii) a pair of lines if   0 , h 2  ab, g 2  ac ,
f 2  bc
iii) a pair of parallel lines if   0 , h 2  ab ,
af 2  bg 2
iv) a parabola if   0 , h 2  ab .
v) An ellipse if   0, h 2  ab .
vi) a hyperbola if   0, h 2  ab
vii) a rectangular hyperbola if   0 , a+b=0 and
h2 > ab
 1) 4x2+4xy-y2 = 16
EXERCISE-I
2) 4x2-4xy+y2 = 16
1. The locus of the point, for which the sum of 3) x2+4xy+y2 = 16
the distances from the coordinate axes is 9 is 4) x2-4xy-4y2 = 16
1) x  y  9 2) x  y  3 9. The locus of a point which is collinear with the
points (1, 2) and (-2, 1) is
3) x  y  0 4) x  y  27
1) x+3y+5=0 2) x+3y-5=0
2. The equation of the locus of the point whose
3) x-3y-5=0 4) x-3y+5 = 0
distance from the x-axis is twice that of from
the y-axis is 10. A straight line of length 3 units slides with its
1) y2=4x2 2) 4y2 = x2 ends A, B always on x and y axes respectively.
Locus of centroid of  OAB is
3) y = 2x 4) x = 2y
1) x2+y2 = 3 2) x2+y2 = 9
3. The equation to the locus of a point P for which
3) x2+y2=1 4) x2+y2=8
the distance from P to (6, 5) is triple the
distance from P to x-axis is 11. If  is parameter, A   acos , a sin  
1) x2 + 8y2 - 12x-10y + 51 = 0 and B   b sin  , b cos   C  1, 0  then the
2) x + 8y + 12x-10y + 51 = 0
2 2
locus of the centroid of ABC is (EAM-2014)
3) x - 8y - 12x-10y + 61 = 0 1)  3 x  1  9 y 2  a 2  b 2
2 2 2

4) 3x2 + y2 - 10y - 25 = 0 2)  3 x  1  9 y 2  a 2  b 2
2

4. If the distance from P to the points

3)  3 x  1  9 y 2  a 2  b 2
2
(5, -4), (7, 6) are in the ratio 2 : 3, then the
4)  3 x  1  9 y 2  a 2  b 2
2
locus of P is
1) 5x2 + 5y2 - 12x - 86y + 17 = 0 12. If t is parameter, A = (aSec t, bTan t) and
2) 5x2 + 5y2 - 34x + 120y + 29 = 0
B = (-aTan t, bSec t), O = (0, 0) then the locus
3) 5x2 + 5y2 - 5x + y + 14 = 0
4) 3x2 + 3y2 - 20x + 38y + 87 = 0 of the centroid of  OAB is
5. The equation of the locus of the points 1) 9xy = ab 2) xy = 9ab
equidistant from the points A(-2,3) and 1 2
B(6, -5) is 3) x2-9y2 = a2-b2 4)x2-y2= (a  b 2 )
9
1) x+y=3 2) x-y=3 3) 2x+y=3 4)2x-y=3
13. The Locus of the point
6. If A(a,0), B(-a,0) then the locus of the point P
(tan  + sin  , tan  -sin  ) is
such that PA2+PB2=2c2 is
1)  (x2 y  xy2  1 2) x2-y2 = xy
2/3 2/3
1) x2+y2+a2-c2=0 2) x2+y2+a2+c2=0
3) 2x2+y2+3a2-c2=0 4) x2+y2+a2+2c2=0 3) x2-y2= 12xy 4) (x2-y2)2 = 16xy
7. The ends of hypotenuse of a right angled a
triangle are (5, 0), (-5, 0) then the locus of third 14. The Locus of the point (a + bt, b - ) is
t
vertex is 1) (x-a)(y-b)+ab=0 2) (x-a)(y-b) = 0
1) x2-y2 = 25 2) x2+y2=25 3) (x-a)(y-b) = ab 4) (x-a)(y+b) = ab
3) x2+y2=5 4) x2-y2=5 15. The sum of the distances of a point P from
two perpendicular lines in a plane is 1. Then
8. A(0,0), B(1,2) are two points. If a point P
locus of P is (EAMCET 2008)
moves such that the area of  PAB is 2 1) Square 2) Circle
sq.units, then the locus of P is 3) Straight line 4) Pair of Straight lines

2
 23. Locus represented by x =a +b sec  ,
16. The locus of point of intersection of the lines y = b + a Tan  is
1) a hyperbola 2) a parabola
y  mx  a2m2  b2 andmy-x = a 2  b 2 m 2 is 3) an ellipse 4) a straight line
1 1 24. The equation
1) x2+y2 =  2) x2+y2 = a2+b2
a 2 b2 x 2 y 2  2 xy 2  3 y 2  4 x 2 y  8 xy  12 y  0
1 1 represents
4) x 2  y 2  a  b
2 2
3) x2 - y2 = a2 - b2
1) Two Pairs of lines 2) a Parabola
17. The coordinates of the points A and B are (a,0) 3) an Ellipse 4) hyperbola
and (-a,0) respectively.If a point P moves so 25. From a point P perpendiculars PM, PN are
that PA2  PB 2  2k 2 ,where K is constant, drawn to x and y axes respectively. If MN
then the equation to the locus of the point P. passes through fixed point (a,b), locus of P is
1) 2ax  k 2  0 2) 2ax  k 2  0 1) xy= ax+by 2) xy = ab
3) ax  2 k 2  0 4) ax  2 k 2  0 3) xy = bx+ay 4) x+y=xy
18. A point moves in the XY-plane such that the 26. The sum of the squares of the distances of a
sum of it’s distances from two mutually per- moving point from two fixed points (a,0) and
(-a,0) is equal to a constant quantity 2c 2 then
pendicular lines is always equal to 5 units. The the equation to its locus is
area enclosed by the locus of the point is 1) x 2  y 2  c 2  a 2 2) x 2  y 2  c 2  a 2
(EAM-2020)
3) x 2  y 2  c 2  a 2 4) x 2  y 2  c 2  a 2
25
1) 2) 25 3) 50 4) 100 KEY
4
19. If A = (1,0), B= (-1,0) and C = (2,0) then the 1) 1 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2 5)2 6) 1
locus of the point P such that PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2 7) 2 8) 2 9) 4 10) 3 11) 3 12) 1
13) 4 14) 1 15) 1 16) 2 17) 1 18) 3
is a [EAM - 2019]
19) 1 20) 3 21) 1 22) 4 23) 1 24) 1
1) straight line parallel to y-axis 25) 3 26) 2
2) circle with centre (0,0)
3) circle through (0,0) SOLUTIONS
4) straight line parallel to x-axis 1. Perpendicular distance from P(x,y) to x-
20. The curve represented by x=2(cost+sint) and axis is y and y -axis is x
y = 5(cos t - Sin t ) is  x  y 9
1) a circle 2) a parabola
2. y 2 x
3) an ellipse 4) a hyperbola
21. Locus represented by x =a (cosh  +sinh  ), 3. PA  2 y where A=(6,5)
y = b (cosh  -sinh  ) is [ EAM -2018]
4. Let p  x. y  A  5, 4  B  7, 6  Given 3PA = 2PB
1) a hyperbola 2) a parabola
S.O.B.S
3) an ellipse 4) a straight line
9 PA2  4 PB 2
c
22. The curve represented by x=ct and y =
t
is

9  x  5   y  4 
2 2
  4  x  7  2
  y  6
2

1) a circle 2) a parabola
3) an ellipse 4) a hyperbola  9  x2  y2 10 x  8 y  41  4  x2  y 2 14x 12 y  85

3
9x2 9y2 90x72y3694x2 4y2 56x48y3400 3 y  a sin   b cos 
Locus of P is squaring and adding

5 x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0
3x1 3y  acos bsin  asin bcos
2 2 2 2

5. PA2  PB 2
 3x  1
2
 9 y 2  a 2 cos   b 2 sin 2 
(or)
2( x1  x2 ) x  2( y1  y2 ) y  x12  y12  x22  y22 2ab cos  sin   a 2 sin 2   b 2 cos 2   2ab sin  cos 

 3 x  1
2
 x  a  y 2   x  a   y 2  2c 2  9 y 2  a2  b2
2 2
6.
7. A = (5,0) , B = (-5,0) a sec t  a tan t b tan t  b sec t 
12.  x, y    , 
PA2  PB 2  AB 2  3 3 
(or) Eliminate t
( x  x1 )( x  x2 )  ( y  y1 )( y  y2 )  0 13. Eliminate 
8. A=(0,0) , B = (1,2) ; P = (x,y) a
14. x  a  bt ; y  b 
t
1
Area of PAB  x1 y2  x2 y1  2
 x  a  y  b    bt   
a
2 
 t
Given A  0,0  B 1, 2  p  x, y  area of 15. x  y  1
PAB  2 16. Squaring and adding the equations
1
 x  a   y  0   x  a
2 2 2
x1 y1  x2 y1  2 17.  y 2  2k 2
2
18. x  y  5
2 x  y  4 S.O.B.S  2 x  y   16
2

2c 2
4 x  y  4 xy  16
2 2 Area   2(5)2  50
ab
9. A = (1,2) , B = (-2,1)
Equation of AB is 19. ( x  1)2  y 2  ( x  1) 2  y 2  2  ( x  2)2  y 2 
y2  y1 x y
y  y1  ( x  x1 ) 20.  cos t  sin t ,  cos t  sin t
x2  x1 2 5
a b
10. P ( x, y )   ,  21.
x y
 cosh   sinh  ,  cosh   sinh 
 3 3 a b
a 2  b2  9 c
22. xy  ct.
 a cos   b sin   1 , a sin   b cos   t
11. G ( x , y )    xy  c is a rectangular hyperbola
2
 3 3 
23. x  a  b sec  ; y  b  a tan 
A   a cos , a sin  , B   b sin  , b cos  , C  1,0
xa y b
centroid of ABC   sec  ;  tan 
b a
a cos   b sin   1 a sin   b cos   0 
 x, y    , 
sec 2   tan 2   1
 3 3 
24. y 2  x 2  2 x  3   4 y  x 2  2 x  3   0
3x  1  a cos   b sin 
y 2
 4 y x2  2x  3  0

4
 y  0, y  4, x  1  0, x  3  0 7. The locus of foot of the perpendicular drawn
25. Let P  ,   from a fixed point (a, b) to the variable line y
Equation of a line passing through M,N is
= mx, m being variable is
 x   y   passing through (a,b)
1) x2+y2-ax+by=0 2) x+y-(a+b)=0
26. Let P  x, y  be the locus PA2  PB 2  2C 2
3) x2+y2-ax-by=0 4) xy-bx-ay+ab=0
 Locus of P is x  y  c  a
2 2 2 2
8. Vertices of a variable triangle are (3,4),

EXERCISE-II  5cos ,5sin   and  5sin  , 5cos  , where

  R . Locus of it’s orthocentre is
1. A(0,4), B(0,-4) are two points. The locus of P
1) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  0
which moves such that |PA-PB| =6 is
2) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  0
1) 9x2-7y2+63=0 2)9x2+7y2-63=0
3) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  0
3) 9x2+7y2+63=0 4) 9x2-7y2 - 63 = 0
2. A = (1, -1), locus of B is x2+y2=16. If P divides 4) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  0
AB in the ratio 3:2 then locus of P is 9. A = (2, 5), B = (4, -11) and the locus of ‘C’ is
1) (x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 4 2) (x+1)2 + (y-2)2 = 4 9x + 7y + 4 = 0 then the locus of the centroid
3) (x-3)2 + (y-2)2 = 4 4) (5x-2)2 + (5y+2)2 = 144 of  ABC is [ EAM -2017]
3. A line segment AB of length ‘a’ moves with 1) 27x+21y-8=0 2) 3x+4y-2=0
its ends on the axes. The locus of the point P 3) 24x+22y-6=0 4) 5x+3y-7=0
which divides the segment in the ratio 1 : 2 is 10. The base of a triangle lies along x=a and is of
1) 9x2+4y2 = a2 2) 9(x2+4y2)=4a2 length a. The area of triangle is a2. The locus
3) 9(x2+4y2)=8a2 4) 9x2+9y2=4a2 of vertex is
4. If the roots of the equation 1) (x+a)(x-3a) = 0 2) (x-a)(x+3a)=0
( x12  16) m 2  2 x1 y1m  y12  9  0 are the 3) (x+a)(x+3a) = 0 4) (x+2a)(x-a)=0
slopes of two perpendicular lines intersecting
11. If a, x1 , x2 , x3 .... and b, y1 , y2 ,..... form two
at P( x1 , y1 ) then the locus of P is
1) x2+y2 = 25 2) x2+y2 = 7 infinite A.P’s with common difference p and
3) x -y = 25
2 2
4) x2-y2 = 7 q respectively then the locus of
5. The locus of foot of the perpendicular drawn x1  x2  x3 .......  xn
from a fixed point (2, 3) to the variable line P  h, k  when h  ,
n
y = mx, m being variable is
y1  y2  .....  yn
1) x2+y2-2x+3y=0 2) x+y-5=0 k is
3) x +y -2x-3y=0
2 2
4) xy-3x-2y+6=0 n
6. Vertices of a variable triangle are (5,12), 1) q  x  a   p  y  b 
(13cos  ,13sin  ) and (13sin  , 13cos  ) ,
2) b  x  p   a  y  q 
where   R . Locus of it’s orthocentre is :
1) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  0 3) p  x  a   q  y  b 

2) x 2  y 2  10 x  24 y  169  0 4) p  y  a   q  x  b 
12. Given P = (1,0) and Q = (-1,0) and R is a
3) x 2  y 2  10 x  24 y  169  0
variable point on one side of the line PQ such
4) x 2  y 2  10 x  24 y  169  0

5

that RPQ  RQP 
point R is
1) x 2  y 2  2 xy  1
 2) x  x  a   y  y  b   0
. The locus of the
4
3) x  x  a   y  y  b   0
2) x 2  y 2  2 xy  1 4) x  x  a   y  y  b   0

3) x 2  y 2  2 xy  1 4) x 2  y 2  2 xy  1 KEY
13. A variable circle passes through the fixed 01) 1 02) 4 03) 2 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
point (0,5) and touches x-axis. Then locus of 07) 3 08) 4 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 4
centre of circle 13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1
1) a parabola 2) a circle SOLUTIONS
3) an ellipse 4) a hyperbola 1. PA  PB  6
14. The equation x3  x 2 y  x  y  0 represents 4( x  a ) 2 4 y 2
(or)  2 1
1) a straightline [EAM -2081] k 2  4b 2 k
2) a parabola and two lines where k = 6, a = 0, b= 4
3) a hyparabola and two lines 2. A 1, 1 , B  ,   , P  x, y 
4) a line and a circle 3  2 3  2 
15. T he gr aph r epr esented by x = sint, y = cos2t  x, y    , 
 5 5 
is
Find  ,  sub in x 2  y 2  16
1) a parabola
2) a portion of parabola 3. A  p,0  B  0, q  Use section formula
3) a part of sine graph 4)a part of Hyperbola 4. m1m2  1
16. If the equation of the locus of a point
y12  9
equidistant from the points  a1, b1  x12  16
 1

and  a2 , b2  is  a1  a2  x   b1  b2  y  c  0 5. Let P= (2,3), Q= (x,y)

then the value of c is [EAM -2019] PQ  L
 Slope of PQ  m = -1
1 2  y  3  y 
1)  a2  b2  a1  b1      1
2 2 2

2  x  2  x 
6. Circum Centre (S) = (0,0)
2) a12  a22  b12  b22 Orthocentre ; O (x,y) = 3G - 2S
1 2 = (5+13cos  +13sin  ; 12+13sin  -13cos  )
3)
2
 a1  a22  b12  b22  ( x  5)  ( y  12)
2 2

 169  (cos   sin  )  (sin   cos  ) 

2
2
4) a12  b12  a22  b22  
17. A line L1 cuts x and y axes at 7. Let P   a, b  , Q   x, y 
P  a, 0  and Q  0, b  respectively, another line y
 y  mx  m 
L2 perpendicular to L1 cuts x and y axes at R x
and S respectively. The locus of the point of  PQ  L  slope of PQ  m  1
intersection of the lines PS and QR is 8. Circum centre (S)
1) x  x  a   y  y  b   0 O=3G-2S where O is orthocentre

6
 Y
O  x, y    3  5cos  5sin  , 4  5sin   5cos 
R  x, y 
9. Let C  ,  
6   6   
 x, y    , 
 3 3   450 
X
 ,     3x  6,3 y  6  sub Q 1, 0  O S P 1, 0 
9x  7 y  4  0
y
 ,     3x  6,3 y  6  lies on 9 x  7 y  4  0 tan  
1 x
9  3x  6   7  3 y  6   4  0   y
tan    
27 x  21 y  8  0 4  1 x
1  tan  y
10. Consider A  a, 0  , B  a, a  two points on a 
1  tan  1  x
line x  a and P  x, y  y
1
Area of the triangle = a 2 1 x  y
y 1 x
1 1
(or) a x  a  a2 1 x
2
13. Let center be C(h,k) ; r = k (Circle touches x-
x  a  2a axis)
x  a  2 a (h  0)2  (k  5) 2  k 2
( x  a )( x  3a )  0 h 2  10k  25
11. x1  a  x2  x1  ____  p Locus is x 2  10 y  25 which represents a pa-
x1  a  p rabola.
14. x 2 ( x  y )  1( x  y )  0
x2  a  2 p
( x 2  1)( x  y )  0
xn  a  np
 xi n  1 p x 2  1  0 is not possible for all x  R
 a 
n 2  x  y  0 which represents a straight line.

xa
 n  1 p 15. x = sint ; y  cos2 t
2
1  x  1; 0  y 1
xa n1
 x
2
 y  sin 2 t  cos 2 t  1
p 2
x
2
 ( y  1) represents portion of a parabola
yb n1
Similarly q  2
0,1
xa yb

p q
1, 0  O 1, 0  .
q  x  a  p  y  b
12.
16. A  a1,b1  , B  a2,b2  , P  x, y 

7
 PA = PB C(1,1) to a variable line be zero, then all such
(or) 2(a1  a2 ) x  2(b1  b2 ) y  a  b  a  b
2
1 1
2 2
2
2
2 lines
1 2 1) are parallel
c (a2  b22  a12  b12 )
2
2) passes through a fixed point(0,0)
x y
17. Let L1    1 3) form a square
a b
x y
Now L2    1 PS equation is 4) passes through the centroid of  ABC.
bk ak
x y x y 6. The straight line passing through the point
  1 , ...(1)   1 ...(2) (8,4) and cuts y-axis at B and x-axis at A.The
a ak bk b
eliminate K from (1) and (2) locus of mid point of AB is
1) xy  2 x  4 y  64
EXERCISE-III
2) xy  2 x  4 y  0
1. The line joining  5,0  to 10cos ,10sin   is 3) xy  4 x  2 y  8  0
divided internally in the ratio 2:3 at P, then 4) xy  4 x  2 y  72
the locus of P is 7. Sum of the distance of a point from two
1) x 2  2 xy  y 2  6 x  0 2) x  y  3  0 perpendicular lines is 3 the area enclosed by
3)  x  3  y 2  16
2
4) x 2  y  3 the locus of the point is
2. If the first point of trisection of AB is 1) 18 2) 16 3) 4 4) 15
 t, 2t  and the ends A,B moves on x and y axis 8. Locus of point of intersection of the lines
respectively, then locus of mid point of AB is x sin   y cos   0 and
1) x  y 2) 2x  y 3) 4x  y 4) x  4 y
ax sec   by cos ec  a 2  b 2
3. The variable line drawn through the point (1,3)
meets the x-axis at A and y-axis at B. If the 1) x 2  y 2  a 2 2) x 2  y 2  b 2
rectangle OAPB is completed. Where “O” is
4) x 2  y 2   a  b 
2
3) x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2
the origin, then locus of “P” is
1 3 9. If A 1,1 , B  2, 3 , C  1,1 are the points of
1)   1 2) x  3 y  1 P is a point such that the area of the
y x
quadrilateral. P A B and C is 3 sq units then
1 3
3)  1 4) 3 x  y  1 locus of P is
x y
1) y 2  6 y  0 2) y 2  6 y  0
4. P and Q are two variable points on the axes of
x and y respectively such that 3) x 2  6 y  0 4) x 2  6 y  0
|OP| + |OQ|=a, then the locus of foot of
perpendicular from origin on PQ is
10. The vertices of a triangle are 1, 3 ,  
1) (x - y) (x2 + y2) = axy  2cos  , 2sin   and  2sin  , 2cos  
2) (x + y) (x2 + y2) = axy where   R . The locus of orthocentre of the
3) (x + y) (x2 + y2) = a (x - y) triangle is
4) (x + y) (x2 - y2) = axy
 
2
1)  x  1  y  3
2
5. The algebraic sum of the perpendicular 4
distances from the points A (-2,0), B(0,2) and
8
   point Q ( x1 , y1 ) is given by d(P,Q)=max.
2
2)  x  2   y  3
2
4
xx 1 , y  y1  . If Q is fixed point (1,2), and
 
2
3)  x  1  y  3
2
8 d(P,Q)=3, then the locus of P is
1) a circle 2) a stright line
  3) a square 4) a triangle
2
4)  x  2   y  3
2
8
15. A straight line passing through the point
11. A point moves such that the sum of the squares  x1, y1  meets the positive coordinate axis at
of its distance from the sides of a square of A,B. The locus of the point P which divides
side unity is equal to 9, the locus of such point AB in the ratio l : m is
is
lx1 my1 mx1 ly1
1)   l  m 2)  lm
7 x y x y
1) x  y  x  y  0
2 2

2 3) only 1 is true 4) both 1 and 2 are true

16. A  0, ae  B  0, ae  are two points.The
2) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  7  0 equation to the locus of p such that
PA  PB  2a is
5
3) x  y  x  y  0
2 2

2 x2 y2
 1
  a2
1) a 2 1  e 2
4) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  5  0
x2 y2
12. Variable straight lines L1 : y  2 x  c1 and 2) a 2  a 2 1  e2  1
L2 : y  2 x  c2 meet the x-axis in A1 and A2
 
respectively and y-axis in B1 and B2 x2 y2
3) a 2 a 2 1  e 2  1

respectively locus of intersection point of  
A1 B2 and A2 B1 is
x2 y2
1) y  x  0 2) y  x 4) a 2 a 2 1  e 2  1

3) y  2 x  0 4) y  2 x
 
17. A  ae,0  , B   ae,0  are two points. The
13. Let a and b non zero real numbers. Then the
equation to the locus of P such that
equation  ax2  by2  c x2  5xy  6y2   0 PA  PB  2a is
represents (IIT-08)
x2 y2
1) four straight lines, when c=0 and a,b are of the 1) a 2 a 2 1  e 2  1

same sign  
2) two straight lines and a circle, when a=b and c x2 y2
2) a 2  a 2 1  e2  1
is of the sign opposite to that of a  
3) a circle and an ellipse, when a and b are of the
same sign and c is of the sign opposite to that of a x2 y2
3) a 2  a 2 1  e 2  1
4) two straight lines and a circle,when a and b are  
of the same sign and c is of the sign opposite to
that of a x2 y2
4) a 2 a 2 1  e 2  1

14. If the distance of any point P(x,y) from the  

9
 KEY x y
6. Let Equation of AB   1 ...(1)
1) 3 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 a b
7) 1 8) 4 09) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 3
Let P  h, k  locus of mid point of AB
13) 2 14) 3 15) 4 16) 1 17) 1
SOLUTIONS a  2h, b  2k substitue in (1) we get
xy  2 x  4 y  0
 15  20cos  20sin  
1.  ,    x, y  ;
 5 5  7. Let P  x, y  be the locus
Eliminate ‘ ’
x  y  3  area = 18 sq.units
2. Let P  h, k  locus of mid point A  a, 0  B  0, b 
8. Eliminate 
 t , 2t    ,  eliminate t we get 4h  k
2a b
9. Let P  x1 y  be the locus of the point
 3 3
x y 1 x  2 11
3. Let the line be  1 3
a b 2 y  3 11
1 3
If passes through (1,3),    1  1  2 cos   2 sin  3  2sin   2 cos  
a b ,
10.  3 3

A  a,0  , B  0, b  .  P   a, b   

1 3 C(0,0) G H(x, y)
 locus of P is x  y  1 .
1:2
Y

x 1  2cos   2sin 
Q 
3 3
R

 x  1  2 cos   2sin 
4.
3  2sin   2 cos 
P
X
y
O

3 3
Let P  , 0  Q  0,    y  3  2 sin   2 cos 
Equation of the circle passing through O,P,R
 
2
 x  1
2
is x 2  y 2   x  0  y 3 8

x2  y2 11. Let  h, k  be the locus


x
h 2  1  h   k 2  1  k   9
2 2

x y
2 2

III ly   y 2x y
12. Equation A 1 B2 in c  c  1
   a 1 2

5. Algebraic sum of the perpendicular distances from 2 x y

three non collinear points is zero, then the line equation A2 B2 in c  c  1 elimiate c1 and
2 1
passing through centroid of the triangle formed by
these points. c2 from the above equations.

10
13. x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  0 representes two straightlines
if c<0, a=b then
c c
ax 2  by 2  c  0  x 2  y 2  ; where 0
a a

14. Locus of P consist of lines x  1  3, y  2  3

15. Let A  a, 0  B  0, b  Let P  x1 , y1  divides AB in

the ratio l : m weget locus of P is
lx1 my1
 lm
x y

A  0, b  B  0, a  let P  x, y  be the locus weget

mx1 ly1
locus of P is  lm.
x y

16. A  0, ae  B  0, ae  P  x, y  PA  PB  2a
x2 y2
 1
  a2
locus of P is a 2 1  e 2

17. PA2   2a  PB 
2

4 x 2 4( y  b) 2
(or) 2  2 1
k k  4a 2
( k  2a, a  ae, b  0)

11
 TRANSFORMATION
OF AXES
SYNOPSIS iii) The point to which the origin has to be shifted to
eliminate first degree terms (x, y terms) in
 Change of axes or transformation of axes is of three
S = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy +c=0 is obtained
types :
i) Translation of axes S S
by solving  x  0,  y  0
ii) Rotation of axes
iii)General Transformation iv) To remove the first degree terms from the equation
Translation of axes: ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 the origin is
 i) Shifting the origin to some other point without to be shifted to the point
hf  bg gh  af 
 x1 , y1   
changing the direction of axes.
, 2 ,
2 .
ii) When the origin is translated to (h,k), the equations  ab  h ab  h  ab  h  0
2

of transformation are In this case, the transformed equation is

x = X+h, y =Y+k where (x, y) are the original aX2 + 2hXY + bY2 + (gx1 + fy1 + c) = 0
coordinates and (X, Y) are the new coordinates v) To remove the first degree terms from the equation
of the point. ax2 + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, the origin is to be
Rotation of axes: g  f 
 i) Rotating the system of coordinate axes through shifted to the point  ,  . In this case, the
 a b 
an angle ‘  ’ without changing the position of the transformed equation is
origin.
  g2  f 2 
ii) When the axes are rotated through an angle ‘ ’ in aX2 + bY2 +    c  0

anticlockwise direction. The equations of  a b 
transformation are given by vi) To remove the first degree terms from 2hxy + 2gx
+ 2fy + c = 0, the origin is to be shifted to the point
 f g
 ,  . In this case, the transformed
 h h 
equation is 2h 2 XY  2gf  ch  0
vii) The point to which the origin has to be shifted to
eliminate x and y terms in the equation
Set-1 x = X cos  - Y sin  ,
2 2
y = Xsin  + Ycos  , a  x     b  y     c is   ,  
Set-2 X = xcos  + ysin  , viii) a) To remove xy term of
Y = -x sin  + ycos  ,
 Transformation is used in reducing the general ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 the angle
equation of any curve to the desired form. For of rotation of axes is
example
1  2h 
i) To eliminate first degree terms, we apply   T a n 1   , if a  b
translation. 2 ab
ii) To eliminate the term containing ‘xy’, we apply 
  2n  1  , n  z if a = b
rotation. 4

1
b) If ' ' is angle of rotation to eleminate XY term in
EXERCISE-I
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , then
1. If (3,2) are coordinates of a point ‘P’ in the

n   , n  Z is also an angle of rotation to new system when origin is shifted to (3,7), then
2 the original coordinates of ‘P’ are
eliminate XY term
ix) The angle of rotation of axes so that the 1) (6,9) 2) (-6,9) 3) (6,-9) 4) (6,0)
equation ax + by + c = 0 is reduced as 2. The coordinates of the point (4,5) in the new
system, when its origin is shifted to (3,7) are
1  b 
a) X = constant is Tan   1) (1, 2) 2) (-1, 2) 3) (-1, -2) 4) (1, -2)
a 3. If the point (5,7) is transformed to (-1,2) when
1  a the origin is shifted to A, then A=
b) Y = constant is Tan   
 b 1) (4,9) 2) (6,5) 3) (-6,-5) 4) (2,4)
x) The equation 4. If the origin is shifted to the point (-1,2)
S  ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 has transformed without changing the direction of axes, the
equation x 2 - y 2 + 2x + 4y = 0 becomes
to AX2+2HXY+BY2+2GX + 2FY + C = 0, when
1) X 2  Y 2  3  0 2) X 2  Y 2  3  0
the origin is shifted to  l , m  then 3) X 2  Y 2  3  0 4) X 2  Y 2  3  0
A=a;B=b;H=h; 5. If the transformed equation of a curve when
 S  the origin is translated to (1, 1) is
 S  2 F   
2G   
 x (l , m)  y  (l ,m)
C = S l, m X 2 Y2  2X Y  2  0 then the original equa-
 The condition that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + tion of the curve is
2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to take the form 1) x 2  2 y 2  1 2) x 2  y 2  3 y  3  0
aX2 + 2hXY + bY2 = 0 when the axes are
3) x 2  y 2  3 y  3  0 4) x 2  y 2  3 y  3  0
translated is abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2-ch2 = 0
General Transformation : 6. When the axes are translated to the point
 i) Applying both translation and rotation. (5, -2) then the transformed form of the equa-
ii) The equations of general transformation are given tion xy + 2x - 5y - 11 = 0 is
by X Y
1) 1 2)  1 3) XY = 1 4) XY2 = 2
Y X
7. In order to make the first degree terms
missing in the equation
2x2 + 7y2 + 8x - 14y + 15 = 0, the origin should
be shifted to the point
Set-1: x-h = X cos  - Y sin  ,
1) (1, -2) 2) (-2, -1) 3) (2, 1) 4) (-2, 1)
y-k = X sin  + Ycos  , 8. The point to which the origin should be shifted
Set-2: X = (x-h) cos  + (y-k) sin  in order to remove the x and y terms in the
Y = -(x-h) sin  + (y-k) cos  equation [ EAM -2018]
Where (h, k) is the new origin and  is the angle 14x - 4xy + 11y - 36x + 48y + 41 = 0 is
2 2
of rotation.
1) (1, -2) 2) (-2, 1) 3) (-1, 2) 4) (2, -1)
Note : 1) If the rotation is in clockwise direction
9. If the distance between the two given points
then replace  by -  .
2) On translation or rotation the position of the is 2 units and the points are transferred by
point, length of line segment, area, perimeter, angles shifting the origin to (2, 2), then the distance
are not changed. But the coordinates and equations between the points in their new position is
will change. 1) 2 2) 5 3) 6 4) 7

2
10. When (0, 0) shifted to (3, -3) the coordinates 17. If the equation 4x2 + 2 3 xy + 2y2 - 1 = 0
of P(5, 5), Q(-2, 4) and R(7, -7) in the new becomes 5X2 + Y2 = 1, when the axes are ro-
system are A, B, C then area of triangle ABC tated through an angle  , then  is
in sq units is 1) 15o 2) 30o 3) 45 o 4) 60 o
1) 43 2) 23 3) 45 4) 50 18. The angle of rotation of axes in order to elimi-
11. When axes are rotated through an angle of nate xy term in the equation xy = c2 is
450 in positive direction without changing ori-    
1) 2) 3) 4)
gin then the coordinates of  
2, 4 in old sys- 12 6 3 4
19. The transformed equation of x  y 2  r 2 ,
2

tem are [ EAM -2019]

when the axes are rotated through an angle

1) 1  2 2,1  2 2  
2) 1  2 2,1  2 2  360 is [ EAM -2020]
1) 5 X 2  4 XY  Y 2  r 2
3)  2 2, 2  4)  2, 2 
2) X 2  2 XY  5Y 2  r 2
12. If the axes are rotated through an angle 300 3) X 2  Y 2  r 2 4) X 2  Y 2  r 2
in the clockwise direction, the point 20. The transformed equation of
 4, 2 3  in the new system is xCosα + ySinα = P when the axes are rotated
through an angle  is
1) (2,3) 2)  2, 3  3)  3, 2  4)  3,5  1) X  P 2) X  P  0
3) Y  P 4) Y  P  0
13. The transformed equation of
3x + 3y + 2xy = 2 when the coordinate axes
2 2 KEY
01) 1 02) 4 03)2 04) 3 05) 4 06) 3
are rotated through an angle of 450 is
07) 4 08) 1 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 4
(EAMCET - 2008) 13) 2 14)1 15) 1 16) 2 17) 2 18) 4
1) X2  2Y2 1 2) 2X2 Y2 1 19) 4 20) 1
3) X2 Y2 1 4) X 2  3Y2 1 SOLUTIONS
14. If the transformed equation of a curve is 1.  X,Y  3,2 , h,k 3,7 , x, y  X hY
, k
17X2-16XY + 17Y2 = 225 when the axes are
2.  x, y    4,5
rotated through an angle 45o, then the origi-
(h,k) = (3,7)
nal equation of the curve is
(X,Y) = (x-h,y-k)
1) 25x2 + 9y2 = 225 2) 9x2 + 25y2 = 225
3) 25x2 - 9y2 = 225 4) 9x2 - 25y2 = 225 3.  x, y    5,7 ,  X , Y    1, 2 
15. If the axes are rotated through an angle 180o A   x  X , y  Y    6,5 
then the equation 2x - 3y + 4=0 becomes 4. (h,k)=(-1,2) Put
1) 2X - 3Y - 4 = 0 2) 2X + 3Y - 4 = 0 x  X  1, y  Y  2 trans formed equation is
3) 3X - 2Y + 4 = 0 4) 3X + 2Y + 4 = 0
16. When the axes are rotated through an angle X 2 Y 2  3  0
900 the equation 5x - 2y + 7 = 0 transforms 5. Given  h, k   1,1
to
x2  y 2  2 x  y  2  0
1) 2 X  5Y  7  0 2) 2 X  5Y  7  0
3) 2 X  5Y  7  0 4) 2 X  5Y  7  0 x  x  h  x 1

3
   450 3x 2  3 y 2  2 xy  2
y  y  k  y 1 original x  cos   y sin 
equation x y x y
y  x sin   y cos  x ,y
 x  1   y  1  2  x  1   y  1  2  0 2 2
2 2

transformed equation
 x2  1  2 x  y 2  1  2 y  2x  2  y  3  0
2 2
 x y  x y  x  y  x  y 
 x  y  3y  3  0 3   3   2 2
2 2

 2   2   2  2  ,
6. (h,k) =(5,-2)
Put x  X  5, y  Y  2 4 x2  2 y 2  2 , 2x2  y2  1
 XY  1 14.   450
7. a  2, b  7, g  4, f  7, c  15 17 x 2  16 xy  17 y 2  225

 g  f  x  x cos   y sin 
New origin=  ,  =(-2,1)
 a b  y   x sin   y cos 

8. 14 x 2  4 xy  11 y 2  36 x  48 y  41  0 x y x  y
x ,y
a  14, h  2 b  11, 2  18, f  24, c  41 2 2
2 2
 x y  y  x  y  x   yx
n iobg
P gh  af
17    16     17    225
t hf   48  198 36  336  no i t auq2e   2  2   2 
 ,  ,   1, 2
 ab  h ab  h   154  4 154  4 
2 2

 2  x2  y 2    y2  x2 
9. Distance remains same 17    16  225
 2  2
 
10. Area of triangle ABC = Area of triange PQR
17  x 2  y 2   8  y 2  x 2   225
11. Use x  X cos   Y sin 
25 x 2  9 y 2  225
y  X sin   Y cos 
15. x = X cos 1800 - Y sin 1800 ,
  45 0
 x, y    2, 4  y = X sin 1800 + Ycos 1800 ,
x  x cos   y sin  , y  x sin   y cos 
16. x  X cos 900  Y sin 900
 1 1 1 1
x   2.  4. , y  2.  4. y  X sin 900  Y cos 900
 2 2 2 2
1  2h 
 x, y   1  2 2,1  2 2  17.  
2
tan 1  = 0
 a  b  30
12. X  x cos   y sin  1
18.Given equation xy  c 2 , a  0, b  0, h  ,
Y   x sin   y cos  2

Where   300 1  2h  1 1  1  1  

  tan 1      tan      
2  a b  2 0 2 2  4
13. x  X cos   Y sin 
y  X sin   Y cos  G i v e n
4
19. x  X cos 60  Y sin 360 , point 1,1 , then the original coordinates are

y  X sin 360  Y cos 360 1) (2 cos 2  2, 2 cos 2  2)

20. Use x  X cos   Y sin  2) (2cos 2  2, 2sin 2  2)

y  X sin   Y cos  3) (2sin 2  2, 2 cos 2  2)

4) (2 cos 2  2, 2 cos 2  2)
EXERCISE-II 7. The first degree terms of
1. The point to which the origin should be trans- ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
lated in order to make the first degree terms
removed by shifting origin to  ,   . The new
missing in the equation 3xy - 2x + y - 8 = 0 is
equation is
 1 2  1 2
1)   ,  2)   ,   1) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 y  2b  c  0
 3 3  3 3
2) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  g  f   c  0
2 1  2 1
3)  ,   4)   ,  3) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  h  b  c  0
 3 3  3 3
4) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  h  b  c  0
2. By translation of axes the equation
xy - x + 2y - 6 = 0 changed as XY=c then c= 8. When the angle of rotation of axes is Tan-1 2 ,
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 7 the transformed equation of 4xy - 3x 2 = a 2
3. The origin is shifted to (1, 2), the equation y2 is
- 8x - 4y + 12=0 changes to Y2 + 4aX = 0 then 1) 2XY  a2  0 2) XY  a2  0
a=
1) 2 2) -2 3) 1 4) -1 3) X 2  4Y 2  a2 4) X 2  2Y 2  a2
4. The transformed equation of 9. The angle of rotation of axes so that
4x 2 + 9y 2 - 8x + 36y + 4 = 0 when the axes 3x - y + 1 = 0 transformed as y=k is
are translated to (1,-2) is aX 2 +bY2 =c . Then    
1) 2) 3) 4)
desending order of a,b,c 6 4 3 2
1) c,b,a 2) c,a,b 3) a,b,c 4) a,c,b 10. The angle of rotation of the axes so that the
5. The condition that the equation equation x + y - 6 = 0 may be reduced to the
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 , can take form X = 3 2 is [ EAM -2017]
the form aX2 + 2hXY + bY 2 = 0 by translat- 1)  / 6 2)  / 4 3)  / 3 4)  / 2
ing the origin to a suitable point is 11. The coordinate axes are rotated about the
1) abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg   ch 2  0 origin ‘O’ in the counter clockwise direction
through an angle 60o. If a and b are the in-
2) 2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0 tercepts made on the new axes by a straight
line whose equation referred to the original
3) abc  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0
1 1
4) abc+2fgh = 0 axes is 3x + 4y-5=0 then 2

a b2
6. If  cosα, cosβ  are the new co-ordinates of
1) 1/25 2) 1/9 3) 1/16 4) 1
a point P when the axes are translated to the 12. The coordinate axes are rotated through an
angle  about the origin in
5
 anticlock-wise sense.If the equation triangle in the new system is
2x 2 + 3xy - 6x + 2y - 4 = 0 changes to
 5
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then a+b
2 2
1)  5,  2)  4,3
 3
is equal to
1) 3cos   3sin  2) 3cos   2sin   5 2 
3)  ,  4)  0, 0 
3) 1 4) 2  3 3 
13. Let L be the line 2x+y-2=0. The axes 19. A point (2,2) undergoes reflection in the x-axis
are rotated by 450 in clockwise direction then and then the coordinate axes are r o t a t e d
the intercepts made by the line L on the new through an angle of  / 4 in anticlockwise di-
axes are respectively [ EAM -2016] rection .The final position of the point in the
1) 1, 2 2) new coordinate system is
2,1
2 2 2 2

1) 0, 2 2  
2) 0, 2 2 
3) 2 2, 4) ,2 2
3 3 3)  2 2, 0  4)  2 2, 0 
14. The acute angle  through which the coordi-
nate axes should be rotated for the point A 20. The coordinate axes are rotated through an
(2,4) to attain the new abscissa 4 is given by angle 220 about the origin. If the equation
1) tan   3 / 4 2) tan  35 / 6
4x 2 + 12xy + 9y 2 + 6x + 9y + 2 = 0 changes to
3) tan   7 / 8 4) tan  
2
15. A line has intercepts a , b on the axes when aX 2 + 2hXY +bY 2 + 2gX + 2fY +c = 0 then
the axes are rotated through an angle  , the
line makes equal intercepts on axes then g 2 - ac
value of 2 =
tan   a + h2
 a b   ab  1 1 27 1
1)   2)   1) 2) 3) 4)
 ab   a b  52 36 52 40

a b KEY

3)   4)  
b a 1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1 5) 1 6) 1
16. The new equation of the curve 7) 2 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2 11) 4 12) 4
4  x - 2y + 1 + 9  2x + y + 2  = 25 , if the
2 2 13) 3 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3
19) 2 20) 1
lines 2x + y + 2 = 0 and x - 2y + 1 = 0 are
taken as the new x and y axes respectively SOLUTIONS
is
 f g
1) 4X 2  9Y 2  5 2) 4X 2  9Y 2  25 1. New origin    ,  
 h h
3) 4X 2  9Y 2  7 4) 4X 2  9Y 2  7
17. The line joining the points A(2,0) and B(3,1)  f g
is rotated through an angle of 450 , about A in 2. New origin    ,     2,1
 h h
the anticlock wise direction. the coordinates 3. (h,k) =((1,2)
of B in the new position (EAMCET 2011)
x  X  1, y  Y  2
   
1) 2, 2 2) 2, 2 3) (2,2) 4) 2, 2  
18. If the axes are translated to the circumcentre Y2 8X  0
of the triangle formed by  a  2
 9, 3  ,  -1, 7  ,  -1, 3 , then the centroid of the 4. Given (h,k) = (1,-2) original equation

6
 4 x 2  9 y 2  8 x  36 y  4  0 x y
15.  1
x  x  1, y  y  2 transformed equation a b

 4  x  1  9  y  2  8  x  1  36  y  2  4  0
2 2
 X cos   Y sin     X sin   Y cos    1
a b
4 x 2  9 y 2  36 Given equation ax 2  by 2  C x.coefficient = y coefficient
a  4, b  9, c  36 desending order c,b,a
 a  b  cos    a  b  sin 
  a b
6.  x, y    X  h, Y  k    2cos2 , 2cos2   tan  
 2 2 ab
7. x = X+  , y = Y+  16. Take
2
8. Given   tan 1 2  tan   , 2 2
1  x  2 y 1   2x  y  2 
4   9  5.
1 2  5   5 
cos   ,sin  
5 5  4 X 2  9Y 2  5 .
x  x cos   y sin  , y  x sin   y cos  17. AB  1  1  2
 by distance, verification the new coordinates
x  2y 2x  y
x
5
, y
5 
of B are 2, 2 
Transformed equation 18. Given points forms a right angle triangle.
circum centre = Mid point of AB = (4,5)
2
 x  2 y  2 x  y   x  2 y 
4    3  a
2
 7 13 
 5  5   5  Centroid G   , 
3 3 
4  2x2  3xy  2 y2  3 x2  y 2  4xy   centroid in the new system
 a 2

5 5 7 13   5 2 
   4,  5    , 
3 3   3 3 
 5 x 2  20 y 2  5a 2  x 2  4 y 2  a 2
19. Reflection of (2,2) in X-axis is (2,-2) = (x,y)
1  a  use X  x cos   y sin  ,
9. a  3, b  1,   tan  
 b  Y   x sin   y cos 
1  b  x  x cos   y sin  , y   x sin   y cos 
10. a = 1, b = 1 ,   tan  
a
5 5 1 1 1 1
11. p  , q  , 2  2  2  2 x  2.
1
 2.
1
 0, y  2.
1
 2.
1
 2 2
3 4 a b p q
2 2 2 2
12. a+b= 2+0=2
13.   450  x, y    0, 2 2 
14.  x, y    2, 4  , X  4
20. a  4, c  2, g  3, h  6
Using X  x cos   y sin 
g 2  ac 1
 2cos   4sin   4 , dividing by sin  
a 2  h 2 52
 2  4 tan   4sec ,
3
s.b.s  tan  
4
7
 STRAIGHT LINES

SYNOPSIS  Two nonvertical lines are parallel if their slopes are

equal.
Inclination of a line :  Two non vertical lines are perpendicular if product
 If a line makes an angle   0      with of their slopes is –1
x-axis measured in positive direction then  is  If  is an angle between two nonvertical lines
called inclination of the line. having slopes m1 , m2 then
i) Inclination of horizontal line is zero
ii) Inclination of vertical line is  / 2 m1  m2
tan    , m1m2  1
Slope of a line : 1  m1m2
 If the inclination of a non vertical line is  then m1  m2
tan  is called slope of the line and is usually i) If  is acute then tan   1  m m
1 2
denoted by m, thus m  tan 
ii) If  is one angle between two lines then the other
Y
angle is    . Usually the acute angle between
two lines is taken as the angle between the lines
Intercept(s) of a line :
 If a line cuts x-axis at A(a, 0) and y-axis at B(0,b)
 then a and b are called x-intercept and y-intercept
O X of that line respectively
i) Slope of horizontal line (x-axis) is zero i) Intercept of a line may be positive or negative or
zero
  0 0
ii) x-intercept of a horizontal line is not defined
ii) Slope of vertical line (y-axis) is not defined iii) y-intercept of a vertical line is not defined
  90 
0
iv) Intercepts of a line passing through origin are zero.
iii)   00  m  0 Equation of a straight line in various
forms :
00    900  m  0  i) Line parallel to x-axis: Equation of horizontal
  900  m is not defined line passing through (a,b) is y = a
900    1800  m  0 ii) Line parallel to y-axis: Equation of vertical line
passing through (a, b) is x = b
 Slope of the line joining two points A( x1 , y1 ) ,
iii) Slope - point form :The equation of the line with
y2  y1
B  x2 , y 2  is m   x1  x2  slope m and passing through the point  x1 , y1  is
x2  x1 y– y1= m (x – x1)
i) If x1=x2 then the line AB is vertical and v) Slope - Intercept form :
hence its slope is not defined a) The equation of the line whose slope is m and which
ii) If y1=y2 then the line AB is horizontal and hence cuts an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis is
its slope is 0 y = mx+c

1
 Y d) The equation of a line perpendicular to
L
ax  by  c  0 is of the form bx  ay  k  0 ,
kR
0, c 
O
X e ) Equation of a line passing through  x1 , y1  and (i)
parallel to ax  by  c  0 is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
b) The equation of the line whose slope is m and which
cuts an intercept ‘a’ on the x-axis is (ii) Perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is
y = m(x - a)
c) The equation of the line passing through the origin b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0
and having slope m is y=mx viii) Normal form :
vi) Intercept Form :Suppose a line L makes
a) The equation of the straight line upon which the
intercept on x-axis is a and on y-
length of the normal drawn from origin is 'p' and
x y
axis is b then its equation is  1 this perpendicular makes an angle
a b
a) If the portion of the line intercepted between the  ,  0    2  with positive x-axis is
axes is divided by the point (x1, y1) in the ratio m
x cos   y sin   p ,  p  0 
nx my
: n, then the equation of the line is x  y  m  n Y
1 1

mx ny
(or) x  y  m  n
1 1
L
b) Equation of the line whose intercept between 
the axes is bisected at the point (x1, y1) is X
x y P
 2
x1 y1
c) Equation of the line making equal intercepts on the
axes and through the point (x o , yo ) is
x + y = xo + yo
d) Equation of the line making equal intercepts in b) The normal form of a line ax  by  c  0 is
magnitude but opposite in sign and passing through
(xo,yo) is x – y = xo – yo  a x
 b y
c
, if c  0
e) The equation of the line passing through the point a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

(x1, y1) and whose intercepts are in the ratio m : n

is nx+my=nx1+my1 (or) mx+ny=mx1+ny1 a b c
and x y , if c  0
vii) General equation of line : a b
2 2
a b2 2
a  b2
2

a) A linear equation in x and y always represents a

ix) Symmetric form and Parametric equations of
line.
a straight line :
b) The equation of a line in general form is
a) The equation of the straight line passing through
a x + b y + c = 0 , where a , b , c are real numbers
(x1,y1) and makes an angle  with the positive
such that a 2  b 2  0 having slope =-a/b ,
x  x1 y  y1
x-intercept =-c/a , y- intercept =-c/b . direction of x-axis is 
co s  sin 
c) The equation of a line parallel to ax  by  c  0
Where    0,     (    )
is of the form ax  by  k  0 , k  R .
2
b) The co-ordinates  x, y  of any point P on the line iii) The distance between parallel lines
ax  by  c1  0 and ax  by  c2  0 is
at a distance ‘r’ units away from the point A x1, y1 
c1  c2
can be taken as .
a 2  b2
 x1 r cos, y1 r sin   or x1 r cos, y1 r sin 
iv) The distance between the parallel lines ax+by+c1=0
c) The equations x  x1  r cos  , y  y1  r sin  and ax + by + c2 = 0 measured along the line having
are called parametric equations of a line with c1  c 2
parameter 'r' of the line passing through the point inclination  is a cos   b sin 

 x1 , y1  and having inclination  . v) The equation of a line parallel and lying midway
between the above two lines is
Y
c1  c2
ax  by  0
P  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   2
vi) Equiation of the line parallel to ax+by+c=0 and at
a distance d from the line is

Ax1, y1   ax  by  c  d a 2  b 2  0
Position of a point (s) w.r.to line (s) :
 i) The ratio in which the line L  ax  by  c  0
 divides the line segment joining
Q x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   A x1, y1  and B  x2 , y2  is L11 : L22 where

X L11  ax1  by1  c, L22  ax2  by2  c

O B ii) The points A , B lie on the same side or opposite
x  x1 y  y1 side of the line L = 0 according as L11 , L22 have
cos  = , sin  = same sign or opposite sign that is
AP AP
or x – x1 = AP cos  , y – y1 = AP sin  . L11. L22  0 or L11. L22  0
x  x1 y  y1 iii) A point A x1, y1  and origin lies on the same or
 r
cos  sin 
opposite side of a line L  ax  by  c  0
Distances :
 i) The perpendicular distance to the line according as c.L11  0 or c.L11  0
ax  by  c  0 iv) The point  x1 , y1  lies between the parallel lines
c ax1  by1  c  0, ax2  by2  c  0 or does not
(a) from origin is
a b
2 2
ax1  by1  c1
lie between them according as ax  by  c is
ax1  by1  c
(b) from the point  x1 , y1  is
1 1 2

a 2  b2 negative or positive

ii) The distance of a point  x1 , y1  from the line v) The point A x1, y1  lies above or below the line

L  axby c 0 measured along a line making an L  ax  by  c  0 according as

L11 L
ax1  by1  c  0 or 11  0
angle  with x-axis is b b
a cos   b sin 

3
 Proof : The fig. Shows a point P(x1, y1) lying above Point of intersection of lines and
a given line. If an ordinate is dropped from P to Concurrency of Straight Lines :
meet the line L at N, then the x coordinate of N
will be x1.  i) Consider two lines L1  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
Putting x = x1 in the equation ax + by + c = 0 gives and L2  a2x  b2 y  c2  0 then
(ax1  c) point of intersection is
ordinate of N = –
b  b1c2  b2c1 c1a2  c2a1 
 ,  or
If P(x1, y1) lies above the line, then we have  a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 
(ax1  c) (ax1  c)
y1 > – i.e. y1 + >0 x y 1
b b  
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1
(ax1  by1  c) L( x 1 , y1 ) b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
i.e. > 0, i.e. >0
b b ii) Three or more lines are said to be concurrent, if
P they have a point in common. The common point
is called the point of concurrence.
a) If L1 = 0, L2 = 0 are two interesecting lines, then
L  ax  by  c  0 the equation of any line other than
N
Hence, P(x1, y1) lies above the line L1  0 and L2  0 passing through point of
intersection can be taken as
L( x 1 , y1 )
ax + by + c = 0, and if < 0, it would L1   L2  0. Where  is a parameter
b
mean that P lies below the line ax + by + c = 0.
b) The three lines Li  ai x  bi y  ci  0, i 1,2,3 are
 If P  x1 , y1  lie between the parallel lines
a1 b1 c1
ax  by  c1  0, ax  by  c2  0 then iff a2 b2 c2  0
concurrent
ax1  by1  c1 ax1  by1  c2   0 . a3 b3 c3
(or) Point of intersection of any two lines lies on
 If P  x1 , y1  does not lie between the parallel the third line
lines (or) there exist constants 1 , 2 , 3 not all zero
ax  by  c1  0, ax  by  c2  0 then
such that 1 L1  2 L2  3 L3  0
ax1  by1  c1 ax1  by1  c2   0 c) If p1x+q1y =1, p2x+q2y = 1, p3x+q3y = 1 are
Proof : concurrent lines then the points (p1,q1), (p2,q2),
(p3,q3) are collinear
Make c1 , c2 having same sign. d) If ka+lb+mc=0, then the point of concurrency of
( If necessary)
k l 
 ( 0,0) lie on same side of both the lines the lines represented by ax+by+c=0 is  , 
m m
 ax1  b1 y1  c1 , c1 have opposite signs
Angle between lines :
ax1  b1 y1  c2 , c2 have opposite signs  i) If ' ' is an acute angle between the lines having
since c1c2  0, we have
m1  m2
slopes m1 and m2 then tan  
ax1  by1  c1 ax1  by1  c2   0 1  m1m2

4
ii) If ' ' is an acute angle between the lines  ii)The area of triangle formed by the line
a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then x y 1
  1 with the co- ordinate axis is ab
a b 2
1 2 bb
aa 1 2  a2b1 iii) The area of triangle formed by line ax  by  c  0
cos  and tan  ab
1 2

a b a b
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
a1a2  bb
1 2 c2
with the co - ordinate axes is 2 ab
other angle between the lines is   
iii) The slope m of a line which is equally inclined with iv) Area of the rhombus a x  b y  c  0 is
two intersecting lines of slopes m1 and m2
2c 2
m1  m m  m2 4 area of  = ab
is given by 1  mm  1  m m
1 2
v) If p1 , p2 are distances between parallel sides and
iv) The slopes of the lines making an angle  with a
' ' is angle between adjacent sides of
m  tan  m  tan  p1 p2
line having slope m are , parallelogram then its area is sin 
1  m tan  1  m tan 
v) Consider two lines L1  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 vi) Area of parallelogram whose sides
area1x b1y c1  0, a1x b1y c2  0, a2x b2 y  d1  0
and L2  a2x  b2 y  c2  0
 c1  c2  d1  d2 
a1 b1 and a2 x  b2 y  d 2  0 is
a) Lines are parallel if a  b a1b2  a2b1
2 2
1
vii) Area of rhombus = d d where d1,d2 are
a1 b1 c1 2 1 2
b) Lines are coincident if a  b  c lengths of the diagonals
2 2 2
Foot and Image :
c) Lines are perpendicular if a1a2  b1b2  0
 i) If  h, k  is the foot of the perpendicular from
d) Lines are equally inclined with x-axis
a1 b  x1, y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 then
if  1
a2 b2 h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
  or
Triangles and Quadrilaterals : a b a 2  b2
 i) Let d1 be the distance between the parallel lines  h, k  = x1  a, y1  b where
ax  by  c1  0 , ax1  by1  c 

ax  by  c2  0 and d2 be the distance between a2  b2

the parallel lines a1x  b1 y  k1  0 , ii) If  h, k  is the image (reflection ) of the point

a1x  b1 y  k 2  0 then the figure formed by four  x1, y1  w.r.t the line ax  by  c  0 then
lines is
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
  or
a) a square if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 , a b a 2  b2
b) Rhombus if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 ,  h, k  = x1  a, y1  b where
c) Rectangle if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1 =0, 2 ax1  by1  c 

d) Parallelogram if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1  0 a2  b 2

5
iii) Image of (a , b) w.r.to y = x is (b , a ) iii) The bisectors of the acute and the obtuse
angles:
iv) Image of ( a , b ) w.r.to x + y = 0 is  b, a 
Take one of the lines and let its slope be m1 and
v) Reflection of f  x, y   0 in x-axis is take one of the bisectors and let its slope be m2. If
 be the acute angle between them, then find tan 
f  x,  y   0
m1  m 2
vi) Reflection of f  x, y  0 in y-axis is =
1  m1m 2
f x, y   0
C
vii) Reflection of f  x, y  0 in x = y is
N
f  y, x  0 
A
Angular bisectors of two straight lines : P  x, y 
 Angular bisector is the locus of a point which M
moves in such a way so that its distance from two B
intersecting lines remains same.
If tan  > 1 then the bisector taken is the bisector
The equations of the two bisectors of the angles of the obtuse angle and the other one will be the
between the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and bisector of the acute angle.
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
If 0 < tan  < 1 then the bisector taken is the
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2 bisector of the acute angle and the other one will
a 12  b12
=± a 22  b 22 be the bisector of the obtuse angles.
iv) consider the lines are a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x +
b2y + c2 = 0, where c1  0, c2  0 then,

a 1 x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2

Q a b
2
1
2
1 a 22  b 22
M

D P will represent the equation of the bisector of the

acute or obtuse angle between the lines according
O as a1a2 + b1b2 is negative or positive.
N v) The equation of the bisector of the angle which
contains a given point :
The equation of the bisector of the angle between
the two lines containing the point  x1 , y1  is
i) If the two given lines are not perpendicular i.e. a1
a 2 + b 1b 2  0 and not parallel i.e. a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2
a1 b2  a2b1 then one of these equations is the =
a b
2
1
2
1 a 22  b 22
equation of the bisector of the acute angle between
two given lines and the other that of the obtuse a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2
angle between two given lines. or =–
a b
2
1
2
1 a 22  b 22
ii) Whether both given lines are perpendicular or not,
but the angular bisectors of these lines will always according as a1x1 + b1y1 + c1 and a2x1 + b2y1 + c2
be mutually perpendicular. are of the same signs or of opposite signs.

6
vi) For example the equation of the bisector of the
 2 3
angle containing the origin is given by Sol : Here  x1 , y1    0, 0  ,  x2 , y2    , 
 5 5
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2x  b2 y  c2
Using two-point form, the equation of the line is
a b
2 2 =+ a 22  b 22
for same sign
1 1 3x -2 y = 0
of c1 and c2 (for opposite sign take –ve sign in Eg. 4:
place of +ve sign) Equation to the straight line cutting off an in-
vii) If c1c2 (a1a2 + b1b2) < 0, then the origin will lie in tercept 2 from negative y axis and inclined at
the acute angle and if 30º to the positive direction of axis of x, is
c1c2 (a1a2 + b1b2) > 0, then origin will lie in the Sol : Equation of line passing through (0,-2) and
obtuse angle. 1
viii) Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) having slope is 3y  x  2 3  0
3
and equally inclined with the lines
Eg. 5:
a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are those
The sum of x,y intercepts made by the lines
which are parallel to the bisectors between these
x+y=a, x+y=ar, x+y=ar2 ...... on coordinate
two lines and passing through the point P.
axes when r=1/2, a  0
Eg. 1:
The medians AD and BE of the triangle with Sol: required sum
vertices A(0,b), B(0,0) and C(a,0) are mutually = 2a  2ar  2ar 2  ......  infinite G.P 
perpendicular if = 2a/1-r = 4a
 2b   b  Eg. 6:
Sol: AD  BE       1 Normal form of the equation x+y+1=0 is
 a  a 
Sol: The given equation is x+y+1=0  -x-y=1
 2b 2  a 2
Eg. 2: 
 1 x   1 y  1
If (3,-1),(2,4),(-5,7) are the mid points of the 2 2 2
sides BC , CA , AB of triangle ABC. Then the   1
 
 x cos      y sin     
equation of the side CA is  4  4 2
Sol :Here m = – 1 and given point (x1 , y1) is (2, 4).
5 5 1
By point slope form equation of the line is  x cos  y sin 
y – 4 = – 1 (x - 2) 4 4 2
iv) Two - point form :The equation of a line passing Eg. 7:
through two points (1,2),(3,6)are two opposite vertices of a rect-
angle and if the other two vertices lie on the
A( x1 , y1 ) and B  x2 , y2  is line 2y = x + c, then c and other two vertices
 y  y1  x2  x1    x  x1  y2  y1  are
Sol: Mid point of given vertices is
x y 1 P  x1 , y1    2, 4  which lies on 2y = x + c then
x1 y1 1  0 c=6.
(or)
x2 y2 1 1
Now r=BP=AP= 5 , tan  
Eg. 3: 2
Equation of the diagonal (through the origin) Hence B=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(4,5)
of the quadrilateral formed by the lines x = 0,
y = 0, x + y = 1 and 6x + y = 3 is C=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(0,3)

7
Eg. 8: Eg. 11:
The distance between A(2, 3) on the line of The line x   y  4  0 passes through the
gradient 3/4 and the point of intersection P of point of intersection of 4x  y  1  0 and
this line with 5x + 7y + 40 = 0 is
x + y + 1 = 0. Then the value of  is
Sol :Since m = 3/4, then cos  = 4/5 and
Sol :The three lines are concurrent
sin  = 3/5.
1  4
 4 1 1  0
5 2  7 3  40 355 1 1 1
r 
 4   3 41
5   7  
 5   5 22
 2  3  20  0  
3
Eg. 9:
Eg. 12:
The range of  in the interval (0, ) such that In ABC A is (1,2) if the internal angle
the points (3, 5) and (sin  , cos  ) lie on the bisector of B is 2x-y+10=0 and perpendicular
same side of the line x + y – 1 = 0 is bisector of AC is y=x then the equation of BC
Sol :Since  3  5  1  sin  cos   1  0 is
Sol: Image of A w.r.to bisector of B is (-7,6) lies on
  1 BC and image of A in the perpendicular bisector
 sin     
4  2 of AC is C(2,1)
  3  equation of BC is 5x+9y-19=0
    Eg. 13:
4 4 4
For the straight lines 4x + 3y – 6 = 0 and
 5x + 12y + 9 = 0, find the equation of the -
 0 
2 (i) Bisector of the obtuse angle between them is
Eg. 10: ii) Bisector of the acute angle between them is
The range of  , if ( ,  2 ) lies inside the tri- (iii) Bisector of the angle which contains origin
angle having sides along the lines is
(iv) Bisector of the angle which contains (1, 2) is
2x + 3y = 1, x + 2y - 3 = 0, 6y = 5x - 1
Sol: after making c1 >0 and c2 >0 ;
Sol :Let A, B, C be vertices of the triangle. a1a2+b1b2 = (-4)(5)+(-3)(12) = -56 <0
5 7 i) The bisector of the acute angle is
A  ( 7, 5), B   , 
4 8  4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9
(4)  (3)
2 = 2
 1 1
C   ,  . Sign of A w.r.t. BC to -ve.
52  12 2
3 9 7x + 9y – 3 = 0
If P lies inside the triangle ABC, then sign of P will ii) The bisector of the obtuse angle is
be the same as sign of A w.r.t. the line BC  4 x  3y  6 5x 12 y  9
 5  6 2  1  0 .....(i)
(4)  (3)
2 = 2
52 122
similarly 2  3 2  1  0 .....(ii)
9x – 7y – 41 = 0
And   2 2  3  0 .....(iii) (iii) The bisector of the angle containing the origin
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii) for  and then taking
intersection,  4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9
(4)  (3)
2 = 2
1   3  52  12 2
we get    ,1    ,  1
2   2  7x + 9y – 3 = 0

8
(iv) For the point (1, 2), No. of lines, no. of triangles and no. of
4x + 3y – 6 = 4 × 1 + 3 × 2 – 6 > 0 circles :
5x + 12y + 9 = 12× 2 + 9 > 0  No. of lines drawn through the point A which are
Hence equation of the bisector of the angle at a distance d from the point B
containing the point (1, 2) is a) If AB = d then the no. of lines through A at a
distance d from B is 1
4 x  3y  6 5x  12 y  9 b) If AB>d then the no. of lines through A at a
=
5 13 distance d from B is 2
9x – 7y – 41 = 0 c) If AB<d then the no. of lines through A at a
distance d from B is 0
Eg. 14:
 No of right angled traingles in a circle depends on
A light ray emerging from the point source height h of the traingle and radius r of the circle
placed at P(2, 3) is reflected at a point ‘Q’ on a) If h = r, no. of right angled traingles = 2
the y-axis and then passes through the point b) If h < r, no. of right angled traingles = 4
R(5, 10). Coordinate of ‘Q’ is - c) If h > r, no. of right angled traingles = 0
Sol: Image of point P(2,3) in Y-axis is P1  2,3  No. of circles touching three lines
a) No circle if the lines are parallel
Equation of P1R  y  3  1 x  2  b) one circle if the lines are concurrent
c) 2 circles if two lines are parallel and third cuts
x  y5  0 them
P1R meets the Y-axis at Q(0,5) d) 4 circles if the lines are not concurrent and no
two of them are parallel.
Optimization:
 Let A and B are two points on same side of line
L  ax  by  c  0 EXERCISE - I
i) The point P such that PA + PB is minimum, is 1. If the lines y = – 3x + 4, ay = x + 10 and
intersection of L = 0 and the line joining A to image 2y + bx + 9 = 0 represent three consecutive
of B or line joining B to image of A w.r.to L = 0 sides of a rectangle then ab =
ii) The point is P such that PA  PB is 1 1
1) 18 2) –3 3) 4)
Maximum, is point of intersection of line L = 0 2 3
and line joining A and B. 2. If the straight line (3x+4y+5)+k(x+2y-3)=0 is
parallel to x-axis then the value of k is
Reflection in surface : 1) 1 2) -3 3) 4 4) 2
N 3. The equation of the stratight line cutting off
I R an intercept 8 on x–axis and making an angle
of 600 with the positive direction of y –axis is
  1) x  3y  8  0 2) x  3 y  8
Tangent
3) y  3 x  8 4) y  3x  8
P
4. If (-4,5) is one vertex and 7x-y+8=0 is one
IP = incident ray diagonal of a square, then the equation of the
other diagonal is
PN = normal to the surface
1) x+7y-31=0 2) x+7y-15=0
PR = reflected ray
3) x+7y+8=0 4) x+7y-35=0
 IPN =  NPR 5. The number of lines that are parallel to
 Angle of incident = Angle of reflection 2x + 6y– 7 = 0 and have an intercept 10

9
 between the co-ordinate axes is (k,1) is divides by the line 3 x  4 y  7  0 in the
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) infinitely many ratio 4:9 then k is
6. If the line (x-y+1) + k (y-2x+4) = 0 makes
1) 2 2) -2 3) 3 4) -3
equal intercept on the axes then the value of
k is 15. If the point of intersection of kx+4y+2=0,
1) 1/ 3 2) 3/ 4 3) 1/ 2 4) 2 / 3 x-3y+5=0 lies on 2x+7y-3=0 then k=
7. Equation of the line on which the length of the 1) 2 2) 3 3)-2 4) -3
perpendicular from origin is 5 and the angle 16. If 4a+5b+6c=0 then the set of lines ax+by+c=0
which this perpendicular makes with the x axis are concurrent at the point
is 60O
1) x  3 y  12 2) 2 5 1 1 1 4 1 7
3 x  y  10 1)  ,  2)  ,  3)  ,  4)  , 
3 6 3 2 2 3 3 3
3) x  3 y  8 4) x  3 y  10
17. Equation of the line passing through the point
8. The slope of a straight line through A(3,2) is of intersection of the lines 2x+3y-1=0,
3/4 then the coordinates of the two points on
3x+4y-6=0 and perpendicular to 5x-2y-7=0 is
the line that are 5 units away from A are
( EAM- 2009)
1) (-7,5) (1,-1) 2) (7,5) (-1,-1)
3) (6,9) (-2,4) 4) (7,3) (-2,1) 1) 2x+5y-19=0 2) 2x+5y+17=0
9. Radius of the circle touching the lines 3) 2x+5y-16=0 4) 2x+5y-22=0
3x+4y-14=0, 6x+8y+7=0 is (EAM- 2011) 18. Let a and b be nonzero reals . Then the
7 7 7 equation of the line passing through the origin
1) 7 2)3) 4) and the point of inter section of
2 4 6
10. The distance between the parallel lines given x/a + y/b =1 and x/b + y/a=1
1) ax+by=0 2) bx+ay=0
by  x  7 y   4 2  x  7 y   42  0 is
2

3) y-x=0 4) x+y=0
(EAM- 2012) 19. The angle between the lines kx+y+9=0,
1)1 2)5 3)6 4)2 y-3x=4 is 45O then the value of k is(EAM-
11. If the straight line drawn through the point 2007)

P  
3, 2 making an angle
6
with x-axis
1) 2 or ½
3) -2 of ½
2) 2 or -1/2
4) -2 or -1/2
20. If a, c, b are three terms of a G..P., then the
meets the line 3 x-4y+8=0 at Q. Then PQ is
line ax + by +c =0
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 9 1) has a fixed direction
12. If the line 3x+4y-8=0 is denoted by L, then 2) always passes through a fixed point
the points (2,-5),(-5,2) 3) forms a triangle with the axes whose area is
1) lie on L constant
4) always cuts intercepts on the axes such that their
2) lie on same side of L
sum is zero
3) lie on opposite sides of L 21. If a straight line perpendicular to
4) equidistant from L 3x-4y-6=0 forms a triangle with the coordinate
13. If the lines ax+by+c = 0, bx+cy+a = 0 and axes whose area is 6sq. units, then the
cx+ay+b=0 a  b  c are concurrent then the equation of the straight line (s) is
point of concurrency is (EAM- 2019)
1) x-2y=6 2) 4x+3y=12
1) (0,0) 2) (1,1) 3) (2,2) 4) (-1,-1)
3) 4x+3y+24=0 4) 3x-4y=12
14. The line segment joining the points (1,2) and 22. The equation of base of an equilateral triangle
10
 is x+y=2 and the vertex is (2, -1). Then area 1) (-5,3) 2) (5,3) 3) (-5,-3) 4) (2,5)
of triangle is 29. If the algebraic sum of the perpendicular
1) 2 3 2) 3 / 6 3) 1 3 4) 2 3 distances from the points (2,0) (0,2) and (4,4)
23. The quadrilateral formed by the lines to a variable line is ‘O’, then the line passes
2x-5y+7=0, 5x+2y-1=0, 2x-5y+2=0, through the fixed point
5x+2y+3=0 is 1) (1,1) 2) (3,3) 3) (2,2) 4) (0,0)
1) Rectangle 2) Square 30. The vertices of a triangle are (2,0) (0,2) (4,6)
3) Parallelogram 4) Rhombus then the equation of the median through the
24. Foot of the perpendicular of origin on the line vertex (2,0) is [ EAM -2016]
joining the points 1) x+y-2=0 2)x=2
3) x+2y-2=0 4) 2x+y-4=0
 a cos   a sin   ,  a cos   a sin   is
31. A(1,-1) B(4,-1) C(4,3) are the vertices of a
1)  cos   cos   sin   sin   triangle. Then the equation of the altitude
through the vertex ‘A’ is
2)  cos   cos   sin   sin   1) x = 4 2) y = 4 3) y + 1= 0 4) x =1
32. Equation of a diameter of the circum circle of
3)  a  cos   co s   , a  sin   sin   
 2 2 
the triangle formed by the lines
3x+4y-7=0, 3x-y+5=0 and 8x-6y+1=0 is
4)  cos  cos  ,sin  sin  
1) 3x-y-5=0 2) 3x+y+5=0
25. If 2x+3y=5 is the perpendicular bisector of the 3) 3x-y+5=0 4) 3x+y-5=0
1 33. The incentre of the triangle formed by the lines
line segment joining the points A (1, ) and B x cos   y sin    ,
3
then B= (EAM- 2018) x cos   y sin    , x cos   y sin   
 21 49   17 31  is  ,   then    =
1)  ,  2)  , 
 13 39   13 39 
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
 7 49   21 31  34. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the
3)  ,  4)  , 
 13 39   13 39  points A  a cos  , a sin  
26. Image of the curve x 2  y 2  1 in the line B  a cos  , a sin   C  a cos  , a sin   is
x  y  1 is [ EAM -2020]
1) (cos  +cos  +cos  , sin  +sin  +sin  )
1) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  1  0
2) a cos cos  cos  , a sin sin sin  
2) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  1  0
3) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  1  0 3) a cos sin  sin  , a sin cos cos  

4) x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  1  0 4) (cos  cos  cos  , sin  sin  sin  )

27. A line passing through the points 35. If 2 x  3 y  4  0 &  x  ky  2  0 are identi-
 7, 2  ,  3, 2 then the image of the line in x- cal lines then 3  2k  [EAM -
axis is 2017]
1) y = 4 2) y = 9 3) y = –1 4) y = –2
28. One vertex of a square ABCD is A(-1,1) and
the equation of one diagonal BD is 3x+y-8=0
then C=

11
 1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2 10. Given lines 6 x  8 y  7  0 _____ 1
KEY
3x  4 y  14  0 _______  2 
01) 1 02) 2 03) 2 04) 1
05) 2 06) 4 07) 4 08) 4 09) 3  2   2  6 x  8 y  28  0 _______  3
10) 3 11) 4 12) 3 13) 2 14) 2
distance between the parallel lines (1) and (3)
15) 2 16) 1 17) 2 18) 3
19) 2 20) 3 21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 7  28 35 7
2R   
24) 3 25) 1 26) 4 27) 4 36  64 10 2
28) 2 29) 3 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3
7
33) 1 34) 2 35) 2 Radius =
4
SOLUTIONS
1. let the given sides are AB, BC, CD
11. : t 2  4 2t  42  0
AB || CD  b  6
AB  BC  a  3 4 2  32  168
t
2. Coefficient of x = 0 2 1
1
3. m  tan150  tan 180  30    tan 30 
0

3 4 2  10 2
t
2
y  m  x  8
x  7 y  3 2, x  7 y  7 2
1
y  x  8 10 2 10 2
3 distance between the lines   2
1  49 5 2
x  3y  8  0
12. Given L  3 x  4 y  8  0
4. Write the equation to a line perpendicular to
A  x1 , y1    2, 5 
7 x  y  8  0 and sub  4,5 
5. Two lines parallel to any given line make intercept B  x2 , y2    5, 2 
of same length k between the axes in opposite
L11 3x1 4y1 83 2 4 5 8628220
quadrants
L22  3x2  4 y2  8  3  5   4  2   8  15  0
6.  x  y  1  k  y  2 x  4   0 The points A,B lies on same side of L = 0
 x 1  2k   y  k  1  1  4k  0 L11 4
13. - L  9  3  3k  9
2 22
1  2k  k  1 2  3k  k 
3 k 4 2
7. Intercepts  ,  3 5 0
14. 1
2 7 3
  
 ,    a, a
3 3 a b c
8. P  5,  600 b c a 0
15. a+b+c=0
x cos   y sin   P c a b
9. Eq. of the given line is 2x+y=4
4 5
4 16. a    b    c  0
required distance= 6 6
5

12
17. Given lines 2x +3y-1 = 0.........(1) 22. Given line x y 2 point
3x + 4y -6 = 0 .........(2)
solving (1) (2) 6x+9y-3=0   2, 1 p=perpendicular distance from (2,-1) to x
6x+8y-12=0 +y-2=0
y + 9 = 0, y = -9substituing (1)
2 x  27  1  0 , x  14 point of intersection 2 1  21 p2 1 3
p 
area =  
(14,-9) given line 5x-2-7=0, slope = 582 2 2 3 2 3 6
Perpendicular slope m = -2/5 23. Adjacent sides are perpendicular and distance
Equation of line y  9  2 / 5  x  14  between parallel sides are not equal.
5 y  45  2 x  28 24. Mid point becuase OA  OB

2 x  5 y  17  0  1
25. Given point A 1,  L = 2x+3y-5=0
 3
x y  1
18. Intersecting point of   1 and
a b B (h, k ) is a image of A 1,  w.r.t L =2x + 3y - 5 = 0
 3
x y  ab ab 
  1 is  ,  1 2  2 1  3  1   5 
b a  a b a b  k    
h 1 3   3 
19. Given lines kx  y  9  0 _____ 1 
2 3 2  32
2

y  3 x  4 ______  2  k
1

h 1
 3  2  2  4 
m1   k m2  3   450 2 3 13
m1  m2 3 k 8
tan   1  h 1 
1  m1m2 1  3k 13
8 21
1  3k  3  k s.o.b.s h  1 
13 13
1  3k   3  k 
2 2
1 12
k 
1  9 k  6k  9  k  6 k
2 2
3 13
8k 2  12k  8  0 1 12 13  36 49 ,
k   
3 13 39 39
2k 2  3k  2  0
2 k 2  4k  k  2  0  21 49 
B  h, k    , 
2 k  k  2   1 k  2   0  13 39 
26. Image of (0,0) in line is (1,1)
1
k  or  k  2  image circle is  x  1   y  1  1
2 2
2
27. Line equation y =2 Image with respect to x-axex
20. c 2  ab
is y =-2
c2 1 28. Given ABCD is a spuare. A(-1,1) diagonal BD is
  . 3x + y - 8 =0
2ab 2
C is image of A. w.r.t 3x + y - 8 = 0
21. The line perpendicular to given line is
k2
4 x  3 y  k  0  6
24

13
 joining the points (at12 , 2at1 ) (at 2 2 , 2at 2 ) al-
h  1 k  1 2  3  1  1  8  ways passes through the fixed point
 
3 1 32  12 1) (-a, 0) 2) (0,a) 3) (a,0) 4) (0,-a)
5. A line joining A(2,0) and B(3,1) is rotated about
h  1 k  1 2  10  A in anticlock wise direction through angle
  
3 1 10 15o, then the equation of AB in the new
h 1  6 k 1  2 position is
h5 k 3 1) y = 3 x – 2 2) y = 3 (x –2)

c  h, k    5,3 3) y = 3 (x + 2) 4) x – 2 = 3 y
29. Centroid 6. ABCD is a parallelogram. Equations of AB
and AD are 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0 and
30. A  2,0  B  0, 2  C  4,6  the equation of diagonal BD is 11x + 7y + 9=0.
mid point of BC is D  2,4  The equation of AC is [ EAM -2018]
Equation of AD is x  2 1) x + y = 0 2) x – y = 0
3) x + y + 1 = 0 4) x + y – 1 = 0
31. AB  BC 7. The line 2x+3y=6, 2x+3y=8 cut the
32. Hypotenous is diameter
X-axis at A,B respectively. A line
33. (0,0) is equidistance from sides
L = 0 drawn through the point (2,2) meets the
34. If S= 0 then H = 3G
X-axis at C in such a way that abscissa of
2 3 4
35   A,B,C are in arithmetic Progression. then the
 k 2 equation of the line L is
EXERCISE - II 1) 2x+3y=10 2) 3x+2y=10
3) 2x-3y=10 4) 3x-2y=10
1. The lines p( p 2  1) x  y  q  0 and 8. The sum of the intercepts cut off by the axes
on lines
( p 2  1) 2 x  ( p 2  1) y  2q  0 are
perpendicular to a common line for x  y  a , x  y  ar , x  y  ar 2 ,............
[MAINS-2016] 1
1) exactly one value of p where a  0 and r  [EAM -2016]
2
2) exactly two values of p
1)2 a 2) a 2 3) 2 2a 4) a
3) more than two values of p
4) no values of p 9. The equation of the straight line whose
2. The perpendicular bisector of the line segment intercepts on x-axis and y-axis are
respectively twice and thrice of those by the
joining P 1, 4  and Q  K ,3 has Y intercept - line 3x + 4y = 12, is
4. then a possible value of K is (AIEEE-2008) 1) 9x + 8y = 72 2) 9x - 8y = 72
1) -4 2) 1 3) 2 4) -2 3) 8x + 9y = 72 4) 8x+9y+72=0
3. ( ,  ) lies on the line y=6x-1 and Q( ,  ) 10. If (4, –3) divides the line segment between the
lies on the line 2x-5y=5. Then the equation of axes in the ratio 4 : 5 then its equation is
1) 15x + 16y – 12 = 0 2) 3x – 4y – 24 = 0
the line PQ is 3) 15x – 16y +108 = 0 4) 15x – 16y – 108 = 0
1) 2x+y=3 2) 3x+2y=5
3) x+y=6 4)3x+y=7 11. A straight line is such that its distance of 5
4. If t1, t2 are roots of the equation t 2  t  1  0 units from the origin and its inclination is 135O.
The intercepts of the line on the co-ordinate
where λ is an arbitary constant, then the line axes are
14
 1) 5, 5 2) 2, 2 x  2 y  1 and 2 x  4 y  15 is

3) 5 2, 5 2 4) 5 / 2, 5 / 2 4 2 5 2 4 2 5 2
1)  t 2)  t
12. Angles made with the x - axis by two lines 5 6 3 6
drawn through the point (1, 2) and cutting the
4 2 5 2
3) t  4) t 
2 3 6
line x + y = 4 at a distance from the point
3 18. The distance of the point (3, 5) from the line
(1,2) are 2x + 3y – 14 = 0 measured parllel to the line
x – 2y = 1 is
   3
1) and 2) and 7 7
6 3 8 8 1) 2) 3) 5 4) 13
5 13
 5   19. Equation of the straight line passing through
3) and 4) and (1,1) and at a distance of 3 units from (–2, 3)
12 12 4 2
13. Equation of the line through the point of is
intersection of the lines 3x+2y+4=0 and 1) x – 2 = 0 2) 5x – 12y + 6 = 0
2x+5y-1=0 whose distance from (2,-1) is 2. 3) 5x – 12y + 7 = 0 4) y – 1 = 0
1) 2x-y+5=0 2) 4x+3y+5=0 20. I f t he poi nt ( a, a) falls between the lines
3) x+2=0 4) 3x+y+5=0 |x+y|=2, then:
14. If p,q denote the lengths of the perpendicu 1) | a |=2 2) | a |=1 3) | a |<1
1
4) | a |< 2
lars from the origin on the lines
x sec  y cos ec   a and 21. A line L cuts the sides AB, BC of ABC in
the ratio 2 : 5, 7 : 4 respectively. Then the line
x cos   y sin   a cos 2 then ( Eam 2017) L cuts CA in the ratio
1) 4p2 q2  a2 2) p 2  q 2  a 2 1) 7 : 10 2) 7 : –10 3) 10 : 7 4) 10 : –7
22. The number of integral values of m for which
3) p 2  2q 2  a 2 4) 4 p 2  q 2  2a 2
x-coordinate of point of intersection of the
15. The equations of the lines parallel to 4x lines 3x+4y=9 and y = mx +1 is also an integer
+ 3y + 2 = 0 and at a distance of ‘4’ units from is
it are 1) 2 2) 0 3) 4 4) 11
1) 4x + 3y +22 = 0, 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 23. The line parallel to the x-axis and passing
2) 4x + 3y + 22 = 0, 4x + 3y – 18 = 0 through the intersection of the lines
3) 4x + 3y – 18 = 0, 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 ax+2by+3b=0 and bx – 2ay – 3a = 0, where
4) 4x – 3y – 18 = 0, 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 (a, b)  (0, 0) is
16. The range of  for which the points  ,   2  1)Above the x-axis at a distance of 3/2 from it
2)Above the x-axis at a distance of 2/3 from it
 3 2  3)Below the x-axis at a distance of 3/2 from it
and  ,   lie on opposite sides of the line
 2  4)Below the x-axis at a distance of 2/3 from it
2x  3 y  6  0 24. Equation of line which is equally inclined to
the axis and passes through a common points
1) , 2 2) 0,1 of family of lines 4acx + y(ab + bc + ca – abc)
3) , 2 0,1 4) ,1 2, 
+ abc = 0 (where a, b, c > 0 are in H.P.) is
7 7
1) y – x = 2) y  x 
17. If P  1  t ,2  t 
 be any point on a 4 4
 2 2
line then the range of values of t for which 1 3
3) y  x  4) y  x 
the point P lies between the parallel lines 4 4

15
25. I f a,b,c in GP then the line a2x+b2y +ac=0 al-
ways passes through the fixed point 34. A line passing through (3,4) meets the axes
1) (0, 1) 2) (1, 0) 3) (0, -1) 4) (1, -1)  
OX and OY at A and B respectively. The
26. The straight lines x+2y-9=0, 3x+5y-5=0 and minimum area of the triangle OAB in square
ax+by-1 are concurrent if the straight line units is [EAM -2019]
22x-35y-1=0 passes through the point 1) 8 2) 16 3) 24 4) 32
1) (a, b) 2) (b,a) 3) (-a,b) 4) (-a, -b) 35. The equation to the base of an equilateral
27. If a  b  c , if ax  by  c  0
bx  cy  a  0 and cx  ay  b  0
   
triangle is 3  1 x  3  1 y  2 3  0
and opposite vertex is A(1,1) then the Area of
are concurrent. Then the value of the triangle is
2 1c 1 2 1a 1 2 1b1
2a b 2b c 2c a 1) 3 2 2) 3 3 3) 2 3 4) 4 3
1) 1 2) 4 3) 8 4) 16
28. If p, q, r are distinct, then 36. Area of the quadrilateral formed by the lines
(q-r)x + (r-p) y + (p-q)=0 and 4y  3x  a  0 , 3y  4x  a  0 , 4y3x3a 0 ,
(q3-r3) x+ (r3-p3) y + (p3-q3) = 0 represents the
3y  4x  2a  0 is
same line if
1) p+q+r=0 2) p=q=r a2 a2 2a 2 2a 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 7 7 9
3) p2+q2+r2=0 4) p3+q3+r3=0 37. The equation of perpendicular bisectors of
29. If 2(sina + sinb) x – 2sin (a – b) y = 3 and sides AB,BC of  ABC are x-y-5=0, x+2y=0
2(cosa+cos b ) x+2cos(a-b)y=5 are respectively and A(1,-2) then coordinate of C
perpendicular then sin2a + sin 2b = are [EAM -2020]
1) sin (a-b) – 2sin (a+b) 1) (1,0) 2) (0,1) 3) (5,0)
2) sin 2(a-b) – 2sin (a+b) 4) (0,0)
3) 2sin (a-b) – sin (a+b)
4) sin2 (a-b) – sin (a+b). 38. If the straight lines 2x+3y-1=0, x +2y-1=0 and
30. The acute angle between the lines ax + by –1 = 0 form a triangle with origin as
lx + my = l+m, l (x-y) + m (x+y) = 2m is orthocentre, then (a,b) is giveny by
    1) ( 6,4 ) 2) (-3,3 ) 3) ( -8,8 ) 4) ( 0,7 )
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 6 2 3
31. The angle between the lines xcos  +ysin  39. The vertices A,B of a triangle are
= p1 and xcos  +ysin  =p2 where    is (2, 5), (4, -11). If C moves on the line
L  9x+7y+4=0, then the locus of centroid of
1)    2)    3)  4) 2  
triangle ABC is parallel to
32. Two equal sides of an isoceles triangle are
1) AB 2) AC 3) BC 4) L
given by 7 x  y  3  0 and x  y  3  0 and
the third side passes through the point (1, 10 )
then the slope m of the third side is given by 40. The acute angle bisector between the lines
3x-4y-5=0, 5x+12y-26=0 is
1) 3m 2  1  0 2) m 2  1  0
1) 7x-56y+32=0 2) 9x-3y+13=0
3) 3m 2  8m  3  0 4) m 2  3  0
3) 14x-112y+65=0 4) 7x-13y+9=0
33. Area of triangle formed by angle bisectors
41. Find the equation of the bisector of the angle
ofcoordinate axes and the line x=6 in sq.units
between the lines x+2y–11=0, 3x–6y–5=0
is
which contains the point (1,–3).
1) 36 2) 18 3) 72 4) 9

16
 1) 2 x  19  0 2) 2 x  19  0 1 1 4 1 1 1
3)  2  2 4)  2 
3) 3x  19  0 4) 3x  19  0 x 2
y p x 2
y p
42. If 2x+y-4=0 is bisector of the angle between
the lines a(x–1)+b(y–2)=0, c(x–1)+d(y–2)=0, 48. The number of circles that touch all the 3 lines
then the other bisector is 2x + y = 3, 4x - y = 3, x + y = 2 is
1) x – 2y + 1 = 0 2) x – 2y – 3 = 0 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
3) x – 2y + 3 = 0 4) x - 2y – 5 = 0 49. Let P(1,1) and Q(3,2) be given points. The
point R on the x-axis such that PR+RQ is
43. Let P = (-1,0) Q=(0,0) and R=(3, 3 3 ) be minimum is
three points. Then the equation of the bisector
1)  3 , 0  2)  2, 0  3)  3, 0  4)  2 , 0 
 5    3
of angle PQR is ( AIEEE 2007)
50. Number of circles touching the lines
3 3x+4y–1=0, 4x–5y+2=0 and 6x+8y+3=0 is
1) x+y=0 2) x + 3 y = 0
2 1)0 2) 2 3)4 4) infinite
51. A point moves in the xy plane such that the
3 sum of its distance from two mutually
3) 3x+y=0 4) x + y=0
2 perpendicular lines is always equal to 5
44. A ray of light along x  3 y  3 gets units.The area ( in square units) enclosed by
the locus of the point (EAM- 2012)
reflected upon reaching x-axis, the equation
25
of the reflected ray is [JEE-MAINS 2013] 1) 2) 25 3) 50 4) 100
4
1) y  x  3 2) 3y  x  3
KEY
3) y  3 x  3 4) 3y  x 1 01) 1 02) 1 03) 3 04) 1 05) 2 06) 2
07) 1 08) 3 09) 1 10) 4 11) 3 12) 3
45. Consider the points A(0,1) and B(2,0) and P
13) 2 14) 1 15) 2 16) 3 17) 2 18) 3
be a point on the line 4 x  3 y  9  0 . 19) 3 20) 3 21) 4 22) 1 23) 3 24) 1
Coordinates of P such that | PA  PB | is 25) 3 26) 2  27) 3 28) 1 29) 2 30) 1
maximum are 31) 2 32) 3 33) 1 34) 3 35) 3 36. 3
37) 3 38) 1 39) 3 40) 4 41) 3 42) 3
 24 17   84 13 
1)  5 , 5  2)  ,  43) 3 44) 3 45) 2 46) 1 47) 2 48) 3
   5 5 
48) 2 49) 1 50) 2 51) 3
 6 17 
3) 
 5
, 
5 
4) (0, –3) SOLUTIONS
46. A straight line which make equal intercepts 1. Given lines p  p 2  1 x  y    0
on +ve x and y axes and which is at a distance
p  1 x   p 2  1 y  2  0 are parallel
2
'1' unit from the origin intersects the straight 2

line y  2x  3  2 at  x 0 , y0  then 2x 0  y0 =
p  p 2  1 1
[EAM 2010] 
p  1
p  1 p2  1 ,
2 2

1) 3  2 2) 2  1 3) 1 4) 0
47. p is the length of the perpendicular drawn from 2. Given P 1, 4  Q  k , 3 midpoint of
the origin upon a straight line then the locus
of mid point of the portion of the line  1 k 7  1
PQ   ,  slope of PQ  equation of
intercepted between the coordinate axes is  2 2 k 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 perpendicular bisector of PQ is
1) 2  2  2 2) 2  2  2
x y p x y p
17
 7   1 k   2
y   k  1  x     passes through (0,- 12. Given   ,  x1 , y1   1, 2  , L  x  y  4
2   2  3
4)
ax1  by1  c1

a cos   b sin 
7 1 k  15 1  k 2
 4   1  k      
2  2  2 2 2 1 2  4
k, , ,4  S.O.B.S
k  16
2 3 cos   sin 
k = -4
2 1
3. By solving   6  1 and 2   5  5 we get 
3  cos   sin  2
P(1,5) , Q(5,1)
4. Equation of the line is y  t1  t2   2at1  t1  t2  1  sin 2 
3
sin 2 
1
 sin 300
,
2 2
= 2 x  2at12

5. A  2,0  B  3,1 slope of AB = 1 , 2  ,
6
  150  450  600  m  tan 600  3  5
  or 
equation of new position y  0  m  x  2  2 12

y  3  x  2 r  2 ,  x1 , y1   1, 2 
3
6. by solving AB,BD we get B(-5/3, 4/3)
by solving AD,BD we get D(2/3, -7/3) 13. Point of intersection   2,1  and verification
mid point of B.D lies on AC 14. Given lines
 2  x sec   y cos ec  a and x cos   y sin  t a ucosp2
7. A   3, 0  B  4, 0  ; c   2  , 0 
 m    450
8. Intercepts between the axes made by the given
2 x  2 y  a , x + y = 0 given distance
lines are a 2, ar 2, ar 2 2 ............... from (0,0) to (1) (2) is p,q
Sum of intercepts
Q
 a 2  a 2  a 2 2        p q  0 , 2 p  a now 4 p 2  q 2  a 2
2

1 15. ax  by  c  d a 2  b 2  0
 a 2 1             a 2
2
 2a 2 16. Points lie on opposite sides of the line
1 
 L11 L22  0
9. Given line 3 x  4 y  12
x y 5  3  32  6  0    2 1  0
  1 required intercepts a = 8 , b = 9
4 3   , 2  0,1
x y 17. Origin, P lies opposite side to the first line and same
 1
8 9 side to the second line
9 x  8 y  72 a  8, b  6 18. Given
point p  3,5    x1 , y1  L  2 x  3 y  14  0
nx my
10. x  y  m  n 1 2
1
x - 2y 1, tan   m  , sin   , cos  
1 1

11.   1350  900 , P = 5 2 5 5

18
  BD  CE   AF 
21.      1
 DC  EA   FB 
ax1  by1  c 2  3  3  5   14 5
 
22. By solving, given equations we get x 
a cos   b sin   2   1  , 3  4m
2   3 
 5  5 x is an ineger of 3  4m  1, 5 ,
7  integral values of m are -1,-2
  5 ax1  by1  c 23. Eq. of required line parallel to x-axis
7 where
a cos   b sin   slope  0     a / b
5
Equation = 2y + 3 = 0
1 24. Lines can be written
tan  
2 4 3 1
x  y    1  y  0 ,  4x  3y   1  y  0
19. Equation of line passing through (1,1) having slope b b b
m is y  1  m  x  1
 3 
 Lines are concurrent at   4 ,1
mx  y  1  m  0 ____ 1  
Given distance from (-2,3) to (1) is 3
 3
2 m  3  1  m  Required line is y  1  1 x  4 
 
3
m2  1 25. Given equation is a 2 x  b 2  y  1  0
3 m2  1  2  3m S . O . B . S 1 2 9

9 m2 1   2  3m 9m2  9  4  9m2 12m

2 3 5 5  0
26.
a b 1
12m  5 27. Given lines
5 ax  by  c  0, bx  cy  a  0, cx  ay  b  0
m
12 are concurrnet
5
Required line y  1  12  x  1 a b c
12 y  12  5 x  5  b c a  0  a  bc  a 2   b  b 2  ac   c  ab  c
5 x  12 y  7  0 c a b
20. From the figure
a 2 b2 c2
1  a  1 i.e. | a | 1. a  b  c  3abc 
3 3 3   3 now
bc ac ab
Y a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
 
2 .2 .2
bc ca ab
2 bc ca ab
 23  8
B
q3  r 3 r 3  p3 p3  q3
C 28.  
X qr r p pq
O A
D q 2  r 2  qr  r 2  p 2  pr  p 2  q 2  pq
r  p  q    p  q  p  q 

19
 q3  r 3 r 3  p3 p3  q3  2 x  3 y  1    x  2 y  11  0 p a s s e s
pqr 0  
qr r p pq through (0,0)    1
29. m1m2  1 Since AO  BC we have a=-b
similarly apply BO  AC
m1  m2
30. tan   1  m m 39. Choose C   ,  
1 2

a1a2  b1b2   6  6 
31. cos   a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2 G  x1 , y 1    , 
1 1 2 2
 3 3 
   3 x1  6 ,   3 y 1  6
m7 m 1
32.   3m2  8m  3  0
1  7m 1 m Substance  ,   lies on L=0
33. Equations of the angular bisectors of the 40. a1a2  bb
1 2  32  0 c1c2  130  0
,
axes are y  x and y   x
a1 x  b1 y  c1 a2 x  b2 y  c2
34.  p , q    3, 4  then minimum area = 2pq Use 
a12  b12 a22  b22
35. Area of an equilateral triangle is
41. Given lines
h2 x  2 y  11  0,3 x  6 y  5  0p,  x1 , y1   1, 3
where h is the height of the triangle
3
36. The area of the parallelogram formed by the lines x1  2 y1  11 3 x1  6 y1  5

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2 y + d1=0, a1x + b1y + 5 3 5

 c1  c2  d1  d 2    x  2 y  11 3x  6 y  5
c2= 0, a2x + b2 y + d2= 0 is 
a1b 2  a 2 b1 1 3
Sq.units. 3x6y333x6y 56x 380
37. Given A  1, 2  x  y  5  0 3x = 19 = 0
The B  h, k  is iage of A(1, 2) w.r.t
.t x  y  5  0 42. required bisector is perpendicular to given and
passes through (1,2)
h  1 k  2 2 1  2  5 43. ‘T’ divides Prise the ratio PQ; QR = 1:6
  ,
1 1 11  3  6 3 3  0   3 3 3 
T   ,    , 
h 1 k  2  7 7   7 7 
 2
1 1 Equation of
h = 3, k = - 4 b(h,k) = (3,-4), c is image
of B(3,-4)w.r.t x+2y=0  3 3 3  3 30
Q  0, 0  T  , y,  0   x  0
h  3 k  4 2  3  8   7 7  3  0
 
1 2 5
y   3x , 3x  y  0
h3 k4
 2, 2 1
1 2 44. Slope of reflected ray is and it passing through
3
h5 k=0
y0 1
c(5,0)
38. Equation of AO is
 
3,0 is
x 3

3 3y  x  3

20
45. Given points A  0,1 , B  2,0  line 4 x  3 y  9  0

minimum the point ‘P’ on the line PA  PB is

A,B are lies on same side of the given line equation
of A  0,1 B  2, 0  is
1
y 1   x  0  2 y  2   x
2
x  2 y  2  0 ______ 1
4 x  3 y  9  0 _____  2 

solving 1 and  2 

4x  8 y  8  0
4x  3 y  9  0
5y - 17 = 0 , y = 17/5 substituting in ----(1)
34 24
x  2  0, x 
5 5
 24 17 
p , 
 5 5
46. Equation of the straight line having equal intercepts
is x+y = k and proceed.
47. Equate the distance from  0, 0  to the line
x y
 2 48. Given lines are
x1 y1
concurrent.
49. Image of P in x-axis is P1  1, 1 , R is intersection
of x-axis and line QP1
50. Two lines are parallel
51. From given data x  y  5 hence required
2  5
2

area   50
11

21
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 6.A point on the straight line, 3x + 5y = 15 which is
equidistant from the coordinate axes will lie only in :

1.If the perpendicular bisector of the line segment —

oiningthe points P (1, 4) and Q (k, 3) has y-intercept (1) 4th quadrant (2) 1st quadrant
equal to – 4,then a value of k is : (3) 1st and 2nd quadrants
(4) 1st, 2nd and 4th quadrants
(1) – 2 (2) – 4 (3) 14 (4) 15

2.If a DABC has vertices A(–1, 7), B(–7, 1) and 7.Two vertical poles of heights, 20 m and 80 m stand
C(5, –5), thenits orthocentre has coordinates aparton a hori”ontal plane. The height (in meters) of
the pointof intersection of the lines joining the top of
each pole tothe foot of the other, from this hori”ontal
1 .  
3 3 plane is :
, 
 5 5
 2  .  3, 3
(1) 15 (2) 18 (3) 12 (4) 16

 3 . 
3 3
, 
5 5
 4  .  3, 3
8.If a straight line passing through the point P(–3, 4) is
suchthat its intercepted portion between the coordi-
3.Two vertices of a triangle are (0, 2) and (4, 3). If its nate axes isbisected at P, then its equation is
orthocentre is at the origin, then its third vertex lies in
which quadrant? (1) 3x – 4y + 25 = 0 (2) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0
(3) x – y + 7 = 0 (4) 4x + 3y = 0
(1) third (2) second
(3) first (4) fourth 9.If in a parallelogram ABDC, the coordinates of A, B
and Care respectively (1, 2), (3, 4) and (2, 5), then
4..Let C be the centroid of the triangle with vertices the equation ofthe diagonal AD is
(3, –1),(1, 3) and (2, 4). Let P be the point of inter- (1) 5x – 3y + 1 = 0 (2) 5x + 3y – 11 = 0
section of thelines x + 3y – 1 = 0 and 3x – y + 1 = 0. (3) 3x – 5y + 7 = 0 (4) 3x + 5y – 13 = 0
Then the line passingthrough the points C and P also
passes through the point 10.If the line 3x + 4y – 24 = 0 intersects the x-axis at
the pointA and the y-axis at the point B, then the
(1) (–9, –6) (2) (9, 7) (3) (7, 6) (4) (–9, –7) incentre of thetriangle OAB, where O is the origin, is
(1) (3, 4) (2) (2, 2) (3) (4, 3) (4) (4, 4)
5..Slope of a line passing through P(2, 3) and
intersectingthe line x + y = 7 at a distance of 4 units 11.Let L denote the line in the xy-plane with x and y
from P, is: interceptsas 3 and 1 respectively. Then the image of
the point (–1, – 4)in this line is:
1 5 1 7 7 1
1) 2) 3)  11 28   29 8   8 29 
1 5 1 7 7 1 1 .  ,  2.  ,  3.  , 
5 5   5 5 5 5 

5 1
4)  29 11 
5 1 4.  , 
 5 5

22
 (1) 9 : 1 (2) 1 : 3 (3) 1 : 9 (4) 3 : 1
12. The locus of the mid-points of the perpendiculars
drawnfrom points on the line, x = 2y to the line x = y
18. Let a, b, c and d be non-”ero numbers. If the
is
point ofintersection of the lines 4ax + 2ay + c = 0 and
5bx + 2by + d=0 lies in the fourth quadrant and is
(1) 2x – 3y = 0 (2) 5x – 7y = 0
equidistant from thetwo axes then
(3) 3x – 2y = 0 (4) 7x – 5y = 0

13.A rectangle is inscribed in a circle with a diameter (1) 3bc – 2ad = 0 (2) 3bc + 2ad = 0
lyingalong the line 3y = x + 7. If the two adjacent (3) 2bc – 3ad = 0 (4) 2bc + 3ad = 0
vertices of therectangle are (–8, 5) and (6, 5), then
the area of the rectangle(in sq. units) is: 19.A straight line through a fixed point (2, 3) inter-
sects thecoordinate axes at distinct points P and Q. If
(1) 84 (2) 98 (3) 72 (4) 56 .O is the originand the rectangle OPRQ is completed,
14.Suppose that the points (h, k), (1, 2) and (– 3, 4) then the locus of Ris
lie on theline L1. If a line L2 passing through the
points (h, k) and(4, 3) is perpendicular on L1 1) 2 x  3 y  xy
, then equals :
2) 3 x  2 y  xy
1 1 3) 3 x  2 y  6 xy
1) 2.) 0 3) 3 4) 
3 7
4) 3 x  2 y  6
15.Two sides of a parallelogram are along the lines, x
+ y = 3and x – y + 3 = 0. If its diagonals intersect at 20.The equation y = sin x sin (x + 2) – sin2
(2, 4), thenone of its vertex is (x + 1) representsa straight line lying in

(1) second and third quadrants only

(1) (3, 5) (2) (2, 1) (3) (2, 6) (4) (3, 6)
(2) first, second and fourth quadrant
(3) first, third and fourth quadrants
16. Let the equations of two sides of a triangle be (4) third and fourth quadrants only
3x – 2y + 6 = 0 and 4x + 5y – 20 = 0. If the
KEY
orthocentreof this triangle is at (1, 1), then the equa-
tion of its thirdside is: 01)2 02) 2 03)2 04)1 05)2 06)3
07)4 08)2 09)1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
(1) 122y – 26x – 1675 = 0
(2) 122y + 26x + 1675 = 0 13)1 15)4 14)1 16)4 17)4 18)1
(3) 26x + 61y + 1675 = 0
(4) 26x – 122y – 1675 = 0 19)2 20)4

17. The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the

origin, onthe line, 3x + y =  is P. If the line meets x-
axis at A andy-axis at B, then the ratio BP : PA is

23
 SOLUTIONS

1.

3.

2.

4.

24
 7.
5.

8.

6.

25
9.

12.

10.

13.

11.

26
 16.

15.

14.

27
 18.

17.

19.

28
20.

30
 PAIR OF STRAIGHT
LINES
SYNOPSIS
Homogeneous equations :
Combined Equation of a Pair of Straight
lines :
 i)If L1  0, L2  0 are any two lines, then the
combined equation of L1  0, L2  0 is L1 L2  0
ii) Any second degree equation in x and y
represents a pair of straight lines if the
expression on the left hand side can be
expressed as a product of two linear factors
in x and y.
Separate equations of pair of lines :
 The equations of the separate lines of
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are
c) The combined equation of pair of lines with
slopes m1, m2 is
 y  m1 x  y  m2 x   0
 y2   m1  m2  xy  m1m2 x2  0
ii) The slopes of the straight lines represented by
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are reciprocal to each other
if a  b
iii) If the slopes of two lines represented by
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are in the ratio l : m then
l  m
2
ab  4h 2lm
iv) If the slope of one of the lines represented by
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is k times the slope of other
line then 4kh 2   k  1 ab
2

 
ax  h  h 2  ab y  0 , v) ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of lines

ax   h  h  ab  y  0
2 if the slope of one line is the nth power of the other
then  ab n    a nb 
1/ n 1 1/ n 1
 2h  0
Nature of pair of lines :
 The second degree homogeneous equation vi) If the slope of one line of pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of straight ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is square of the slope of the
lines passing through the origin and it represents other line then ab  a  b  6h   8h3  0
(i) two real and distinct lines if h 2  ab
Angle between the pair of lines :
(ii) two coincident lines if h  ab2
 If  is an acute angle between the pair of lines
(iii) Imaginary lines if h 2  ab
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 then
Slopes of pair of lines :
ab
 i) If y  m1 x, y  m2 x are the two lines cos  
or
 a  b
2
represented by the pair of lines  4h 2
a x 2  2 h xy  b y 2  0 , b  0 with slopes m1
and m2 then 2 h 2  ab
sin  
a) The slopes of the lines are the roots or
a  b
2
 4h 2
of the quadratic equation
bm 2  2hm  a  0
2 h 2  ab
2 h a 2 h  ab
2 tan   ; a b  0
b) m1  m2  ; m1m2  ; m1  m2  ab
b b b
 i)The lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 1 1 1 1
h1     h2   
are perpendicular ,  a1 b1   a2 b2 
if a  b  0 . Types of triangles :
i.e., coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y  0 2
 i) The equation of the pair of lines passing through
Pair of parallel & perpendicular lines : the origin and forming an isosceles triangle with
 i) The equation to the pair of lines passing through the line ax  by  c  0 is
the point  x1 , y1  and parallel to the pair of straight  ax  by   k  bx  ay   0 .
2 2

lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is (a) If k  1 then the triangle is right angled isosce-

les.
a  x  x1   2h  x  x1  y  y1   b  y  y1   0
2 2
(b) If k  3 then the triangle is equilateral.
ii) The equation to the pair of lines passing through 1
the origin and perpendicular to (c) If k  then the triangle is an isosceles and
3
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is obtuse angled
ii) The triangle formed by the pair of lines
bx 2  2hxy  ay 2  0
iii) The equation to the pair of lines passing through S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and the line
lx  my  n  0 is
the point  x1 , y1  and perpendicular to the pair of
a) equilateral if ax 2  2hxy  by 2 
straight lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is
 lx  my   3  mx  ly 
2 2

b  x  x1   2h  x  x1  y  y1   a  y  y1   0
2 2

b) Isosceles if h  l 2  m 2    a  b  lm
Common line to pair of lines :
c) Right angled if a  b  0 or S  l , m  0
 i) If the pairs of lines a1 x 2  2 h1 xy  b1 y 2  0 ,
Centres related with triangles :
a2 x 2  2h2 xy  b2 y 2  0 have one line in common
 i) If  ,   is the centroid of the triangle whose
then
a1 2h1 2h1 b1 a1 b1
2
sides are ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and
.  (or)
a2 2h2 2h2 b2 a2 b2 lx  my  n  0 , then
 a1b2  a2b1   4  h1a2  h2 a1  h1b2  h2b1   0
2
  2n
 
ii) If one of the lines represented by bl hm amhl 3 bl 2hlmam2  (or)
2

a1 x 2  2 h1 xy  b1 y 2  0 is perpendicular to one of
  n
the lines represented by a2 x 2  2h2 xy  b2 y 2  0  
 F   F  3 F l , m 
then    y 
  x  l , m    l , m 
2
a1 2h1 2h1 b1 a b
.  1 1 (or) where F  bx 2  2hxy  ay 2
b2 2h2 2h2 a2 b2 a2
ii) The pair of lines S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0
 a1a2  b1b2   4  h1a2  h2b1  h1b2  h2a1   0
2

represents two sides of a triangle and  x1 , y1  is

iii) If the pair of lines a1 x 2  2 h1 xy  b1 y 2  0 and
the mid point of the third side then the equation of
a2 x  2h2 xy  b2 y  0 are such that they have
2 2
third side is S1  S11 i.e.,
one line in common and the remaining lines are axx1  h  xy1  x1 y   byy1  ax12  2hx1 y1  by12
perpendicular then
iii) If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents two sides of a iii) The area of an equilateral triangle formed by the
line ax  by  c  0 with the pair of lines
triangle, G  x1 , y1  be its centroid then the mid
c2
point of the third side of the triangle is  ax  by   3  bx  ay   0 is
2 2
3  a 2  b2 
3  3x 3y 
G i.e.,  1 , 1  p2
2  2 2   where p is the perpendicular distance from
3
iv) If  kl , km  is the orthocentre of the triangle the origin to the line ax  by  c  0
formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and Pair of angular bisectors :
 i) The equation to the pair of bisectors of the angles
n  a  b 
lx  my  n  0 then k  2 between the pair of straight lines
am  2hlm  bl 2
ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 is h  x  y    a  b  xy
2 2
v) The distance from the origin to the orthocentre of
ii) The angle between pair of angular bisectors of
x y
the triangle formed by the lines    1 and
 
any pair of lines is .
2
ax  2hxy  by  0 is
2 2
iii) The equation to the pair of bisectors of the co-

2  2
 a  b   ordinate axes is x 2  y 2  0
a 2  2h  b 2 iv) If one of the line in ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 bi-
vi) If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents two sides sects the angle between the coordinate axes then
a  b
2
of a triangle for which  c, d  is the orthocentre,  4h 2
then the equation of the third side of triangle is Equally inclined with a line :
 a  b  cx  dy   ad 2
 2hcd  bc 2
 i) A pair of lines L1 L2  0 is said to be equally
Product of perpendiculars : inclined to a line L  0 if the lines L1  0, L2  0
 i) The product of the perpendiculars from  ,   subtend the same angle with the line L  0
to the pair of lines ii) Every pair of lines is equally inclined to either of
a 2  2 h  b  2
its angular bisectors
ax2  2hxy  by2  0 is iii) A pair of lines is equally inclined to a line L  0 , if
a  b
2
 4h 2
L  0 is parallel to one of the angular bisectors.
Area of the triangle : iv) Given pair of lines through origin is equally inclined
 i) The area of the triangle formed by the line to the coordinate axes  the pair of angular bi-
lx  my  n  0 and the pair of lines sectors of given pair of lines through origin is the
n 2 h 2  ab coordinate axes
ax  2 hxy  by  0 is am 2  2hlm  bl 2
2 2
v) If the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 equally
ii) The equation of the pair of lines through the origin inclined to the coordinate axes then h  0 and
and making an angle ' ' with the line ab  0
lx  my  n  0 is vi) The pair of lines L1 L2  0 bisects the angle be-
 lx  my   tan 2   mx  ly   0 and
2 2
tween the pair of lines L3 L4  0  pair of angular
n2 bisectors of L3 L4  0 and pair of lines L1 L2  0

the area of the triangle is tan  l 2  m 2
 represents the same equation
vii) Two pairs of lines L1 L2  0 , L3 L4  0 are such ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is
that each bisects the angle between the other pair c
 pair of angular bisector of L1 L2  0 , pair of a  b
2
 4h 2
lines L3 L4  0 represents same and vice versa. iii) If the pair of lines
viii) Two pairs of lines are equally inclined to each other ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 are
 two pairs of lines have same pair of angular equidistant from the origin then
bisectors f 4  g 4  c  bf 2  ag 2 
Non homogeneous equations :
Point of intersection of pair of lines :
Condition for pair of lines :
 i) If the equation  i) If S  ax2  2hxy  by2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
S  ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents a pair of lines and h 2  ab then the
represents a pair of lines then point of intersection of the lines is
a)   abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0  hf  bg gh  af 
 , 2  i.e., obtained by solving
 ab  h ab  h 
2
a h g
h b f 0 s s
i.e  0 and 0
g f c x y
b) h 2  ab, g 2  ac, f 2  bc ii) If the pair of lines
Angle between the pair of lines : ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 intersect at
 i) The angle between the pair of lines
 ,   then  ,   satisfy the equations
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is
same as the angle between the pair of lines ax  hy  g  0 , hx  by  f  0 and
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 gx  fy  c  0
Distance between the pair of lines : hf  bg gh  af 
 The equation i . e . ,  ,     , 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
2

ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 rep-
resents a pair of parallel lines iff  bc  f 2 fg  ch   hc  gf g 2  ac 
 ,  , 
  0, f 2  bc, g 2  ac, h2  ab and af 2  bg 2 or  hf  bg hf  bg   af  gh af  gh 
a h g iii) The coordinates of the point of intersection of
  and the distance between the parallel
h b f the lines represented by S  0 is
g2  ac f 2  bc  f 2  bc g 2  ac 
lines is 2 a  a  b
or 2
b a  b  , 
 h 2  ab h 2  ab 
 
Product of perpendiculars : iv) If the equation
 i) The product of the perpendiculars drawn from
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents
 ,   to the pair of lines a pair of intersecting lines, then the square of the
ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 is distance of their point of intersection from
a 2  2h  b 2  2 g  2 f   c c a  b  f 2  g 2
the origin is
a  b ab  h 2
2
 4h 2
ii) The product of the perpendiculars from origin to v) If the equation
the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
 represents a pair of perpendicular lines, then the Quadrilateral formed by S = 0 and S1 = 0 :
square of the distance of their point of intersection
 i) The pair of lines S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and
f g
2 2
f g 2 2

from the origin is (or) 2 (or) S1  ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 forms a
h  ab
2
a  h2
a) rhombus
f 2  g2
b2  h2  a  b  0,  a  b  fg  h  f 2  g 2   0
Area of the triangle : b) square
 The area of the triangle formed by the line
lx  my  n  0 and the pair of lines  a  b  0,  a  b  fg  h  f 2  g 2   0

ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 whose c) rectangle

point of intersection is  x1 , y1  is  a  b  0,  a  b  fg  h  f 2  g 2   0
 lx1  my1  n 
2
h 2  ab d) parallelogram
sq. units
am2  2hlm  bl 2  a  b  0,  a  b  fg  h  f 2  g 2   0
Intercepts of a pair of lines on coordi-
nate axes : c
e) Area of the parallelogram is
 i) Length of the intercept made by the pair of lines 2 h 2  ab
represented by f) Equation of diagonal not passing through origin
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 on is 2 gx  2 fy  c  0 i.e., S 1  S  0
g) Equation of diagonal passing through origin
2 g 2  ac
a) x  axis is is  hf  bg  y   gh  af  x
a
ii) If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are two sides of a paral-
2 f  bc2

b) y  axis is lelogram and lx  my  n  0 is one of the diago-

b
nals of the parallelogram then the equation of other
ii) If the pair of lines diagonal is
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
 bl  hm  y   am  hl  x
intersect on
a) x-axis, then g 2  ac and iii) Given  x1 , y1  as opposite vertex of a parallelo-

2 fg h  a f 2
 ch 2 gram with S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 as one pair
b) y-axis, then f 2  bc and of sides then the equation of the diagonal not pass-
ing through the orgin is 2 S1  S11  0
2 fgh  bg 2  ch 2
Pair of angular bisectors : iv) The pair of lines xy  ax  by  ab  0 ,

 If  ,   be the point of intersection of the pair of xy  cx  dy  cd  0 form a square

lines a) If a  c  b  d
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 then the b) area is a  c b  d
equation to the pair of angular
bisectors is c) point of intersection of diagonals is
  b  d    a  c  
h  x      y       a  b  x    y   
2 2
   , 
 2 2 
 d) Equation of diagonals are
EXERCISE - I
 a  c  x   b  d  y  ab  cd  0
1. The range of ‘a’ so that a 2 x 2  2xy  4y 2  0
 a  c  x   b  d  y  ad  bc  0 represents distinct lines
Homogenisation : 1 1 1 1
 i) The Combined equation to the pair of lines 1) a  or a  2) a
2 2 2 2
joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 1 1 1 1
3) a 4) a  or a 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 2 2 2 2

and the line lx  my  n  0 is ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2. The difference of the slopes of the lines rep-

2
resented by
lx  my   lx  my 
 2 gx  2 fy     c  0  
x 2 sec2   sin 2   2 tan   xy  y 2 sin 2   0
 n   n 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
ii) The condition that the pair of lines joining the
origin to the points of intersection of 3. If the slopes of the lines represented by
ax 2+2hxy+by2=0 are in the ratio 3 : 2, then
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 and 1) 25ab = 24h2 2) 8h2 = 9ab
lx  my  n  0 to be perpendicular is 3) 16h2 = 25ab 4) h2 = ab
n 2  a  b   2 n  l g  mf   c  l 2  m 2   0
4. The combined equation to a pair of straight
lines passing through the origin and inclined
Some standard results : at an angles 300 and 600 respectively with X-
 i) The equation to the pair of lines passing through axis is
the origin and each is at a distance of d from
1)  
3 x 2  y 2  4 xy
 ,   is   x   y   d x  y .
2 2 2 2

ii) If L, M are the feet of the perpendiculars from

 
2) 4 x 2  y 2  3 xy

3) x 2  3 y 2  2 xy  0
 c, 0 to the lines ax2  2hxy  by2  0 then the
angle made by LM with positive X-axis is 4) x 2  3 y 2  2 xy  0

ba 5. If the slope of one line is twice the slope of

Tan1   the other in the pair of straight lines
 2h  and the equation of LM is
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 then 8h2 =
 b  a  x  2hy  bc  0
1) 7 ab 2) -7ab 3) 9 ab 4) -9ab
iii) Point of intersection of diagonals of a 6. The equation of the pair of lines passing
rect angle formed by the pairs through the origin whose sum and product of
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  0 , slopes are respectively the arthemetic mean
and geometric mean of 4 and 9 is
 b1 b2  (EAM-2016)
a2 y 2  b2 y  c2  0 is  2a , 2a 
 1 2  1) 12 x 2  13xy  2 y 2  0
iv) The image of pair of lines f  x, y   0 with 2) 12 x 2  13xy  2 y 2  0
respect to x-axis is f  x,  y   0 and with re 3) 12 x 2  15 xy  2 y 2  0

spect y-axis is . f   x, y   0 4) 12 x 2  15 xy  2 y 2  0
7. If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by
x 2  2cxy  y 2  0 is eight times their prod- 14. If the sides of a triangle are
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and y = x+c, then its area
uct, then c has the value
is
1) 1 2) -1 3) -4 4) -2
8. If the pair of lines given by c 2 h 2  ab c h 2  ab
x 
 y 2 sin 2    x Cos   y Sin  2 are per--
2
1)
| a  b  2h |
2) a  b  2h
pendicular to each other then  
h2  ab h 2  ab
3) 4)
abc a  b  2h
(EAM-2018) 1)  /2 2) 0
3)  /4 4)  /3 15. If the equation of the pair of bisectors of the
9. If the angle 2 is acute, then the acute angle angle between the pair of lines
between the pair of straight lines 3x 2  xy  by 2  0 is x 2  14 xy  y 2  0 then
b=
x2  cos  sin   2xy cos  y2  cos  sin   0 is
1) 4 2) -4 3) 8 4) -8
(EAM - 2002)
16. If the lines x  2  k  xy  4 y 2  0 are
2
  equally inclined to the coordinate axes, then
1) 2 2) 4) 
3)
2 3 k=
10. The equation to the pair of lines passing 1) -1 2) -2 3) -3 4) -4
through the point  2,3 and parallel to the 17. If the pair of straight lines
pair of lines x 2  4 xy  y 2  0 is x2  2 pxy  y2  0 and x 2  2qxy  y 2  0 be
such that each pair bisects the angle between
1) x 2  4 xy  y 2  8 x  2 y  11  0
the other pair, then
2) x 2  4 xy  y 2  8 x  2 y  11  0 1) pq  1 2) p  q
3) x 2  4 xy  y 2  8 x  2 y  11  0 3) p   q 4) pq  1
18. If one of the lines in the pair of stright lines
4) x 2  4 xy  y 2  8 x  2 y  11  0 given by 4x2+6xy+ky2=0 bisects the angle
11. The equation to the pair of lines passing between the coordinate axes, then k 
through the origin and perpendicular to 1){-2,-10} 2){-2,10} 3){-10,2} 4){2,10}
5 x 2  3xy  0 [EAM -2017] 19. If x 2  y 2  0 , lx  2 y  1 form an isosceles
1) 5 xy  3 y 2  0 2) x 2  2 y 2  0 triangle then l 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0
3) 3xy  5 y 2  0 4) 3x 2  2 xy  0
20. x 2  k1 y 2  2k 2 y  a 2 represents a pair of per--
12. If the product of perpendiculars from
pendicular lines if
(k, k) to the pair of lines x 2  4 xy  3 y 2  0 is 1) k1  1, k2  a 2) k1  1, k2  a
4 / 5 then k is 3) k1  1, k2  a 4) k1  1, k2  a2
1) ± 4 2) ± 3 3) ± 2 4) ± 1
21. If kx 2  10 xy  3 y 2  15 x  21y  18  0
13. If the area of the triangle formed by the lines
3x 2  2 xy  8 y 2  0 and the line 2x+y-k=0 is represents a pair of straight lines then k =
5sq. units, then k = 1) 3 2) 4 3) -3 4) 5
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
22. If x 2   y 2  2  y  a 2 represents a pair of x 2  2 xy  35 y 2  4 x  44 y  12  0 and
perpendicular lines, then   (EAM-2014) 5 x   y  8  0 are concurrent, then the value
1) 2a 2) 3a 3) 4a 4) a of  is (EAM-2007)
23. The equation 1) 0 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2
x 2  5 xy  py 2  3 x  8 y  2  0 represents a 31. The length of the side of the square formed
pair of straight lines. If  is the angle between by the lines 2 x 2  3 xy  2 y 2  0 and
them, then sin   (EAM-2013) 2 x 2  3xy  2 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 is
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)
50 7 5 10 3 5 7 10
24. If the angle between the lines respresented by 32. The angle between the pair of straight lines
formed by joining the points of intersection of
2 x 2  5 xy  3 y 2  6 x  7 y  4  0 is tan  m 
1

x 2  y 2  4 and y  3 x  c
and a 2  b 2  ab  a  b  1  0 , then 2a  3b =
to the origin is a right angle. Then c 2 is equal
1) 1/ m 2) m 3) m 4) m 2
to (EAM-2007)
25. If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 1) 20 2) 13 3) 1/5 4) 5
represents a pair of parallel lines then 33. The angle between the lines joining the origin
g 2  ac to the points of intersection of the lines
 (EAM-2011)
f 2  bc 3 x  y  2 and the curve x 2  y 2  4 is
a a b b    
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)
b b a a 6 4 3 2
34. The triangle formed by the pair of lines
26. The square of the distance of the point of in-
tersection of the lines 3x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0 and the line
6x2 – 5xy –6y2 + x+ 5y –1= 0 from the origin 3x  2 y  4  0 is
is
1) Equilateral 2) Isosceles
1) 74/169 2) 85/169 3) 74/185 4) 2/13
3) Right angled 4) Scalane
27. If the lines represented by
35. If the pair of straight lines
ax 2  4 xy  y 2  8 x  2 fy  c  0
Ax 2  2Hxy  By2  0  H  AB  forms an
2

intersect on Y-axis, then (f, c) = equilateral triangle with the line

1) (2, 4) 2) (4, 2) 3) (-2, -4) 4) (-4, -2)
28. If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are ax  by  c  0 then

2 x 2  5 xy  3 y 2  0 and one diagonal is

 A  3B 3A  B 
1) H 2 2)  H 2 3) 2H 2 4) 4H 2
x+y+2=0 then the other diagonal is
1) 9x-11y=0 2) 9x+11y=0 36. The equation of the line common to the pair
3) 11x-9y=0 4) 11x+9y=0  
of lines m 2 x 2  m 2  1 xy  y 2  0 and
29. The area of the square formed by the lines mx  m  1xy  y  0 is
2 2

6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  0 and 1) mx-y=0 2) x+y=0

3) x-y=0 4) x+y=m
6x2  5xy  6y2  x  5y 1  0 in sq. units is
1) 1/ 3 2) 4/ 13 3) 13 4) 1/13
30. If the lines
 SOLUTIONS
37. If the pair of lines given by 1
1. h 2  ab  0  1  4 a 2  0  a 2  0
ax  2hxy  by  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
2 2
4
intersect on X-axis then 2. G i v e n
1) b, f , c are in A.P 2) a, f , c are in G.P x 2  sec 2   sin 2    2 tan  xy  y 2 sin 2   0put
3) a , g , c are in G.P 4) a , g , c are in A.P
38. The rectangle formed by the pair of lines   450
2hxy  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 with the coordinate  1 y2
 x 2  2    2 xy  0
axes has the area equal to  2 2
fg gh hf fg
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 4 3
h f g h 3x 2  4 xy  y 2  0 , m1  m2  , m1m2 
39. If the pair of lines 2hxy+2gx+2fy+c=0 and the 1 1
coordinate axes form a rectangle, then the
equations of its diagonals are 2 h 2  ab 2 4  3
m1  m2   2
1) 2gx+2fy+c=0, gx-fy=0 b 1
2) 2gx+2fy-c=0, gx+fy=0
l  m
2
3) gx+fy-c=0, gx–fy=0 h2
4) gx+fy=0, gx–fy=0 3. l : m  3 : 2 and 
4lm ab
40. The lines ax2 + 2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+ c = 0 in- 4. G i v e n
tersect x-axis in A, B and y-axis in C, D
respectively. Then the combined equation of 1
, 0tan 1 
1  300  2 m1 60 , m2  tan  2  3
3
AB and CD is
1) xy = 0 the combined equation of pair of lines
2) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0  1 
y2    3  xy  1 x 2   0
4gf  3 
3) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c+ xy0
c
4gf 3 x 2  4 xy  3 y 2  0
4) ax – 2hxy + by
2 2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c+ xy 0
c
4kh 2   k  1 ab & k  2
2
41. The locus represented by the equation 5.

 x  y  c   x  y  c 4  9 13
2 2
 0 is
6. Given m1  m2   , m1m2  4  9  6
1) A line parallel to x-axis 2 2
2) A point combined equation
3) Pair of lines y   m1  m2  xy  m1m2 x  0
2 2

4) Line parallel to y-axis

KEY 12 x 2  13xy  2 y 2  0
01) 3 02) 2 03) 1 04) 1 05) 3 06) 1 7. x 2  2cxy  y 2  0
07) 3 08) 3 09) 4 10) 2 11) 3 12) 4
13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 2 17) 1 18) 3 Here m1  m2  8m1m2 , c = -2
19) 4 20) 3 21) 1 22) 4 23) 1 24) 1 8. Given pair of lines
25) 2
31) 2
26) 4
32) 1
27) 1 28) 1 29) 4 30) 4
33) 3 34) 1 35) 4 36) 3
x 2
 y 2  sin 2    x cos   y sin   are per-
2

37) 3 38) 1 3 9 ) 1 4 0 ) 1 4 1 ) 4 pendicular

x2 sin2   y2 sin2   x2 cos2   y2 sin2   2xy sin cos
 x 2  sin 2   cos 2    2 xy sin  cos   0 , ab  0 and
  abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0
sin   cos   0 , sin 2   cos 2 
2 2

1  k1  0 a 2  0  k22  0  0 , k2  a

 21.   0
4
9. G i v e n 22. a  b  0 and   0
x  cos sin 2xycos y  cos sin 0ehr
2 2
23. Given equation x 2  5 xy  py 2  3 x  8 y  2  0
represents a pair of perpendicular lines
a  cos   sin  , h  cos  , b  cos   sin 

ab 2cos 25
cos   cos 2  16
1
 ab 4sin  4cos 
2 2 2 4
h2 sin   
 25  50
25  4.  
   4 
10. a  x  x1 2  2h  x  x1  y  y1   b  y  y1 2  0 8 p  120  64  9 p  50  0 , p = 6
11. bx  2hxy  ay  0
2 2
2 h 2  ab
24. Here tan   ab
a 2  2h  b 2
12. 1  1 
a  b
2
 4h 2    tan  5   tan  m 
1

 
13. Given pari of line
1
k 2
1  24 m from the given condition we get
5
Area = 3 1  4  32  5  k 2  25
 a  1, b  1
k=5 g 2  ac f 2  bc
25. 2 a a  b = 2 b a  b
n 2 h 2  ab
   
14. am2  2hlm  bl 2 f 2  g2
26.
a 2  h2
15. h  x 2  y 2    a  b  xy 27. f 2  bc, hf  bg
16. h  0 28.  bl  hm  y   am  hl  x
17. Equation of the bisector of the angles between
c
x 2  2 pxy  y 2  0 is 29.
2 h 2  ab
px 2  2 xy  py 2  0 this same as
30. Given lines
p 1 p x 2  2 xy  35 y 2  4 x  44 y  12  0 a n d
x2  2qxy  y2  0  1  q  1  pq  1
5 x   y  8  0 are concurrent
a  b
2
18.  4h 2
f
 2x  2 y  4 ,
19. h  l  m 2 2
   a  b  lm x

20. Given pair of lines x 2  k1 y 2  2k2 y  a 2 repre- x  y  2  0 ______ 1

sents a pair of perpendicular lines
 f 35.
35 y  22  0 ______  2 
 2 x  70 yx,44 S . O . B . S
y
 AB 4H24 AB A2B22AB4H24A24B28AB
2 2

solving 1 and  2 

3 A2  3B 2  10 AB  4 H 2 Now
36 y  24  0 ,
 A  3B  3 A  B   4 H 2
2
y substituing in 1 36. In both pair of lines sum of the coefficients is
3
zero. Thecommon line is y = x,
2 4 37. g 2  ac
x  2  0 , x  lies on
3 3
5x   y  8  0 c
38.   0 and apply Given pair of
2 h  ab
2

20 2
 8  0 tenes 2hxy  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
3 3
2  4   abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0

  2 P is the point of intersection of 0  2hfg  ch 2  2 fg  ch

f f
 0,  0 and p lies on the line c c 2 fg fg
x y Area   2  2
2 h  ab
2 2h 2h h
31.Given lines 2 x 2  3 xy  2 y 2  0
39. Diagonals are
2 x 2  3xy  2 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 2 gx  2 fy  c  0,  gh  af  x   hf  bg  y
40. Since the given pair intersects x-axis at A, B then
3 3 1 the equation of AB is y = 0, Since the pair cuts y-
here a  2, h  b  2, g  , f  c  1
2 2 2 axis at C,D then the equation of CD is x = 0. Then
the combined equation of AB and CD is xy = 0
1 1 1
a 
2
 a2   a 
9 5 5 41. x  y  c  0, x  y  c  0 solving we get  0, c 
2 4
4 which is a point

32. n 2  a  b   2n  lg  mf   c  l 2  m 2   0
33. Homogenising

 
2
3x  y
x2  y 2 4 0
4

 2 x 2  2 3 xy  0
34. The pair of lines passing through origin and which
forms an equilateral triangle with the given line is
 3x  2 y   32x  3y   0
2 2

 3x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0
 9. The lines 33y2 – 136xy + 135x2 = 0 are equally
EXERCISE - II inclined to
1) x+2y + 7 = 0 2) 2x + y – 7 = 0
1. The triangle formed by the pair of lines
3) x + 2y – 7 = 0 4) x + y = 1
x 2  4 y 2  0 and the line x-a=0 is always 10. If ax 2  6 xy  by 2  10 x  10 y  6  0
1) Equilateral 2) Isosceles represents a pair of perpendicular
3) Right angled 4) Scalene straight lines, then |a| is equal to
2. The triangle formed by x + 3y = 1 and 1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3
9x2 – 12xy + ky2 = 0 is right angled triangle 11. The centroid of the triangle formed by the pair
and k  9 . Then k = of straight lines 12 x 2  20 xy  7 y 2  0 and the
1) 3 2) 5 3) 7 4) 1
line 2 x  3 y  4  0 is (EAM-2016)
2 2
3. If the pair of lines 2 x  3xy  y  0 makes
 7 7  8 8
angles  and  with X-axis then 1)   ,  2)   , 
1 2  3 3  3 3
tan  1  2   8 8 4 4
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 1/3 4) 1/4 3)  ,  4)  , 
3 3 3 3
4. If the equation 2x - 5xy + 2y = 0 represents
2 2

two sides of an isosceles triangle then the 12. If 2 x 2  5 xy  2 y 2  0 represents two sides of
equation of the third side passing through the a triangle whose centroid is (1, 1) then the
point (3,3) is equation of the third side is
1) x+y =3 2) x-y=0 1) x+y-3=0 2) x-y-3=0
3) 2x-y=3 4) x + y – 6 = 0 3) x+y+3=0 4) x-y+3=0
5. If the equation x2+py2+y=a2 represents a pair 13. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the
of perpendicular lines, then the point of inter- lines x2-3y2=0 and the line x=a is
section of the lines is a   2a 
1) (1, a) 2) (1, -a) 3) (0, a) 4) (0, 2a) 1)  , 0  2)  , 0 
3   3 
6. The condition that one of the pair of lines
 4a 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 be coincident with one 3) (a, 0 ) 4)  , 0 
 3 
line of the pair 3x 2  12 xy  2 y 2  0 and the 14. If x +4xy+y =0 represents two sides of
2 2

remaining lines are at right angles, then h (a-  OAB and the orthocentre is (-1, -1), then
b) = [E AM -2020] the third side is
1) a + b 2) ab 3) 2 ab 4) a / b 1) x+y = 2 2) x+y=1
7. If one of the lines represents by 3x2-4xy+y2=0 3) x+y+1=0 4) x+y=3
is perpendicular to one of the line 15. The circumcentre of the triangle formed by
2x2-5xy+ky2=0 then k = the lines 2x2 - 3xy-2y2=0 and 3x-y=10 is
1) -3, 13/9 2) 3, -13/9 1) (2,1) 2) (1,-2) 3) (3,-6) 4) (3, -1)
3) -3, -13/94) -7, -33 16. The coordinates of the orthocentre of the
8. If the pair of lines 3x 2-5xy+py 2=0 and triangle formed by the lines
6x2-xy-5y2=0 have one line in common, then p = 2 x 2  3xy  y 2  0 and x+y=1 are is
25 25 1) (1, 1) 2) (1/2, 1/2)
1) 2, 2)  2,
4 4 3) (1/3, 1/3) 4) (1/4, 1/4)
 25  25 x y
3)  2, 4) 2, 17. If   1 intersects
4 4 a b
 5 x 2  5 y 2  5bx  5ay  9ab  0 at P and Q, 4 units from the point (5, 6) is
 POQ   / 2 then the relation between a 1) 9 x 2  60 xy  20 y 2  0
and b is 2) 9 x 2  60 xy  20 y 2  0
1) a = b 2) a = 2b or b = 2a
3) a = 3b or b = 3a 4) a + b = 5 3) 20 x 2  60 xy  9 y 2  0
18. If the pair of lines which joins the origin to the 4) 20 x 2  60 xy  9 y 2  0
point of intersection of
24. Perpendiculars AL, AM are drawn from any
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  0 , point A on the x-axis to the pair of lines
a1 x 2  2h1 xy  b1 y 2  2 g1 x  0 are at right 2 x 2  5 xy  3 y 2  0 the angle made by LM
angles then
with +ve direction of x-axis is
g a1  b1 g ab
1) g  a  b 2) g  a  b    
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 1 1 1
6 3 4 2
h ab h a1  b1 25. Two of the lines represented by
3) h  a  b 4) h  a  b
1 1 1 1
ax 3  3bx 2 y  3 cxy 2  dy 3  0 will be
19. The angle between the lines joining the origin
perpendicular if
to the point of intersection of lx  my  1 and
1) a 2  ac  db  d 2  0
x2+y2=a2 is [ EAM -2018]
  2) a 2  3ac  bd   d 2  0
1) 2)
2 4
 
3) a 2  3ac  bd   d 2  0
1 1  1 

4) 2 cos  2 2 
1
3) cos
 2 2 4) a 2  ac  bd  d 2  0
a l m  a l m 
20. The curve x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 inter-- 26. The line x  y  1 meets the lines represented
cepts on the line lx  my  1 , a length which by the equation
subtends a right angle at the origin, then y 3  xy 2  14 x 2 y  24 x3  0 at the points
lg  mf 1 A,B,C. If O is the point of intersection of the
 lines represented by the given equation then
l 2  m2
c c 2 2 OA2  OB 2  OC 2 =
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 c c 22 85 181 221
21. The lines joining the origin to the points of 1) 2) 3) 4)
9 72 72 72
intersection of x2  y2  2gx  c  0 and
27. If the equation
x2  y2  2fy  c  0 are at right angles is
ax 3  3bx 2 y  3cxy 2  dy 3  0  a, b, c, d  0 
1) g  f  c
2 2
2) g  f  0
2 2
represents three coincident lines, then
3) g  f  2c
2 2
4) g  f  c
2 2 2
1) a  c 2) b  d
22. The line 4y  3x  48  0 cuts the curve a b c
3)   4) ac  bd
y  64x in A and B. If AB subtends an
2 b c d
angle  at the origin, then tan  = 28. If the line y  3 x cuts the curve
20 10 5 40
1) 2) 3) 4) x3  y3  3xy  5 x2  3 y 2  4 x  5 y  1  0
9 9 9 9
23. The combined equation of the pair of lines at the points A,B,C, then OA.OB.OC is
passing through origin which are at a distance
 1) 4
13

3 3 1  2) 3 3  1
 15  6 p 
2  5 1   5
 4   6   3    5 
 4 2  2
1
2

p  0

2
3)
3
7 4)
4
13

3 3 1  15  6 p 
2  27   25  p 
 4  0
 2  2 
KEY
5  2 p   3  25  p   0
2

01) 2 02) 1 03) 3 04) 4 05) 3 06) 2

07) 4 08) 4 09) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 1 25  4 p 2  20 p  75  3 p  0
13) 2 14) 2 15) 4 16) 2 17) 2 18) 2 9. One line verify with
19) 4 20) 2 21) 3 22) 1 23) 4 24) 3 h( x  y )  (a  b) xy
2 2

25) 2 26) 4 27) 3 28) 1

9. One line verify with h( x2  y2 )  (a  b) xy
SOLLUTIONS
1. The lines represented by x 2  4 y 2  0 are
10. a  b  0 and   0
x  2 y  0 .....(1) x  2 y  0 ....(2) 11. Multiplying the option with 3/2 and put in the given
The given line equation is x  a  0 ...(3) line
i.e., angle between (1) and (3) = angle between 12. G i v e n
(1) and (2). S  2 x 2  5 xy  2 y 2  0 , G 1,1   x1 , y1 
2. One of the lines of ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is 3
S1  S11
perpendicular to lx  my  n  0 then 2
al 2  2 hlm  bm 2  0 5 3
2xx1   xy1  yx1   2yy1   2x12  5x1 y1  2y12 
2 h2  ab 2 2
3. tan 1   2   tan  
ab 5 3
2x   x  y   2 y   2  5  2
Given lines 2 x  3 xy  y  0 ,
2 2
2 2
3 3
a  2, h  , b  1 4 x  5x  5 y  4 y 
2 0

9  x  y  3
2 2
4 1
tan     3
3 3 x  y  3  0 S1  S11
2
4. One of the angular bisectors of the given pair of
13. x  3 y  0; x  3 y  0 ; x  a
lines is parallel to the third side and passing
through(3,3)  
vertices are  0, 0  , a, a / 3 , a,  a / 3 
 g  f  In an equilateral triangle,
5. a  b  0 ,   0 and P.I   a , b  centroid = orthocentre
 
1 1 1 1 14.  a  b  cx  dy   ad 2  2hcd  bc 2
6. h1     h2    15. a + b =0, it is right angle triangle.
 a1 b1   a2 b2 
Circumcentre lies on 3x - y = 10
 a1a2  b1b2   4  h1a2  h2 a1  h1b2  h2b1   0
2
7.
8.
   x   y   d 2  x 2  y 2  where
2
16.  kl , km  is the orthocentre of the triangle 23.
f ormed by the l i nes ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0  ,     5, 6 
Given line 2 x 2  3 xy  y 2  0 and x  y  1 1  b  a 
24.   tan  
3  2h 
a  2, h  , b  1   1, m  1, n  1 a a
2 25. m1m2 m3   and put y  x in given
d d
equation
n  a  b  1 3 1
k   orthocentre 26. The given cubic can be written as
am  2hm  b
2 2
2  3 1 2
 y  2 x  y  3x  y  4 x   0
 k , km   
1 1
,   The three lines given by this equation are
2 2 y  2 x, y  3 x and y  4 x , they intersect at
17. n2  a  b  2n  lg  mf   c  l 2  m2   0 0  0, 0  and meet the line x  y  1 at the points
18. g1  ax  2hxy  by  2 gx 
2 2
 1 2   1 3   1 4 
A , , B  , ,C  , 
 g  a1 x  2h1 xy  b1 y  2 g1 x   0
2 2
3 3 4 4  3 3
5 10 17 221
1  OA2  OB 2  OC 2    
19. OBC ,   OC l2  m 2 9 16 9 72
C os    
 2  OB a 27. Let ax  3bx y  3cx y  3cx  dy  0
3 2 2 2 3

represent three coincident lines; say y  mx

a b c a b c
m     
 b c d b c d
2
x0 y0
 r
28. Tan  3 Line is 1 3 any point
2 2
r 3 
20. Given line x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 and on the line is  2 , 2 r  . Where r is distance from
 
lx  my  1 condition
 0, 0  substituting in the curve
11  1  2  g  mf   c   2  m 2   0
 1 3 3  2
r 3    r ......  r ......  1  0 this is cubic
2  g  mf  1    2  m 2  C  8 
in ‘r’
g  mf  1 C
  OA.OB.OC 
1
 8 
4
3 3 1 
2  m2 2 1  3 3  13
21. Subtracting the given equations, we get
gx - fy + c = 0. Apply
n 2  a  b   2n  lg  mf   c  l 2  m 2   0
the first equation and striaght line
2 h 2  ab
22. Homogenisation and apply tan  
ab
 ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS 7. Let O(0, 0), P(3, 4), Q(6, 0) be the vertices of
the triangle OPQ. The point R inside the
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE triangle OPQ is such that the triangles OPR,
QUESTIONS PQR, OQR are of equal area. The coordinates
of R are [IIT 2017]
1. A lattice point in a plane is a point for which
4   2  4 4 2
both coordinates are integers. The number of A)  , 3  B)  3,  C)  3,  D)  , 
lattice points inside the triangle whose sides 3   3  3 3 3
are x  0, y  0 and 9x+223y=2007 is 8. A straight line L through the point (3,-2) is
A) 198 B) 173 C) 99 D) 888 inclined at an angle 600 to the line
2 . Let PS be the median of the triangle with
vertices P(2, 2), Q(6, –1) and R(7, 3). The 3 x  y 1 , if L also intersects the x-axis,
equation of the line passing through (1, –1) then the equation of L is [IIT 2019]
and parallel to PS is
A) y  3 x  2  3 3  0
A) 2x – 9y – 7 = 0 B) 2x – 9y – 11 = 0
C) 2x + 9y – 11 = 0 D) 2x + 9y + 7 = 0
3..The number of integer values of m, for which B) y  3 x  2  3 3  0
the x-coordinate of the point of intersection
of the lines 3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also C) 3y  x  3  2 3  0
an integer
A) 2 B) 0 C) 4 D.1 D) 3y  x  3  2 3  0
4. Let P = (–1, 0), Q= (0, 0) and R  (3,3 3) be KEY
three points. Then the equation of the bisector 1) D 2) D 3) A 4) C 5) B 6) B
of the angle PQR in [IIT 2020] 7) C 8) B

3
A) xy0 B) x  3y  0
2

3
C) 3x  y  0 D) x  y0
2
5. A straight line through the origin O meets the
parallel lines 4x + 2y = 9 and 2x + y + 6 = 0 at
points P and Q respectively. Then the point O
divides the segment PQ in the ratio
[IIT 2017]]
A) 1 : 2 B) 3 : 4 C) 2 : 1 D) 4 : 3
6. The number of integral points (integral point
means both the coordinates should be
integers) exactly in the interior of the triangle
with vertices (0, 0), (0, 21) and (21, 0) is
[IIT 2013]
A) 133 B) 190 C) 233 D) 105
 5. Let r1 cos ,r1 sin   on 4x + 2y = 9 then
9
r1 
4 cos   2 sin 
SOLUTIONS Let  r2 cos , r2 sin  lies on 2x + y + 6 = 0
6
1. On the line y = 1, the number of lattice points Then r2 
2cos   sin 
 2007  223 
is 
 9   198 Thus the desired ratio 
OP r1 3
 
OQ r2 4
Total no of points 6. Consider the line x = 1, which cuts the line joining
8
 2007  223 y  points (0, 21) and (21, 0) at (1, 20), so there are
   888 19 integral points on this line inside the triangle.
y 1  9
Similarly the lines x = 2, x = 3, ...., x = 20 contain
respectively 18, 17, ..., 0 integral points.
2. Mid point of Q(6, -1) and R(7, 3) is
 6  7 1  3   13 
 2 , 2    2 ,1
   

1 2 2
Slope of median through P  13 
9
2
2
Equation of the required line is
2 Total number of such points
y  1   (x  1) or 2x  9y  7  0
9 19  20
= 19 + 18 + 17 + .... + 1   190
3. Solving two equations 3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 2
5 7. Point R is the centroid of the triangle OPQ
1, we get x 
3  4m  0  3  6 0  4  0   4 
 R is  ,   3, 
Now x is integer if 3 + 4m = 1, -1, 5 or -5  3 3   3
1 1 (  In  ABC, with centroid G, areas of 
 m   , 1, , 2
2 2 GBC,  GCA &  GAB are equal)
So, the integral values of m are -1 and -2 and
8. The slope of the given line =  3
clearly, for these values of m, x is integer
 The slope of the desired line L will be given
3 3  3  tan 600
4. Slope of PQ   3
m
 
3
by 1   3 tan 600 or
 tan   3  60 o

 PQR  120o
 3  tan 600
 
Bisector QS has 60° angle with RQ.
1   3 tan 600
 Slope of QS = tan 120° =  3
and its equation is y   3x . 2 3
 or 0
2
 3 or 0
 MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE 4 . All the point lying inside the triangle formed
QUESTIONS by the points 1,3 ,  5, 6  and  1, 2  satisfy

1. For all values of  , the lines represented by A) 3x  2y  0 B) 2x  y  1  0

the equation C) 2x  11  0 D) 2x  3y  12  0
5. A ray of light travelling along the line
 2 cos   3sin   x   3cos   5sin   y
x  y 1 is incident on the x-axis and after
  5cos   2sin    0 refraction it enters the other side of the x-axis
A) Pass through a fixed point by turning  / 6 away from the x-axis.The
B) Pass through the point (1, 1) equation of the line along which the refracted
C) Pass through a fixed point whose reflection in ray travels is [ADV-2016]
the lin e x  y  2 is  2  1, 2  1   
A) x  2  3 y  1
D) Pass through the origin
2. A line through A  5, 4  with slope tan 
 
B) 2  3 x  y 1

meets the lines x  3y  2  0 ,  

C) y  2  3 x  2  3
2x  y  4  0 , x  y  5  0 at B, C, D
respectively, such that D) y   2  3  x  2  3
2 2 2
 15   10   6 
      then KEY
 AB   AC   AD 
01) A,B,C 02) A,B,C,D 03) B,C
15 04) A,B,C 05. A,C
A)  cos   3sin 
AB
10
B)  2 cos   sin 
AC

6
C)  cos   sin 
AD
2
D) Slope of the line is 
3

3. A ray travelling along the line 3x  4 y  5

after being reflected from a line l travel along
the line 5 x  12 y 13 . Then the equation of
the line l is [IIT-2015\]
A) x  8 y  0 B) x  8 y
C) 32 x  4 y  65 D) 32 x  4 y  65  0
 SOLUTIONS
3.clearly,the line l can be any one of the bisectors of
the angles between the lines 3x  4 y  5 and
1.  2x  3y  5  cos    3x  5y  2  sin   0
5 x  12 y 13
Point of intersection of 2x  3y  5  0 and
3x  5y  2  0 is (1, 1)
Let (h, k) be reflection of (1, 1) in the line
xy 2

h 1 k 1  11 2 
   
1 1  2 
h  2  1, k  2  1
4.
  h, k    2  1, 2  1 (5,6)

2. A line through A  5, 4  with slope tan  is

(-1,2) x=11/2
x5 y4
 r
cos  sin  (1,3)
Any point on the line is
  5  r cos , 4  rsin 
If this lies on x  3y  2  0, we have
5  r cos   3  4  r sin   2  0 5. The line of the refracted ray passes through the
15 point (1,0) and its slope is tan 1050
r   cos   3sin 
AB  The equation of the line of the refracted ray is
10 y  0  tan1050 .  x  1
similalry, we get,  2 cos   sin 
AC
6
and  cos   sin 
AD
From conditions,
 cos 3sin   2cossin    cos sin 
2 2 2

  2 cos   3sin    0
2

2
 tan   
3
 COMPREHENSION TYPE 5 .Locus of the centroid of the variable 7triangle
QUESTIONS OAB has the equation (where O is origin)
A) 3x  4y  6xy  0 B) 4x  3y  6xy  0
Passage - 1 C) 3x  4y  6xy  0 D) 4x  3y  6xy  0
 2 2
A (1, 3) and C   ,   are the vertices of a
 5 5 KEY
triangle ABC and the equation of the angle 01) A 02) C 03) C 04) A 05) B 06) C
bisector of ABC is x + y = 2
1. Equation of BC is
SOLUTIONS
A) 7x  3y  4  0 B) 3x  7y  4  0
C) 13x  7y  8  0 D) x  9y  4  0
2. Coordinates of vertex B (1 to 3)

 3 17   17 3   2 2
A)  ,  B)  ,  A  1,3 , C    ,   Let B   , 2   
 10 10   10 10   5 5

 5 9 Lies on x  y  2
C)   ,  D) (1, 1)
 2 2
m1  m 2
3. Equation of side AB is tan  
1  m1m 2
A) 13x  7y  8  0 B)13x  7y  34  0
C) 3x  7y  24  0 D) 3x  7y  24  0 2
2 
5 1
2 1 
 1
Passage - 2 5  1  
5
Consider a variable line ‘L’ which passes  2  1 1  2
 2 5   1 
through the point of intersection P of the lines 1 
2 
  
3x  4y  12  0 and x  2y  5  0 meetingt  5 
the coordinate axes at point A and B.
3. Locus of the middle point of the segment AB  5 9 
B   , 
has the eqution  2 2
A) 3x  4y  4xy B) 3x  4y  3xy Equation of BC is 7x+3y+4=0
C) 4x  3y  4xy D) 4x  3y  3xy Equation of AB is 3x + 7y - 24 = 0
4. Locus of the feet of the perpendicular from
the origin on the variable line L has the
equation
A) 2  x 2  y 2   3x  4y  0

B) 2  x 2  y 2   4x  3y  0

C) x 2  y 2  3x  y  0
D) x 2  y 2  x  2y  0
(4 to 6) x y
6. Equation of AB is  1
4. Intersection point of line is 3h 3k

B (0, 3k)
B (0, 2k)
G(h,k)
(h, k)
(2,3/2)
A
A (3h,0)

(2h,0)

 3
Put  2, 
 3  2
 2, 
 2 2 1
Equation of AB is   1 4k  3h  6hk
3h 2k
x y
 1
2k 2k
1 3
  1
h 4k
 4k  3h  4hk  3x  4y  4xy  0
5. Equation of AB is

(h, k)

hx  ky  h 2  k 2
 3
Put,  2, 
 2
3k
2h   h2  k2
2
 2  x 2  y 2   4x  3y  0

2 1
  1 4k  3h  6hk
3h 2k
 MATRIXMATCHING TYPE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS

1. Column I
A) The number of integral values ‘a’ for which
1. A) 2a 2  a  3  0   2a  3 a  1  0
point  a, a 2  lies completely inside the triangle
x  0, y  0, 2y  x  3 .  a   0,1
No. of integral values of a = 0
k
B) The number of values of a of the form where B) a 2  a  2  0  a  2, 1
3
1 3
k  I so that point  a, a  lies between the lines 4a 2  4a  3  0  a  ,
2

2 2
x  y  2 and 4x  4y  3  0
 3 1 
 a   2,     ,1
C) The reflection of point  t  1, 2t  2  in a line is  2 2 
 2t  1, t  then the slope of the line is k 5 2
,
Values of a of the form are
D) In a triangle ABC, the bisector of angles B and 3 3 3
C lies along the lies y = x and y = 0. If A is (1, 2) C) Slope of line joining  t  1, 2t  2  and  2t  1, t 
then 10 d  A, BC  equals (where d  A, BC 
2t  2  t
dentoes the perpendicualr distance of A from BC) is  1
t  1  2t  1
Column II
p) 0  Slope of perpendicualr bisectors is 2
D) Image of A w.r.t y = x and y = 0 lies on BC which
q) 1
are (2, 1), (1, -2)
r) 2
s) 4

KEY
01) A-p; B-r; C-q; D-s
 COORDINATE
SYSTEM
SYNOPSIS MN be the perpendicular from M to the
Rectangular cartesian coordinate system : x  axis. Here MN and y  axis are parallel.
   Here ON , NM , MP are
 Let xox ' , yoy ' and zoz ' be three mutually
called the x  coordinate, y  coordinate, z  co
perpendicular lines (in a space) intersecting at ordinate of P respectively. If ON  x, NM  y
‘O’ is called origin.
and MP  z then  x, y, z  are called the
Y
Z coordinates of P.
 The co-ordinates of the origin are (0, 0, 0)
X Let P   px , p y , pz  then
1
X 
O

Z1
i) P lies on the x-axis  Py  0 and Pz  0
1
Y
ii) P lies on the y-axis  Px  0 and Pz  0
  
 Lines xox ' , yoy ' and zoz ' are called iii) P lies on the z-axis  Px  0 and Py  0
x  axis, y  axis and z  axis respectively.. iv) P lies on the xoy plane  Pz  0
 
 Planes passing through xox ' , yoy ' is called v) P lies on the yoz plane  Px  0
xy  plane (or) xoy  plane. Similarly vi) P lies on the zox plane  Py  0
yz, zx  planes.
Octants :
 xy, yz and zx -planes are called coordinate
 The three coordinate planes divide the space
planes and these planes are mutually
into eight equal parts called Octants. The octant
perpendicular.   
 Above system of coordinate axes is called formed by the edges o x , o y , o z is called
rectangular cartesian coordinate system. the first octant. We write it as oxyz. The octant
Coordinates of a point in space : whose bounding edges are ox,oy1,oz1 is denoted
by oxy1z1. In a similar fashion the remaining
 Let P be a point in the space and PM be the six octants can be found. The following table
shows the octants and the sign of coordinates
perpendicular from P to the XOY plane. Let
in each octant.
Z
P  x, y , z 

N
X
O
Y
M

1
 The distance between the points  x1 , y1 , z1  and Coordinate Plane divides line segment :
 If Ax1, y1, z1  and Bx 2 , y 2 , z 2  are two points
 x2 , y2 , z2  is
then
 x1  x 2    y1  y 2    z1  z 2 
2 2 2
i) yoz plane divides the line segment AB in the
 The distance between the points origin and ratio  x1 : x2
 x1 , y1 , z1  is x12  y12  z12 ii) zox plane divides the line segment AB in the
 The perpendicular distance of the point P(x,y,z) ratio - y1 : y 2
from iii) x o y plane divides the line segment
a) x  axis  AB in the ratio - z1 : z 2
y2  z2
iv) The internal angular bisector of angle A of
b) y  axis  x 2  z 2 triangle ABC intersect the opposite side BC in
D and I is incentre of the triangle then
c) z  axis  x 2  y 2 i) BD : DC = AB:AC
d) xy  plane  | z | ii) AI : ID = AB+AC : BC
e) yz  plane  | x | Centroid of triangle :
f) xz  plane  | y |  i) The centroid of the triangle formed by the
 Section formula: points x1, y1 , z1 , x 2 , y 2 , z 2  and x 3 , y3 , z 3  is
i) The coordinates of the point which divides
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
the line segment joining the points x1, y1, z1  and 
 3
,
3
,
3


x 2 , y 2 , z 2  internally in the ratio m : n are ii) If G is centroid of ABC then 3G = A+B+C
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1  iii)  G; OS   2 :1 .Where G is centroid, O is
 , , 
 mn mn mn  orthocentre, S is circumcentre
ii) The coordinates of the point which divides
Tetrahedron :
the line segment joining the points x1, y1, z1  and
 i) Let ABC be a triangle and D be a point in the
x 2 , y 2 , z 2  externally in the ratio m : n are space which is not in the plane of the triangle
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1  ABC. Then ABCD is called Tetrahedron.
 , , 
 mn mn mn  ii) The tetrahedron ABCD has four faces namely
iii) The mid point of the line segment joining ABC , ACD , ABD, BCD and it has four
x1, y1, z1  and x2 , y2 , z2  is vertices namely A,B,C,D and it has six edges
namely AB,AC,BC,AD,BD and CD
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2 
 , ,  iii) The centroid G of Tetrahedron ABCD
 2 2 2 
divides the line joining any vertex to the
Collinear points : centroid of its opposite triangle in the ratio 3:1.
iv) The centroid of the tetrahedron formed by
 If the points Ax1, y1, z1 , Bx 2 , y 2 , z 2  and
C  x3 , y 3 , z 3  are collinear points then
the points  x1 , y1 , z1  ,  x2 , y2 , z2  ,  x3 , y3 , z3 
AB : BC = x1  x 2  : x 2  x 3  or and  x4 , y4 , z4  is
y1  y 2  : y 2  y3  or z1  z 2  : z 2  z3  or  x1  x2  x3  x4 y1  y2  y3  y4 z1  z2  z3  z4 
 , , 
x1 y1 z1  4 4 4 
x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2
 
x2  x3 y2  y3 z2  z3 or x2 y2 z2  0 v) If G is centroid of tetrahedron ABCD then
x3 y3 z3 4G = A+B+C+D

2
Locus : 3. If L, M are the feet of the perpendiculars
 i) The set of all points in the space satisfying from (2,4,5) to the xy-plane, yz-plane
given condition or a given property is called respectively, then the distance LM is
locus. 1) 41 2) 20 3) 29 4) 3 5
ii) If p  x, y, z  is any point in a Locus then the 4. If ( 2, 1, 3 ), ( 3, 1, 5) and ( 1, 2, 4) are the mid
algebraic relation between x, y, z obtained by points of the sides BC, CA,AB of ABC
using geometrical condition is called the respectively ,then the perimeter of the
equation of the locus. triangle is
iii) The Locus of the point which is at a distance
of k units from
1) 2 6  3 
2) 2 2 6  3 
XOY plane is z  k 3) 2  
6 3 4) 6  3
5. The points (2,3,5), (-1,5,-1) and (4,-3,2) form
YOZ plane is x  k
1) a straight line
ZOX plane is y  k 2) an isosceles triangle
iv) The Locus of the point which is equidistant 3) a right angled triangle
from 4) a right angled isosceles triangle
a) XY- plane and YZ - plane is z 2  x 2  0 6. If the extremities of a diagonal of a square
are (1, -2, 3) and (2, -3, 5) ,then the length of
b)YZ- plane and XZ - plane is x 2  y 2  0 its side is (EAMCET-2001)
c) XZ- plane and XY - plane is y 2  z 2 = 0 1) 6 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7
Translation of Axes : 7. The point P is on the y-axis. If P is equidistant
 i) The transformation that obtained by shifting from (1,2,3) and (2,3,4) then
origin to some another point without changing Py =
the direction of axes is called Translation of 15 3
axes. 1) 2) 15 3) 30 4)
2 2
ii) If we shift the origin to the point (h,k,l)
8. If A = (2, -3, 1), B = (3, -4, 6) and C is a point
without changing the directions of the
coordinate axes and (x,y,z) and (X,Y,Z) are the of trisection of AB ,then C y 
coordinates of the point P with respect to the 11 10 11
old axes, new axes respectively, then 1) 2) -11 3) 4)
3 3 3
x  X  h, y  Y  k , z  Z  l 9. A = (2, 4, 5) and B = (3, 5, -4) are two points.
If the xy-plane, yz-plane divide AB in the
EXERCISE - I a p
ratios a : b, p : q respectively then b  q 
1. The coordinates of a point on x-axis which
are at a distance of 13 from the point P 23 7 7 22
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 12 12 15
(1,2,3 ).
1) ( 1, 0, 0 ) 2) ( 2, 0,0) 10. If the point A(3, -2, 4), B(1, 1, 1) and
C(-1, 4,-2) are collinear then (C : AB) =
3) ( 3, 0, 0) 4) (13, 0, 0)
1) 1 : 2 2) -2 :1 3) -1 : 2 4) 4 : 0
2. The distance of a point P  x, y, z  from its 11. If A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, 10, 1), Q are collinear
image in xy  plane is points and Q x  1 then Q z 
1) 2 y 2) 2 z 3) 2 x 4) 2 x 2  y 2  z 2 1) -3 2) 7 3) -14 4) -7

3
12. If (1, 1, a) is the centroid of the triangle formed 20. The locus of a point which is equidistant from
by the points (1, 2, -3), (b, 0, 1) and (-1, 1, -4) xy-plane and yz-plane is
,then a - b = 1) y 2  z 2  0 2) x 2  z 2  0
1) -5 2) -7 3) 5 4) 1
3) x 2  y 2  0 4) x 2  y 2  0
13. If D  2,1, 0  , E  2, 0, 0  and F  0,1, 0  aree
21. Origin is shifted to the point P without
mid points of the sides BC, CA and AB of changing the directions of the axes. If the
triangle ABC respectively, then the centroid coordinates of Q with respect to the old axes,
of triangle ABC is (EAMCET-2013) new axes are
1 1 1 4 2  (2, -1, 4) and (3, 1, 2) respectively ,then
1)  , ,  2)  , , 0 
 3 3 3 3 3  Px  Py  Pz 
 2 1 1  4 1 1 1) -5 2) 5 3) -1 4) 1
3)   , ,  4)  , , 
 3 3 3  3 3 3 22. The coordinates of a point  3, 7,5  in the
14. If (4,2, p) is the centroid of the tetrahedron
new system when the origin is shifted to
formed by the points (k,2,-1), (4,1,1), (6,2,5)
and (3,3,3) ,then k+p =  4,3,9  is
1) 17/3 2) 1 3) 5/3 4) 5
15. If the zx-plane divides the line segment 1)  7,10, 4  2)  7, 10, 4 
joining (1, -1, 5) and (2, 3, 4) in the ratio 3)  7, 10, 4  4)  7, 10, 4 
p:1,then p + 1 =
1 3 4 KEY
1) 2) 1 : 3 3) 4) 01) 1 02) 2 03) 3 04) 2 05) 4
3 4 3
16. The equation of the set of points which are 06) 2 07) 1 08) 4 09) 3 10) 2
equidistant from the points (1,2,3) and (3,2,- 11) 2 12) 1 13) 2 14) 4 15) 4
1). 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2 19) 1 20) 2
1) x  2 z  0 2) 2 x  z  0 21) 3 22) 2
3) 2 x  y  0 4) x  2 y  0 SOLUTIONS
17. If the sum of the squares of the perpendicular 1. Let the point Q ( a,0,0), P ( 1,2,3) PQ = 13
distances of P from the coordinate axes is 12
,then the locus of P is  a 1  4  9 = 13
2

1) x 2  y2  z 2  6 2) x  y  z  6
 a 1  0  a  1
2
3) x  y  z  12
2 2 2
4) x  y  z  12
18. The locus of a point which is equidistant
from yz-plane and zx-plane is 2. Find distance between P  x, y, z  and
1) x + y = 0 2) x 2  y 2  0 P '  x, y ,  z 
3) x 2  y2  z 2  0 4) x 3  y3  0
3. L   2, 4, 0  M   0, 4,5  , find LM
19. If the distance of P from (1, 1, 1) is equal to
double the distance of P from the y-axis ,then 4. Given D   2,1,3 E  3,1,5 , F 1, 2, 4 
the locus of P is
1) 3x 2  y 2  3z 2  2x  2 y  2z  3  0
DE  1  4  5, EF  4  1  1  6, DF  1  1  1  3
2) 3x 2  y 2  3z 2  2x  2 y  2z  3  0
P e r i m e t e r

 
3) 3x 2  3y 2  3z 2  2x  2y  2z  3  0
o BCCA2 DEFEFD 2 5  6  3
ABCf  AB
4) 3x 2  y 2  3z 2  2 x  2 y  2 z  3  0

4
 2  5 6 3  EXERCISE - II

5. AB = AC; AB 2  AC 2  BC 2 1. If  Cos , Sin , 0  ,  cos  ,sin  , 0  ,

6. Given A 1, 2,3 and C  2, 3,5  cos  ,sin  ,0  are vertices of a triangle then
are extremities of a diagonal of a square circum radius R is
d  AC  1  1  4  6 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
2. If P(0,5,6), Q(1,4,7), R(2,3,7) and S(6,5,16)
d 6 are four points in space, then point nearest
side x    3
2 2 to the origin is
1) P 2) Q 3) R 4) S
7. h  y 2  z 2 , k  x2  y2 3. The distance between the circumcentre and
the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the
8. Given A   2, 3,1 B   3, 4, 6  ‘C’ divides AB
points (2, 1, 5), (3, 2, 3) and (4, 0, 4) is
in the ratio 2:1
6
 8  3  11 1) 6 2) 3) 2 6 4) 0
Cy   2

 3  3 4. Let A (4,7,8), B (2,3,4) and C (2,5,7) be the
vertices of ABC . The length of the median
9. a : b   z1 : z2 and p : q  x : x
1 2 AD is
10. x1  x : x  x2
1 77 89
11. AQ : QB  2 : 3 1) 2 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2
12. 3G  A  B  C ; b = 3, a = -2; a-b =-5 5. The points A(5,-1,1), B(7,-4,7), C (1,-6,10), D
13. Given D  2,1, 0  E   2,0,0  F   0,1, 0  (-1,-3,4) form
1) A parallelogram 2) A rhombus
4 2  3) A square 4) A rectangle
centroid of DEF =  , , 0  =centroid of ABC
3 3  6. If the orthocentre, circumcentre of a triangle
4G  A  B  C  D are (-3, 5, 2), (6, 2, 5) respectively , then the
centroid of the triangle is
 x1  x2  x3  x4 y1  y2  y3  y4 z1  z2  z3  z4 
14. G  , ,  3 7 9
 4 4 4  1) (3,3, 4) 2)  2 , 2 , 2 
 
15. p : 1   y1 : y2
9 3 3
16. Apply PA=PB when P(x,y,z) 3) 9,9,12 4)  2 , ,2 , 2 
 
17. y 2
    
 z 2  z 2  x 2  x 2  y 2  12
7. A = (2, 3, 0) and B = (2,1, 2) are two points.
18. x  y x y 2 2
If the points P, Q are on the line AB such
19. AP  2 z 2  x 2 that AP = PQ = QB then PQ =
8
20. z  x 1) 2 2 2) 6 2 3) 4) 2
9
21. Let p h, k , l  8. In the right angled triangle ABC, B  90o ,
h = x-X, k = y-Y, l = z-Z A= (2, 5, 1), B = (1, 4, -3) and C = (-2, 7, -3).
If P, S, R are the orthocentre, circumcentre,
22.  3, 7,5   X , Y , Z    4,3,9  circumradius of the triangle ABC then
R  Py 

5
 1) 7 2) 10 3) 8 4) 13 of distances from the coordinate axes is 10
units
9. The harmonic conjugate of  2,3, 4  w.r.t the
1) x 2  y 2  z 2  8 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  10
points  3, 2, 2  and  6, 17, 4  is 3) x 2  y 2  z 2  15 4) x 2  y 2  z 2  5

1)  0, 0, 0  
2) 1 2 , 13 , 1 4  17. The equation of the set of points P, satisfying
the sum of whose distance from A(4,0,0),
B=(-4,0,0) is equal to 10.
3) 11, 16, 2  4) 18 5 , 5, 4 5  1) 9 x 2  25 y 2  25 z 2  225
10. A (5,4,6), B = (1,-1,3) and C (4,3,2) form 2) 9 x 2  25 y 2  25 z 2  225  0
ABC . If the internal bisector of angle A 3) 25 x 2  9 y 2  25 z 2  225
meets BC in D, then the length of AD is
4) 9 x 2  25 y 2  25 z 2  225
1 3 5 7 18. The locus of the point P such that
1) 170 2) 170 3) 170 4) 170
8 8 8 8
PA2  PB2  10 wheree A   2,3,4 , B   3, 4,2 is
11. In  ABC if A = (0, 0, 4); AB = 4,
BC = 3, CA = 5, I = (1, 0, 1) is the incentre 1) x 2  y 2  z 2  x  y  4 z  12  0
and the internal bisector of A intersects 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  5 x  y  6 z  24  0
BC at D then D x 
3) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2   x  y  4 z  12  0
4 4 8
1) 2) 3) 4) 0 4) x 2  y 2  z 2  x  y  4 z  12  0
3 3 5
12. G(1, 1, -2) is the centroid of the triangle ABC 19. The point to which the axes be should
and D is the mid point of BC. translated to eliminate first degree terms in
If A = (-1, 1, -4) then D = the equation
1 5
1)  2 , 1, 2  2) (5,1,2) x2  y2  z 2  2x  4 y  2z  3  0
 
3) (-5,-1,-2) 4) (2,1, -1) 1) (1,2,-1)2) (2,4,-2) 3) (3,2,1) 4) (2,6,3)
13. In the tetrahedron ABCD, A = (1, 2, -3) 20. The transformed equation of
and G(-3, 4, 5) is the centroid of the x 2  y 2  z 2  6 x  8 y  2 z  24  0
tetrahedron. If P is the centroid of the when the axes are translated to the point
 BCD then AP =
(3,4,-1) is
8 21 4 21 21
1) 2) 3) 4 21 4) 1) 2 x 2  3 y 2  z 2  25 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  2
3 3 3
14. If the centroid of tetrahedron OABC 3) 2 x 2  3 y 2  z 2  25 4) x 2  y 2  z  50
whereA,B,C are given by (a,2,3), (1,b,2)
and (2,1,c) respectively is (1,2,-1) then KEY
distance of P(a,b,c) from origin is 01) 1 02) 1 03) 4 04) 3 05) 2
107 06) 1 07) 3 08) 1 09) 4 10) 2
1) 107 2) 14 3)4) 13 11) 1 12) 4 13) 1 14) 1 15) 1
14
16) 4 17) 2 18) 2 19) 1 20) 2
15. A = (1,-2,3), B = (2,1,3), C = (4,2,1) and
G = (-1,3,5) is the centroid of the SOLUTIONS
tetrahedron ABCD. If p = Dy and q = Dz 1. G i v e n
then13p-11q =
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2 A cos,sin,0 , B cos,sin,0 C cos,sin,0 S 0,0si
16. Locus of point for which the sum of squares circumcenter

6
 circum radius - SA=1
s s
2. Find OP, OQ, OR, OS 19.  0  2x  2  0 ,  0  2y  4  0
x y
3. The triangle formed by the given points is an
equilateral triangle. s
 0  2z  2  0
 circum centre = ortho centre z
20. x= X+3 , y=Y+4, z=Z-1
11 25
4. D=(2,4, ); AD  4  9 
2 4
5. AB 2  BC 2  AC 2 , AB  BC
6. OG : GS = 2 : 1
O  3,5, 2  S  6, 2,5 ’G’ divides O and S in the
ratio 2:1
 9 9 12 
G   , ,    3,3, 4 
3 3 3 
7. P,Q are the points of trisection of AB
 1 
 PQ  AB 
 3 
AC
8. Ortho centre = P = B and R 
2
9. A  3,  2, 2; B  6,17 ,  4; P  2,3,4
AP : PB  1: 4 . Harmonic conjugate of P
divides AB in the ratio 1 : 4
10. BD:DC=AB:AC=5:3
11. BC  a , CA  b, AB  c  AI : ID  (b  c ) : a
12. G divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1
2x 1 2 y  1 2z  4 
1,1, 2    , ,  ,
 3 3 3 

 x, y, z    2,1, 1
AG 4 AG
13. AP  AG  
3 3
a +1+ 2 + 0 2 + b +1+ 0 3+2+c +0
14. = 1, = 2, = -1
4 4 4
a =1, b =5, c =-9
op = 1+ 25 + 81  107
15. D  4G  ( A  B  C )
16. ( y 2  z 2 )  ( z 2  x 2 )  ( x 2  y 2 )  10
17. PA  PB  10 ;expand
18. P  (x, y, z)

7
 DIRECTION COSINES &
DIRECTION RATIOS
SYNOPSIS Relation between direction ratios and
Direction Cosines of a Directed Line : direction cosines:
 If a directed line ‘L’ passing through the origin  Let (a,b,c) be direction ratios and ( l , m, n ) be
‘O’ makes angles  ,  and  with the positive direction cosines of a line. Then
   l m n 1
direction of axes OX , OY , OZ respectively ,   
a b c a2  b2  c 2
called directed angles,then cosine of these
angles namely cos  , cos  , and cos  are a b c
l  , m , n 
called “direction cosines” of the directed line a2 b2 c2 l2 m2 n2 a2 b2 c2
‘L’. Direction cosines of a line are denoted by Direction ratios and direction cosines of
( l , m, n ),where l =cos ,m=cos , n  cos  a line segment :
Direction cosines of axes :  i) The direction ratios of the line segment
i) joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z2  may
. ' s of X  axisare cos00,cos900 ,cos900   1,0,0
Dc be taken as  x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1  or

. ' sof Y  axis are  cos900 ,cos00,cos900    0,1,0

ii) Dc  x1  x2 , y1  y2 , z1  z2 
ii) Direction cosines of line segment joining
. ' s of Z axisare cos90 ,cos90 ,cos0    0,0,1
iii) Dc 0 0 0
A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z2  are
Relation between direction cosines of a
 x -x y -y z -z 
line :  2 1 , 2 1 , 2 1 
 AB AB AB 
 If ( l , m, n ) are d.c’s of a line then
iii) A line has two sets of d.c’s. If ( l , m, n ) is
i) l  m  n  1
2 2 2
one set then other set is ( l ,  m,  n )
ii) cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  1 Co-ordinates of a point on directed line :
 If ( l , m, n )are the d.c’s of OP where ‘O’ is the
iii) sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   2
origin and OP = r then P   lr , mr , nr 
iv) cos 2  cos 2   cos2  1
Angle between two lines :
Direction ratios of a line :  i) If  is acute angle between two lines whose
 Any three numbers which are proportional to direction cosines are
the direction cosines of line are called direction
ratios(d.r’s) of a line. They are denoted by  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  then
(a,b,c). For any line, if (a,b,c) are d.r’s of a line a) cos   l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
then a,b,c,  0 is also set of direction
 l m  l2 m1 
2
ratios b) sin   1 2

8
 ii) If ' ' is acute angle between the lines whose iv) If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are
direction ratios are
connected by the relations
 a b c  and  a
1, 1, 1 b c
2, 2, 2  respectively then al  bm  cn  0 and ul 2  vm 2  wn 2  0 , then
the lines are
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
a) perpendicular if a  v  w  0
2

a2 b2 c2
iii) If  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  are direction b) parallel if   0
u v w
cosines of two intersecting lines then the d.c’s
of the lines bisecting angle between them are  Length of projection :
proportional to ( l1  l2 , m1  m2 , n1  n2 ) B
iv) D.c’s of angular bisectors are

A R
l1  l 2 m  m2 n  n2 
, 1 , 1
2 cos  / 2 2 cos  / 2 2 cos  / 2  

l1  l 2 m1  m 2 n1  n 2  P Q
, , M l N
2 sin  / 2 2 sin  / 2 2 sin  / 2 

Where  is angle between the lines Let A, B are two points, l  PQ be directed
Condition that lines are perpendicular, line and M, N are be the projection of A, B on
parallel : l , R be the projection of A on BN and ‘  ’ is
 
 i)  l1, m1, n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  are d.c’s of two lines. angle made by AB with PQ
Then i) If ‘  ’ is acute angle then MN is projection of
a) The lines are perpendicular if AB on l
l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  0 ii) If ‘  ’ is obtuse angle then -MN is projection
l m n of AB on l
b) The lines are parallel if l  m  n
1 1 1

2 2 2
iii) The Projection of AB on the line ‘ l ’ is

ii) Let  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2  be d.r’s of two AB Cos

iv) Length of projection of the line segment
lines. Then
joining two points .
a) The lines are perpendicular if
A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  on a line whose
a1a2  bb
1 2  c1c2  0
direction cosines are given by ( l , m, n ) is
a1 b1 c1
b) The lines are parallel if a  b  c l ( x2  x1 )  m( y2  y1 )  n( z2  z1 )
2 2 2

v) Length of projection of the line segment

iii) If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are
joining two given points A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
connected by the relations
al  bm  cn  0 and fmn  gnl  hlm  0 , B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) on (a) X- axis is p  x2  x1
then the lines are
(b) Y- axis is q  y2  y1
f g h
a) perpendicular if    0 (c) Z- axis is r  z2  z1
a b c
b) parallel if af  bg  ch  0 (d) XY- plane is d1   x2  x1 
2
  y 2  y1 
2

9
 any two diagonals is given by
 y 2  y1    z 2  z1 
2 2
(e) YZ- plane is d 2 
 a 2  b2  c2 
1
cos  2 2 2  , (In numerator all the three
 x2  x1    z2  z1 
2 2
(f) ZX- plane is d3   a b c 
(g) d12  p 2  q 2 , d 22  q 2  r 2 , d32  p 2  r 2 terms not have the samesign)
vi) If a line makes angles  ,  ,  ,  with the
d12  d 22  d 32  2  p 2  q 2  r 2 
four diagonals of a cube then
(h) AB 2  p 2  q 2  r 2 ;
4
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  
d d d
2 2 2
3
AB 2  1 2 3

2
Areas : EXERCISE - I
 i) If A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3 
are the vertices of triangle ABC then area of 1. Aline AB in three dimentional space makes
angles 450 and 1200 with the positive X-axis
1
ABC  AB  AC and the positive Y-axis respectively. If AB
2 makes an acute angle  with the positive
ii) If A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3  Z-axis, then  is equal to (AIEEE-2010)
1) 300
2) 450
3) 600
4) 750
and D  x4 , y4 , z4  then
a) Area of parallelogram 2. If the angles made by a line with the positive
directions of X and Y-axes are
1    
ABCD  AC  BD  AB  AD complementary angles then the angle made
2
by the line with Z- axis is
Some standard results :
 i) D.c’s of line equally inclined with coordinate   
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
 1 1 1  3 4 2
axes are   , , 
 3 3 3 3. If  is an angle given by
ii) a) Angle between any two diagonals of a cube
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2 
1 1 cos  
is cos   sin 2   sin 2   sin 2 
3
b) The angle between a diagonal of a cube where  ,  ,  are the angles made by a line
and the diagonal of a face of the cube is   
with the axes OX , OY , OZ respectively then
2
Cos 1 the value of  is
3
iii) If a variable line in two adjacent positions    
has direction cosines. 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 6 2 4
iv)  l , m, n  ,  l   l , m   m, n   l  and  is
 5
the angle between the two positions then 4. If a line makes angles , with OY, OZ
12 12
 l 
2
  m    n    
2 2 2 respectively where O = (0, 0,0) then the angle
made by that line with OX is
v) If a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a
rectangular parallelopiped then angle between 1) 45o 2) 90o 3) 60o 4)30o

10
5. If A = (4, 3, 1) and B = (-2, 1, -2) then the 11. If the line joining the points  k ,1, 2  ,  3, 4, 6 
angle made by the line AB with OZ where
O = (0, 0, 0) is is parallel to the line joining the points
 4,3, 6  ,  5,12,l  then  k , l  
1  3 
 
1  40 
1) sin   2) tan  3  1)  2,7  2)  0, 6  3)  0, 6  4)  2, 7 
7  
12. If the line joining the points
1  3 
3) cos   4)
3  1, 2,3 ,  2, 1, 4  is perpendicular to the
 49  7
line joining the points  x, 2,4 ,1,2,3 then x 
 2 6 3
6. If OP = 21 and D.c’s of OP are  , ,   3 10
7 7 7 1) 3 2) 10 3) 4)
10 3
then P =
13. A   1, 2,  3  , B  5, 0,  6  and  0, 4, 1 aree
1)  6, 12, 4  2)  6,18, 9 
the vertices of a triangle. The d.r’s of the
3  internal bisector of BAC aree
3)  , 6, 2  4)  5, 10, 6 
2  1)  25, 8, 5 2)  5, 6,8
7. If OA is equally inclined to OX, OY and OZ
3)  25,8,5  4)  4, 7,9 
and if A is 3 units from the origin then A is
14. OX, OY are positive X-axis, positive Y-axis
(EAM-2006) respectively where O = (0, 0, 0). The d.c's of
1) (3, 3, 3) 2) (-1, 1, -1) the line which bisects  XOY aree
3) (-1, 1, 1) 4) (1, 1, 1)  1 1 
8. The projections of a vector on the three 1) (1, 1, 0) 2)  2 , 2 , 0 
 
coordinate axes are 6,-3 and 2 respectively.
The dc’s of the vector are (AIEEE 2009)  1 1 
3)  2 , 0 , 2  4) (0, 0, 1)
1) (6,-3,2) 2) (6/5,-3/5,2/5)  

3) (6/7,-3/7,2/7) 4) (-6/7,-3/7,2/7) 15. If the dc’s of two lines are given by

9. The angle between the diagonals of the l  m  n  0 , mn  2l n  lm  0 , then the
parallelogram formed by the points angle between the lines is
(1, 2, 3),(-1, -2, -1), (2, 3, 2), (4, 7, 6) is   
1) 2) 3)
4) 0
 7 
4 3 2
1) cos1 7 2) cos 1   16. The acute angle between the two lines whose
 155 
dc’s are given by l  m  n  0 and
1  7  1  7  l 2  m 2  n 2  0 is ( EAM-2002)
3) cos  465  4) cos  
   465 
  
10. If  is the angle between two lines whose 1) 0 2) 3) 4)
6 4 3
d.r’s are (1,-2,1) and (4,3,2) then
17. The dr’s of two lines are given by
   
sec    cos ec    a  b  c  0 , 2ab  2ac  bc  0 . Then the
 2  2 angle between the lines is (EAM-2001)
1   
1) 2 2)  3) 2 2 4) 1)  2) 3) 4)
2 2
3 2 6

11
18. If the projections of the line segment AB on SOLUTIONS
the coordinate axes are 2, 3, 6 then the square 1. We know that
of the sine of the angle made by AB with OY
cos 2 450  cos 2 1200  cos 2   1
where O = (0, 0, 0) is
1 1
3 3 4 40    cos 2   1
1) 2) 3) 4) 2 4
7 49 7 49
1 1
19. If P = (3, 4, 5), Q = (4, 6, 3), R = (-1, 2, 4) and  cos 2    cos   
4 2
S = (1, 0, 5) are four points then the
projection of RS on PQ is   600 or 1200

8 4 2.       900  
1) 2) 3) 4 4) 0
3 3 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1   900
20. A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  are two 1
3. cos  
points. If  l, m, n are the d.c's of CD and 2
l x2  x1   m y 2  y1   nz 2  z1   0 then 4. Use cos2   cos2   cos2   1
the cosine of the angle between the lines AB 5. d.r’s of AB = (a, b, c)=(6,2,3)
and CD is c 3
Cos  
1) 90 o
2) 1 3) 0 4) 1/2 a 2  b2  c2 7
21. If the projections of the line segment AB on
40
the coordinate axes are 12, 3, k and AB = 13 Tan 
3
then k 2  2k  3 
2 6 3 
1) 0 2) 1 3) 11 4) 17 6. P    21 ,  21 ,  21  =(6,18,-9)
7 7 7 
22. If the vertices of a triangle are 1,1,1 , 7. If A  1,1,1 then OA  3 and
 4,1,1,  ,  4,5,1 then the area of triangle is AOX  AOY  AOZ

1) 5 sq.unit 2) 6 sq.unit 3) 3 sq.unit 4) 2 sq 8. (a,b,c) =  x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1  = (6,-3,2)

unit  6 3 2 
(l , m, n)   , , 
23. If A = (3, 1, -2), B = (-1, 0, 1) and l ,m are the 7 7 7
projections of AB on the Y-axis, ZX-plane 9. D.r’s of AC = (1,1,-1), D.r’s of
respectively then 3l 2  m  1  BD = (5,9,7)
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 9 597  7 
cos      cos 1  
3. 155  465 
KEY 10. a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0    90o
01) 3 02) 4 03) 1 04) 2 05) 2  
06) 2 07) 4 08) 3 09) 3 10) 3  sec  cos ec  2 22 2
2 2
11) 2 12) 4 13) 3 14) 2 15) 3
11. D.r’s of a line joining  k ,1, 2  ,  3, 4,6  are
16) 4 17) 2 18) 4 19) 2 20) 3
21) 3 22) 2 23) 1  3  k , 3, 4 

12
 D.r’s of a line joining  4,3, 6  ,  5,12,l  are 17. a  b  c  0  1

 9,9, l  6  2ab  2ac  bc  0   2

Since these two lines are parallel
 2a  b  c   bc  0 , [ a   b  c  ]
3 k 3 4
  ,  k  0, l  6
9 9 l6   b  2c  2b  c   0
12. D.r’s of the line joining  1, 2,3 ,  2, 1, 4  are b
 c  2b or  2
( 3, 3,1 )
If c  2b  a  b  2b  0  a  b
D.r’s of the line joining  x, 2, 4  , 1, 2,3 are
a : b : c = 1: 1 : -2
1  x, 4, 1
b b b
The two lines are perpendicular If c   then a  b   0 ,  a  
2 2 2
10
 3 1  x   12  1  0 ,  x   b b
3 a: b: c  : b :  1:2: 11: 2:1
2 2
13. D.r’s of BA =  5  1, 0  2, 6  3 =  6, 2, 3
If  is an angle between the lines then
6 2 3 11  1 2    2 1
 D.c’s of BA are  7 ,  7 ,  7  cos  
  11 4 1 4 1
D.r’s of CA are  0  1, 4  2, 1  3  1, 2, 2 
1 2 
    or
1 2 2 2 3 3
 D.c’s of CA are  3 , 3 , 3  18. D.r’s of AB = (2, 3, 6) = (a, b, c)
 
 D.r’s of the internal bisector of BAC are b
Use cos  
a  b2  c2
2
 6 1 2 2 3 2   25 8 5 
  ,   ,      , ,    25,8,5
 7 3 7 3 7 3   21 21 21  19. Use l  x2  x1   m  y 2  y1   n  z 2  z1 
14. cos 45 , cos 45 , cos 90
o o o
Where (l,m,n) are d.c’s of PQ
f g h 1 2 1
15.      0 20.   90o  cos   0
a b c 1 1 1
21. p, q, r = 12, 3, k

 Angle between the lines  Use AB 2  p 2  q 2  r 2
2
16. l  m  n  0  n  l  m 22. Let A 1,1,1 , B  4,1,1 , C  4,5,1
 l 2  m 2  1  m   0 AB 2  BC 2  CA 2 ,  ABC is a right angled
2
l 2  m2  n2  0
 2lm  0  l  0 or m  0 triangle.
If l  0 then Area of the triangle

n  m  l : m : n  0 : m : n  0 :1:1 . 1 1
 AB.BC   3 4  6 sq.unit
If m  0 then 2 2
n  l  l : m : n  l : 0 : l  1: 0 :1 23. l  y  y ;
1 2
0.1  1.0  1.1 1 
cos       x1  x2    z1  z2 
2 2
m
2. 2 2 3

13
 EXERCISE - II 8. If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are connected
by the relations 2l  m  2n  0 and
1. A line makes the same angle  with each of
mn  nl  lm  0 then the angle between the
the X- axis and Z- axis. It makes  angle lines is
with Y-axis such that sin 2   3sin 2  then    
1) 2) 3) 4)
cos  = 2
4 3 6 2
9. If the dr’s of two lines are given by
2 1 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4) 3lm  4l n  mn  0 and l  2m  3n  0 then
5 5 5 5
the angle between the lines is
2. The d.r’s of the line AB are (6, -2, 9). If the
   
line AB makes angles ,  with OY, OZ 1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 6
respectively where O  0,0,0 then
10. If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are connected
sin 2   sin 2   (AIEEE 2004)
by the relationsl  5m  3n  0 ,
77 32 85
1) 2) 3) 77 4) 7l 2  5m 2  3n 2  0 then the d.c’s of the two
121 121 121
lines are
3. A line makes angles  ,  ,  with the
 1 1 2   1 2 3 
 1)  , , , , , 
coordinate axes. If    then  6 6 6   14 14 14 
2
 1 2 3  1 3 4 
(cos   cos   cos  ) 2 is equal to 2)  , ,  ,  , , 
 14 14 14   26 26 26 
1) 1  sin 2 2) 1  cos 2
 1 2 3   1 3 4 
3) 1  sin 2 4) 1 3)  , , , , , 
 14 14 14   26 26 26 
4. A line OP where O = (0, 0, 0) makes equal
angles with OX, OY, OZ. The point on OP,  1 2 3   1 3 4 
4)  , , , , , 
which is at a distance of 6 units from ‘O’ is  14 14 14   26 26 26 
11. The triangle formed by the points
 12 12 12 
1)  , , 
 3 3 3

2) 2 3 ,  2 3 , 2 3   4, 2, 410, 2, 2  ,  2, 0, 4 is
1) Equilateral triangle

3) 2 3, 2 3, 2 3  
4) 6 3 , 6 3 , 6 3  2) Right angled triangle
3) Isosceles triangle
5. If O = (0, 0, 0), OP = 5 and the d.r’s of OP 4) Right angled isosceles triangle
are (1, 2, 2) then Px  Py  Pz 
12. The vertices of a triangle are  2,3,5  ,
25 25  5 10 10 
1) 25 2)
9
3)
3
4)  3 , 3 , 3 
 
 1,3, 2  ,  3,5, 2 , then the angles aree
1) 300, 300, 1200
6. If ( x,3,5) and (2, 1, 2) are d.r’s of two lines
 1   5
and angle between the lines is 450 then the 1 0 1
2) C os  5  , 90 , C os  3 
   
values of x aree
1) 4, 52 2) 3,42 3) 4, 52 4) 3, 32 3) 300 , 600 ,900
7. The d.r’s of the line x = ay + b, z = cy + d are  1   2
1 0 1
1) 1, a, c 2) a, 1, c 3) b, 1, c 4) c, a, 1 4) Cos  3  , 90 , Cos  3 
   

14
13. If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are connected KEY
01) 3 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 3
by the relations l mn  0 , 06) 3 07) 2 08) 4 09) 1 10) 1
2lm  mn  2nl  0 then the d.c’s of the two 11) 1 12) 4 13) 1 14) 3 15) 2
lines are 16) 3 17) 4
 1
,
1 2   1 2 1 
,
SOLUTIONS
1)  , , , 
 16 6 6  6 6 6 1. cos2   cos2   cos2   1
 1 2 3   1 3 4   2 cos 2   sin 2   2cos2   3sin2 
2)  , ,  ,  , , 
 14 14 14   26 26 26 
3
 c os 2  
 1 2 3   1 3 4  5
3)  , , , , , 
 14 14 14   26 26 26  2. (a, b, c) = (6, -2, 9)
b c
 1 1 2   1 2 1  Use cos  , cos 
4)  , , , , ,  2
a b c 2 2
a  b2  c2
2
 16 6 6   6 6 6 
14. A  (1, 2, 3), B  (5, 0, 6), C  (0, 4, 1) 
3.   
are the vertices of a triangle. The d.c’s of the 2
internal bisector of BAC aree cos2   cos2   cos2   1    900

 cos   cos   cos     cos   sin  

2 2
 25 8 5   5 6 8 
1)  , ,  2)  , , 
 714 714 714   74 74 74   1 1 1 
4. OP  6 ; d.c ' sof OP   , ,    l, m, n 
 25 8 5   5 6 8   3 3 3
3)  , ,  4)  , , 
 714 714 714   74 74 74  P = (lr, mr, nr)
5. OP = r; OP d.c's = (l, m, n) ; P = (lr, mr,nr)
15. The foot of the perpendicular from 1, 2,3 1 2x  7
6. 
to the line joining the points  6,7,7 &  9,9,5 2 3 34  x 2
is  x 2  56 x  208  0  x  4, 52
1)  5, 3,9  2)  3,5,9  a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
7. Use cos 
3)  3,9,5  4)  3,9,9  a  b12  c12 . a22  b22  c22
2
1

16. If a line in the space makes angles  ,  and f g h 1 1 1

8.      0
 with the coordinate axes, then a b c 2 1 2
cos2  cos2  cos2  sin2   sin2   sin2    Angle = 900
9. l  2m  3n  0  l  2m  3n
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
17. If a line makes angles  ,  ,  with positive 3lm  4 ln  nm  0
axes, then the range of  3m  2m  3n   4n  2m  3n   mn  0
sin  sin   sin  sin   sin  sin  is  6m 2  9mn  8mn  12n 2  mn  0
 1 
1)  ,1 
1 
2)  , 2   12n 2  6m 2  m   2n, l  2 2 n  
 2  2  D.r’s of the lines are
3)  1, 2  4)  1, 2
 2 
2  3, 2,1 2 2  3,  2,1 
15
  
 a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  2 2  3 2 2  3  2  1 cos  
1 1  0 1   1  4

1
   600
 9  8  2 1  0 1  1  16 1  0  1 2
Angles of the triangle are 600, 600, 600

 Required angle   ABC is an equilateral triangle
2
10. l  5m  3n  0  l  5m  3n 12. Let A  2,3, 5  , B  1,3, 2  , C  3,5, 2 

7 l 2  5 m 2  3n  0 D.r’s of AB are   1  2, 3  3, 2  5 
 7 1  5m  3n   5m2  3n 2  0   3,0, 3  1,0,1 ,
2


 3m  2n  0, 2m  n  0 D.r’s of BC are
 6m 2  7 nm  2n 2  0  3  1,5  3, 2  2   4, 2, 4    2,1, 2 
  3m  2n  2m  n   0 
D.r’s of CA are  3  2,5  3, 2  5  1, 2, 7 
 3m  2n  0, 2m  n  0  
If  is an angle between AB, AC then
If 2m  n  0 then m  k , n  2k , l  k
1 1
D.r’s of one line are  k , k , 2 k   1,1, 2  Cos      Cos 1
3 3
p 2 p  
If 3m  2n  0 then l  , m  , n p If  is an angle between BC , AB then
3 3
Cos   0    900
D.r’s of second line are  p, 2 p,3 p   1, 2,3  
If  is an angle between BC , CA then
D.c’s of two lines are
 1 1 2   1 2 3  2
 , , , , ,    Cos 1
 6 6 6   14 14 14  3
Angles of the triangle are
11. Let A  4, 2, 4  , B 10, 2, 2  , C  2, 0, 4 
 1 2
D.r’s of AB are  1, 0, 1 Cos 1 ,900 , Cos 1
3 3

D.r’s of BC are   4,1,1 13. l  m  n  0  l  m  n
 2lm  mn  2nl  0
D.r’s of CA are  1,1, 4 
    m  n   nm  2n  m  n   0
If  is an angle between AB, AC then
 2m 2  2nm  mn  2mn  2n 2  0
11  0  1   1  4 1
cos     2m 2  5mn  2n 2  0
1  0  1 1  1  16 2
  2m  n  m  2n   0
   600
   2m  n  0 or m  2n  0
If  is an angle between BC , AC then
If 2m  n  0 then m  k , n  2k , l  k
1 4  1 1   4  1
cos  
1
 D.r’s of one line are  k , k , 2k   1,1, 2 
   600
1 0 1 111 2
  If m  2n  p then n  p, m  2 p, l  p
If  is an angle between AB, CA then
D.r’s of second line are  p, 2 p, p   1, 2,1

16
14. Bisector of A meets BC at D 3. Let a line makes an angle ‘  ’ with X and
BD : DC  AB : AC  7 : 3 Z-axes and  with Y-axis. If
 15 28  25 
 D , ,  sin     3sin , then cos 2  
 10 10 10 
3 5 2 1
 25 8 5  1) 2) 3) 4)
d.r’s of AD   , ,  = (25, 8, 5) 5 3 5 5
 10 10 10 
4. A line makes acute angles    ,  with the
 25 8 5 
coordinate axes such that
d.c’s of AD =  , , 
 714 714 714  2 4
15. Any point on the line joining the given points cos cos   cos  cos   and cos  cos  
9 9
can be taken as  6  3t , 7  2t , 7  2t  then cos   cos   cos  value is
If it is the required foot of the perpendicular of 25 5 5 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
1, 2,3 9 9 3 3
5. If the dr’s of a line are 1   ,1   , 2  and it
we get 3  5  3t   2  5  2t   2  4  2t   0
makes an angle 600 with the Y- axis then 
 t  1 is
 Foot of the perpendicular
1) 1  3 2) 4  5 3) 2  2 5 4) 2  5
  6  3,7  2, 7  2    3, 5,9  6. If the angle between line with d.c’s
16. cos2  cos2  cos2  sin2   sin2   sin2   2 a b 
 , ,  and other line with d.c’ss
 2 cos 2   1  2 cos 2   1  2 cos 2   1   21 21 21 
1  cos 2   1  cos 2   1  cos 2   3 3 6 
 , ,  is 900 then a pair of
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1  54 54 54 
possible values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively
 sin   sin   sin  
2
17. 0 are
and sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   sin  sin  1) -1, 4 2) 4, 2 3) 4,1 4) -4,-2
7. If three consecutive vertices of a
 sin  sin   sin  sin   0
parallelogram are A  4,3,5 , B  0,6,0  ,
But sin  , sin  , sin   0
C  8,1, 4  and D is the fourth vertex then the
EXERCISE - III  
angle between AC and BD is
1. If O is the origin and the line OP of length r
makes an angle  with X-axis and lies in 1  55  1  65 
the XY-plane then the coordinates of P are 1) Cos   2) Cos  
 149 161   149 161 
1) ( r cos  , 0, r sin  ) 2) ( r cos  , r sin  , 0)
3) (0,0, r cos  ) 4) (r sin  , r cos ,0)
1  15  1  3 
2. The three lines with d.r’s (1,1, 2) 3) Cos   4) Cos  
 149 161   149 161 
( 3 1,  3 1, 4) , ( 3 1, 3 1, 4) forms 8. If A = (2, 1,9), B = (-4, 1, -3), C = (0, 7, 6) and
1) An equilateral triangle in the  ABC the equation of the median
2) A right angled triangle x y7 z 6
3) An isosceles triangle through C is   then a + b + c =
a b c
4) A right angled isosceles triangle 1) 9 2) 7 3) 10 4) 4

17
 9. P (1, 2, 2, ) , Q (8,10,11) , R (1, 2, 3) , S (3, 5, 7) II) If the d.r’s of two non-parallel lines are
if  denotes the length of projection of PQ  0,  ,   and   , 0,    then angle between
on RS then 29 2  29 is equal to 
1) 8100 2) 8029 3) 8129 4)90 the lines is    0,   0 
3
10. If the lengths of the sides of a rectangular 1) Both I and II are true and II is the correct
parallelopiped are 3,2,1 then the angle explanation of I
between two diagonals out of four diagonals 2) Both I and II are true and II is not the
is correct explanation of I
1  6 1  2 3) I is true but II is false
1) cos  7  2) cos  3 
    4) I is false but II is true
1  
13 1  
9
3) cos  14  4) cos  14  KEY
   
01) 2 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 4
11. I) If P   0,1, 2  , Q   4, 2,1 Then 06) 3 07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 1
11) 3 12) 2 13) 2
POQ   / 2 where ‘O’ is origin.
SOLUTIONS
II) If the d.r’s of two lines are 1, 1,0  and 1. OP lies in XY- plane and makes  angle with
  
1, 2,1 then the angle between them is
6
. X-axis  it makes   with Y- axis and
2 2
Which of the above statements are correct with Z- axis.
1) only I 2) only II d.c’s of OP are
3) Both I & II 4) Neither I nor II.
12. Observe the following statements    
(l , m, n)   cos  ,cos     ,cos 
Statement I : The dr’s of a straight line L1  2  2
are (a1, b1, c1) and dr’s of another straight  (cos  , sin  , 0) , P  (lr , mr , nr )
line L2 are
2. If  is the angle between (1), (2) then
(a2, b2, c2). The straight lines L1, L2 are
1
perpendicular if a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0 cos      60o and  is the angle
2
Statement II : The dr’s of L1 are (2, 5, 7) and
 4 10 14  1
dr’s of L 2 are  , ,  . The lines
between (1),(3) then cos      600
 19 19 19 
2
L1 , L2 are parallel 3. c o s 2   co s 2   c o s 2   1
Which of the following is correct?  cos 2   cos2   cos2   1
1)I is true, II is true & II is correct explanation
of I 2 cos 2   sin 2  ......... 1
2) I is true, II is true & II is not correct
explanation of I sin     3 sin   given 
3) I is true, II is false
4) I is false, II is true sin 2   3sin 2  ...........  2 
13. I) If the d.c’s of two non-parallel lines satisfy  2 cos 2   3sin 2 
l  m  n  0 and l 2  m 2  n 2  0 then the
3
 3 1  cos 2   , 5 cos 2   3 , cos  
2
 5
angle between the lines is
3
18
 4 4 8 25 8. F = mid point of AB , d.r’s of CF= (a, b, c)
4. (cos  cos   cos  )  1   
2

9 9 9 9  2 3 4 
9. D.c’s of RS   , , 
5  29 29 29 
 cos   cos   cos  
3   l ( x1  x2 )  m( y1  y2 )  n( z1  z2 )
b
5. cos   10. (a, b, c) = (3, 2, 1); Use cos  
a 2  b2  c2
a b c
2 2 2
a 2  b2  c2
  2  4  1  0    2  5 a a bb c c
11. Use cos  a 2  b 2  c 2 a 2  b 2  c 2
1 2 1 2 1 2

2 2 2
 2   a   b  1 1 1 2 2 2

6.       1
 21   21   21 
l 2
 m2  n2 1
12. I is true, because the line L1 with d.r’s  a1, b1, c1 
and the line L2 with d.r’s  a2 , b2 , c2 
4  a 2  b 2  21  a  b  17 ....... 1
2 2

Angle between the given lines is 900 are perpendicular if , a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0

 2   3   a   3  a1 b1 c1
     II is true because , a  b  c
 21   54   21   54  2 2 2

 b   6  2 5 7
   1 1 1
 0 4 10 14 ,  
 21  54  19 19 19 2 2 2
6  3a  6b  0 3a  6b  6  a  2b  2..... 2 II is not correct explantion of I
Solving (1) & (2), we get a possible solution 13. I) Solve the given equations for the d.r’s of the
given by a  4 : b  1 lines and use “ cos  ” formula
7. II) Use “ cos  ” formula
D C(8,1,4)

A(4,3,5) B(0,6,0)
In the figure E is mid point of AC and BD
 9
E=  -2,2, 
 2
Since it is also midpoint BD,
we have D   4, 2, 9 
D.r’s of AC are (12, 2, 1)
 12 2 1 
D.c’s of AC are  , , 
 149 149 149 
D.r’s of BD are (-4, -8, 9)
 4 8 9 
D.c’s of BD are  , , 
 161 161 161 

Angle between diagonals   Cos1  55 


 149 161 
19
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 1 1
i.e ( l1, m1, n1 ) = (  , 0, )
2 2
1. An angle between the lines whose direction cosines If n = 0 then l = –m
are given by the equations, l + 3m + 5n = 0 and
l 2  m2  n2  1  2m 2  1
5lm – 2mn + 6nl = 0, is [Online April 15, 2018]
1 1 1 1 1
1
1) cos 1 1
2) cos
1
3) cos 4) cos m
8
6 3 4 2
2. The angle between the lines whose direction 1
cosines satisfy the equations l +m +n= 0 and l 2 + let , m 
2
m 2 + n 2 is [2014] 1
l and n=0
    2
1) 2) 3) 4) 1 1
6 2 3 4 (l 2, m 2, n 2)  ( , , 0)
KEY 2 2
1)2 2)3
1 
SOLUTIONS cos    
2 3
1)Given
l + 3m + 5n = 0 .. (1)
and 5lm – 2mn + 6nl = 0 ..(2)
From eq. (1)
we have
l = – 3m – 5n
Put the value of l in eq. (2), we get;
5 (– 3m – 5n) m – 2mn + 6n (– 3m – 5n) = 0
15m 2  45mn  30n 2  0
m 2  3mn  2n 2  0
m 2  2mn  mn  2n 2  0
(m + n) (m + 2n) = 0
Therfore, m = – n or m = – 2n
For m = – n, l = – 2n
And for m = – 2n, l = n
(l, m, n) = (– 2n, – n, n) Or (l, m, n) = (n, – 2n, n)
(l, m, n) = (– 2, – 1, 1) Or (l, m, n) = (1, – 2, 1)
Therefore, angle between the lines is given as:
1 1
COS ( )    cos 1
6 6
2. Given, l + m + n = 0 and l 2  m 2  n 2
( m  n) 2  m 2  n 2
mn =0 and m =0 or n=0
If m = 0 then l = –n
we know
1
l  m  n 1
2 2 and
2 n  
2

20
 3D-PLANES

SYNOPSIS ii) The equation of the plane passing through the

Equation of a Plane : points  x1 , y1 , z1  ,  x2 , y2 , z2  and parallel to
 Every first degree equation in x,y,z always the line whose d.r’s are (a,b,c) is
represents a plane.
 Plane surface is a surface in which line joining x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
every two points P and Q on it lies entirely in x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
the surface. a b c
 The general form of equation of plane is
iii) The equation of the plane passing through three
ax  by  cz  d  0 , a, b, c are not all zero i.e., non collinear points
a 2  b2  c2  0  x1 , y1 , z1  ,  x2 , y2 , z2  ,  x3 , y3 , z3  is
Equation of Planes with Different
Conditions : x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 i) The equation of the plane passing through x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having d.r’s of normal x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
as (a,b,c) is
iv) If  x1 , y1 , z1  ,  x2 , y2 , z2  x3 , y3 , z3  and
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0 or
 x4 , y4 , z4  are coplanar, then
ax  by  cz  ax1  by1  cz1
ii) The equation of the plane passing through a x4  x1 y4  y1 z4  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
point  x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to the plane
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
ax  by  cz  d  0 is
General equation of a plane with different
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0 conditions :
=> ax  by  cz  ax1  by1  cz1  i) The equation of a plane with d.r’s of normal
Equation of plane which is Parallel to lines as (a , b ,c) is ax  by  cz  d  0 .
: ii) If a) a=0, b  0, c  0 Then equation
 i) The equation of the plane passing through by  cz  d  0 represents a plane which is
the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to lines parallel to x-axis and er to YZ - plane.
b) b  0, a  0, c  0 then equation
whose d.r’s are  a1 , b1 , c1  and
ax  cz  d  0 represents a plane which is
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 parallel to y-axis and er to xz -plane.
a1 b1 c1  0 c) a  0, b  0, c  0
 a2 , b2 , c2  is then equation
a2 b2 c2 ax  by  d  0 represents a plane which is
parallel to z-axis and er to XY -plane.

1
iii) The equation of the plane passing through ii) The equation of the plane in intercept form is
 x1, y1, z1 and parallel to x y z
  1
a b c
a) yz- plane and er to X-axis is x  x1
iii) If ax  by  cz  d  0 is a plane if
b) xy-plane and er to Z-axis is z  z1
d
c) zx-plane and er to Y-axis is y  y1 a  0, b  0, c  0 then X-intercept  
a
iv) Equation of plane parallel to the plane
d d
ax  by  cz  d1  0 is of the form Y-intercept   , Z-intercept  
b c
ax  by  cz  d 2  0 iv) The equation of the plane whose intercepts are
v) Distance between the above two parallel planes K times the intercepts made by the plane
d1  d 2 ax  by  cz  d  0 on corresponding axes is
is ax  by  cz  kd  0 .
a 2  b2  c2
 Foot and image :
vi) Equation of plane parallel to r.n  d1 is  i) The foot of the perpendicular of the point

r.n  d 2 (vector form) P  x1 , y1 , z1  on the plane
vii) The equation of the plane, mid way between
ax  by  cz  d  0 is Q  h, k , l  then
the parallel planes ax  by  cz  d1  0 and
h  x1 k  y1 l  z1   ax1  by1  cz1  d 
ax  by  cz  d 2  0 is a

b

c

a2  b2  c2
 d  d2  ii) If Q (h, k, l) is the image of the point
ax  by  cz   1 0
 2  p  x1 , y1 , z1  w.r.to the plane
viii) The equation of the plane which bisects the ax  by  cz  d  0 then
line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z2  and h  x1 k  y1 l  z1 2  ax1  by1  cz1  d 
  
perpendicular to AB is a b c a 2  b2  c 2
 x1  x2  x   y1  y2  y   z1  z2  z  iii) If ‘d ’ is the distance from the origin and  l , m, n 
are the dc’s of the normal to the plane through
x 1
2 2
 y1  z1
2
 x 2
2 2
 y2  z2
2
 the origin, then the foot of the perpenducular
2 is  ld , md , nd 
ix) The reflection of a x  b y  c z  d  0 in the
1 1 1 1
Ratio formula :
plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by  i) The ratio in which the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides the line segment
 
2 aa1  bb1  cc1  ax  by  cz  d 
joining  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  is
 a 2
b c 2 2
 a x  b y  c z  d 
1 1 1 1
  ax1  by1  cz1  d  :  ax2  by2  cz2  d 
Intercept form of a plane : ii) Position of the points w.r.to the plane
 i) If a plane cuts X-axis at A  a, 0, 0  , Y-axis at
a) If ax1  by1  cz1  d
 0 then the points
B  0, b, 0  and Z-axis at C  0, 0, c  then a,b,c ax2  by2  cz2  d
are called X-intercept,Y-intercept, Z-intercept P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  lie on same side
of the plane. of the plane ax  by  cz  d  0

2
b) If ax1  by1  cz1  d x y z
 0 then the points ii) If the plane    1 meets the co-ordinate
ax2  by2  cz2  d a b c
axes in the points A,B,C. then the area of the
P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  lie on opposite triangle ABC is
sides of the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 1
 ab    bc    ca 
2 2 2

Normal form of a plane : .

2
 i) If  l , m, n  are the direction cosines of normal Angle between Two Planes :
 i) The angle between two planes is equal to the
to plane  and p is the er distance from origin
angle between the perpendiculars from the
to the plane then the equation of plane is origin to the planes.
lx  my  nz  p ii) If '  ' is the angle between the planes
ii) The normal form of the plane representing by
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and
the equation ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a) If d < 0 a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 then
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
a
x
b
y c d cos   
z a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
a b  c
2 2 2
a  b2  c2
2
a b c
2 2 2
a  b2  c2
2

b)If d > 0 iii) If the above two planes are parallel then
a b c d a1 b1 c1
x y z  
a b c
2 2 2
a b c
2 2 2
a b c
2 2 2
a b c
2 2 2
a2 b2 c2
Perpendicular distance from point to the iv) If the above two planes are perpendicular then
plane : a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
 i) The perpendicular distance from  x1 , y1 , z1  v) Angle between the line with d.c’s  l1 , m1 , n1  and
to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
the plane whose normal with d.c’s  l2 , m2 , n2 
| ax1  by1  cz1  d |
is
a 2  b2  c 2 is  then cos  90     l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
ii) The perpendicular distance of the plane vi) If  is angle between a line L and a plane 
ax+by+cz+d=0 from the origin is then the angle between L and normal to the
d plane  is 90   .
.
a 2  b2  c2 Equations of planes bisecting the angles
Areas : between given planes :
 i) Area of the triangle formed by the plane  i) Equations of two planes bisecting the angles
x y z between the planes a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and
   1 with
a b c a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 are
1 a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2
a) X – axis , Y –axis is ab Sq. units 
2 a b c
2 2 2
a22  b22  c22
1 1 1
1
b) Y– axis, Z– axis is bc Sq. units ii) If d1 , d 2  0
2
Condition Acute Obtuse
1
c) Z– axis, X– axis is ca Sq. units a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0 – +
2
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0 + –

3
iii) a) The Bisector planes are perpendicular to each 6. Distance between two parallel planes
other 7 x  4 y  4 z  3  0 and 14 x  8 y  8 z  12  0
b) Positive sign bisector is the bisector containing is
the origin.
The projection of line segment on a line 15 9 1
1) 2) 1 3) 4)
(plane) : 9 15 2
 Let P, Q be two points and L be a line (  plane). 7. In the space the equation by  cz  d  0
If M, N are feet of perpendiculars from P,Q to represents a plane perpendicular to the plane
the line L (to the plane  ) respectively then 1)YOZ 2) ZOX 3)XOY 4) Z =
MN is called projection of PQ on the line L(the k
plane  ). The length of projection of PQ is
8. If the foot of perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to
always non-negative.
a plane is (1, 2, 2) then the equation of the
EXERCISE - I plane is

1. The equation of the plane passing through 1)  x  2 y  8 z  9  0 2) x  2 y  2 z  9  0

the point (3, -6, 9) and perpendicular to the 3) x  y  z  5  0 4) x  2 y  3 z  1  0
x-axis is 9. The foot of the perpendicular from
1) x 2  0 2) y3  0 3) z7  0 4) x3  0 (7, 14, 5) to 2 x  4 y  z  2 is
2. The product of the d.r's of a line
perpendicular to the plane passing through 1)  1,1,0  2) 1,2,8 3)  2, 1, 2 4) 1, 2,3
the points (4,0,0), (0,2,0) and ( 1,0,1) is
1) 6 2) 2 3) 0 4) 1 
10. The ratio in which the plane r. i 2j 3k 17 
3. Equation of the plane through the mid-point divides the line joining the points
of the join of A(4,5,-10) and B(-1,2,1) and
perpendicular to AB is 2iˆ  4 ˆj  7 kˆ and 3iˆ  5 ˆj  8kˆ is
135 1) 1 : 52) 1 : 10 3) 3 : 5 4) 3 : 10
1) 5 x  3 y  11 z  0
2 11. For the plane   2 x  3 y  5 z  10  0 , the
135 point  2,3, 5 lie in the
2) 5 x  3 y  11 z 
2 1) Opposite to the origin side
3) 5 x  3 y  11z  135 2) Origin side 3) Plane 4) can not say
185 12. The normal form of 2 x  2 y  z  5 is
4) 5 x  3 y  11 z 
0
2
6 2 3
4. A plane which passes through the point 1) 12x  4 y  3z  39 2)  x  y  z  1
7 7 7
x4 y7 z 4
(3, 2, 0) and the line   is
1 5 4 12 4 3 2 2 1 5
3) x y z 3 4) x  y  z 
1) x  y  z  1 2) x  y  z  5 13 13 13 3 3 3 3
3) x  2 y  z  1 4) 2 x  y  z  5 13. The d.c's of the normal to the plane
5. The equation of the plane parallel to the 2 x  y  2 z  5  0 aree
plane 2x 3y 4z 5  0 and passing through  2 3 6 
1) (3, -2, 6) 2)  7 , 7 , 7 
the point (1,1,1) is  
1) 2 x  3 y  4 z  9  0 2) 2 x  3 y  4 z  9  0  3 2 6   2 1 2 
3)  7 , 7 , 7  4)  , , 
3) 2 x  3 y  4 z  7  0 4) 2 x  3 y  4 z  7  0   3 3 3

4
14. A plane passes through  2,3  1 and is 1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) -8
21. If  x  4 y  5 z  7 , 4 x  4 y  10 z  14  0
perpendicular to the line having dr’s
represent the same plane then the value of
( 3, 4, 7 ). The perpendicular distance from

the origin to this plane is ( EAM-2017)
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
3 5 6 13 22. If the planes x  2 y  kz  0 and 2x+y-
1) 2) 3) 4)
74 74 74 74 2z+3=0 are at right angles, then the values
15. 5, 7 are the intercepts of a plane on the of k is [ EAM -2020]
Y-axis, Z-axis respectively, if the plane is 1 1
parallel to the X- axis then the equation of 1)  2) 3) -2 4) 2
2 2
that plane is [ EAM - 2018]
1) 5 y  7 z  35 2) 7 y  5 z  1 23. If the points 1,1, p  and  3,0,1 be
equidistant from the plane
y z
3)   35
5 7
4) 7 y  5 z  35 r . 3i  4 j 12k  13  0 then the value of P =
16. If the plane 7 x  11 y  13 z  3003 meets the 1 1
1)  2) 6 3) 3 4)
coordinate axes in A, B, C then the centroid 3 3
of the ABC is KEY
1) 143,91, 77  2) 143,77,91 01) 4 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 1
06) 2 07) 1 08) 2 09) 2 10) 4
3)  91,143, 77  4) 143,66,91 11) 1 12) 4 13) 4 14) 4 15) 4
17. If the areas of triangles formed by a plane 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 4 20) 4
with the positive X , Y : Y , Z : Z , X axes 21) 2 22) 4 23) 1
respectively are 12, 9, 6 sq. unit respectively SOLUTIONS
then the equation of the plane is 1. Equation of the plane passing through (3, -6, 9) and
x y z x y z perpendicular to x-axis is x  x1
1)   1 2)   1
4 6 3 6 3 4  x 3  0
x y z x y z 2. Equation of the plane passing through the given
3)   1 4)    1
3 4 6 3 6 4 points is x  2 y  3 z  4  0 ,
18. The area of the triangle formed by D. r's of normal = (1, 2, 3)
x y z  3 7 9 
   1 with X-axis and Y-axis is 3. Mid point of AB =  , , 
4 3 2 2 2 2 
1) 2 2) 3 3) 6 4) 12 D.r’s of AB are (5,3,-11)
19. The angle between the planes Equation of plane is
2 x  y  z  3, x  y  2 z  5 is [EAM -  3 7 9 
2019]   

 r   2 i  2 j  2 k   . 5i  3 j  11k  0 
  3 
1)
2
2)
6
3)
4
4)
3

r . 5 i  3 j  11k   135
2
4. Verify options
20. If the planes 2x  3y  z  5  0 ,
5. a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
x  2 y  kz  7  0 are perpendicular then
k

5
 d1  d 2 y z
6. Distance  1 15. Plane equation is  1
a 2  b2  c2 5 7
7. Verification method 16. The plane 7 x  11 y  13 z  3003 meets the
8. D.r’s of the perpendicular to the plane are
coordinate axes in A  429, 0, 0  , B  0, 273, 0  ,
(1,2,2)
9. D.r’s of the normal to 2 x  4 y  z  2 is  2, 4, 1 C  0,0, 231 .

The point 1, 2,8  lies on a plane and D.r’s of a  429 273 231 
, ,
Centroid of ABC is  
 3 3 3 
line joining 1, 2,8 and  7,14,5 are
 143,91, 77 
 6,12, 3 =  2, 4, 1 .,
17. If a, b, c are the intercepts of the required plane
 Required point  1, 2,8 
1 1 1
then ab  12, bc  9, ca  6
 
10. Plane is r. i  2 j  3k  17 --(1) 2 2 2
 ab  24, bc  18, ca  12
A point P dividing the join of
2i  4 j  7 k and 3i  5 j  8k in the ratio abac 24  12
a2    16  a  4
bc 18
 3  2   5  4   8  7 
 :1 is   1  i    1  j    1  k ab  24, ac  12  b  6, c  3
It lies on (1) then we get x y z
 The equation of the plane is   1
3 4 6 3
,    :1  3 :10
10 1
18. Area  | 4  3 | 6 sq. units
11. 111  4  9  25  10  2 , 222  10  The 2
point lie on the opposite to the origin side.  2 1  1 1  1 2  3 1
19. cos    
12. a 2  b2  c 2  4  4  1  3 . 4 11 11 4 6 2

2 2 1 5 
Normal form is x y z   
3 3 3 3 3
20. Given planes are perpendicular
 a b c 
. ' s 
13. Dc , ,  1 2 bb
aa 1 2  cc
1 2 0
 a b  c a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2 
2 2 2

  2 1   3 2    1 k   0

 2 1 2 
  , , 
3 3 3  2  6  k  0 ,  k  8
14. Equation of the plane is 21. Given equations represent the same plane

3  x  2   4  y  3   7  z  1  0 a1 b1 c1 d1
    5
   2
a2 b2 c2 d 2 4 10
 3x  4 y  7z 13  0
Perpendicular distance from origin 22. Use a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0


13

13 
23. Distance from point A a to plane r.n  k  0
9  16  49 74

6
 intersection of 2 x  y  3 z  2  0 ,
a.n  k
is x  y  z  4  0 such that each plane is at a
n
distance of 2 unit from the origin is
1) x  y  2 z  13  0, x  y  z  3  0
EXERCISE - II
2) 2 x  y  2 z  3  0, x  2 y  2 z  3  0
1. The vertices of a tetrahedron are A(3,4,2)
3) 15x 12 y 16z  50  0 , x  2 y  2 z  6  0
B(1,2,1) C(4,1,3) D(-1,-1,3). The height of A
above the base BCD. 4) x-y+2z-13=0, x+y-z-3=0
7. A plane  passes through the point (1,1,1).
27 23 20 27 If b, c, a are the dr’s of a normal to the plane,
1) 2) 3) 4)
237 237 247
237 where a, b, c a  b  c are the prime
2. If the equation of the plane passing through
factors of 2001, then the equation of the
the points (1,2,3), (-1,2,0) and perpendicular
plane  is
to the ZX - plane is ax  by  cz  d  0
1) 29x  31y  3z  63 2) 23x  29 y  29z  23
 a  0  then [ EAM -2015] 3) 23x  29 y  3z  55 4) 31x  27 y  3z  71
1) a  0 and c  02) a  d  0 8. The dr’s of a normal to the plane through
(1,0,0), (0,1,0) which makes an angle of
3) c  d  5  0 4) a  c  d  4  0
3. The dr’s of a normal to the plane passing 
with the plane x  y  3 aree
4
through  0, 0,1 ,  0,1, 2  and 1, 2,3 aree
1) 1, 2,1 2) 1,1, 2 3) 1,1, 2 4) 2,1,1
1)  0,1, 1 2) 1, 0, 1
9. Let A 1,1,1 , B  2, 3,5  and C  1, 0, 2  be
3)  0, 0, 1 4) 1, 0, 0  three points, then equation of a plane parallel
4. The equation of the plane which passes to the plane ABC which is at a distance 2
through the line of intersection of the planes units is
2 x  y  0 and 3 z  y  0 and is 1) 2x 3y  z  2 14  0 2) 2x 3y  z  14  0
perpendicular to the plane 4 x  5 y  3 z  8 3) 2 x  3 y  z  2  0 4) 2 x  3 y  z  2  0
is 10. A variable plane is at a constant distance 3p
1) 28 x  17 y  9z  0 2) 28 x  17 y  9 z  0 from the origin and meets the axes in A, B
3) 2 x  17 y  9 z  0 4) 2 x  y  z  0 and C. The locus of the centroid of the
triangle ABC is [ EAM -2016]
5. The equation of the plane through the line
of intersection of planes 1) x 2  y 2  z 2  p 2
ax  by  cz  d  0 , a ' x  b ' y  c ' z  d '  0 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  4 p 2
and parallel to the lines y = 0 = z is
3) x2  y2  z 2  16 p2
1)  ab ' a ' b x   bc ' b ' c  y   ad ' a ' d   0
4) x 2  y 2  z 2  9 p 2
2)  ab ' a ' b y   ac ' a ' c z   ad ' a ' d   0 11. A variable plane intersects the coordinate
axes at A,B,C and is at a constant distance 'p'
3)  ab' a' b x  bc'b' c z  ad 'a' d   0 from 0(0,0,0). Then the locus of the
centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is
4)  ab ' a ' b x   bc ' b ' c  y   ad ' a ' d   0
6. The equation to the plane through the line of

7
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 23
1)    2)    distance from A  .
x2 y 2 z 2 p2 x2 y 2 z 2 p2 237

1 1 1 16 1 1 1 x z
2. The plane equation is  = 1.
3) 2  2  2  2 4) 2  2  2 16 p
2
l m
x y z p x y z
12. The equation of the plane which is parallel to 1 3 1
 1;  1 l   1; m  3 / 2
X-axis and making intercepts 3 and 8 on Y l m l
and Z-axes respectively is 3. Let A  0,0,1 , B  0,1, 2  , C 1, 2,3
1) 3 y  8 z  24 2) 3 y  8 z  24  
3) 8 y  3 z  24 4) 8 y  3 z  24 AB   0,1,1 , AC  1, 2, 2  ,
13. The sum of the intercepts of the plane which   
i j k
bisects the line segment joining (0,1,2) and  
(2,3,0) perpendicularly is AB  AC  0 1 1 
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4)12 1 2 2
14. A plane meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C     
so that the centroid of the triangle ABC is i  2  2  j  0 1  k  0 1  j  k
(1, 2, 4). Then the equation of the plane is  D.r’s of normal to the plane are (0, 1, -1)
(EAM-2020) 4. Any plane through the line is
1) x  2 y  4 z  12 2) 4 x  2 y  z  12 2x – y +  (3z-y)=0 (1)
3) x  2 y  4 z  3 4) 4 x  2 y  z  3 given 4x + 5y – 3z –8 =0 (2)
15. The reflection of the plane 2x  3y  4z  3  0 (1) and (2) are perpendicular we have
3
in the plane x  y  z  3  0 is the plane 2(4)  5  (1   ))  3 ( 3)  0   
14
1) 4 x  3 y  2 z  15  0 2) x  3 y  2 z  15  0
 14 (2 x  y )  3(3 z  y )  0 .
3) 4 x  3 y  2 z  15  0 4) 4 x  3 y  2 z  15  0
 28x  17 y  9 z  0
16. The equations of bisectors of angles between
YZ-plane and XZ-plane is 5. Equation of the plane through the intersection
1) x  z  0, x  2 z  0 2) x  z  2  0 of the planes ax  by  cz  d  0 and

3) x  z  0, x  z  0 4) x  y  0, x  y  0 a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 1  0

KEY  a x  b y  c z  d     ax  by  cz  d   0
1 1 1 1

01) 2 02) 4 03) 1 04) 1 05) 2 which is parallel to Y = 0 = Z

06) 3 07) 3 08) 2 09) 1 10) 1 parallel to X - axis
11) 3 12) 4 13) 1 14) 2 15) 1
 a1
 
1
16) 4  a  a 1
0  a   a1   
a
SOLUTIONS the equation of the plane is
1. The equation of the plane containing BCD
x 1 y  2 z 1
 a b  ab  y   a c  ac  z  a d  ad
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
6. Equation of the plane is
3 1 2 0
2 3 2  2 x  y  3z  2   k  x  y  z  4   0
 4 x  10 y  11z  27  0 | 2  4k |
p 2
 2  k   1  k    3  k 
2 2 2

8
  k  13, 1 distance from origin = 3p
1 1 1 1
 Planes are  2 x  y  3z  2   13  2
 2 2
a b c 9 p2
 x  y  z  4   0,  2 x  y  3z  2   1  Then a  3x1 , b  3 y1 , c  3z1
 x  y  z  4  0 1 1 1 1
 15 x  12 y  16 z  50  0, x  2 y  2 z  6  0  Locus is x 2  y 2  z 2  p 2 .

7. 2001  3  23  29 and 11. Intercepts of the plane = 4x, 4y, 4z where

(x,y, z) is the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC.
 3  23  29   55  a  3, b  23, c  29
8. Any plane through (1,0,0) is 1 1 1 1
Here, 16 x 2  16 y 2  16 z 2  p 2
A  x  1  B  y  0   C  z  0   0 .......(1) 1 1 1

12. Required plane equation is

It contains (0,1,0) if  A  B  0 ......(2)
y z
   1  8 y  3 z  24
Also (1) makes an angle of with the plane 3 8
4
13. The plane equation is
x y  3,
2 x ( x2  x1 )  2 y ( y2  y1 )  2 z ( z2  z1 )
 A B
 cos   x12  y12  z12  x22  y22  z22  0
4 A 2  B 2  C 2 12  12
where (x1, y1, z1) = (0, 1, 2) and
 2AB  C 2 ......(3) (x2, y2, z2) = (2, 3, 0)
From (2) and (3),
x y z
C 2  2 A2 C   2A 14. Let the equation of the plane be   1
a b c
Hence A:B:C =A:A:  2.A
 A   a, 0, 0  , B  0, b, 0  , C  0, 0, c 
 D.r's are (1,1,  2 )
Centroid of ABC = 1, 2, 4 
9. A 1,1,1 , B  2,3,5 , C  1, 0, 2  d.r’s of AB are
(1, 2, 4) a b c
  , ,   1, 2, 4   a  3, b  6, c  12
 3 3 3
D.r’s of AC are  2, 1,1 .
D.r’s of normal to plane ABC are (2,-3,1) As a x y z
The equation of the plane is   1
result, equation of the plane ABC is 3 6 12
2 x  3 y  z  0 Let the equation of the required  4 x  2 y  z  12
plane is 2 x  3 y  z  k , then 15. Equation of the required plane be obtained
k using the reflection of a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 1  0
 2k  2 14
4  9 1 in the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by
Hence, equation of the required plane is
 
2 aa1  bb1  cc1  ax  by  cz  d 
2 x  3 y  z  2 14  0
x y z 
 a2  b2  c2  a x  b y  c z  d 
1 1 1 1

10. If    1
a b c 16. Equation of yz-plane is x  0 , Equation of xz-

9
 plane is y  0 1) 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3
 Equation of the bisectors of the angles between 7. A parallelopiped is formed by the planes
the planes are drawn through the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9,
7) parallel to the coordinate planes. The
x y
   x  y  0, x  y  0 length of diagonal of the paralleopiped is
1 1
1) 7 2) 38 3) 155 4) 7
EXERCISE - III 8. If the angles made by the normal of the plane
2 x  3 y  4 z  16  0 with the coordinates
1. If the points (1, 1, -3) and (1, 0, -3) lie on
opposite sides of the plane x  y  3z  d  0 axes X, Y, Z are Cos 1k1 , Cos 1k 2 , Cos 1k3 ,
then then k1 , k2 , k3 respecitvely aree
1) d  7 2) d  8
2 3 4 2 3 4
3) 7  d  8 4) . 1) , , 2) , ,
d  7 or d  8 29 29 29 29 29 29
2. P is a point such that the sum of the squares of 2 3 4 1 1 1
3) , , 4) , ,
its distances from the planes x  y  z  0 , 29 29 29 2 3 4
x  y  2z  0, x  y  0 is 5 then the locus of P is 9. If the plane 4  x  1  k  y  2   8  z  5   0
1) x 2  y 2  z 2  10 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  25 x 1 y  2 z  5
contains the line   , then k is
3) x 2  y 2  z 2  5 4) x 2  y 2  z 2  50 2 4 3
1) 2 2) 4 3) -8 4) 8
3. The plane ax  by  cz   3  0 meet the co- 10. If the plane 3  x  2    y  2   6  z  3  0
ordinate axes in A,B,C. Then centroid of the
triangle is x2 y2 z 3
contains the line   whose
a b 1
3 3 3
1) (3a,3b,3c) 2)  a , b , c  inclination with X-axis is 600, then it satisfies
 
the equation
a b c 1 1 1 1) 6a 2  36a  37  0 2) 36a 2  37  0
3)  3 , 3 , 3  4)  a , b , c 
   
3) 36a 2  37 a  36  0 4) a  3  0
4. The areas of triangles formed by a plane with
11. If the equation of the plane passing through
the positive X , Y ; Y , Z ; Z , X axes respectively
the line of intersection of the planes
are 12, 9, 6 square units then the equation
of the plane is ax  by  cz  d  0, a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0
x y z x y z and perpendicular to the XY-plane is
1)    1 2)    1 px  qy  rz  s  0 then S=
4 6 3 6 3 4
x y z x y z 1) dc1-d1c 2) dc1+d1c
3)    1 4)    1 3) dd1+cc1 4) aa1+bb1+cc1.
4 4 6 3 6 4
5. Equation of the plane passing through the 12. The two planes represented by
point (-1,3,2) and perpendicular to each of the 12 x 2  2 y 2  6 z 2  7 yz  6 zx  2 xy  0 aree
planes x  2 y  3 z  5 and 3 x  3 y  z  0 is 1) 2 x  y  2 z  0, 6 x  2 y  3 z  0
1) 7 x  8 y  3 z  0 2) 7 x  8 y  3 z  37 2) 2 x  y  2 z  0, 6 x  2 y  3 z  0
3) 7 x  8 y  3 z  25  0 4) 7 x  8 y  3 z  23 3) 2 x  y  2 z  4  0, 6 x  2 y  3 z  0
6. If P= (0,1,0) and Q = (0,0,1) then the 4) 2 x  y  2 z  0, 6 x  2 y  3 z  1  0
projection of PQ on the plane x  y  z  3 is 13. The angle between the planes represented by
10
 2 x 2  6 y 2  12 z 2  18 yz  2 zx  xy  0 is  Length of the diagonal  a 2  b 2  c 2  7
1  16  1  17 
8. The d.r’s of normal of the plane
1) Cos   2) Cos   2 x  3 y  4 z  16  0 are ( 2,3, 4 ) and the
 21   21 
  2 3 4 
1  19  d.c’s are  , ,
3) Cos   4) 
 21  2  29 29 29 
14. The equation of the plane through the line of 2 3 4
 cos   , cos   , cos  
intersection of the planes x  2 y  3 z  1  0 , 29 29 29
2 x  y  z  2  0 and the point 1, 2,3 is Where  ,  ,  are the angle made by the normal
1) 7 x  9 y  8 z  0 2) 7 x  y  8 z  0 with X, Y, Z axes respectiely.
3) x  3 y  2 z  1  0 4) x-3y-2z+1=0  2  1  3 
  Cos 1   ,   Cos  
15. The equation of the plane which is parallel to  29   29 
Y-axis and making intercepts of lengths 3 and
4 on X-axis and Z-axis is  4 
1) 2 x  2 z  20 2) 4 x  3z  12   Cos 1  
 29 
3) 4 x  3z  12 4) 6 x  13z  15
2 3 4
KEY  k1 , k2 , k3 values are , ,
29 29 29
01) 3 02) 3 03) 4 04) 1 05) 3 06) 2
07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 1 11) 1 12) 2 respectively
13) 1 14) 3 15) 2 9. If a plane contains the line, then its normal and
line are perpendicular
SOLUTIONS
1. d-7 and d-8 must have opposite signs  4  2   k  4   8  3  0
 7<d < 8.
2 2 2  i.e., al  bm  cn  0 
 x1  y1  z1   x1  y1  2z1   x1  y1 
2.       5 8  4k  24  0  k  8
 3   6   2 
 x2  y 2  z 2  5 10. The d.r’s of line are ( a, b,1 )
3. A plane meet co-ordinate axes at  The d.c.’s of line are
3   3   3  a b 1 
A  , 0, 0  , B  0, , 0  , C  0, 0,  , ,
a   b   c  2 
 a  b 1 a  b 1 a  b 1 
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
 C en tro id G =  , , 
a b c a 1 a
 cos 600   
1 1 1 a  b 1
2 2 2 a  b2  1
2

4. ab  12 , bc  9 , ca  6
2 2 2
i.e., 2a  a 2  b 2  1
5. Equation of the plane is
a ( x  1)  b( y  3)  c ( z  2)  0 i.e., 3a 2  b 2  1 ............(1)
a  2b  3c  0 ; 3 a  3 b  c  0 As the plane contains the given line, we have
6. If L, M are the feet of the perpendiculars from 3  a   1 b   6 1  0 ................(2)
P, Q to the plane then projection of PQ is LM.
7. The lengths of edges are a  5  2  3 , Eliminating b from (1) & (2),
b  93  6 , c  7 5  2
11
 we get 3a 2    6  3a   1
2
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
i.e., 6a 2  36a  37  0

c 1. The shortest distance between the lines

11. The plane equation is (ax + by + cz + d) -  c 
 1
(a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) = 0. x 1 y 1 z
  and [ 2020 ]
12. The product of the equations of planes for the option 0 1 1
x  y  z  1  0, 2 x – y  z  3  0 is :
(2) is  2 x  y  2 z  6 x  2 y  3z   0

12 x 2  2 y 2  6 z 2  7 yz  6 xz  2 xy  0 1 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
3 2 2
 correct answer is (2)
13. The equation 2x2  6y2 12z2 18yz  2zx  xy  0 2. If for some a  R, the lines
represents two planes and they are x 1 y  2 z 1 x  2 y 1 z 1
L1 :   , L2 :  
2x  3y  6z  0 .......... 1 2 1 1  5  1
are coplanar, then the line L2passes through the point
x  2 y  2z  0 ..........  2  : [ 2020 ]

If  is the angle between the planes (1) and (2) 1) (10,2,2) 2) (2,-10,-2)
|  21   3 2  6  2 | 16 3) (10,-2,-2) 4) (-2,10,-2)
then cos  
22   3  62 12  22  22
2 21
3.If the equation of a plane P, passing through the
intersection of the planes, x + 4y – z + 7 = 0 and 3x +
16 y + 5z= 8 is ax + by + 6z = 15 for some a b, , ÎR
  Cos 1
21 then thedistance of the point (3, 2, –1) from the plane
14. Equation of the plane is P is
___________. [2020 ]
 x  2 y  3z 1  k  2x  y  z  2  0
4.The distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the plane
It passes through (1, 2, 3) then
x y z
5  5k  0  k  1 x-y+z= 5 measured parallel to the line  
2 3 6
 Plane is is [Jan. , 2020 ]
 x  2 y  3z  1  1 2 x  y  z  2   0
7 1
 x  3y  2z 1  0
1) 2) 1 3) 4) 7
5 7
15. Equation of plane parallel to Y-axis is of the 5.The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point
x z x z (4, 2, 3)to the line joining the points (1, –2, 3) and
both   1    1  4 x  3 z  12 (1,1, 0) lies onthe plane : [Jan., 2020 ]
a c 3 4
1) 2x + y – z = 1 2) x – y – 2z = 1
3)x – 2y + z = 1 4) x + 2y – z = 1

12
6.The plane which bisects the line —oining the points 17 63 205 11
(4, – 2, 3)and (2, 4, – 1) at right angles also passes a) b) c) d)
5 5 5 5
through thepoint: [ 2020]
(1) (4, 0, 1) (2) (0, –1, 1) 13.The equation of a plane containing the line of
(3) (4, 0, –1) (4) (0, 1, –1) intersectionof the planes 2x – y – 4 = 0 and y + 2z –
4 = 0 and passingthrough the point (1, 1, 0) is :
7.The plane passing through the points (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, [2019]
2) andparallel to the line, 2x = 3y, z = 1 also through (1) x – 3y – 2z = –2 (2) 2x – z = 2
the point : [ 2020] (3) x – y – z = 0 (4) x + 3y + z = 4

(1) (0, 6, –2) (2) (–2, 0, 1) 14.The sum of the intercepts on the coordinate axes
(3) (0, –6, 2) (4) (2, 0, –1) of theplane passing through the point (– 2, – 2, 2) and
containingthe line joining the points (1, – 1, 2) and (1,
8.A plane passing through the point (3, 1, 1) contains 1, 1) is [2018]
twolines whose direction ratios are 1, –2, 2 and 2, 3, (1) 12 (2) – 8
–1respectively. If this plane also passes through the (3) – 4 (4) 4
point( a, 3, 5), then a is equal to : [ 2019]
15.A plane bisects the line segment joining the points
(1) 5 (2) –10
(1, 2, 3)and (– 3, 4, 5) at right angles. Then this plane
(3) 10 (4) –5
also passesthrough the point. [2018]
9.Let P be a plane passing through the points (2, 1, (1) (– 3, 2, 1) (2) (3, 2, 1)
0),(4, 1, 1) and (5, 0, 1) and R be any point (2, 1, 6). (3) (1, 2, – 3) (4) (– 1, 2, 3)
Then theimage of R in the plane P is: [2019]
(1) (6, 5, 2) (2) (6, 5, –2) KEY
(3) (4, 3, 2) (4) (3, 4, –2) 01)2 02)2 03)3.00 04)2 05)1
06) 3 07)2 08)1 09)2 10)4
10.A plane which bisects the angle between the two 11)3 12)4 13)3 14)3 15)1
givenplanes 2x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and x + 2y + 2z – 2
= 0, passesthrough the point : [2019] SOLUTIONS
(1) (1, –4, 1) (2) (1, 4, –1) 1.For line of intersection of planes x + y + z + 1 = 0
(3) (2, 4, 1) (4) (2, –4, 1) and 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 :

11.If Q (0, –1, –3) is the image of the point P in the

plane 3x –y + 4z = 2 and R is the point (3, –1, –2),
then the area (in sq.units) of trianglePQR is :
[2019]
Put y = 0, we get x = –2 and z = 1
91 91 65
a) 2 13 b)
4
c)
2
d)
2 L 2 : r  (2i  k)   (2i  j  3k)
L1 : r  (i  
j )   ( j  k)
12. Let P be the plane, which contains the line of
intersectionof the planes, x + y + z– 6 = 0 and 2x + now b1X b 2  2[i  j  k ] and a2-a1= 3i  j  k
3y + z+ 5 = 0 and it is perpendicular to the xy-plane.
Then the distance of thepoint (0, 0, 256) from P is 1
equal to: so shortest distnace is
3
[2019]

13
 Required distance PQ = 1
2. Since, lince are coplanar
5.Equation of line through points (1, – 2, 3) and (1, 1,
1 3 2 x 1 y 1 z
  0)is  
2 1 1  0 0 3 3
 5   1 
 M (1,1   ,  )
1( 1  5   )  3(2   )  2(10  2   ) Direction ratios of P M [ 3, 1   ,   3]
therfore,   4 PM  AB , SO   1
x  2 y 1 z 1 \ Foot of perpendicular = (1, 0, 1)
Equation of L2 is  
4 9 1 This point satisfy the plane 2x + y – z = 1
Point (2, –10, –2) lies on line L2 6.Direction ratios of normal to the plane are <1, –3,
2>.Plane passes through (3, 1, 1)
.Equation of plane P is Equation of plane is,
(x+4y-z+7)+  (3x+y-5z-8)=0 1[ x  3]  3[ y  1]  2[ z  1]  0

x(1+3  )+y(4+  )+z(-1+5  )+(7-8  ) = 0 x-3y+2z=0

7.Let plane passes through (2, 1, 2) be
1  3 4   5  1 7  8
   a(x-2)+b(y-1)+z-2=0
a b 6 15 It also passes through (1, 2, 1)
From last two ratios,  =-1
-a+b-c=0 , a-b+c=0
2 3 The given line is
  1
a b x y z 1
  is parallel to plane
a=2, b= -3 3 2 0
Equation of plane is, 2x-3y +6z -15= 0 3a+2b=0
21 a b c
distance = 3 =  
7 02 3 23
4.Equation of line through point P (1, – 2, 3) and
x y z a b c
parallelto the line   is =  
2 3 6 2 3 5
x 1 y  2 z  3 2 x  3 y  4  3  5 z  10  0
 
2 3 6 2 x  3 y  5z  9  0
So, any point on line = Q(2  +1, 3  -2, -6  +3) 8. Plane contains two lines
Since, this point lies on plane x -y +2= 5
 i j k 
2  1  3  2  6  3  5  
n   1 2 2    
=
1  2 3 1 4i  5 j  7k
so,    
7
-4(x-3)+5(y-1)+7(z-1)=0
9 11 15
Point of intersection line and plane, Q ( , , ) -4x+5y+7z=0
7 7 7
This also passes through (a, –3, 5)
-4a-15+35=0

14
 -4a=-20 a=5
12.
9.
Equation of plane is x + y – 2z = 3
x  2 y  1 z  6 2(2  1  12  3)
  
1 1 2 6
(x, y, z) = (6, 5, – 2)

10.The equations of angle bisectors are,

x  2 y  2z  2 2x  y  2z  4

3 3

x – 3y – 2 = 0 or 3x + y + 4z – 6 = 0
(2, – 4, 1) lies on the second plane.

11.

13.Let the equation of required plane be;

(2x – y – 4) +  (y + 2z – 4) = 0
This plane passes through the point (1, 1, 0) then (2
– 1 – 4) +  (1 + 0 – 4) = 0

 = -1
Then, equation of required plane is
(2x – y – 4) – (y + 2z – 4) = 0
2x – 2y – 2z = 0 Þ x – y – z = 0

15
 As plane passes through (– 1, 3, 4)
14.
so
Equation of plane passing through three given points – 4(– 1) + 2(3) + 2(4) = 
is:
 =18
Therefore, equation of plane is : – 4x + 2y + 2z = 18
Now, only (– 3, 2, 1) satisfies the given plane as
– 4(–3) + 2(2) + 2(1) = 18

**********

15.Since the plane bisects the line —oining the points

(1, 2, 3) and (–3, 4, 5) then the plane passes through
the midpoint of the line which is :

As plane cuts the line segment at right angle, so the

direction cosines of the normal of the plane are
(– 3 – 1, 4 – 2, 5 – 3) = (– 4, 2, 2)
So the equation of the plane is : – 4x + 2y + 2z = 

16
 3D–LINES
SYNOPSIS Vector form of a line :
 Cartesian equation of a line passing through the
Equation of a line :
point (x 1,y1,z 1) and having d.r’s (a,b,c) is
 General Form (Unsymmetrical form)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
of a line :  
a b c
The intersection of two plane s is a line.The
equations x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Let   
a b c
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0  a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2
represents a line. x  x1  a  x  x1  a
i) Equation to the X-axis is y = 0 , z = 0 y  y1  b  y  y1  b
ii) Equation to the Y- axis is x = 0 , z = 0 z  z1  c  z  z1  c , Now,,
iii) Equation to the Z- axis is x = 0 , y = 0
xi  yj  zk  x1i   ai  y1 j  bj  z 1k   ck
iv) Equation of the line parallel to x-axis is y=p,
z=q, p,q,  R r  ( x1i  y1 j  z1k )   (ai  bj  ck )
v) Equation of the line parallel to y-axis is x=h, Which is the vector equation of the line passing
z=q, h, q  R through (x 1,y1,z 1) and having d.r’s (a,b,c)
vi) Equation of the line parallel to z-axis is x=h, (or) vector equation of the line passing through
y=p, h, p  R (x 1 , y1 , z 1) and parallel to the vector

Symmetrical form of a line : ai  bj  ck where r  xi  yj  zk .

 i) The equation of the line passing through the

Conversion of non-symmetrical form to
symmetrical form :
point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having d.c’s ( l , m, n ) is
 Let the equation of the line in non-symmetrical
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 form be
 
l m n a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 = a2x + b2y + c2z +d2
ii) The equation of a line passing through the point To find the equation of the line in symmetrical
form, we must know (i) its d.r’s (ii) coordinates
 x1 , y1 , z1  and having d.r ’s (a, b, c) is of any point on it.
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 i) To find the d.rs of the line :
 
a b c Let l, m, n be the d.r’s of the line.
iii) The equation of the line passing through two Since the line lies in both the planes, it must be
perpendicular to normals of both planes.
points  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  is
So, a1l + b1m + c1n = 0
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 a2l + b2m + c2n = 0
  From these equations proportional values of l,
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
m,n found by cross multiplication method

17
 l m n b) If the lines are  r then a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
b1 c1 a1 b1
ii) If '  ' is the acute angle between the line
b2 c2 a2 b2 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  and the plane
l m n l m n
   ax  by  cz  d  0 then
b1c2  b2 c1 c1a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2b1
ii) To find a point on the line : | al  bm  cn |
sin  =
At least one of the d.r’s must be non-zero. a  b2  c2 . l 2  m2  n2
2

Let a1b2 – a2b1  0 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1

iii) If the line   is parallel to
The line cannot be parallel to xy-plane. l m n
Let it intersect the xy-plane in (x1, y1, 0) the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 then
then a1x1 + b1y1 + d1 = 0
and a2x1 + b2y1 + d2 = 0 al  bm  cn  0 (Normal to the plane is
By solving these equations we get the point perpendicular to the line)
(x1,y1,0) on the line. x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
iv) If the line   perpendicular
Hence the equation of the line in symmetric l m n
x  x1 y  y1 z  0 a b c
form is   to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 then   .
l m n l m n
Note: If l  0, take a point on yz-plane as v) d.c’s of the line which makes equal angles with
(0,y1,z1) and if m  0 take a point on xz-plane
 1 1 1 
as (x1,0,z1). coordinate axes are   , ,  and the
Parametric form :  3 3 3
 The parametric equations of the line passing d.r’s of the line are (1, 1, 1).
through the point P  x1 , y1 , z1  and having d.c’ss Coplanar lines :
 Two lines are said to be coplanar if they are
 l , m, n  are x  x1  lr , y  y1  mr ,
either parallel or intersect.
z  z1  nr Where r = OP Non–Coplanar Lines :
Remark: The coordinates of a point on the line  Two lines are said to be non coplanar or skew
whose d.c’s are (l, m, n) which is at a distance lines if they are neither parallel nor intersecting.
of ‘r’ units from the point (x 1,y1 ,z 1 ) are Condition for two lines to be coplanar :
( x1  lr , y1  mr , z1  nr ) x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 The line   lies in the
Angle between two lines : l m n
 If  is the angle between the lines given by plane ax  by  cz  d  0 if
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 ax1  by1  cz1  d  0 , al  bm  cn  0 .
 
a1 b1 c1 and
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Note: The lines  
x  x2 y  y 2 z  z 2 a1 b1 c1 ,
  then
a2 b2 c2
x  x2 y  y 2 z  z 2
 
a2 b2 c2 are coplanar
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
2 2
 a1  a2 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2
a1 b1 c1  a1 b1 c1  0
i) a)If the lines are parellel then a  b  c a2 b2 c2
2 2 2

18
Equation of a plane containing lines : x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
 The equation of the plane containing the lines a1 b1 c1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
    a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 , a2 b2 c2
 (b c 1 2  b2 c1 ) 2
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 Distance between parallel lines :
 The distance between the parallel lines
is a1 b1 c1  0 (or)
b  (a1  a2 )
a2 b2 c2 r  a1   b , r  a2   b is
|b |
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2 Proof: Given parallel lines are:
a1 b1 c1 0 r  a1   b --- (1)
a2 b2 c2
r  a2   b --- (2)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 If the lines   ,
l m n
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0  a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2 are
coplanar then
a1x1  b1 y1  c1z1  d1 a2 x1  b2 y1  c2 z1  d2
 Let PQ be the distance between (1) and (2)
a1l  b1m  c1n a2l  b2m  c2n
Skew lines : let T be a point on (1) with OT  a1
 Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if Let OP  a2
they are neither parallel nor intersecting. i.e. the
lines which do not lie in a plane. Let Q be the projection of P on (1)
Shortest distance : Let  be the angle between PT and b
 If L1 and L2 are skew lines then there is one and
only one line perpendicular to both of the lines 
b  TP = | b || TP |sin  .nˆ  --- (3)
L1 and L2 which is called the line of shortest Where n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to the
distance. If PQ is the line of shortest distance
then the distance between P and Q is called plane of the lines (1) and (2)
distance between the given skew lines.
i) The shortest distance between the skew lines TP  OP  OT  a2  a1
 In  P T Q 
r  a1   b1, r  a2   b2 is  
 sin   P Q  P Q  P T . sin  
( a1  a 2 )   b1  b2 )  a1  a 2 b1 b2   PT 

 
( or )
b1  b2 b1  b2 From (3) b  TP  b TP sin  nˆ
ii) If the above two lines are coplanar or  b  (a2  a1 ) | b | ( PQ)nˆ
intersecting then  a1  a2 b1 b2  = 0  b   a 2  a1   b  PQ  nˆ  1
iii) Shortest distance between the lines
b  (a2  a1) b  (a2  a1)
x  x1

y  y1

z  z1  PQ   PQ 
a1 b1 c1 b b

x  x2 y  y 2 z  z 2 b  (a1  a2 )
and    PQ 
a2 b2 c2 is b

19
 EXERCISE - I 6. Parametric form of the equation of the line
3 x  6 y  2 z  15  0  2 x  y  2 z  5 is
1. The equation of the line joining ( -2,1,3 ) and
( 1,1,4 ) is x 5 y z x 1 y  5 z 1
1)   2)  
14 2 15 14 2 15
x  2 y 1 z  3 x  2 y 1 z  3
1)   2)   x  3 y 1 z x5 y z
3 0 1 3 0 1 3)   4)  
14 2 15 14 2 15
x  2 y 1 z  3 x  3 y 1 z  2 7. The value of p so that the lines
3)   4)  
4 3 2 1 1 1 1  x 7 y  14 z  3
 
7  7x y  5 6  z
 
3 2p 2
and 3p 1 5
are at
2. The equation of the line through (3,1,2) and
equally inclined to the axes is right angles are
1) 70/11 2) 7/11 3) 10/7 4) 17/11
x 3 y 1 z 2 x  3 y 1 z  2 8. The angle between the lines
1)   2)  
1 0 0 0 1 0 x 1 y  2 z  3 x y z
  and   is
x  3 y 1 z  2 x  3 y 1 z  2 2 1 2 1 1 0
3)   4)  
0 0 1 1 1 1 1) 00 2) 300 3) 450 4) 900
3. The equation of the line passing through 9. The sine of the angle between the straight
(-1, 2, -3 ) and perpdendicular to the plane x2 y 3 z 4
line   and the plane
2 x  3 y  z  5  0 is [ EAM 2017] 3 4 5
2 x  2 y  z  5 is
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 1 y  2 z  3
1)   2)  
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 2 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 5 5 2 5
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 1 y  2 z  3
3)   4)   10. The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = –z and
2 3 1 1 1 1
6x = –y = – 4z is [ EAM 2019]
4. The equation to the plane which passes
1) 0º 2) 30º 3) 45º 4) 90º
through the z-axis and is perpendicular to
11. The angle between the pair of lines
x 1 y  2 z  3
the line   is r   3i  2 j  4 k     i  2 j  2 k  a n d
cos  sin  0
1) x sin   y cos  0 2) x sin  y cos  0 r   5 i  2 j     3i  2 j  6k  is
3) x cos  y sin   0 4) x cos   y sin   0 1) tan 1 19 / 21 2) cos 1 19 / 21
5. The cartesian equation of line is
3) sin 1 19 / 21 4) cos 1 19 / 20 
x 5 y  4 z 6
  its vector form is 12. The angle between the lines x = 1, y = 2 and
3 7 2
y = –1, z = 0 is [ EAM 2020]
1) r   5 i  4 j  6k     3i  2 j  2k    
1) 2) 3) 4) 0º
2 6 3
2) r   5 i  4 j  6k     3i  7 j  2k  13. The lines
x 1 y  2 z  3 x2 y 3 z 4
3) r   5 i  4 j  6k     3i  7 j  2k    ;  
a 3 4 3 4 5
4) r   5 i  4 j  6k     3i  7 j  2k 
are coplanar. Then a =
1) 1 2) 2 3) -1 4) -2

20
 x 2 y 3 z 4 a ( x  x1 )  b( y  y1 )  c( z  z1 )  0 where
14. If the lines   and
1 1 k 1) ax1  by1  cz1  0 2) al  bm  cn  0
x 1 y  4 z  5 a b c
  are coplanar then k can  
k 2 1 3) 4) lx1  my1  nz1  0
l m n
have (MAIN-2013)
1) any value 2) exactly one value KEY
3) exactly two values 4) exactly three values 01) 1 02) 4 03) 3 04) 3 05) 2 06) 3
15. The equation of the plane containing the line 07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 4 11) 2 12) 1
13) 2 14) 3 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3
x 1 y  1 z  3
  and perpendicular to the 19) 1 20) 1 21) 2
2 1 4
SOLUTIONS
plane x  2 y  z  12 is 1. D.r’s of the line = (x2–x1, y2–y1, z2–z1)
1) 9x  2y  5z  4  0 2) 9x  2y  5z  4  0 Let (a, b, c) = (3, 0, 1)
3) 9x  2y  5z  4  0 4) 9x  2y  5z  4  0 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Use the formula  
16. A plane which passes through the point a b c
x4 y7 z 4 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(3, 2, 0) and the line   is 2. Use the formula   , where
1 5 4 l m n
(AIEEE - 2002) 1
1) x – y + z = 1 2) x + y + z = 5 lmn
3) x + 2y – 2 = 1 4) 2x – y + z = 5 3
17. The value of m for which staight line 3. By verify the options
3x  2 y  z  3  0  4x  3y  4z 1 is parallel to 4. By verification D.r’s of normal are
( cos  , sin  , 0 )
the plane 2 x  y  mz  2  0 is
1) –2 2) 8 3) –18 4) 11 x5 y4 z6
5.   
3 7 2
x 1 y 1 z 1
18. If the line   and 6.  1  3x  6 y  2 z  15  0
2 3 4
x3 yk z  2  2x  y  2z  5  0
  intersect then k= now the dr’s of the common line two planes
1 2 1
(JEE MAINS -2012) are 14, 2,15 and Put z  0 in  1 and  2 and
1) -1 2) 2/9 3) 9/2 4) 0 solve them we get a point
19. Let L be the line of intersection of the planes x 1

y  2

z 3
2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2. If L makes 7. 3 2p 2 --- (1)
an angle  with the positive X-axis then 7
cos   (AIEEE - 2007) x 1 y  5 z  6
1 1  
1 3 p 1 5 --- (2)
1) 2) 3) 1 4)
3 2 2 7
20. The d.r’s of the line given by the planes (1) and (2) are perpendicular.
x – y + z – 5 = 0, x – 3y – 6 = 0 are
1) (3, 1,–2) 2) (2, –4, 1) a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
3) (1, –1, 1) 4) (0, 2, 1) 8. Use formula,
21. The equation of the plane containing the line | a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 |
cos  
x  x1 y  y1 z  z 2 a1  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c 22
2
  is
l m n

21
 9. Take  a1 , b1 , c1    3, 4,5 and a b c
2 1 3 2 a b c
  
 a2 , b2 , c2    2, 2,1 . 3 4 4 3 8  3 4  12 9  8
Use D.r’s of the common line of the two planes are
  | a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 | ( 5, 8, 1 )
cos     
2  a1  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c 22
2 D.r’s of the normal to the plane are (2, –1, m)
Now apply the perpendicular
10. Given lines are condition with the given plane we get m = –2
x y z x2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
  --- (1)
3 2 6 a1 b1 c1 0
18.
x y z a2 b2 c2
  --- (2)
2  12  3
3 1 2 3
If  is the required angle 19. D.r’s of the line of intersection   
3 2 1 3

a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0 ;  
2 a1 , b1 c1   ( 3,  3,3 )
11. D.r’s of given lines D.r’s of x-axis  a 2 , b2 c 2   (1, 0, 0)
 
  b1.b2 3 1
b1  1, 2, 2  , b 2   3, 2, 6  ; cos     cos   
b1 b2 999 3
20. By cross multiplication method
12. The line x = 1, y = 2 is parallel to z-axis.
a b c
The line y = 1, z = 0 is parallel to x-axis. 1 1 1 1 a b c
     
 3 0 1 3  1  2
Angle between the lines is
2 21. Plane contains the given line normal to the plane
must be perpendicular to the line
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
so, al + bm + cn = 0.
l1 m1 n1  0
13.
l2 m2 n2 EXERCISE - II
1. A line passes through two points A(2,-3,-1)
1 1 1 and B(8,-1,2). The coordinates of a point on
1 1 k  0 this line at a distance of 14 units from A are
14.  k 2  3k  0 , k = 0, –3 1) (14, 1, 5) 2) (-10, -7, 7)
k 2 1
3) (86, 25, 41) 4)  0,0, 0 
x 1 y 1 z  3 2. The distance of the point (1,0,–3) from the
2 1 4 0 plane x  y  z  9 measured parallel to the
15. Take
1 2 1 x2 y2 z6
line   is
2 3 6
16. Verification 1) 6 2)7 3) 8 4) 9
Required plane has to pass through the points 3. The distance of the point (1, -5, 9) from the
(3, 2, 0) and (4, 7, 4)
plane x  y  z  5 measured along a straight
17.  1  3x  2 y  z  3  0
line x  y  z is (AIEEE-2011)
 2  4x  3y  4z 1  0 1) 3 5 2) 10 3 3) 5 3 4) 3 10

22
 x  2 y  1 z 1 x6 y 7 z 7
4. The line   intersects the (1, 2, 3) to the line   is
3 2 1 3 2 2
curve xy  c 2 , z  0 if c= [EAM -2018] 1) 7 2) 48 3) 8 4) 9
12. The length of the perpendicular from the
1) 1 2)  3 3)  5 4)  7
point (–1, 3, 9) to the line
5. The point of intersection of the line
x  13 y  8 z  31
x  3 2  y z 1   is
  and planes 5 8 1
3 4 1
1) 21 2) 22 3) 20 4) 439
2 x  4 y  3 z  3  0 , x  2 y  3 z  0 is
1) ( 9,6,1 ) 2) ( -9,6,1 ) KEY
01) 1 02) 2 03) 2 04) 3 05) 3 06) 2
3) ( 9,-6,1 ) 4) ( -9,-6,-1 )
07) 3 08) 1 09) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 1
6. The shortest distance between the lines
SOLUTIONS
x  2 y  3 z 1 x  4 y  5 z  2
  ;   is x  2 y  3 z 1 x  2 y  3 z 1
3 4 2 4 5 3 1.    6  2  points
6 2 3 7 7
3
7
1 1 1 5
1) 2) 3) 4) on the line
3 6 2 6
 6 2r 3r 
7. The shortest distance between the lines =  2  r , 3  , 1   where r=14.
 7 7 7 
r  1  t  i   t  2  j   3  2t  k and 2. Equation of the line passing through (1, 0, –3)
with d.r’s (2, 3, –6) is
r   s  1 i   2s  1 j   2s  1 k is
x 1 y  0 z  3
1) 8/ 17 2) 8 / 493 3) 8/ 29 4) 16 29    t (say)
2 3 6
8. The distance between the parallel lines x = 1 + 2t, y = 3t, z = –3 – 6t
r  2 i  3 j  k   ( i  j  2k ) and Let P be a point in the plane x–y–z=9 such that
AP is parallel to given line
r  3i  4 j  k   ( i  j  2k ) is P = (1 + 2t, 3t, –3 – 6t)
Substitute P in the given plane, t = 1
22 175 14 P = (3, 3, –9), AP = 7.
1) 2 2) 3) 4) 7
3 6 6 3. Let P = (1, -5, 9)
Let Q be a point on the given plane such that
9. The reflection of the point A (1, 0, 0) in the PQ is parallel to given line
x  1 y  1 z  10 The equation of the line PQ is
line   is [EAM -2019]
2 3 8 x 1 y  5 z  9
 
1) (3, –4, –2) 2) (5, –8, –4) 1 1 1
3) (1, –1, –10) 4) (2, –3, 8)
Let Q = 1  t , t  5, t  9 
10. The foot of the perpendicular from (a,b,c) on
Sub Q in the given plane, t  10
the line x  y  z is the point  r , r , r  where
 Q   9, 15, 1
1) r  a  b  c 2) r  3  a  b  c 
PQ = 300  10 3
3) 3r  a  b  c 4) r  4  a  b  c  4. we have z  0 for the point, where the line
11. The length of the perpendicular from the point intersects the curve. therefore,

23
 x  2 y  1 0 1 Let A = (6, 7, 7)
  Let B be the foot of the perpendicular of P on
3 2 1 P
x2 y 1 the given line
  1 and 1 D.r’s of given line = (3, 2, –2)
3 2
 x  5 and y  1
A B
Putting these values in xy  c , we get
2  3 2 2 
D.c’s of given line =  , , 
 17 17 17 
5  c2  c   5
AB = projection of AP on the given line
5. By verification method
6. a1  (2,3,1) , a2  (4,5, 2) , b1  (3, 4, 2) = l ( x2  x1 )  m( y2  y1 )  n( z2  z1 )
b2  (4,5,3) AB = 17
 a1  a2 b1 b2  From  ABP, PB 2  AP 2  AB 2 = 66 – 17
Shortest distance =
b1  b2 PB = 49 = 7
7. Given lines 12. Let A = (–1, 3, 9)
r  ( i  2 j  3k )  t ( i  j  2k ) and Any point P on the line is
r  ( i  j  k )  s ( i  2 j  2k ) (13 + 5t, –8–8t, 31 + t)
 
a1  1, 2,3 , b1   1,1, 2  Let P be the foot of the perpendicular of A
 
a2  1, 1, 1 , b2  1, 2, 2  D.r’s of AP = (14+5t, –11–8t, 22 + t)
 a1  a2 b1 b2  AP is perpendicular to given line.
Find a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
b1  b2
8. a1  2 i  3 j  k , a2  3i  4 j  k ,  5(14 + 5t) + 8(11 + 8t) + 22 + t = 0
 t = –2 , P = (3, 8, 29), AP = 21
b  i  j  2k , a1  a2  5 i  j  2k

i j k EXERCISE - III
b  ( a1  a2 )  1 1 2  4 i  12 j  4k 1. Equation of the perpendicular line from
5 1 2 x y 2 z 3
(3, –1, 11) to the line   is
2 3 4
b  (a1  a2 )  176 , b  6
x 3 y 1 z 11 x 3 y 1 z 11
1)   2)  
b  (a1  a2 ) 1 6 4 2 5 7
176 22
Distance =  2 x 3 y 1 z 11 x 3 y 1 z 11
|b | 6 3 3)   4)  
9. Any point P on the line is (2r+1, –3r–1, 8r–10) 1 11 3 1 6 4
D.r’s of AP are (2r, –3r–1, 8r–10) 2. The equation of line of shortest distance
AP is perpendicular to the given line x 3 y 5 z 7
2(2r) – 3(–3r–1) + 8(8r–10) = 0  r = 1 between the lines   ;
1 2 1
P (3, –4, –2)
Let B be the image of A x 1 y 1 z 1
  is
B = 2P – A 7 6 1
10. apply the formula for perpendicular condition.
11. Let P = (1, 2, 3)

24
 x3 y 5 z 7 7. The equation of the plane which passes
1)   through the z-axis and is perpendcular to the
2 3 4
x a y  2 z 3
x3 y 5 z 7 line   is
2)   cos  sin  0
2 3 4 1) x  y tan   0 2) y  x tan   0
x 3 y 5 z 7 3) x cos  y sin  0 4) x sin  y cos  0
3)  
2 3 4 x 1 y  3 z  4
8. The image of the line   in
x3 y5 z 7 3 1 5
4)   the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is the line
2 3 4
3. A plane mirror is placed at the origin so that (MAINS-2014)
the direction ratios of its normal are x 3 y  5 z  2 x 3 y  5 z  2
(1, -1, 1). A ray of light, coming along the 1)   2)  
3 1 5 3 1 5
positive direction of the x-axis strikes the
mirror. Then the direction ratios of the x  3 y 5 z  2 x  3 y 5 z  2
3)   4)  
reflected ray are 3 1 5 3 1 5
1 2 2 1 2 2 x 1 y  2 z  3
1) , , 2) , , 9. For the line   , which one
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3
1 2 2 1 2 2 of the following is incorrect ?
3) , , 4) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 1) it lies in the plane x  2 y  z  0
y 1 z  3
4. If the angle between the line x   x y z
2  2) it is same as line  
and the plane x  2 y  3z  4 is 1 2 3
3) it passes through (2,3,5)
cos 1  
5 /14 then  = (AIEEE-2011)
1) 4) it is parallel to the plane x  2 y  z  6
3 5 2 2 x 1 y z 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 10. The projection of the line   in
2 3 3 5 1 2 3
5. If lines x  y  z and x  y / 2  z / 3 and the plane x-2y+z=6 is the line of intersection
third line passing through 1,1,1 form a of this plane with the plane is
triangle of area 6 units, then point of 1) 2x+y+2=0 2) 3x+y-z=2
intersection of third line with second line will 3) 2x-3y+8z=3 4) x+y-z=1
be 11. If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = –3 –  s,
1) 1, 2,3 2)  2, 4, 6  t
z = 1 +  s and x  , y  1  t , z  2  t with
2
 4 8 12  parameters ‘s’ and ‘t’ respectively are
3)  , ,  4)  2,1,3 coplanar then  =
3 3 3 
1
6. Let P  3, 2, 6  be a point in space and Q be a 1) –2 2) 0 3)  4) –1
2
point on the line 12. The equation of a plane which passes
r  i  j  2k   ( 3i  j  5k ) then the
through the point of intersection of lines
value of  for which the vector PQ is x 1 y  2 z  3 x  3 y 1 z  2
  and  
parallel to the plane x  4 y  3 z  1 is 3 1 2 1 2 3
(IIT-2009) and at greatest distance from point (0,0,0) is
1 1 1 1 1) 4x  3y  5z  25 2) 4x  3y  5z  50
1) 2) 3) 4) 3) 4x  3y  5z  49 4) x  7 y  5z  2
4 4 8 8

25
 KEY l 1 1 1
01) 1 02) 1 03) 4 04) 3 05) 2 06) 1   l
2 cos  3 3
07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 1 11) 1 12) 2
m  0 1 2
SOLUTIONS  m
1. Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from 2cos  3 3
A (3, –1, 11) to the given line then n0 1 2
P = (2r , 3r + 2, 4r + 3)   n
2 cos  3 3
D.r’s of A.P are (2r – 3, 3r + 3, 4r – 8)

AP is perpendicuilar to the given line 1  5  5
 2(2r – 3) + 3(3r + 3) + 4(4r – 8)=0  r = 1 4. Let cos  14     cos  
  14
P = (2, 5, 7)
 3
D.r’s of AP are (1, –6, 4)  sin  
2. Let P(   3,  2  5,   7 ) and 14
Q( 7  1,  6  1,  1 ) be the points on the
D.r’s of given line (a1, b1, c1) = (1, 2,  )
D.r’s of normal to the given plane
given lines so that PQ is the line of shortest
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, 3)
distance between the given lines
D.r’s of PQ  (   7  4,  2  6  6,    8 ) a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
sin  
Since PQ is perpendicular to the given lines a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
1(   7  4 )  2( 2  6  6 )  1(     8 )  0
 6  20  0  3  10  0 --- (1) 3 1  4  3 2
 
14 ;
and, 1 4  2 1 4  9 3
 7(   7  4 )  6( 2  6  6 )  1(     8 )  0
y z
 7  49  28  12  36  36      8  0 5. x = y = z--- (1), x  --- (2)
2 3
 20  86  0  10  43 --- (2)
Clearly point of intersection of (1) and (2) is
From (1) and (2)   0 ,  0 (0,0,0)
P  ( 3,5, 7 ), Q  ( 1,  1,  1 ) D.r’s of (1) are (1, 1, 1)
D.r’s of PQ = (–4, –6, –8) = (2, 3, 4) D.r’s of (2) are (1, 2, 3)
x 3 y 5 z 7
Let  be the angle between (1) and (2)
Equation of PQ is  
2 3 4 6 6
cos   ,sin  
3. Let (l, m, n) be the d.c’s of reflected ray 42 42
We have (1, 0, 0) are the d.c’s of incident ray
(x-axis). Let any point on second line be   , 2 ,3 
 1 1 1  Third line passing through (1, 1, 1)
D.c’s of normal are  , ,  (1, 1, 1) lies on (1)
 3 3 3 A = (1, 1, 1)
Let (l1 , m1 , n1 )  (l , m, n), (l2 , m2 , n2 )  (1, 0, 0) 1
If  is the angle between the normal to the plane
Area of OAB   OA OB sin 
2
1 1 6
and incident ray, then cos    3 14   6  2
3 2 42
 l1  l2 m1  m2 n1  n2  So B is  2, 4, 6 
 , ,   ( l ,m,n )
 2 cos  2 cos  2 cos  

26
 9. (1,2,3) satisfies the plane x  2 y  z  0 and

 
also iˆ i22j j33kk ,, i i22j jkk 00

B  , 2 ,3  x 1 y  2 z  3
Since the lines   and
1 2 3
6. P = (3, 2, 6)
Q  ( 1  3 ,  1, 2  5 ) x y z
  both satisfy (0,0,0) and (1,2,3) both
D.r’s of PQ = ( 3  2 ,  3,5  4 ) 1 2 3
Equation of the plane x – 4y + 3z = 1 are same. given line is obviously parallel to
D.r’s of the normal to the plane (1, –4, 3) the plane x  2 y  z  6
10. Equation of a plane through (-1,0,1) is
PQ is perpendicular to the normal to the plane
a  x  1  b  y  0   c  z  1  0
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
Which is paraallel to the given line and
  3  2  4  12  15  12  0 perpendicular to the given plane.
a  2b  3c  0 and a  2b  c  0
1
 8  2  0    by solving the above, we get , c=0, a=2b
4
7. The d.r’s of the normal of the plane are x 1 y  3 z 1
11. Given lines are   ,
( cos  ,sin  , 0). 1  
Now, the required plane passes through the z-
x y 1 z  2
axis. hence the point (0,0,0) lies on the plane.  
1 1 1
The required plane is
2
x cos   y sin   0 ,  x  y tan   0
Given lines are coplanar
8. 3(2) + 1(–1) + (–5) (1) = 0
Given line and given plane are parallel
 Image line is also parallel to the given line 1 4 1
Image of A (1, 3, 4) w.r.to given plane lies on  1   0
the image line. 1
,    
Equation of the normal to the plane is 1 1
2
x 1 y  3 z  4
  12. Let a point  3  1,   2, 2   3  of the first
2 1 1
Any point on the line B = (2r + 1, –r+3, r+4) line also lies on the second line Then
If B is the image of A (1, 3, 4) then mid point 3  1  3   2  1 2  3  2
of AB lies on the plane.     1
1 2 3
 2r  2  r  6 r  8  Hence, the point of intersection P of the two
Mid point =  , ,  lines is (4,3,5)
 2 2 2 
Mid point lies in the given plane
 2r  2    r  6  r  8
 2   3 0
 2   2  2
 r  2 , B = (–3, 5, 2)
x3 y 5 z 2
Image line is  
3 1 5

27
 (1) (2, –4, –7) (2) (2, 4, 7)
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
(3) (2, –4, 7) (4) (–2, 4, 7)

1.A plane P meets the coordinate axes at A, B and C 6. If the lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a' z + b',
respec  tively. The centroid of triangle ABC is given y = c' z + d' are perpendicular, then: [2019]
to be (1,1,2). Thenthe equation of the line through this
(1) ab' + bc' + 1 = 0
centroid and perpendicular to the plane P is:
(2) cc' + a + a' = 0
[2020] (3) bb' + cc' + 1 = 0
(4) aa' + c + c' = 0
x 1 y 1 z  2 x 1 y 1 z  2 7.The number of distinct real values of l for which the
1)   2)  
2 1 1 2 1 1 x 1 y  2 z  3 x3 y 2 z 2
lines   2 and  2 
x 1 y 1 z  2 1 2  1  1
3)   4) none of these
2 2 1 arecoplanar is : [2019]
(1) 2 (2) 4
2.If (a, b, c) is the image of the point (1, 2, –3) in the (3) 3 (4) 1

x 1 y  3 z 8.If the length of the perpendicular from the point (b,

line ,   , then a + b + c is equals to:
2 2 1 x y 1 z 1 3
0, b) to the line   is , then b is
[2020] 1 0 1 2
(1) 2 (2) – 1
equal to: [2019]
(3) 3 (4) 1
(1) 1 (2) 2
3.The shortest distance between the lines (3) –1 (4) –2
x 3 y 8 z 3 x3 y7 z6 9.If a point R(4, y, z) lies on the line segment —oining
  and  
3 1 1 3 2 4 thepoints P(2, –3, 4) and Q(8, 0, 10), then distance
of R fromthe origin is [2018]
1) 3 2) 5 [2020]
1) 2 14 2) 2 21
3) 3 30 4) none
3) 6 4) 53

4.If the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 10.The length of the projection of the line segment
(1, 0, 3) on a line passing through (a, 7, 1) is , then a joiningthe points (5, –1, 4) and (4, –1, 3) on the
isequal to _________. [2020] plane, x+y+z=7is: [2018]

5.Two lines 2 1 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
niels

intersect at the point R. The reflection of R in the xy-

planehas coordinates : [2020]

28
 KEY

1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4 5)1 2. a
6) 4 7) 3 8)3 9) 1 10)1

SOLUTIONS

1. C

3.

x 1 y 1 z  2
The required line is ,  
2 2 1

29
 6.
4.

7.

5.

30
8.

10.

9.

******

31
 (A) 5x  4y  z  10  0
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS
(B) 4x  5y  3z  0
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS (C) 2x  y  2z  9
1. The point in which the YZ plane divides the (D) 3x  4y  5z  9
line joining the points (3, 5, –7) and
(–2, 1, 8) is (x, y, z). Then the value of KEY
x + 5y + z is 01) B 02) B 03) A 04) D 05) B 06) D
(A)10 (B)15 (C)12 (D)20 07) A
2. P(1, 1, 1) and Q(l, l, l) are two points in the
space such that PQ  27 , the value of l can SOLUTIONS
1. Let the yz–plane divide the line joining the given
be [JEE 2006]
points in the ratio m1 : m2. Then the coordinates of
(A)–4 (B)–2 (C)2 (D)0
the point of division are
3. The direction ratios of the bisector of the
angle between the lines whose   2m1  3m 2 m1  5m 2 8m1  7m 2 
 , , .
l1 , m1 , n1; l2 , m 2 , n 2 are [JEE - 2003]  m1  m 2 m1  m 2 m1  m 2 
(A) l1  l2 , m1 ±m 2 ,n1 ±n 2 Since this point lies on the yz–plane, its x-
coordinates is zero. Therefore
(B) l1  l 2 , m1  m 2 , n1  n 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

–2m1 + 3m2 = 0, i.e. m1 : m2 = 3 : 2

(C) l1m 2  l2 m1 , m1n 2  m 2 n1 , n1l2  n 2l1 The other coordinates of the point of division
(D) l1m 2  l2 m1 , m1n 2  m 2 n1 , n1l2  n 2l1 are now
4. The plane which contains the line 3x + y = 1, m1  5m 2 3  2.5 13
z = 4 and parallel to x + y + z + 1 = 0, y= = = , and
m1  m 2 35 5
y + 2z = 1, cuts the x-axis at 8m 1  7 m 2 3.8  2.7
(A)(–2, 0, 0) (B)(–3, 0, 0) z= = =2
m1  m 2 3 2
(C)(–4, 0, 0) (D)(–1, 0, 0)
 x  5y  z  15
x y z
5. The line   and the plane 2. (PQ) 2  (  1) 2  (  1) 2  (  1) 2
1 2 3
2x –4y + 2 z = 3 meet in [JEE 2099]  3(  1) 2  27  (  1) 2  9
(A)at one point (B)no point    2 or 4
(C)infinitely many points
3. Let OP = OQ = r
(D)at two points
M is the mid point of PQ, then coordinates of
6. If  4k1 , k12 , 1 and  4k 2 , k 22 , 1 are two points  l  l   m  m 2   n1  n 2  
M  1 2  r,  1  r,   r
lying on the plane in which (2, 3, 2) and  2   2   2  
(1, 2, 1) are mirror image to each other, then  l1  l 2   m1  m 2   n1  n 2  
k1k 2 is equal to   r,   r,   r
 2   2   2  
3 5 7 9 DR’s of the bisector are
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
2 2 2 2
l1  l2 , m1 ,  m 2 , n1  n 2
7. The plane x  y  z  2 is rotated through an
DR’s of other bisector are
angle 900 about its line of intersection with
l1  l 2 , m1  m 2 , n1  n 2
the plane x  2y  z  2 . Then equation of
this plane in new position is

32
 P (l1r,m1r, n1r)  2 1 1 
l1,m1 , n 1 (D)  , , 
 6 6 6
O M
x 1 y 1 z 1
2. The lines   and
l2,m 2 , n 2 3 1 0
Q(l 2 r,m2r, n2r)
x  4 y  0 z 1
 
4. Let the plane be 3x + y – 1 +   z  4   0 2 0 3
x  2 y 1 z (A) do not intersect
It is parallel to line  
1 2 1 (B) intersect
   1  3x  y  z  3  0 (C) intersect at (4, 0, –1)
Hence point is (–1, 0, 0) (D)intersect at (1, 1, –1)
5. Any point on the given line is (t,2t,3t). 3. The plane x  2y  7z  21  0
It lies in the given plane if 2(t)  4(2t)  2(3t)  3 x 1 y  3 z  2
(A) contains the line  
 0 = 3. Which is not true for any t  R. Hence, 3 2 1
the given line and given plane does not meet in (B) contains the point (0, 7, –1)
any point. x y z
(C) is perpendicular to the line  
6. Required plane is 2x + 2y + 2z – 11 = 0 1 2 7
(D) is parallel to the plane x – 2y + 7z = 0
9 4. The equation of a line
 2k 2  8k  9  0  k1k 2  
2 4x  4y  z  11  0  x  2y  z  1 can be put
7.  x  y  z  2     x  2y  z  2   0 as
x y2 z 3
   1 x   2  1 y     1 z  2  2  0 (A)  
2 1 4
x  4 y  4 z  11
   1 .1   2  1 1     1 1  0 (B)  
2 1 4
 equation of plane is 5x  4y  z  10  0 x 2 y z3
(C)  
2 1 4
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE x2 y2 z
(D)  
QUESTIONS 2 1 4
5. If P(2, 3, 1) is a point and L  x  y  z  2  0
1. If the direction cosines l, m, n of a line are is a plane then
related by the equations l+m+n=0, (A) origin and P lie on the same side of the plane
2mn+2ml- nl=0 then the ordered triplet
4
(l, m, n) is (B)distance of P from the plane is
3
  1 2 
(A)  , ,   10 5 1 
 6 6 6 (C) foot of perpendicular is  , ,  
 3 3 3
  1 2 
 10 5 1 
(B)   , ,  (D) image of point P by the plane  , ,  
 6 6 6  3 3 3
 2 1 1  6. Consider the plane through (2, 3, –1 ) and at
(C)   , ,  right angles to the vector 3iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ from the
 6 6 6
origin is

33
 (A)The equation of the plane through the given point
 2 1 1   1 1 2 
is 3x  4y  7z  13  0 or  , ,  or  , , 
(B)perpendicular distance of plane from origin  6 6 6  6 6 6
2. For the given lines
1
74 4  1 0  1 1  (1)
(C)perpendicular distance of plane from origin 3 1 0
=0
13 2 0 3
74
So, the given lines intersect.
(D)perpendicular distance of plane from origin
Any point on the first line is (3r1  1,  r1  1, 1)
21
74 and any point on the second line is
(2r2  4, 0,3r2  1) .
7. A line L passing through the point Since, the lines intersect, at the point of
P(1, 4, 3), is perpendicular to both the lines intersection.
x 1 y3 z2 x2 y4 3r1  1  2r2  4,  r1  1  0, 1  3r2  1
= = , and = =
2 1 4 3 2 r1  1, r2  0
z 1 Hence, the point of intersection is (4, 0, –1)
. If the position vector of point Q on L 3. (a) We know that the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
2
is (a1, a2, a3) such that (PQ)2 = 357, then (a1 x  y  z  
contains the line  
+ a2 + a3) can be l m n
(A) 16 (B) 15 (C) 2 (D) 1 if a  b  c  d  0 and al + bm + cn = 0.
. Now, since (–1) – 2 (3) + 7 (–2) + 21 = 0
And (–3) (1) + 2 (–2) + 1 (7) = 0
KEY The line given in (a) lies on the given plane.
01) A,B,C,D 02) B,C 03) A,B,C,D (b) Since, 0  2(7)  7(1)  21  0
04) A,B) 05) A,B,C 06) A,C The point (0, 7, –1) lies on the plane.
07) B,D (c) Direction ratio of the normal to the given plane are
(1, -2, 7) which are same as those of the given in
(c). So, the plane is perpendicular to the lines.
SOLUTIONS (d) direction ratios of normal to plane are equal hence
1. l+m+n =0 and 2 mn+2ml-nl=0 two planes are parallel.
l= - (m+n)  2mn-(2m-n) (m+n) =0 4. The given equation are
m 1 4x  4y  z  11  0 …(i)
 2m2-n2-mn=0   1 or
n 2 x  2y  z  1  0 ….(ii)
n n The D.r’s of normals to the planes (i) and (ii)
when m=n, l = -2n ; when m  ,l  are 4, –4, –1 and 1, 2, –1 respectively.
2 2
Let Dr’s of line of intersection of plane be l, m,
l m n l m n n As the line of intersection of the planes
hence    or  
2 1 1  1 1 2 isperpendicular to the normals of the both
Since l2+m2+n2=1 planes, we get
4l – 4m – n = 0
 2 1 1   1 1 2 
 l , m, n    , ,  or  , ,  and l + 2m – n = 0
 6 6 6  6 6 6 By cross multiplication
34
 l m n
 
l m n
or  
x 1 y  4 z  3
  ....(1)
6 3 12 2 1 4 a b c
If x = 0, Eqs. (i) and (ii) becomes Since (1) is perpendicular to
4y  z  11  0
x 1 y3 z2
2y  z  1  0 = = and
2 1 4
Solving, we get y  2, z  3 x2 y4 z 1
= =
x y2 z 3 3 2 2
Equation of line is  
2 1 4 Hence 2a + b + 4c = 0
Also x = 4, y = 4, z = 11 satisfies Eqs. (i) and and 3a + 2b – 2c = 0
(ii) Hence, (b) is also the correct option. a b c
 
5. At (0, 0, 0), x  y  z  2  2  (  ve)  2  8 12  4 4  3
at (2, 3, 1), x – y – z – 2 = 2 –3 – 1 – 2 = – 4 a b c
Since, both have same sign (0, 0, 0) and   
 10 16 1
(2, 3, 1) lie on the same side of the plane.
Hence the equation of the lines is
2  3 1  2 4 x 1 y  4 z  3
Distance     ....(2)
2
1 1 1 2 2 3  10 16 1
Equation of a line perpendicular to the plane Ans.Now any point Q on (2) can be taken as
x – y – z – 2 = and passing through the point (1 – 10l , 16l + 4 , l + 3)
(2, 3, 1) is Distance of Q from P (1, 4, 3)
= (10l)2 + (16l)2 + l2 = 357
x  2 y  3 z 1
    (100 + 256 + 1)l2 = 357  l = 1 or – 1
1 1 1 Q is (–9, 20, 4) or (11, – 12, 2)
A point on the line is (  2, 3  ,1   ) and it Hence a1 + a2 + a3 = 15 or 1
lies and the plane x – y – z – 2 = 0 .
4
if   2  3    1    2  0  
3
Foot of perpendicular on the plane is
4 4 4   10 5 1 
  2, 3  ,1     , ,  
3 3 3  3 3 3
6. The equation of the plane through (2, 3, –1) and
perpendicular to the vector 3iˆ  4jˆ  7kˆ is
3(x  2)  (4)(y  3)  7(z  (1))  0
or 3x  4y  7z  13  0
Distance of this plane from the origin
| 3  0  4  0  7  0  13 | 13
  .
3  (4)  7
2 2 2
74

7. Equation of the line passing through P(1, 4, 3) is

35
 7 17 7
(A) 3 6 (B) (C) 17 (D)
2 2
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Passage - 3
QUESTIONS
Given points A (1, -4, 5) and B(0,6,1) and a
P assage -1 plane 3x  y  2z  7
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 6. The ratio in which the line segment AB is
Eq. of line is  
a b c divided by the plane, is
Equation of plane through the intersection (A)2/3 (B)1/11 (C)10/11 (D)12/11
of two planes is
7. If P   2  1,  ,   1 is a point on the same
 a1x  b1y  c1z  d1     a 2x  b2 y  c2z  d2   0
side of the plane as the point A, then the set
1. The distance of point (1, - 2, 3) from the plane
of values of  , is
x  y  z  5 measured parallel to the line
 1  73 1  73 
21 29 13 2 (A)  , 
(A) (B) (C) (D)  6 6 
5 5 5 5
2. The equation of the plane through (0,2,4) and  1  73   1  73 
x  3 y 1 z  2 (B)  , 6
  
6
,  
containing the line   is    
3 4 2
(A) x  2y  4z  12  0 (C)  ,   (D)  0,  
(B) 5x  y  9z  38  0 Passage - 4
(C) 10x  12y  9z  60  0 Read the following passage and answer the
questions Consider the lines
(D) 7x  5y  3z  2  0
x 1 y  2 z 1
Passage - 2 L1 :   ,
  3 1 2
a  6iˆ  7 ˆj  7 kˆ , b  3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ , P 1, 2, 3 
x 2 y 2 z 3
3. The position vector of L, the foot of the L2 :  
   1 2 3
perpendicular from P on the line r  a   b is
8. The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and
(A) 6iˆ  7 ˆj  7kˆ (B) 3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
L 2 is
(C) 3iˆ  5ˆj  9kˆ (D) 9iˆ  9 ˆj  5kˆ
4. The image of the point P in the line ˆi  7ˆj  7kˆ ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ
   (A) (B)
99 5 3
r  a   b is
(A) (11, 12, 11) (B)(5, 2, -7) ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ 7iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ
(C) (5, 8, 15) (D)(17, 16, 7) (C) (D)
 5 3 99
5. If A is the point with position vector a then
9. The shortest distance between L1 and L 2 is
area of the triangle P L A in sq. units is equal
to 17
(A) 0 unit (B) unit
3
41 17
(C) unit (D) unit
5 3 5 3

36
10. The distance of the point 1,1,1 from the  21   3  2   4 3  5 5  1 
1
5
plane passing through the point  1, 2, 1
29
 2    3    4  
2 2 2
and whose normal is perpendicular to both PQ 
5
the lines L1 and L 2 is [IIT-JEE 2008] 2. Normal to plane.
2 7 ˆi ˆj kˆ
(A) unit (B) unit
75 75
0   3  z  1 4  2  10iˆ  12ˆj  9kˆ
13 23 3 4 2
(C) unit (D) unit
75 75
Equation of plane is
Passage - 5 10  x  0   12  y  2   9  z  4   0
x 1 y z 1
Consider the line L :   and a 10x  12y  24  9z  36  0
2 1 2
10x  12y  9z  60  0
point A(1, 1, 1). Let P be the foot of the
perpendicular from A on L and Q be the 3. Let the position vector of L be
 
a   b =  6  3  i   7  2  j   7  2  k
image of the point A in the line L, 'O' being ˆ ˆ ˆ
the origin. 
11. The distance of the origin from the plane 
So PL   6  3 ˆi   7  2 ˆj   7  2 kˆ  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ 
passing through the point A and containing
=  5  3  ˆi   5  2  ˆj   4  2  kˆ
the line L is

1 1 2 1 Since PL is perpendicular to the given line which
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
3 3 3 2 is parallel to b  3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ
12. The distance of the point A from the line L  3  5  3   2  5  2   2  4  2   0
is
   1 and thus the position vector of L is
4
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3iˆ  5ˆj  9kˆ
3
13. The distance of the origin from the point Q is 4. Let the position vector of Q, the image of P in the

17 17 1 given line be x ˆi  y ˆj  z kˆ , then L is the mid-

1 1 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D) point of PQ.
6 3 3
KEY ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ  x ˆi  y ˆj  z kˆ
 3iˆ  5ˆj  9kˆ  1 1 1
01) B 02) C 03) C 04) C 05) B 06) C 2
07) B 08) B 09) D 10) C 11) A 12) B
x1  1 y 2 z 3
13) C   3, 1  5, 1 9
2 2 2
SOLUTIONS
 x1  5, y1  8, z1  15
1. Consider line passing through P 1, 2,3 
 image of P in the line is (5, 8, 15)
x 1 y  2 z  3 5. Area of the
  
2 3 4 1   1
PLA  PL AL  2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ 3iˆ  2jˆ  2kˆ
Q on line Q  2  1, 3  2, 4  3  is also 2 2
lying on plane.

37
 1 7 17 9. The shortest distance between L1 and L 2 is
 4  9  36 94 4  sq. uints.
 2   1 ˆi    2  2 ˆj  3   1 kˆ. ˆi  7jˆ  5kˆ 
2 2
6. The equation of plane is 3x  y  2z  7  0 .
Let the line segment AB cuts the plane in the 5 3

 1 6  4   5 
ratio  :1  C  , , 
  1  1  1  
3iˆ  4kˆ  . ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ   17
unit
on 3x  y  2z  7 5 3 5 3

 1   6  4  5 10. The equation of the plane passing through the

3     2 7
  1    1    1  point  1, 2, 1 and whose normal is
10 prependiuclr to the both the given lines L1 and

11 L 2 may be written as
7. As A and P are on same side of the plane , the
value of 3 x  y  2 z  7 has same sign at A and  x  1  7  y  2   5  z  1  0
 x  7y  5z  10  0
P.  3   2  1    2    1  7  0
The distance of the point (1,1,1) from the plane
or 3 2    6  0
1  7  5  10 13
  unit.
 1  73  73  1  1  49  25 75
   
  0
 6  6  11, 12, 13
x 1 y z 1
We have   = t (say)
 1  73   1  73  2 1 2
    , 6
  
6
,  
Now AP  2 t î  ( t  1)ˆj  2( t  1)k̂
   
8. The equations of given lines in vector forms  1
may be written as As AP ·V  0  t =
3

  
L1 : r  ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ   3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  Again a1 + 1 =
2
 a1 =
1
 3 3
  
and L 2 : r  2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ   ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ  2 5
Since, the vector perpendicular to both L1 and a2 + 1 =  a2 =
3 3
L2 2 5
a3 + 1 =  a3 =
3 3
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 1  5  5 
 3 1 2  ˆi  7 ˆj  5kˆ Hence Q is  , , 
 3 3 3 
1 2 3
1 25 25 17
 required unit vector Hence OQ =   =
9 9 9 3


 ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ  Ans.(iii)
=
1
  ˆi  7 ˆj  5kˆ  Equation of the plane containing the point A
 1   7    5
2 2 2
5 3

and L is given by [PA, RA V] = 0

38
 origin may be (a,b,c,d  I) is
x 1 y 1 z 1 (C) The value(s) of  for which the triangle with
 0 1 2 =0 vertices A(6,10,10) B(1,0,-5) and C(6,-10,  ) will
2 1 2 be a right angled triangle (right angled at A) is /are
(D)d is the perpendicular distance from (1, 3, 4)
 (x – 1)(x – 2) + 22( y  1)  (z  1)  = 0
x 1 y 1 z d
 – 4(x – 1) + 4(y – 1) – 2(z – 1) = 0 to   , then value of 2 3
1 1 1
 2(x – 1) – 2(y – 1) + (z – 1) = 0
 2x – 2y + z = 1 ......(1) Column II
1 (P) 0
1
Distance of origin from (1) is = Ans.(i) (Q) 70/3
9 3
2
4 16 16 (R)
Finally AP =   = 4 = 2 Ans.(ii) 3
9 9 9
3
MATRIXMATCHING TYPE (S) 65
2
QUESTIONS 2. Match the statements/expressions given in
This section contains 1 questions. Each Column I with the values given in ColumnII
questions contain statements given in two Column I
columns, which have to be matched. The Consider a cube
statements in Column I are labeled A, B, C (A) Angle between any two solid diagonal
and D while the statements in Column II are
(B)Angle betwen a solid diagonal and a plane
labelled p, q, r, s and t. Any given statement in
Column I can have correct matching with ONE (C) Angle between plane diagonals of adjacent
OR MORE statement(s) in Column II. The faces
appropriate bubbles corresponding to the  
answers to these questions have to be darkened (D)If a line makes angleand with positive
4 3
as illustrated in the following example. If the X and Y axis then the angle which it makes
correct matches are A-p, s and t, B-q and r, C-p with positive Z-axis
and q, and D-s and t, then the correct darkening
of bubbles will look like the following Column II

p q r s t 1 2
(P) cos
A p q r s t 6

B p q r s t  1
1
(Q) cos   2 
C p q r s t  

D p q r s t 1
1
(R) cos
3
1. Match the statements/expressions given in
Column I with the values given in ColumnII 1
(S)
Column I 2
(A)The area of the triangle whose vertices are
3. Match the statements/expressions given in
(0,0,0), (3,4,7) and (5,2,6) is
Column I with the values given in ColumnII
(B)Distance of plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 from

39
 Column I
(A) If Acute and obtuse angle bisectors
2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 6z + 8 = 0 are
represented by A and O, then
(B) If acute and obtuse angle bisectors of the
planes x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 and
2x – 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 are represented by A and
O, then
(C) The acute and obtuse angle bisectors of
the planes 2x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 and
d
(B) Distance =
a 2  b2  c2
(C) Let the given points be A, B and C respectively.
Then find AB, AC, BC and then apply
AB2  AC 2  BC 2 then solve for the  .
(D) Any point on the line is (1  r, r  1, r)
The direction ratio of the line joining (1, 3, 4)
& (1 –r, r + 1, r) is –r, r–2, r–4
(1)(r)  1.(r  2)  (r  4)  0
r  r  2  r  4  0 , 3r  6  r  2
 Foot of the perpendicular is (–1, 3, +2)

6x + 2y – 3z – 8 = 0 are represented by A and  distance (2)2  0  4  2 2 d  2 2

O, then d 2 2 2
 
Column II 2 3 2 3 3
2. The solid diagonals may be taken as the lines
(P) A : 32x + 13y – 23z – 3 = 0
joing (0, 0, 0), (a, a, a) and (a, a, 0) and
(Q) O : x – 5y – 4z – 45 = 0 (0, 0, a). The direction ratios wil be
a, a, a; a, a, –a.
(R) A : 23x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
a2  a2  a2 1 1
(S) O : 4x – y + 5z – 45 = 0  cos      cos 1
2 3
3a  3a
2
3
(T) A : 13x – 23y + 32z + 3 = 0 Let us take the solid diagonal as the one joining
(0, 0, 0), (a, a, a) and plane diagonal as joining
KEY (0, 0, 0) and (a, a, 0). We easily get the angle as
01).(A)  (S);(B)  (P,Q,R,S);(C)  (Q);(D)  (R) 2
cos  1 .
6
02) (A)  (R);(B)  (P);(C)  (q);(D)  (Q)
The third part is easily found as cos 1  
1
03) (A)  (R);(B)  (Q, T);(C)  (P, S)
2
SOLUTIONS
(D) cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
1. Let O(0,0,0), A(3,4,7) and B(5,2,6) be the given
point   1
cos 2  cos 2  cos 2   1 , cos   
1 4 3 2
Area of OAB  OA.OB sin(AOB)
2 1
  cos 1  
Now, OA  3  42  72  74
2
2
3. (A)   2  3   1 2    2  6   20  0
OB  52  22  62  65
Bisectors are
Also D.c’s of the line OA and OB are
3 4 7 5 2 6  2x  y  2z  3 
 3x  2y  6z  8
 , , and , ,
74 74 74 65 65 65  2 2   12   2 2  32   2 2   6 2
 Required area or 7 (2x–y+2z+3) = ± 3(3x–2y+6z+8)
1 3 3 Acute angle bisector is
 74  65   65
2 74 2 7  2x  y  2z  3  3  3x  2y  6z  8 

40
  23x  13y  32z  45  0 INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
and obtuse angle bisector is 1. If the area of the triangle whose vertices are
7  2x  y  2z  3  3  3x  2y  6z  8  A(1, 2, 3), B(2, –1, 1) and C(1, 2, –4) is  sq
 5x  y  4z  3  0 2
A : 23x –13y + 32z + 45 = 0 unit then must be
10
and O : 5x–y–4z–3 = 0
2. The equation of a plane which bisects the
(B) The given planes can be written as
line joining (1,5,7) and (-3,1,-1) is x + y + 2z
 x  2y  2z  3  0 and 2x  3y  6z  8  0
=  then  must be
  1 2    2  3   2  6  3. The distance of the point  3, 0,5 from the line
 2  6  12  20  0
x  2 y  2 z  4  0  x  3z  11 is
Bisectors are,
x  4 y  6 z 1
 x  2y  2z  3 
 2x  3y  6z  8 4. The  
3 5 2
 12   22   22  22   32   62 and 3x  2y  z  5  0  2x  3y  4z  k aree
 7   x  2y  2z  3  3  2x  3y  6z  8  coplanar for k is equal to
Acute angle bisector is 5. If the distance of the point P(4, 3, 5) from
7   x  2y  2z  3  3  2x  3y  6z  8  the axis of y is  unit, then the value of
13x  23y  32z  3  0 52
and obtuse bisector is must be
41
7   x  2y  2z  3  3  2x  3y  6z  8 
6. Let L be the distance between the lines
 x  5y  4z  45  0
y z x z
 A :13x  23y  32z  3  0 x  0,  1 and y  0,   1 . Then
b c a c
and O : x  5y  4z  45  0
 1 1 1
(C) The given planes can be written as L2  2  2  2  is
a b c 
2x  y  2z  3  0 and 6x  2y  3z  8  0
KEY
  2  6   1 2    2  3  20  0
01) 7 02) 8 03) 3 04) 4 05) 5 06) 4
Bisectors are
SOLUTIONS
 2x  y  2z  3 
 6x  2y  3z  8 1. The coordinates of the projections of A, B, C on
 2 2
 1   2 
2 2
  6 2
  2    3
2 2
 the yz-plane are (0, 2, 3), (0, -1, 1) and
(0, 2, -4) respectively
 7  2x  y  2z  3  3  6x  2y  3z  8   x = area of projection of  ABC on yz-plane
Acute angle bisector is
2 3 1
7  2x  y  2z  3  3  6x  2y  3z  8  1
 | 1 1 1 |  21 sq. unit
 32x  13y  23z  3  0 2 2
2 4 1
and obtuse bisector is
7  2x  y  2z  3  3  6x  2y  3z  8 
Similarly, the projection of A, B and C on zx
and xy-planes are (1, 0, 3), (2, 0, 1), (1, 0, -4)
 4x  y  5z  45  0 and (1, 2, 0), (2, -1, 0), (1, 2, 0) respectively
A:32x+13y–23z–3 = 0
Also, Let  y and  z be teh areas of the projec-
and O:4x–y+5z–45=0

41
 tion of the  ABC on zx and xy-planes respec- From Eq. (i) we get , r=2
tively. Now substituting r = 2 in Eq. (ii), then k = 4
x y z
1 3 1 5. The equations of y-axis are   ,
1 7 0 1 0
  | 2 1 1| Any point N on y-axis is (0, r, 0) ….(i)
Then, y 2 2
1 4 1 The direction cosines of the line PN
are 0–4, r–3, 0 – 5 ie, –4, r–3, –5 ….(ii)
1 2 1 Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P
1 to y-axis, then PN is ^ to the y-axis whose
and  z  | 2 1 1 |  0
2 direction cosines are 0, 1, 0 and so from Eq.
1 2 1 (ii), we have
0.  4   1.  r  3  0.  5   0
 r=3
 The required area   x   y   z
2 2 2

From Eq. (i) the coordinates of N are (0, 3, 0)

2 2 Required distance = PN
 21   7  7
       0 
2
10 sq unit
 2  2 2   4  0  2   3  3 2   5  0  2  41 unit

7 2 5 2
 10 sq unit  7   41  5
2 10 41
2. Plane must pass through x y b z xa y z
6. The lines are   and  
 1 3 5 1 7 1  0 b c a 0 c
 , ,  or (1, 3, 3)
 2 2 2   bj  ck    ai  ck   bci  caj  abk
 1  3  2  3      8. bci  caj  abk
n
3. The d.r ’s of the line are given by b2 c 2  c 2 a 2  a 2b 2
 m n The points on the lines are a  bj, c  ai
l  2m  2n  0, l  3n  0   
6 1 2
  
Taking y  0 , we get 
 c  a  ai  bj  L  n. c  a   2abc
a b  b2 c 2  c 2 a 2
2 2
x  2 z  4, x  3 z  11  x  10, z  7
x  10 y z  7  1 1 1
The line is   L2  2  2  2   4
6 1 2 a b c 
b  6i  j  2k

AC  b
Distance of C from the line is b

13i  2k    6i  j  2k  2i  14 j  13k 369

=   3
41 41 41
4. Any point on the first line in symmetrical form
is (3r – 4, 5r – 6, –2r + 1). If the lines are
coplanar, this point must lie on both the planes
which determine the second line.
 3  3r  4   2  5r  6   2r  1  5  0 ….(i)
and 2  3r  4   3  5r  6   4  2r  1  k  0 ..(ii)

42
 LIMITS

SYNOPSIS  Let a, l  R and f be a function defined on a

deleted neighbourhood of ‘a’ then
Limit of a function :
 Let f be a function defined over a deleted lim f  x   l  lim f  x   l  lim f  x 
xa x a x a

neighbourhood of the real number ‘a’ and ‘ l ’ be f  x  exists, then

 If lim
a real number. If to every positive number  x a

(however small) there exists a positive number ‘  ’ lim f  x   lim f  a  x   lim f  a  x 

x a x 0 x 0

such that f  x   l  for all x such that Infinite limits :

 Let f be a function defined over a deleted
0  x  a   , we say that f  x  tends to ‘ l ’ as neighbourhood of a. If for every positive number
f  x  l . k (however large) there corresponds a positive
x tends to a and we write it as xLt
a
number  , such that f ( x )  k , x such that
Right handed limit : 0  | x  a |  , we say that f ( x )   as
 Let f  x  be a function defined in the interval f ( x )  
x  a. We write is as xLt
a
 a, a  h  and ‘ l ’ be a real number. If to every
f ( x )  
Similarly we define (i) xLt
a
positive number  (however small), there
corresponds a positive number  such that Lt f ( x)   , Lt f ( x)   
(ii) x  x 

f  x   l  ,  x  ( a , a   ) then we say that Lt f ( x)   , Lt f ( x)   

(iii) x  x 
tends to ‘ l ’ as x approaches a through values
f ( x) Limit of a function f as x    or  :
higher than a and we denote  Let f be a function and l be a real number. If for
Lt f  x   l  or  Lt f  a  h   l . every positive number  there corresponds a
x a h 0
positive number k (however large) such that
Left handed limit : | f ( x )  l |  x  k , then we say that f ( x )
 Let f  x  be a function defined in the interval tends to l as x tends to  . We write it as

 a  h, a  and ‘l’ be a real number. If to every Lt f ( x)  l.

x 

positive number  (however small), there Lt f ( x)  l .

Similarly wedefine x 
corresponds a positive number  such that
Fundamental Theorem on Limits :
f  x   l  for all x such that x   a   , a 
 If xLt f  x   l and L t g  x   m then,
a x a
we say that f  x  tends to ‘l’ as x approaches a
through values less than a and we denote it as i) xLt
a
 f  x   g  x   l  m
lim f  x   l  or  lim f  a  h   l
x a  h 0
ii) xLt
a
 f  x   g  x   l  m

1
 iii) xLt
a
 f  x  .g  x   l .m  Lim
sin x
0 and Lim
cos x
0
x  x x  x
iv) xLt k . f  x   k . xLta f  x 
a sin 1 x tan 1 x
 Lim  1 and Lim 1
f  x l x0 x x0 x
v) xLt  ,if m  0
a g  x  m  ex 1 
 Lim    1
x 0 
 x 
 f  x    l k , if k  Q and l k  R
k
vi) xLt
a
 ax 1 
Lim    log e a,  a  0 
 
 x 0 
vii) xLt f  g  x    f Lt  g  x    f  m   x 
a xa

a x  bx a
viii) xLt
a

f  x
g  x
  l , if l
m m
R  Lim
x 0 x
 log e  
b
ix) If f  x   g  x  on a deleted nbd of ‘a’ a x 1
 Lim  log b a
f  x   Lt g  x 
x 0 bx  1
then xLt
a xa
| x  a |
f  x   l  Lt f  x   l .  lim does not exist
x) xLt
a xa
x a x  a
However the converse need not be true 1 1
 Lim 1  x  x  e , Lt 1  ax  x  ea
x0 x 0
1 1
Ex. xLt   where as Lt does not x
0 | x| x  0 x  1
x
 a
Lim 1    e , Lt 1    e
a

exist. x   x x 
 x
Indeterminate forms :  f ( x ), g ( x ) are two polynomials such that
0  degree of f ( x ) is m and degree of g ( x ) is
 , ,    , 0   , 0 0 ,  0 and 1 are
0 
n then
called indeterminate forms
f ( x)
Standard Limits : i) lim  0 for m  n
x  g ( x)
xn  an
 For all real values of n, Lim  n.a n 1
xa xa f ( x)
ii) lim   for m  n and coef of
(Provided n a n 1 is defined)
x  g ( x)

x m  a m m m n
xm  0
 Lt n  a , (m > n)
x a x  a n n f ( x)
iii) lim    for m  n and coef of

x  g ( x)
 If 0< | x | < and x is measured in radians.
2 xm  0

Lim
sin x
 1 and Lim
tan x
 1,
f ( x) coef of xm in Nr
x0 x x0 x iv) lim  for m  n
x  g ( x) coef of xn in Dr
sinax tan ax 1 1
Lt  a and Lt a
x 0 x x 0 x  lim e x  , lim e x  0
x 0 x 0
0 0
sin x  tan x  1 1
Lim  and Lim   
x 0 x 180 x 0 x 180  lim e x
 0, lim e x

x 0 x0

2
 lim x n  0 if | x | 1 Some frequently used expansions :
n
 i) (1  x) p 
 lim x n   if | x | 1 p ( p  1) 2 p ( p  1)( p  2) 3
n  1  px  x  x  ... ,
2! 3!
1 1 if x  1
 lim sin    lim cos    Does not exist
x0
 x x  0
x
x x 2 x3
ii) e  1     ...
x
1 1 1! 2! 3!
 lim x sin    lim x cos    0
x 0
x x  0
 x x x2
iii) a  1  .loge a   loge a   ...
x 2

L’Hospital’s Rule : 1! 2!
x 2 x3 x 4
f  x iv) loge (1  x)  x     ...
Lim 0  2 3 4
 If xa g x is of the form or then
  0   x 2 x3 x 4 
v) log e (1  x )    x     ... 
 2 3 4 
f x f 1 x
Lim  Lim 1 x3 x5
x a g  x  x a g  x  . vi) sin x  x    ....
3! 5!
f1 x 0  x2 x4
vii) cos x  1    .....
If Lim
x a g  x 
1 is of the form or then 2! 4!
0 
x3 2 x5
viii) tan x  x   .....
f x f 11  x  3 15
Lim  Lim
x a g  x x a g11  x  1 1 x3 1 3 x5
ix) sin x  x  .  . .  .....
2 3 2 4 5
f 11  x  0  1 x3 x 5
If Lim
x a g  x 
11 is of the form or then x) tan x  x    .....
0  3 5
This can be continued till we finally arrive at Sandwich theorem or Squeezeprinciple :
a determinate result.  If f, g, h are functions such that

Some useful results : f  x  g  x   h  x 

 Let S  {x,sin x, tan x,sinh x, tanh x,sin 1 x, then xLt f  x   Lt g  x   Lt h  x  and

a x a x a

tan 1 x,sinh 1 x, tanh 1 x} Lt f  x   Lt h  x   l then Lt g  x   l

x a x a x a
f ( mx ) m EXAMPLES
If f ( x ), g ( x )  S then Lt g ( nx )  n , .
lim  4n  5n 
x 0 1/ n
1. n
is equal to
If f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  , g 2  x   S then Sol: Given limit =
1/ n
f  mx   f 2  nx  m  n   4 n 
Lt 1  lim  4  5
n

n 1/ n
 lim 5 1     5
x  0 g  px   g  qx  pq n   
 5 
n 
1 2

sin ax a 1  cos ax a 2   4 n 
 Lt  , Lt     0 as n   
x  o tan bx b x 0 x2 2  5 

3
2: 6:
5n 1  3n  22 n 1  cos x 1
lim is equal to Lt x sin 3 x  6
n  5n  2 n  32 n  3 x0

5n 1  3n  22 n 5.5n  3n  4n  If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
Sol: lim  lim
n  5n  2 n  32 n  3 n  5n  2 n  27.9n 1  cos n  ax  na 2
Lt g  cx  g  dx  
2cd
5n 3n 4 n x0 1 2
5. n  n  n . 7:
 lim 9n 9 9  000  0
n  5 2n 0  0  27 1  cos 3 2 x 3  22 6
n
 n
 27 Lt  
9 9 x 0 sin 5 x tan 7 x 2  5  7 35
. 3:  If g1  x  , g2  x  ,............., g2n  x   S then
Let f  x  be a twice differentiable
1  cos  ax n  a2
Lt g  c x  .g  c x  ........g  c x  
function and f "  0  =5, then x 0 1 1 2 2 2n 2n 2c1c2 ........c2 n
8:
3 f  x   4 f  3x   f  9 x 
lim is equal to 1  cos  2 x 3 4 1
x 0 x2
Lt x sin 2 2 x tan 3 3 x  2  22  33  54
3 f  x   4 f  3x   f  9 x   0  x 0    
Sol: lim  form 
x 0 x 2
0   If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
3 f  x   1 2 f 3 x   9 f 9 x   0
' ' '
 cos ax  cos bx b 2  a 2
 lim  fo rm  
2x 0  Lt
x  0 f  cx  g  dx 
x 0
2 cd
3 f "  x   36 f "  3 x   81 f "  9 x  9:
 lim
x 0 2 cos 3 x  cos 5 x 25  9
Lt  8
x2 2
3 f "  0   36 f "  0   81 f "  0  x 0

  If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
2
 24 f "  0   24  5   120 cos n ax  cos n bx n  b  a 
2 2

Lt 
. 4: x  0 g 1  cx  . g 2  dx  2 cd
sin 7 x  sin 5 x 7  5 10:
Lt tan 5 x  tan 2 x  5  2  4
x0 cos 3 3 x  cos3 5 x 3  25  9 
Lt   24
 If f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  , g 2  x   S and x0 x2 2
m + n = p + q then  If g1  x  , g 2  x  ,............., g 2 n  x   S then
f1  ax  f 2  bx  a b
m n m n
cos  ax n   cos  bx n 
Lt g p cx g q dx  c p d q b2  a 2
x 0 1   2   Lt g c x .g c x .......g c x 
x 01 1  2 2  2n  2n  2c1c2 ........c2 n
5: 11:
sin 2 x tan 3 x 2  3 cos  2x3   cos  5x3 
3 2 3 2
9
Lt   25  4 7 7
Lt x sin2 2x tan3 3x  2 22 33  18 4  72
4 4
x sin 4 x 4 32
x0
x0    
 If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
 If g1  x   S then
1  cos ax a2 tan n  ax   sin n  ax  na n  2
Lt  
x  0 g1  cx  g 2  dx  2cd Lt
 g ( x) 
n2
x0 2

4
12:
1  ax  bx2 
2/ x
Sol: Let lim is of the form 1
tan x  sin x 1 x 0

Lt 
x0 x3 2 
lim 1  a x  b x 2  1 .  2x lim 2 a  2 b x 
e x 0
 e x 0
1  xn  1  xn
 Lt 1  e 2 a  e3 ( given)  a  3 / 2 and b  R
x 0 xn
13:  lim f ( x)  0 and lim g ( x )  0 , then
x a x a

1  x2  1  x2 lim g ( x )log f ( x )
Lt 1 lim[ f ( x)]g ( x )  e xa ( f ( x)  0 )
x0 x2 x a

19:
n
a  x m  n a  x m 2 1n 1
 a

1  x 
1
Lt xm n
Lt 2 log(1 x ) =
x0 x 1

14:
 log 1  x   log 1  x  
lim log 1 x 
2
lim  
ax  ax 1
1 1 Sol : x1 log 1 x  x 1  log 1  x  
Lt x
a 2
 e e 
x 0 a
ax  ax 1 lim  log 1  x  
 If g ( x )  S then Lt   e x1 1    e1 0  e
x0 g ( x) a  log 1  x  
. 15:
1

3 x  3 x 1  a  a  a  ...  a 
x x x x1 x

Lt   lim  1 2
   a1.a2 ...a n  n
3 n

x0 sin x 3 x 0
 n 

ax  a 1  1x 1 1 1

x
 If g ( x )  S then Lt  a  a x
 a x
 ...  a x 1
x0 g ( x) 2 a lim  1 2 3 n 
  a1.a2 ...a n  n
 x   n 
. 16:  
2 x  2 1 20:
Lt 
x0 x 2 2 1/ x
 2 x  2 2 x  23 x 
x.a x  x 2 lim
Evaluate x0  
 3 
 Lt 1  cos mx  m 2 log a
x 0  
1/ x
17:  2 x  2 2 x  23 x 
lim   2.4.8 
1/ 3
Sol:   = 4
x.2  x3x
23 2
x 0
 3 
Lt 1  cos 3 x  32 log 2  3 log 2
x 0   . 21:
n
 lim f ( x )  1 and lim g ( x )   then
x a x a
lim cos x  m sin ax  x  e amn
x 0
lim g ( x ) f ( x ) 1
lim  f ( x) 
g ( x)
 e xa
x a 0, 0  a  1
18: 1, a  1

lim a  
x

1  ax  bx2   , a  1
2/ x
If lim  e3 , then the  x 
x 0
does not exists, a  0
values of a and b are

5
. 22: 24:

 1
ex  x2 x3
 1  x  x e
If 3  f  x  3  for all x  0 ,
Lim  2  12 9
Evaluate x0 
 sin 2 x 
  then the value of lim f  x  is
x 0

ex Sol: According to the equation,

1  x 
1/ x
e
Sol : Lt 2  x2   x3 
x 0 sin x 2 lim  3    lim f  x   lim  3  
x 0
 12  x 0 x 0
 9 
ex
1  x 
1/ x
e
2 . x 
2
  3  0   lim f  x    3  0 
 Lt 2  2  x 0
x 0 x  sin x  Hence, lim f  x   3
x 0

ex
1  x 
1/ x
e 1k x    2k x   .....  n k x 
2 .1 x
 Lt  Lt k 1
 k  N 
x 0 sin 2 x n  n k 1
25:
 x 11 2  ex
e 1   x ....  e 
2 24 2  11e .  x    2 x   .... nx   x
 Lt  
Show that nLt .
x 0 x2 24  n2 2
23:
Sol : For r=1,2,3.....n, r.x  1   rx   rx
 x  3

 sin x  x   n n n
Find Lt  6 .    rx  1    rx     rx 
5
x 0 x r 1 r 1 r 1

 x3  n  n  1 x n

sin x  x   n   rx  n n  1 x
Sol : Lt 

6

 2  r 1 2 
 
2
x 0 x5 n n 2n 2

n
 x3 x5 x 7  x3
 x     .....   x   1  x 1    rx
 3! 5! 7!  6  1 x
 Lt  Lt  1      Lt r 1
2
 Lt 1  
x 0 x 5 n 
  n  2 n  n n n 
 n2

 x5 x7 
   .....  (Note that x is a constant and n is a
5! 7!
 Lt  5
 variable)
x 0 x
2 
x
 Lt
1.x    2.3  .....   n.x   x
 Lt ( 1  x  terms containing positive 2 n  n2 2
x 0
5! 7!
 By sandwich theorem,
integral powers of x)
1 1 Lt
1x    2 x   .... nx   x
=  . .
5! 120 n  n2 2

6
 EXERCISE - I
9. Lx im

x 1  1  x2  =
7 x 2  11x  6
0

1  x 2 sin 1  x 
3

1. Lx im 
2 3x 2  x  10 1 1
1) 1 2) 3)  4) -1
2 2
17 11 17 17
1) 2) 3) 4)   cos 4 x  a cos 2 x  b 
11 17 14 11 10. If lim   is finite then the
x 0
 x4 
K
1  x 1
2. L im ( K is a positive integer ) value of a , b respectively
x 0 x
1 1 1) 5 2) -5,-4 3) -4,3 4) 4,5
1) K 2)  K 3) 4) 
K K
 x  
 2 x  3   11. lim  sec   log x  is
x 1 x 1
  2  
3. L im [ EAM -2019]
x 1 2x  x  3
2
2  2 
1)  2)  3) 4)
1 1 2 2  2  2
1) 2)  3) 4)  sin x
10 10 5 5 12. L im 
x 0
x2
3
1  sin x  3 1  sin x 1) 1 2) -1 3)0 4) doesn’t exist
4. L im =
x 0 x
 [ x ]3  x  3 
2 3 13. xlim      is (where [ ] is g.i.f)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)  2  3  3  
3 2 
4  x  3 8  3x 64 8 10
5. L im = 1) 0 2) 3) 4)
x 0 x 27 3 3
sin[cos x]
1 1 14. lim
x  0 1  [cos x ]
is (where [ ] is g.i.f)
1)  2) 3) -3 4) 0
2 2
1) 1 2) 0 3) does not exist 4) 2
xk  5k
6. If Lxim  500 , then the positive integral cos x  sin x
5 x 5 L im 
  
15.   x   cos x  sin x 
x
4
value of k is 4 
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 3
1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6    
sin x sin   x  sin   x 
a x  xa 16. L im 3  3 
7. If a > 0 and Lx im  1 then a = x 0 x
a xx  aa
3 1 4
1) 0 2) 1 3) e 4) 2e 1) 2) 3) 4) 0
4 4 3
x 1
 sin 2  x  5  tan  x  5 
8. Lx
im
17. Lx im 
1
x2  3  2 5
x 2
 25   x  5 
1) -2 2) 1/2 3) 2 4) 0 1) 1 2) 1/10 3) 0 4)-6

7
 1  cos3 x 2 x  23 x  6
18. Lx im  27. The value of lim is
0 x sin 2 x x 2
2 x  21 x
1) 1/2 2) 3/2 3)3/4 4)1/4 1) 16 2) 8 3) 4 4) 2

 x  e x  sin x  1
im 1  x  Tan 
19. Lx   28. x 0 log 1  x 
L im [EAM -2020]
1
 2   
 2 1 2
1)  2) 2 3) 4) 1) 1 2) 3) 4) 2
2  3 3

3sin x  3 cos x 10 x  2 x  5 x  1
 29. lim is
20. Lx im
 6x  
x 0 x tan x
6
log 2
1 1 1) log 2 2)
log 5
1) 3 2) 3)  3 4) 
3 3 3) (log 2)(log 5) 4) log10
cot x  cos x (1  2  3  ......  nterms)(12  22  ......nterms)
L im 3
 30. L im
n  n(13  23  .....  nterms)

21. x

 
2
  x 3 2
 2  1) 2) 3) 1 4) 0
2 3
1 1
1) 2) 3) 2 4) -2  1 1 1 
2 2 31. nLim    ....   =
  1.3 3.5 2 n  12 n  1
 
sec 4 x  sec 2 x
22. Lx im  1 1 1
0 sec3 x  sec x 1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4
3 2 1 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 1 1 1
2 3 3 4 1
  ....  n
2 4 2
3sin  x g   sin  3 x g  32. nLim 1 1 1 =
23. L im 

1    ....  n
x 0 x3 3 9 3
3 3
1) 4/3 2) 3/4 3) 1/2 4) 0
       
1)   2) 4   3) 4)  2 1 
 200   200  200 100
 x sin  x   x 
L im    
log e 1  x  33. x  1 | x | [ EAM -2017]
24. L im  [EAM -2018] 
3x  1  
x 0
 
1) loge3 2) 0 3) 1 4) log3e
1) 0 2) 1 3) – 1 4) 2
x x
e e 1
25. Lx im
0 sin  x  sin  x
 34. If o  h  q then lim  q n  h n  n 
n 

1) 0 2) 1/2 3) 1/3 4) 1 1) e 2) h 3) q 4) 0
log 1  x 
26. Lim
x 0
log
x

x  
35. Lim x 2  ax  a 2  x2  a2 =
1) 0 2) 1 3) e 4) 1/e

8
 a a  x 
1) 0 2) 3) - 4) a 46. Lim
x 1 (2  x )
tan 
 2 

=
2 2
x  log x 1) e 
1
2) e 
2
3) - e 
2
4) e
36. Lim =
x  x  log x
1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2 47. Lt
x 0  Sinx tan x =
2 x  7 sin x
37. Lim  1) e 2) e 2 3) -1 4) 1
x   4 x  3 cos x
n
1) 1 2) -1 3) 1/2 4) -1/2   a 
im 1  sin    
48. Ln
8 x  3x   n 
38. Lim
x  3 x  2 x
= 1) e 2) ea 3) ae 4) a

1  2  h  cos  2  h   2 cos 2 
1) 11 2) 8 3) 0 4) 49. Lh im
8 0 h
1) cos 2  2 sin 2 2) cos 2  2 sin 2
Lim ( x  1)  ( x  2)  .....  ( x  100) =
10 10 10

39. x  10 10
x  10 3) sin 2  2 cos 2 4) sin 2  2 cos 2
1) 10 2) 100 3) 1000 4) 1
x b 
3.2n 1  4.5n 1 50. Lim
x 0 a  x 
 a  0  [where [ ] denotes the G.I.F.)
40. Lim   
n  5.2 n  7.5n
is equal to
1)  20 7 2) 20/7 3)10/7 4) –10/7 b b
1) a 2) b 3) 4) 1 
2x a a
   
41. If xLt 1   2   e 2 then f  x  3
 x x  51. If f  9   9, f  9   4, Lx im 
 1
9 x 3
1)   1,   2 2)   2,   1 1 1 1
3)   1,   any real constant 1) 4 2) 3) 4) 
4 2 2
4)     1 52. If f  a  2, f  a 1, g a 1, g  a  2, then
1 1

 xa
x b
g  x f a  g a f  x
42. Lim   L im 
x  x  b 
xa xa
1) 1 2) eb-a 3) ea-b 4) eb 1 1
1) 2) 5 3)  4) -5
5 5
43. Lim
x  (1  4 tan x )
cot x
=
1  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
53. xLt =
1) e 2) e 4 3) e 1 4) e 4 0 sin 2 2 x
x2
3 5 7 9
 x 1 2 1) 2) 3) 4)
  2 2 4 2
44. Lim
x   2
= [ EAM -2016]
 x  1  2
54 Lim x 3 cos 
x 0 x
1) e 2) 1/e 3) e 2 4) e  2 1) 0 2) 1 3) 
x 1
4) does not exist
 3x  4  3
45. Lim
x    =
 3x  2 
1) e  2 / 3 2) e 3 / 2 3) e 2 / 3 4) e
9
 8. On rationalizing given limit is
KEY
01) 1 02) 3 03) 2 04) 3 05) 4 06) 2 lim
 x  1  x2  3  2   2
07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 4 x 1
x 1 2
13) 3 14) 2 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 3 9. On rationalising given limit
19) 4 20) 2 21) 2 22) 1 23) 2 24) 4
25) 4 26) 1 27) 2 28) 4 29) 3 30) 2 x3 1
= lim
x  0 [sin 1 ( x 3 )]
.
31) 2 32) 1 33) 3 34) 3 35) 2 36) 1 1  1  x2
37) 3 38) 1 39) 2 40) 1 41) 3 42) 3 cos 4 x  a cos 2 x  b
43) 4 44) 3 45) 1 46) 2 47) 4 48) 2 10. xLt is finite
0 x4
49) 1 50) 3 51) 1 52) 2 53) 3 54) 1
SOLUTIONS  1 + a + b = 0.......................1
14 x  11 17
1. Using L-Hospital rule  lim  using L Hospital rule
x2 6 x  1 11
4 sin 4 x  2a sin 2 x
1 x k
Lt  10  say 
2. Lt  1 using L - hospital rule x 0 4 x3
x 0 x
1 1 Again using L - Hospital
 k 1
1
1  x
Lt k  16 cos 4 x  4a cos 2 x
x 0 x k  Lt K
x 0 12 x 2
3. Given limit
 -16 -4a = 0
 2x 3  
x 1  1  1
lim

x0
 x 1 x 1  2x 3 2 5 10 a = -L1 substiting in ..........(1)

1 1 b = -3
4. Lt
1  sin x  3  1  sin x  3 this o/o form
x 0 x  x 
11. lim sec   log x 
using L - hospital rule x 1
  2  
1 1
1 1 log x  0
1  sin x  3 cos x  1  sin x  3
1 1
 lim  
x 0
= Lt 3 cos    
3 x1

x 0 1  2
1 1 2 1
  = x 1 2
3 3 3  lim   
x 1 x     
5. Using L-Hospital rule  sin  . sin
 2  2 2 2
x p  a p p pq sin x
6. Using
lim
 a
12. xLt
xa
xq  aq q 0  x  this is of the form 0/0 using L -
7. Use L-Hospital rule
d x d a Hospital rule
dx
 a   a x log a,
dx
 x   a.x a 1
sin x sin x
Lt =-1, Lt  =1
d x x0  x x
 x   x x 1  log x 
x 0

dx

10
 x  0, | x |  x  sec 4 x  sec 2 x 42  22 3
  22. xlim  2 2 
0 sec3 x  sec x 3 1
 x  0, | x | x  2

Lt f  x   Lt  f  x  does not exit.S   

 sin 3  x
x  0 3
x 0
23. lim  200    
13. For x0  4 
x3  200 
x  2  x 24. Use L-Hospital rule
x  (2, 3),[ x]  2,   ,1     0
3  3  3
e x  e  x
 [ x ]3  x  3  1 3 25. xLt this is of the form 0/0
8 0 sin  x  sin  x
 lim       (2)  (0)3 
x 2  3  3   3 3

using L - Hospital rule.
14. lim[cos x ]  lim[cos(0  h)]  lim[cosh]  0
x 0 h 0 h 0
 e x   e  x  
( As h  0, cosh  1) Lt  1
x 0  cos  x   cos  x  
sin(cos x ) 0
 lim  0 1
x  0 1  [cos x ] 1 0 26. lim(1  x)  e x
x 0

  2 x  23 x  6
tan   x 
4  1 27. lim
lim x 2
2 x  21 x
15. Given limit is x  
4 x
4 (2 x )2  6.2 x  23
 lim
lim 1/ 4  sin 3x  3 x 2
2x  2
16. Given limit is x 0
x 4 [Multiplying N r and D r by 2 x ]
17. Given limit is
 lim(2 x  2)( 2 x  2)  (22  2)(2  2)  8
lim sin 2  x  5  tan  x  5  x 2
lim
0
 x 5   0
 x  5
2 x 5
 x  5
18. Given limit is 28.

lim 1  cos x  1  cos x  cos x  3
2

x 0
x sin 2 x 4
29. lim
5 x
 1  2 x  1 

lim 1  x  
2 lim 1

2 x0 x tan x
30.
x  x
x 1 x 1
19. 
cot    cos ec 2  
 2   2  1  2  3  .....nterms  12  22  ....nterms  0
Lt 
20. By L-Hospital rule x  n 1  2  ......nterms 
3 3
0
sin   sin  
 sin     1  cos   form
lim cos  3  Lim  cos   
21.  0   0
    
2

  n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
.
Lt 2 6 2n  1 2
= x  n  n  1
2 2
= xLt 
 3n 3
n.
4

11
31. Given limit
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1   1 10  2 10  100  
10

 lim      ...    x10  1    1   ......  1   

2 n 
1 3 3 5 (2n  1) (2n  1)  2  x   x  x  
Lt 
10  1010 
x 
32. Given limit (if r < 1 then sum of terms in G.P is x 1  10 
 x 
 1 rn 
a 
 1 r  =

1  0   1  0   .... 1  0 
10 10 10
 1 1  100
 1  2  4  ...    4    100
lim  1 0 1
= n  1 1
 1    ...    3
 3 9 
38.
x 2 sin 1  x
33. Lt x divide by x 39. Divide with x10
x  1 | x | 40. Taking 5n common and simplify
41. Given limit is
x sin 1  1 sin 1  1 1  1
Lt x  Lt x  0      
lim 1  2 1.2 x lim    .2
x  1 1 1
 1 1 0 1 e x 
 x x 
e 2
e x  x
 e2
x x x
34. Taking q n common  e 2   e 2    1,   R
 xa

 this is



( x b )  1
Lt x  ax  a  x  a
2 2 2 2 42. Given limit  e xlim
  x  b 
35. x 
-
lim 1 4tan x  x 1  4tan x 1  e4
cot x
43.  limcot
x
x
 form
e

44.

Lt
 x2  ax a2  x2  a2  x2  ax  a2  x2  a2  0
x
x2  ax a2  x2  a2 45.

x 2  ax  a 2  x 2  a 2  x
lim
1 x 
 x
Lt
x 1
x   2  x  1
46. lim  2  x 
tan  
 2  e
lim tan 
x 1  2 
e
cot  
 2 
x 
a a2 a2 x 1

x 1  2  x 1 2 and using L hospital rule.

x x x
 sin x  tan x log  sin x 
tan x
47. lim
x 0  lim
x 0 e  e0  1
a a

1 0  0 1 0 2 lim  a  a
48. e n  1  sin    1   e
n
36. Use L-Hospital rule  n 
2 x  7 sin x 
37. Lt
x  4 x  3cos x
 from

 2  h  cos  2  h   2 cos 2

0
49. Lt form
h 0 h 0
  2  h  sin  2  h   cos  2  h   0
Lt =
h 0 1

12
 EXERCISE - II
cos2 - 2sin2

b b  b  200 K 
50. 1       x   200
x  x x 1. Lim  K 1  
1
. f ' x x 1 x 1
2 f  x f '  9 4
51.
lim
x 9   9  3  4 1) 5050 2) 1000 3) 2010 4) 20100
1 f 9 3
2 x a  2x  3x
2. Lt =
x a
3a  x  2 x
52. f  a   2, f '  a   1, g  a   1, g '  a   2
2 1 2 1
1) 2)  3) 4)
g  x f a  g a f  x
lim 3 3 3 3 3
x a
xa 3. Let  and  be the roots of ax2+bx+c=0, then
By L  H R ule
1  cos( ax 2  bx  c )
 g ' a f a  g  a f ' a Lt =
  2  2    11  5 x  ( x  ) 2

 x2   4 x2   9 x 2  a2
1  1    1   1   a 2 (   ) 2
2 2 2  7 1) 2) 2 (   ) 2
53. lim      2
x0 4x2 4
a2 a2
2 2 3) (    ) 2 4)  2(    )2
54. 1  cos  1   x 3  x3 cos  x 3 for x  0
x x
 x2  1 
2 4. If lim   ax  b   2 , then
and x  x cos   x 3 for x  0 .  x 1
3 3
x 
x 
1) a  1 and b   3 2) a  1 and b  2
2
where Lim x3 cos  0 (or) 0 finite number 3) a  0 and b   1 4) a  2 and b  1
x 0 x
between -1 and +1 = 0 4  7x
5. If f(x) = , Lt f(x) = l and
7x  4 x0

Lt
x 
f ( x )  m the quadratic equation having

1 1
roots as and is
l m
1) x 2  1  0 2) x 2  1  0
3) 1/2 4) x 3  1  0

6. If a  min  x 2  4 x  5, x  R and
1  cos 2
b  L im then the value of
 0 2
n

a
r0
r
b nr 

2n 1  1
1) 2) 2n1  1
4.2n

13
 2n 1  1 1 1
3) 4) 2n  1 1) 0 2) 3) 4) 2
3.2n 4 2
8 x2 x2 x2 x2  log( x  a )
Lim
7. x0 8 1 cos  cos  cos .cos = 13. The value of lim is
x 2 4 2 4 x a log(e x  e a )
1 1 1 1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
16 15 32 (4 x  1)3
8. Arrange the following limits in the ascending lim 
14.
x 0
 x   x 2

order. sin   log e  1  
4  3
tan 4 x  sin 4 x tan 8 x  sin 8 x
1) Lxim 2) Lx im
0 x6 0 x5 tan x 5 1)  log e 4 
3
2) log e 4
tan x  sin x
3 3
tan x  sin x 5 5
3 3
3) Lx im 4 4) Lx im 3) 12  log e 4  4) 5  log e 4 
0 x sin x 0 x .sinh 3 x.tan 2 x
2

1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 3, 1, 4, 2 15. Lt x[log(x+1)-logx]= [ EAM -2016]

x 
3) 1, 2, 4, 3 4) 2, 1, 3, 4
1) e 2 2) e 3)1 4) 1/e
9 . If f : R  R defined by
27 x  9 x  3x  1
16. Lim 
 x2 x 0 2  1  cos x
 x 2  3x  2 if x  R  1, 2
 1) 0 2) 8 2 (log3)2 3) 8 (log3)2 4)1
f  x   2 if x 1
1 if x2 13  23  33  ....  n 3
 lim
17. n =
 3n 4  5n 3  6
1) 1/3 2) 1/5 3) 1/6 4)1/12
f  x   f  2

 
then Lx im
2 x2 18. lim cos  n 2  n in equal to
n 
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 1/ 2
1) 0 2)1 3) 2
1
(1  cos x) 4) does not exist
2 19. The value of
10. Lt 
x
x o
1.2  2.3  3.4  ...  n.( n  1)
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 Lim is
n  n3
4) does not exist
1) 1 2) -1 3)1/3 4) -1/3
Lt 2  cosx  sinx 20. If |x|<1, then
11.  = [ EAM -2020]
x
4  4 x   2 Lt 1  x  1  x 1  x  ..... 1  x  
2 4 2n
n 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1) 2) 1 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4)
16 2 16 8 x 1 x 1 x x 1
32 2
Lt
2.3n 1  3.5n 1
21. =
2  cos x  1
n 
2.3n  3.5n
12. xLt  ____

  x 
2 1) 5 2) 1/5 3) -5 4) 0

14
 Limits

1 2 1 1 1 1
22. lim 1  (12  22 )  ...  (12  22  ...  n2 ) 
4  1) 2)  3) 4)
n  n 36 36 34 106
1) 1/6 2) 1/16 3) 1/12 4) 0
1 sin 1 x  sin x
 1  2  3  ...  n 
x x x x 31. lim [ EAM -2018]
x x 0 x3
23. lim   
x 0
 n  1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 5
1) (n !) n 2) (n !)1/ n 3) n! 4) ln n !  x  2 x  ...  nx
32. lim
1 n  n2
24. If lim 1  x ln(1  b 2 )  x  2b sin 2  , b  0 1
x 0 1) 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2
2
and     ,   then the value of  is  sin x 
33. xLt   Where [.] dentoes the greatest
 x 
0
   
1)  2)  3)  4) 
6 3 8 2 integer function.
25. If p and q are the roots of the quadratic
equation ax 2  bx  c  0 then 1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) does not exist
1
lim 1  ax 2  bx  c  x  p 
KEY
x p 01) 4 02) 3 03) 1 04) 1 05) 1 06) 2
07) 3 08) 2 09) 4 10) 4 11) 1 12) 2
1) a ( p  q) 2) log  a( p  q)  13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 2 17) 4 18) 1
3) e a ( p  q ) 4) e a ( q  p ) 19) 3 20) 3 21) 3 22) 3 23) 2 24) 4
25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 2 29) 1 31) 2
 x 2  5x  3 
x 32) 2 33) 1
27. x  2
Lt  = [ EAM -2015] SOLUTIONS
 x  x2 
1. Use L-Hospital rule  Given Limit
1) e4 2) e3 3) e2 4) 24
 lim 1  2 x  3x 2  ..  200.x199 
x x 1
 x a 1  2. Using L-Hospital rule given limit is
Lim 
28. x     sin  is equal to
 x  1  x  1 1
 2   3
1) e a 1 2) e1 a 3) e 4) 0 lim 2 a  2x 2 3x 2
xa
1 1 
2 3 3
29. A function f : R  R is such that f (1)  3 and 2 3a  x 2 x

 f (1  x) 
1/ x
3. ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x   
f '(1)  6 . Then lim   
x 0
 f (1)  given limit is

 a  x    x    
2
1) 1 2) e 2 3) e1/ 2 4) e3 2sin  2

  a    
2 2
 2
30. If f 1  0   3, then lim
x 
 x  
2
2
x2
lim 
x0 f  x2   6 f  4 x2   5 f 7 x2   x 2  1  ax 2  ax  bx  b 
lim
4. x   2
 x 1 

102 LORWIN
Limits

 (1  a ) x 2  (a  b) x  (1  b)  cos x  sin x 2 1
 lim  2 Lt  
x 
 x 1  x
 32 32 16 2
4

1 1
5. l  1, m  1 ,  1,  1  x 2  1  0 2  cos x  1
l m 12. lim
  x
x 2

4ac  b 2 4.5.1  16 2  cos   y   1 2  cos y  1

6. a   1
4a 4 = lim = lim
y 0 y 2 y 0 y2
2 sin 2
b 2 2  cos y  1 1
2 = lim 
y0 y2 2  cos y  1
n

a b r nr
 b n  ab n 1  a 2b n  2  .....  a n
y
r 0 2 sin 2
2 1 1
lim  
2 1 n1
= y  0
 y
2
4 2  cos y  1
  
2 1 2
7. Given limit is
1 1 1
 2 1  
8 x2  x2  4 11 4
lim 8 1  cos 1  cos   32 1 1  1
x 0 x 2  4
 16 64 32
log( x  a ) ex ea
13. lim  lim  1
tan n ax  sin n ax n n  2 x a log(e x  e a ) x  a ( x  a )e x  e x ea
8. lim  a
x 0 x n2 2
4  1
x 3

{x} x  [ x] 0
Lt 
9. L.H.L  xlim  lim 14. x 0 x  x  2
0 form divide by x3 on
 0 tan{x} x 0 tan( x  [ x]) sin log 1  
4  3
x 1 1
 lim 
x 0 tan( x  1) tan1  4x  1 
3

 
x  [ x] x  x 
R.H.L.  xlim  lim 1 Lt
x
tan( x  [ x ])
 0 x  0 tan x Nr and Dr.
x 0
sin =
4 . 1 log 1  x 
2
 L.H.L  R.H.L.  
x x2  3 
1  cos x Lt sin 2 x / 2 Lt sin x / 2
10. lim
x0  x0  x0
2 x x 3
 4x 1 
does not exist  
Lt  x 
2  cos x  sin x 0 x 0 3
 x 2  x2 = 12(loge4)
3
11. Lt  from using L - 1
4x    log 1  
2
x
 0
4 12  3
Hospital rule x
 a
sin x  cos x 0 15. lim loge 1    a
Lt  x 
 x
x
 2  4 x    4 0 form again using L - Hos-
4

pital rule
LORWIN 103
 24. eln1b   2b sin 2 
2

 9.3
x
 9  3 1
x x
2  1  cos x
16. xlim 
0 2  1  cos x 2  1  cos x 1 b2 1
  sin 2    b  2 sin 2 
2b b

9 x
 1 3x  1 
 lim
x 0 x2
x2
1  cos x
 2  1  cos x    
2

25. Give = f1(0) = 3

 ax 1 1  cos x 1 
lim
 x 0  log a, lim  
 x x 0 x 2
2 x3 0
Lt 
x 0 f  x   6 f 4x   5 f 7 x  0
2 2 2 form
n 2 (n  1)2
17. Given limit  lim 4 1 using L - Hospital rule

n  3n  5n  6
4 3
12
2x
Lt
1 x 0 f  x  2 x  48 f  4 x 2  x  70 xf 1  7 x 2 
1 2 1
18. n2  n  n 1 
n

 1
1/ 2

 n 1 
1   1  2  h  sin  2  h   cos  2  h 1  0  cos 2  2sin 2
 n 1     n  Lt
 n  2n   2 h 0 1

  1 
lim cos    n     lim sin  n   0
n 
  2   n 
26.
n

 r (r  1) 27. Given limit

19. Lim r 1
  1  1 
a
n  n3  lim 1  1    sin  1
x 
  x  x 
n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1)

6 2  lim 1  (1  y ) a  sin y  1
1/ y
 Lim 3
n  n y 0

n( n  1)( n  2) 1 1
 Lim  where y  , lim
(1 y )  a  sin y 1
n  3n3 3 x e y 0 y
 e1 a
1
20. xlim 1  x  x 2  ....  x 2 n  1
 1 x  f (1  x)  x 1  f (1 x )  f '(1)
28. lim  lim  1 lim
  e x0 x  f (1)   e x0 f (1)  e 2
x 0
 f (1) 
6.3  15.5
n n

21. lim 29. Given f1(0) = 3

x 2.3n  3.5n
x3 0
n(n  1)(2n  1) Lt  from

6
      0
x 0 f x 2  6 f 4 x 2  5 f 7 x 2

22. lim
n  n4 using L - Hospital rule

23. (1.2.3....n)1/ n

15
 Lt
2x
lim
 x  2 x  .....  nx  0
x 0 f  x  2 x  48 f  4 x 2   7cxf 1  7 x 2 
1 2 1
n  n2

32. If 0  x  then sin x  x  tan x
2x 2
Lt

= x 0 2 x f 1  x 2  2 x  48 f 1  4 x 2   7cxf 1  7 x 2 
 sin x  sin x 
 1,  0
= x  x 
1 1 1
= 
f  0   24 f  0   35 f  0  3  72  105 36
1 1 1 EXERCISE - III
100 tan x.sin x 
 12 x3 1232 x5   x3 x5  1. lim
x0   where [.] represents
30. lim  x   ....    x     x2
x 0
 3! 5!   3! 5! 
greatest integer function is
2 3 8 5
x  x 1) 99 2) 100 3) 0 4) 98
lim 3! 5!  1
3
x 0 x 3 2. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function

31. 0   x  1 , 0  2 x  1  x2 
then lim 
x  0 tan x.sin x

 
0  x  2 x  .....  nx n
  2 1) 0 2) 1 3) -1
n2 n2 n
4) does not exist

lim
0
 lim
 x  2 x  .....  nx  lim 1 3. The value of
2
n  n n  n2 n  n
 100 x   99 sin x  
lim      , where [.]
0 x0
  sin x   x  
lim f1  x   lim 0
n  n  n represents the greatest integer function, is
1) 199 2) 198 3) 0 4) 1
1
lim f 2  x   lim 0   a sin x   b tan x  
n  n  n
4. lim     a, b  N ,
x 0
 x   x 
[where [ ] denotes G.I.F.]
ab
1) a  b 2) a  b  1 3) 0 4)
2
[ x]  [ x 2 ]  [ x3 ]  ...  [ x 2 n1 ]  n  1
5. xlim n N
 0 1  [ x 2 ]  [ x]  2 x
is equal to
1) n  1 2) n 3) 1 4) 0
6. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function,
then

lim
  
tan  2 2  x 2  x 2 tan  2 2 


x0 sin 2 x

16
 1) 20  tan 20 2) 20  tan 20 n 1
3) 20 4) tan 20 1)  2) 0 3) 4) n
2
7. If  x denotes fractional part of x then 1  2  3  4  5  6  .....  2 n

15. lim
x sin  x
n 
n 2  1  4n 2  1
lim
x1 x 1 1 1 1 1
1) 2) – 3) – 4)
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 3 3 5 5
4) does not exist 16. If lim
x 0
 x 3 sin 3 x  ax 2  b  exists and is
e x  1  x3
3
equal to zero,then the value of a  2b =
8. lim 6 
1) 3 2) 4 3) 0 4) 6
x  0 sin (2 x) 17. The graph of the function y  f ( x ) has a
1 2 1 1
unique tangent at the point (e a , 0) through
1) 2) 3) 4) which the graph passes then
128 127 126 125
log e {1  7 f ( x)}  sin f ( x )
cos x x 1 lima is
xe 3 f ( x)
f ( x)  2sin x x 2 2x f '( x)
9. If then lim  1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) -1
x 0 x
tan x x 1 18. The graph of y  f  x  has unique tangent at
the point  a, 0  through which the graph
1) 1 2) – 1 3) 2 4) – 2
log 1  6 f  x  
 log  x  cos x  passes. Then lim 
 sec   xa 3 f  x
lim  2 
10. x 0 

logsec x cos x
2   

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 
   12 3 52 7 
19. x  1  x3 1  x 2 1  x 3  1  x 2  ... 
lim  
1) 14 2) 15 3) 16 4) 17  

1 n
5 10 5 10
1) 2) 3) 4)
11. lim 4  r (r  2)(r  4)  6 3 6 3
n  n r 1
20. Evaluate
3 1 1
1) 2) 0 3) 4) 1 x 1 x 1 x
4 8 4 lim  tan  2 tan 2  ...  n tan n 

n  2 2 2 2 2 2 
 7 29 133 5n  2 n  x 1 x
lim  
12. n 10 10 2 103  ........  
 10 n  1) x tan
2
2)
x
cot
2
1) 3/4 2) 2 3) 5/4 4) 1/2 x  cot x 1
3) 4)  cot x
1 9  2 x
13. Suppose f(n+1)  2  f (n)  f (n)  , n  N . If
 
 x  s in  x  a  
lim  f (n)   21. xlim where  x
x  a 
2
 a
f ( n)  0, n  N , then
n 
denotes fractional part of x and a  N
1) 31 2) 31 3) 3 4) –3
1) 0 2) 1 3) a 4) 5
sin 2 x
14. lim 11/ sin x  21/ sin x  ....  n1/ sin x 
2 2 2
 x
x 0   22. lim 
x  s in x

17
 1)1 2) 1 3)  4) does not exist
4) does not exist KEY
1  sin  cos x  01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 2 05) 4 06) 1
23. lim
x 0  x    sin x 
 (where  x  denotes 07) 4 08) 1 09) 4 10) 3 11) 4 12) 3
13) 3 14) 4 15) 2 16) 4 17) 2 18) 3
greatest integral part of x ) 19) 2 20) 4 21) 2 22) 4 23) 4 24) 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)  25) 2 26) 2 27) 3 28) 3 29) 3 30) 2
 sin  sgn  x    SOLUTIONS
24. lim  
x0
  sgn  x    tan x.sin x
1. We have 0   1 in the nbd
(where  x  denotes integral part of x ) x2
1) 0 2)1 3) 1 100 tan x.sin x
x00  100
4) does not exist x2
20 2. sin x  x  tan x in the nbd of 0
25. lim
n 
 cos 2n  x  10  
x 1 x2
1) 0 2) 1 3)19 4) 20 0  1
tan x sin x
1/ x
  f  x   x sin x
26. lim  1  x 1    e3 and 3. x  0;  1 and x  0; 1
x 0  kx 2   sin x x
 
x sin x
f  4   64 then K has value  1 and 1
sin x x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5
100 x 99sin x
  100 and  99
1  x 1/ x  e sin x x
27. lim x

x 0 sin x a sin x
4. 1  a but close to
1) 1 2) e/2 3) –e/2 4)2/e x x
28. The integer n for which
 a s in x 
a     a  1
 cos x  1  cos x  e x
 is a finite non-zero  x
lim
x 0 xn tan x b tan x
1 b but close to
number is x x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4  b tan x 
b  x   b
 x
1  x 
1/ x
 e 1  
 2   a sin x   b tan x  
29. lim  lim     
x 0 1  cos x  x 0
 x   x 
a 1  b  a  b 1
1 1 11 1
1) e 2) e 3) e 4) e 5.  x 2 n 1    1 and  x 2 n   0 for
2 4 12 12
 n n n n  n  0,1, 2, 3,.... Given limit
30. Lim   2  2  ...  2 
n  n  1

2
n 2 n 3 n n (1)  0  (1)  0  ...  0  (1)  n  1
 lim 0
x 0 1 0 1  2x
1) 0 2) 1 3) 
6.  2 2    20

18
 x sin  x x sin x 7
7. lim  lim    cos[ f (ea )]
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 1  7 f (e )
a
7 1
  2
3 3
x sin  x x sin  x  1
 lim  lim 1 18. Use L hospitals rule
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
( x 3 ) 2 ( x 3 )3  x 
  (4k  3)
x3
2
8. e  1  x    ...
3
x
4k  1 
2! 3! lim  k 1
19. x   1  x 3
 
k 1 1  x 
2

3  1 x3   
 e x  1  x3  x 6    ...   
2 6 
16 4 16 10
9. f ( x)   x 2 cos x  x 2 tan x    2
3 2 3 3
10. Use L hospital rule
1 1 1 x 1 x 1 x
4 
11. lim  n3  6 n 2  8 n   20. lim  tan  2 tan 2  ...  n tan n 
n n 4 
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 
  5 n  2 n    1 x
12. nlim 
        lim  cot x   cot x  tan 
  10   10   n 
  2 2

 
13. nlim f n  1   lim f  n   k
n  1 x 1 x
 2
tan 2  ...  n tan n 
2 2 2 2 
k   k    k 2  9, k  3
1 9
2 k
 1 x 1 x
14. Given limit .  lim  cot x   cot  2 tan 2 
n
 2 2 2 2 
 1 1 1

  1  sin 2 x  2  sin 2 x  n  1  sin 2 x 
 lim n.      ...     1 1 x
x 0  n  n  n   .....  tan n 
  n
2 2 
 n(0  0  ...  0  1)  n
 1 x 1 x
n2   n  n2   cot x  tan  cot 
15. Given nlim and  2 2 2 2

n 2  1  4n 2  1 proceeding like this we get
divide with ‘n’
 1 x
sin 3 x a = lim   cot x  n cot n 
16. lim  2 b n 
 2 2 
x0 x3 x
sin 3 x  ax  bx 3  x sin  x  a   x  x sin  x  a
 lim 21. f  x 
 x  a  x  a
2 2
x0 x3
Use L’Hospitals rule
17. f (e a )  0
lim f  x  lim
 a  h a  h sin a  h  a
 a  h  a
2
Given limit xa n0

1
7. f '( x )  cos[ f ( x)]. f '( x )  a  h  a  sinh  1
1  7. f ( x) lim
 lima h 0 h2
x e 3. f '( x )

19
 use sgn  x   1, x  0
x    h    1, x  0
22. lim  lim
x   sin x n 0 sin    h   0, x  0
25. lim cos2 n x  1 where x  m , m  I
h h n
= lim
h 0  sin    h  = lim  1
h 0  sinh  0 where x  m , m  I

x    h   Here for x  10, lim

n 
cos 2n
 x  10   1 and in all
lim  lim
x  sin x n 0 sin    h  other cases it is zero
20
h h  lim  cos 2 n  x  10   1
 lim  lim 1 n 
n 0  sin    h  n 0 sinh x 1

1/ x f  x
 L.H.L  R.H.L   f  x   1

 limit does not exist 26. lim  1  x 1   e kx 2

x 0  kx 2  
 
1 sin  cos x 1 sin cos  h 
lim
23. x0 x  sin x  lim x x 2 x3
    n0  h  sin  h
1   ......
27. 1  x 
1/ x
e 2 3 4

  x2 x4 
lim
1  sin 0 1
    .....    x  x 2  ...
n0 1   1 0 28. lim  2! 4! 
x 0 xn
1  sin  cos x  1  sin  cosh  is non-zero if n =3
lim  lim
x 0  x  sin x  n 0  h  sinh  29. lim
 x 11 2
e 1  
  x
x  ...   e  1  
x 0
 2 24   2
1  sin 0 1
 lim  
h0 0  0 0 11 2  x 
ex  2  11
11e
1  sin  cos x   lim 24    e
 lim  x 0
2 x 12  sin x  12
x 0 x   sin x 2sin  
2  2
use cosh  1   cosh   0
30. Use Sandwich Theorem
h  0, h  0,  h   0
 h  1 , sinh   0 ,   sinh   1
0
 2 13  0
8 1
 sin  sgn  x     sin1 
24. x  0  sgn x
lim   lim  1   0
    x  0

 sin  sgn  x     sin   1 

lim    lim  
x0
 sgn  x   x  0   1 

lim  sin1  0
x 0

 sin  sgn  x   
 lim  0
x 0
 sgn  x  
20
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 5. For each x  R, let [x] be the greatest in

teger less then or equal to x. Then

x tan 2 x  2 x tan x
1. Lt
x 0
1  cos 2 x 
2 [2018]
Lt
1  x  x  sin  x 
= is equal to [2019]
x 1 x
1 1 1
1) 2) 1 3) 4) -
4 2 2
1) 1 2) 0 3) -sin 1 4) does not exist

6. For each t  R, let [x] be the greatest in

1
 27  x  3 teger less than or equal to t. Then
2. Lt 2 equal. to [2018]
1  x  sin 1  x  sin  2 1  x
x 0
9   27  x  3
Lt   = [2019]
x 1 1 1  x 1  x 
1 1 1 1
1) 2) - 3) - 4)
3 3 6 6
1) equal -1 2) equals 1

3. For each t  R, Let [t] be the greatest

3) equal 0 4) does not exist
integer less or equal to t. then

 1   2  x cot 4 x
15   7. xLt
Lt         ....    [2018] 0 sin x cot 2  2 x  is equal to
2 [2019]
x 0
 x   x   x 

1) does not exist (inR) 2) is equal to 0 1) 0 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2

3) is equal to 15 4) is equal to 120
  2 sin 2 x
8. Lt is equal to [2019]
x 1 1 x
1 1 y  2 4

4. Lt is equal to [2019]
y 0 y4
2 1 
1) 2) 3) 4) 
1  2 2
1) exists and equals
2 2
1 3x  33 x  12
2) exists and equals 9. Lt is equal to .... [2020]
4 2 x  2 3 x /2  31 x
1
3) exists and equals 2 2  
2 1

4) does not exist

21
 1
 3x 2  2  x2 KEY
10. xLt 
0 7 x 2  2
 [2020]
 
1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2

1) e -2
2) e2 3) e2/7 4) e3/7 5) 3 6) 3 7) 3 8) 1

x
9) 3 10) 1 11) 4 12) 1

11.
 t sin  lot  dt
0 is equal to [2020] 13) 5 14) 1 15) 40
Lt
x 0 x

SOLUTIONS
1) 1 2) 10 3) 5 4) 0
1.
1
  x 2 x tan x
12. Lt  tan   4   is equal to [2020]  2 x tan x
x 0
 4  x tan 2 x  2 x tan x 1  tan 2 x
Lt  Lt
1  cos 2 x  1  1  2sin 2 x 
x 0 2 x 0 2

1) e2 2) 1 3) e 4) 2

2 x tan x  1  1  tan 2 x 
 Lt  
x 0 1  tan 2 x 4
 1  x2 x2 x 2   k  4sin x 
Lt
13. If x 0  x 8  1  cos  cos cos   2
  4 2 4  
tan 2 x tan 2 x tan 2 x x4
then the value of k is [2020]  Lt x tan 2 x  Lt . .
x 0 4sin 4 x x 0 x x 2 4sin 4 x
1 1
=2x1x = .
t cot  t 2  dt
 x 12 4 2
14. xLt
0   x  1 sin  x  1
0
[2020]
 1 x   x 
3 1   1
1) does not exist 2) is equal to -1/2 Lt 
3 27   Lt  8  1   1
1
2. x 0  2 x  x 0 3  2 x  6
9 1  1 
 3 27   3 27 
3) is equal to 4 4) is equal to 1/2

x  x 2  x3  .....x n  n
15. If Lt = 820 (n(-n))
x 1 x 1

then the value of n is equal to [2020]

22
3. xLt
1 2 15  
x        .......    1  x  sin 1  x  sin  2 1  x  
6.  
0
x x  x  Lt
x 1 1  x 1  x 

 1 2 15    1   2  15     put x = 1 + h, x  0
Lt x     .....         .....      
x 0  x
 x x    x   x   x      sinh 
= hLt 1   x 1  11  0
0
 h 
= 1 + 2 + 3 +......+15 - 0
x cot 4 x x tan 2 2 x
7. Lt  Lt
12 15  1 x  0 sin 2 x cot 2 2 x x  0 tan 4 x.sin 2 x

=  15 x8  120
y 2
 tan 2 x 
  x4 4
 2x 
1 1 y4  2 Lt  1
4. Lt rationalising = x 0 tan 4 x  sin x  2
4 x1
y 0 y4 . 
x  x 

  2sin 1 1  h 
8. Lt 
1 1 y4  2 1 1 y4  2 h 0
1  1  h 
 Lt x
y 0 y4 1 1 y  2
4

  2sin 1 1  h 
= Lt 
1 y4 1 h 0 h
 Lt 4 again rationalising
y 0 2 2y
rationalising
1 y 1
4
1 y 1
4

= yLt 4
   2sin 1 1  h    2sin 1 1  h 
0 2 2y 1 y 1
2
Lt  x
h 0 h   2sin 1 1  h 
1 y 1 1 4
1
= yLt x 
0 2 2y 4
11 4 2   2sin 1 1  h 
Lt 
x  x   x  sin  x 
h 0
h    2sin 1 1  h  
5. Lt put x = 0 - h, h  0
y 0 x 
 sin 1 1  h 
= 2 Lt  2
 0  h  0  h   0  h  sin 0  h  h 0 h2 
Lt
h 0 0h
1 cos 1 1  h 
= . Lt using L - Hos p i tal rule
=- (-1 + 0) sin (-1) = -sin 1  h0 h
1 1
. Lt x2 h
=  h 0
1  1  h 
2

23
 1 2 h 1 2 2 1 1
= . Lt    x  2  k  2 8  2  k
 h 0  h  2h
2
 2  8 32
K=8
x
9. Put 32  t
 x 12

 t cos  t 2  dt
27
t 2  2  12 14. Lt 0 using L - Hospital rule
t 4  27  12t 2
Lt t
1 3
 Lt x 1  x  1 sin  x  1
x 3
 2
t 3 t 3
t t
 x  1 cos  x  1 2  x  1
2 4

= xLt
= Lt
t 2
 3  t  3 t  3
 6 x 6  36
1  x  1 cos  x  1  sin  x  11

x 3 t 3
2  x  1 cos  x  1
2 4

Lt 2 x 0 x1 0
1
1  3 x2  2  = x 1 cos x  1  sin  x  1   0
10.  3x  2  2 x2 Lt  1   11 2
x0 x 2  7 x 2  2 x 1
L= Lt   e  
x 0 7 x 2  2
 
4 x  x 2  x 3  ....  x n  n 0
1  4 x 2  15. Lt  820 form
Lt 2  2   e 2  e 2 x 1 x 1 0
L= x0 x
 7 x 2 
e
using L - Hospital rule

x sin10 x 1  2 x  3 x 2  ....nx n 1
11. Using L - Hospital rule xLt 0 Lt  820
0 1 x 1 1
1  1 + 2 + 3 + ..... n = 820
 1  tan x  x
12. Lt   n  n  1
x 0 1  tan x
   820
1  1 tan x 
2
= e xLt0 x  1 tan x 1
n(n+1) = 1640
2
1  2 tan x  1 2
= Lt   e  e
x0 x  1 tan x 
e n(n+1) = 40 x 41
1 x2 x2 x2 x2 
13. Lt  1  cos  cos  .cos  n = 40.
x 0 x3 2 4 2 4 


 x2   x2  *********
 1  cos  1  cos 
2  4 
 Lt  4 4
 2 k
x 0 x x

x2 x2
2sin 2
2 sin 2
 Lt 4 4 . 4 8  2 k
x 0 x x
x16 x66
16 64

24
 CONTINUITY

SYNOPSIS  If f and g are continuous functions of x at

Continuity at a point : x  a , then the following functions are continuous
 A function f is said to be continuous at ' a ' if f at x  a .
is defined in a neighbourhood of ' a ' and i) f  g ii) f  g iii) f .g iv) cf
f
Lt f  x   f  a  . if c  R v) if g  a   0 .
xa g
Lt  f  x   f  a  then f  x  is left
i) If x  Note: Even if f and g are not continuous at x  a ,
a
f
continuous at x  a . f  g, f .g, , gof may be continuous at x  a .
g
Lt  f  x   f  a  then f  x  is right
ii) If x   If f is continuous at x  a and g is continuous
a

continuous at x  a . at f  a  ,then  gof  is continuous at x  a .

 A function f is said to be continuous in an open
interval  a, b  if it is continuous at each and every
point in the interval  a, b  .
 A function f is said to be continuous on  a, b if
(i) f is continuous at each point of  a, b 
(ii) f is right continuous at x  a
(iii) f is left continuous at x  b
Discontinuity :
 If f  x  is not continuous at x  a, we say that
f  x  is discontinuous at x  a .
f  x  will be discontinuous at x  a in any of the
following cases :
i) xlimf  x  and xlim f  x  exist but are not

a a
equal.
(ii) xlim f  x  and xlim f  x  exist and are
a 
a 
equal but not equal to f  a 
(iii) f  a  is not defined
(iv) At least one of the limit doesn't exist.
 If f is contiunous in  a, b then it is bounded in
 a, b . i.e there exist k and m such that
k  f  x   m, x  a, b where k and m are
minimum and maximum values of f  x 
respectively in the interval  a, b .
In this case f takes every real value between k
and m at least once. Thus range of f is  k , m
 If f is continuous on  a, b such that f  a  and
f  b  are of opposite signs then there exist at least
one solution for the equation f  x   0 in the
interval  a, b 
Types of discontinuity :
 Discontinuity of first kind (or)
Removable discontinuity :
If xlim f  x  exists but is not equal to f  a 
a
(or) f  a  not difined then the f is said to have a
removable discontinuity at x  a . It is also called
discontinuity of the 1st kind. In this case we can
f  x  f a
redefine the function by making lim
x a
and make it continuous at x  a .
Removable discontinuities are of two types
1) Missing point discontinuity
2) Isolated point discontinuity

25
 Missing point discontinuity :  In case of discontinuity of the second kind, the
absolute difference between the value of the RHL
lim f  x  exists finitely and f  a  is not defined.
xa at x  a and LHL at x  a is called the Jump of
Discontinuity. A function having a finite number of
 2  x   x 2  8 jumps in a given interval I is called a Piece wise
Example: f  x 
 2  x  has a missing continuous or Sectionally continuous function in this
interval.
point discontinuity at x  2 .
 All polynomials, Trigonometrical functions,
 Isolated point discontinuity : exponential and Logarithmic functions are
continuous in their respective domains.
lim f  x  exists finitely and f  a  is defined
xa Intermediate value theorem :
but xlim f  x  f a .
a  Suppose f  x  is continuous on a interval I, and
Example: f  x    x     x  has isolated point a , b are any two points of I. If y0 is a number
discontinuities at all integers. between f  a  and f  b  , then there exists a
 Discontinuity of second kind (or)
number c between a and b such that f  c   y0 .
irremovable discontinuity :
A function f  x  is said to have a discontinuity of
Single Point Continuity:
 Functions which are continuous only at one point
the second kind at x  a if lim f  x  does not are said to exhibit single point continuity behaviour.
xa

exist. x , if x Q
Irremovable discontinuities are of three types Example1: f  x   . is continuous
1) Finite discontinuity (or) jump discontinuity x , if x Q
2) Infinite discontinuity only at x  0 .
3) Oscillatory discontinuity
 Finite Discontinuity: x , if x Q
Example 2: f  x   is continuous
lim f ( x ), lim f ( x ) are both finite and are not 1 x , if x Q
xa xa

equal. only at x  1/ 2
1 EXAMPLES
Example: f  x   1
at x  0
3  1
x 2
1 2 x
1. The function f  x   sin x . ln 1  x , x  0 is
 Infinite Discontinuity :  
Lt  f  x  and continuous at x  0 . Then the value of
If at least one of the limits x 
f  0  is
a

Lt f  x  be  , then f  x  has infinite

x a 
3  1
x 2
discontinuity at x  a .
Sol: Given f  0   lim
cos x
x 0 sin x .ln 1  x 
Example: f  x   at x  0 .
x 2
 Oscillatory Discontinuity :  3x  1 
 
 x 
The Limit oscillates between two finite quantities  f  0   lim   ln 3 
2

x0
 sin x   ln 1  x  
1   . 
Example: f  x   sin at x  0 .  x   x 
x

26
2: 5:
Let f be a continuous function on [1,3] .
1 1
If f takes only rational values for all x and If y  where t  , then the
t t 2
2
x 1
f (2)  10 then f (1.5) is equal to number of points of discontinuous of
Sol :f(x) is continuous function on [1,3] and takes only y  f  x  , x  R is
rational values then f(x) is constant function.
 f  2   f 1.5  10 1
Sol: t  is discontinuous at x = 1. Also
x 1
3: Let f  x  be defined in the interval  0, 4 such
1
y is discountinuous at t = -2 and t = 1
1  x, 0  x 1 t t 2
2


that   
f x  x  2, 1 x  2
then number 1 1
 4  x, 2 x4 When t  2,  2  x  ,
 x 1 2
of points where f  f  x   is discontinuous is
1
When t  1,  1  x  2,
Sol: f  x  is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2 x 1

 f  f  x   is discontinuous when So, y  f  x  is discontinuous at three points,

f(x) = 1 & 2 1
x  1, ,2
Now 1  x  1  x  0, where f  x  is 2

continuous
x  2  1  x  1 1, 2 

4  x  1  x  3   2, 4
Now, 1  x  2  x  1  [0,1]
x+2=2  x=0  (1,2]
4  x=2  x=2   2, 4

Hence, f  f  x   is discontinuous at two points,

x = 2, 3.
4:
The jump of discontinuity of the function
2x  3
f  x  is
2x  3

3  3 
Sol: f     1, f     1
2  2 
 Jump of discontinuity = 2

27
  x  x
EXERCISE - I log 1    log 1  
f  x   a  b, x  0
  is
x
x tan 2x continuous at x  0 is
1. The function f (x)  , for x  0, is
sin3x.sin5x
ab a b ab ab
continuous at x  0 , then f  0  1) 2) 3) 4)
ab ab ab a b
1
2 2 2 2 7. If f  x   x x 1 for x  1 and f is continuous at
1) 2) 3) 4)
13 17 11 15
x  1 then f 1 
x  x2  ....  xn  n 1) e 2) e-1 3) e-2 4) e2
2. Let f  x   , x  1 , the
x 1 1  2 sin x 
 , if x 
value of f 1 so that f is continuous at x=1   4x 4

8. If f ( x )   
is a , if x 
 4
n 1 
1) n 2) is continuous at x  then a 
2 4
1) 4 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1/4
n  n  1 n  n  1 1
3)
2
4)
2 9. The discontinuous points of f  x  are
log| x |
3. The function
1) 0, 2 2) 1, 2 3) 0, 1 4) 0, 3
 cos 3x  cos 4 x 10. Let f :RR be defined by
 , for x  0
x2
f  x    sin  x 
7 , for x  0   , if x0
 2  x
f  x   2 , if x0
at x  0 is (EAM - 2017)  where  x 
sin x  x 
1) continuous 2) discontinuous    , if x0
 
 x3 
3) left continuous 4) right continuous
4. The function defined by denotes the integral part of x . If f
 1 continuous at x  0 , then     [EAM - 20]
 x.sin for x  0
f  x   x at x = 0 is 1) -1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
0 for x  0 11. If  x  denotes a greatest integer not
1) continuous 2) right continuous exceeding x and if the function f defined by
3) left continuous 4) can not be determined
 a  2Cosx
x2  , if x  0
e  cos x x2
5. If the function f(x) = for x  0 is f  x  
x2 a
b tan , if x  0
continuous at x  0 then f  0     x  4
1) 1/2 2) 3/2 3) 2 4) 1/3 is continuous at x=0, then the ordered pair
6. The value of f(0) so that the function  a, b  is [EAM - 2019]
1)  2,1 2)  2, 1
28
 3)  1, 3  4)  2,  3  1  3x 2  cos 2 x
 , for x  0
12. If f : R  R is defined by f  x   x2
 k , for x  0

 x2
 x2  3x  2 if x  R  1,  2 is continuous at x  0 , then k  [EAM - 2017]
 1) 1 2) 5 3) 6 4) 0
f  x    1 if x  2
0 if x  1 18. If f : R  R defined by


 2sin x  sin 2 x
 , if x  0
then f is continuous on the set [EAM-18 ] f  x    2 x cos x then the
1) R 2) R  2  a ,if x  0
3) R  1 4) R  1, 2
value of a so that f is continuous at x=0 is
13. If f :  2, 2  R is defined by
[EAM - 2019]
1) 2 2) 1 3) -1 4) 0
 1  cx  1  cx
 , for 2  x  0  1  kx  1  kx
f  x   x  , for  1  x  0
f  x   x
x3 , for 0  x  2
19. If
2 x 2  3 x  2
 x  1  , for 0  x  1

is continuous at x  0 then k 
is continuous on  2,2 then c = (EAM-16) 1) –4 2) -3 3) -2 4) -1
3 3 2 20. If f ( x ) is a continuous function, then
1) 3 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3 |x|
lim f ( x ) exist if
 2 x  2  16
x0 x
 x , for x  2
14. If the function f  x    4  16
1) f ( x ) is a polynomial 2) f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c
A , for x  2
 3) f ( x)  ax 2  bx 4) f ( x)  ax  b
is continuous at x  2 , then A 
 sin x , if x is rational
1) 2 2)1/2 3) 1/4 4) 0 21. If f  x    cos x , if x is irrational

 (e kx  1).sin kx then the function is
 , for x  0
15. If f  x    x2

4 , for x  0 1) discontinuous at x  n 

4
is continuous at x  0 then k =
1)  1 2)  2 3) 0 4)  3 
2) continuous at x  n 
16. The set of points of discontinuity of the 4
3) discontinuous at all x
1
function f ( x )  2 4) continuous at all x
x  x 1
1)  2) R 3) {0} 4) R 
KEY
17. If f : R  R defined by 01) 4 02) 3 03) 1 04) 1 05) 2 06) 1
07) 1 08) 4 09) 3 10) 2 11) 2 12) 3
13) 1 14) 2 15) 2 16) 1 17) 2 18) 4
19) 3 20) 3 21) 2

29
 SOLUTIONS
   1      1
x tan 2 x 2
1. f (0)  k  lim  11. f(x) is continuoud sy c = 0
x  0 sin 3 x sin 5 x 15
x  x 2  ....  x n  n    Lt f  x   Lt f  x   f  0 
2. f 1  lim  from  x 0 x 0
x 1 x 1 0 
a  2 cos x 
Lt   Lt  b tan 6
 x  4
n 1
1  2 x  ....  nx x 0 x 2
x 0
 lim  1  2  ...  n
x 1 1
a  2 cos x
n  n  1 Lt b
 x  0 x2
2
2sin x
cos ax  cos bx b2  a2 sin x Lt  b  b  1
lim
3. x0 2
 and lim 1 x 0 2x
x 2 x0 x
4. f(x) = r sin 1/x, x  0 a + 2 = 0 ; a = -2

x2
1 12. f(x) = , x  R  1, 2
Lt f  x   Lt x sin  0 (finite value) =0 x  3x  2
2
x 0 x 0 x
Given f(0) = 0
Lt f  x  = f(0)  f(x) is continuous at x = 0 x2 1
Lt f  x   L  Lt 0
x 0 x 1 x 1  x  2  x  1 x 1 x 1
f ( x ) is continuous at x  0

5. Applying L-Hospital rule Given f(-1) = 0

2
e x .2 x  sin x 3
f (0)  lim  Lt f  x   f  1
x 0 2x 2 x 1

6. Lt f  x   f  0  f(x) is not continuous on x = -1

x 0

 x  x 1  cx  1  cx
log 1    log 1   13. f(x) = for -2  x < 0
 a  b   f 0 using
Lt   x
x 0 x
x3
0  x  2
L - Hospital rule x 1

1 1 1 1 Lt f  x   Lt f  x 
Lt .  .  f  0 x  0 x 0
x 0 x a x b
1 1 2cx x3
a b Lt   Lt 
x 0 x 1  cx  1  cx x 0 x  1
ab
f(x) = .Use L-Hospital rule 2c 3
ab   c3
1
c 1
lim ( x 1)
7. f (1)  e x  1 x  1
14. A  lim
x 2
f ( x)
8. Use L-Hospital rule
9. f ( x ) is discontinuous at x  0, 1,1
10.   0  2    1

30
 2 x.22  16 22.2 x log 2 EXERCISE - II
 Lim  Lim
x2 4 x  16 x2 4 x.log 4
a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x , x  0
2
4 .log 2 1 1. If f  x    ax  b
  log 4 2  log 22 21  e , x  0
2
4 .log 4 2
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then
 ekx  1  sin kx 1) 2 log a  b 2) 2 log b  e
15. f (0)  lim  .  4  k2 3) log a  2 log b 4) a  b
x 0
 x  x
16. f ( x ) is defined for any x  R  3 
 x 2  sin 2 x , if x  0
2

17. Given f(x) is continuous at x = 0  

 x2  2x  c 1
2. f  x   , if x  0, x 
Lt f  x   f  0   1  3x
2
3
x 0
 1
1  3x 2  cos 2 x 0 , if x 
Lt K  3
x 0 x2
then in order that f be continuous at x  0 ,
 1  cos 2 x  the value of c is
 Lt  3  K
x 0
 x2  1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
3. Let f be a continuous function on R such that
22
3 k ;K=5
2  1  n2
f    sin  en  e n  2
2

. Then the value

 4n  n 1
18. Given f(x) is continuous at x = 0
of f  0  is [ EAM -2018]
Lt f  x   f  0  1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 0 4) 2
x0

2sin x  sin 2 x 4. The function f  x   a  x  1  b  x  1 ,

Lt  a using L - Hospital rule
x 0 2 x cos x  a  0, b  0  where  x is the greatest
2 cos x  2 cos 2 x integer function is continuous at x  1 if
Lt a
x 0 2   x sin x  cos x 
1) a  2b 2) a  b
0
aa0 3) a  b  0 4) a  2b  0
1
19. f ( x ) is continuous at 0 5. Let

| x| |x|
 1 and lim  1   e x  1
2n
20. xlim
0 x x 0 x  , for x  0

f  x    sin n  x / a  log 1   x / a  
n
Also f ( x ) is continuous

 Given limit can exist only if 16n , for x  0
lim f ( x )  0
x 0
and f is a continuous at x=0, then the value
 f ( x)  ax 2  bx is the only choice
 of a is
21. sin x  cos x  x  n 
4 1) 16 2) 2 3) 8 4) 4

31
 6. Let f ( x)  [2 x 3  6] when [ x ] is greatest continuous function, then K is equal to
integer less than or equal to x then the 1) 2 2) 24 3) 18 3 4) 24 2
11. The value of f(0) so that the function
number of points in (1,2) where f is
1  cos(1  cos x )
discontinuous is f(x)= is continuous
x4
1) 5 2) 7 3) 13 4) 12 everywhere is
1 1 1 1
 sin  x  1) 2) 3) 4)
8 2 4 3
 , for  x   0
7. If f  x     x  is 12. If x  2 | y | 3 y , where y  f ( x) , then f ( x )
0 , for  x   0 is

1) continuous everywhere
1) continuous at x  0 2) differentiable everywhere
3) discontinuous at x  0
2) discontinuous at x  0 4) Not differentiable at anywhere
3) L.H.L=0 4) R.H.L=1 13. The function f(x)=  cosx  is

 a
 1) continuous at x 
(1 | sin x |) |sin x|
, if   x0 2
 
 6 2) discontinuous at x 
f ( x)  b , if x0 2
8. If is 
 tan 2 x 3) L.H.L= -1 at x 
 e tan3x  2
, if 0 x 
 6 4) R.H.L= 1 at x 
2
1
continuous at x = 0 then 14. The function f  x  is
x 3 x  2
2

discontinuous at the points

1) a  e 2 / 3 , b  2 / 3 2) a  2 / 3, b  e 2 / 3
1) x  1, 2 2) x  1,  2
3) R 4) R  1, 2
3) a  1/ 3, b  e1/ 3 4) a  e1/ 3 , b  e1/ 3

1cos4x
 
15. f  x  min x, x , x  R then f  x  is
2

 , if x  0 1) discontinuous at 0 2) discontinuous at 1
 x2
 3) continuous on R 4) continuous at 0,1
9. If the function f  x  a , if x  0 is
 1
 x
, if x  0 16. If f ( x )  then the points of discontinuity
 16 x 4 1 x

of ( f 0 f 0 f )( x) is
continuous at x = 0 then a =
1) {0,1} 2) {0, 1} 3) {1} 4) {1}
1
1) 8 2) 3) -8 4) 0 KEY
8
01) 1 02) 3 03) 1 04) 3 05) 4 06) 3
 72x  9x  8x  1 07) 2 08) 2 09) 1 10) 4 11) 1 12) 1
 , if x  0
10. If f  x    2  1  cos x is a 13) 2 14) 2 15) 3 16) 1
 K log 2log3, if x  0


32
 SOLUTIONS  [2 x 3  6] is discontinuous at
-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
1. Lt f  x   Lt  f  x 
x  0
sin  1
x 0

Lt  a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x  Lt  e ax b 7. L.H.L  lim  sin1

x 0 x 0
x 0 1

 a2 + 0 = eb  x  0 
  x   1

R.H.L  0  x  0    x   0 
b = logea2  b = 2 log ea

3 sin 2 x 2 8. Lt f  x   Lt  f  x   f  0 
2. xlim f  x   lim sin 2 x 2
 6 lim 6 n  x 0
0 
x 0 
x2 x 0 2 x2
tan 2 x a

x  2x  c c
2 Lt  e tan 3 x  Lt  1 | sin x |  |sin x| = b
lim f  x   lim  c n 0 x 0
x 0 x 0 1  3x 2 1
2 2
Hence for f to be continuous c  6 .  e 3 = ea  a =
3
 1  2
f   = sin (en) e-n2 + 2n
2
3.  e3 = b
 4n  n 1
1  cos 4 x
n 2 9. a  xlim 8
 0 x2
 1 
f   = sin(en)e-n2 + 2  1 
10. K log 2log 3  f  0 
 4n  n 1  2 
 n 
72 x  9 x  8x  1
1  lim f  x   lim
n  0 x 0 x 0 2  1  cos x
n
 1  1
 lim
9 x
 1 8x  1 x2
f(0) = nLt f    0 1

 4n  1 0 x 0 x2 2 1  cos x / 2 

f 1  2a, xlim f  x   a  b so

4. 9 x  1 8 x  1 16  x / 4 
2
1
 lim 
a  b  0 for f to be continuous at x 0 x x 2  2sin 2 x / 4
x 1. 16
 log 9 log 8
5. lim f  x  2 2
x 0

8
 e x 1   x / a 
2n n
 x / a
n  6 log 3log 2  24 2 log 3log 2
lim     a2 n 2
x0
 x  sin n
 x / a  
log 1   x / a  
n
 Thus K  24 2 .
 a 2n
1  co s 1  co s x  1  co s x 2
since. f  0   lim f  x  so 11.
lim
x 0
x 0
1  co s x 2 x4
a 2 n  16n  42 n thus a  4.
6. 1  x  2  1  x 3  8
 2  2 x 3  16  4  2 x 3  6  10
33
 2
1  cos 1  cos x   1  cos x  
= xlim   EXERCISE - III
0 1  cos x 2  x 2 
 | x2|
 1 , if x  2
1 1  lim 1  cos x 1  f ( x)   tan ( x  2)
  x0   ( formula) 1. If then, f ( x ) is
2 4 x2 2 2 , if x   2

1 1) continuous at x   2
 2) not continuous at x   2
8
3) differentiable at x  2
12. x  2 | y | 3 y 4) continuous but not diferentiable at x  2
 x  2 y  3 y , y  0 and
(256  ax)1/8  2
x  2 y  3 y, y  0 2. Let f ( x)  . If f is
(32  bx )1/5  2
 x, x  0 continuous at x 0 ,then the value of a / b is

 y  x 8 32 64 16
 5 , x  0 1)
5
f (0) 2)
5
f (0) 3)
5
f (0) 4)
5
f (0)

Therefore, y is continuous everywhere but 3. The values of a and b if f is continuous at x  0 ,

where
is not differentiable at x  0 .
 ax  bx3 1/ x
L.H .L  lim  cos x   0  1
13. 
f  x     , if x  0
x
2 x2 

R.H .L  lim  cos x   1 3 , if x  0

x
2 1) a  0, b  log 3 2) a  1, b  log 2
3) a  2, b  log 3 4) a  0, b  log 2
14. f  x  is discontinuous when
sin  cos x  cos x 
2
x2  3 x  2  0  x  3 x  2  0  , if x 
If f  x   
  2x
3
 2
 x  1, 2 4.  
 k , if x 
15. x  x2  x  0, x  1 2


 x for x  0 is continuous at x  , then k =
 2
f  x    x 2 for 0  x  1
 x for x  1 1 1 1
 1) 0 2)  3)  4) 
6 24 48
1 log(2  x)  x 2 n sin x
16. f ( x )  5. If f ( x)  lim then f ( x )
1 x n  1  x2n
1 1  x x 1
( fof )( x )    is discontinuous at
1  x x
1 1) x  1 only 2) x   1 only
1 x
3) x   1,1 only 4) no point
6. Let f : R  R be given by
1
( fofof )( x)  x 5 x, if x  Q
x 1
1 f  x   2 then
x  x  6, if x  R  Q
( fofof )( x) is discontinuous at x  0, x  1 . 1) f is continuous at x  2 and x  3

34
 2) f is discontinuous at x  2 and x  3 3) A [64, ) 4) A  [8,16]
3) f is contininuous at x  2 but not at x  3
4) f is continuous at x  3 but not at x  2    |1x|1x 
xe   , if x  0
11. If f (x)   , then f (x) is
 A  3cos x  0 , if x  0
 , if x  0
 x2 1) continuous for all x , but is not differentiable
If f  x   
7.  
B tan    , if x  0 Where . 2) neither differentiable nor continuous
   x  3  3) discontinuous everywhere
 
4) continuous as well as differentiable for all x
represents the greatest integer function, is
continuous at x  0 Then 12. The function f ( x )  [ x]2  [ x 2 ] (where [y] is
the largest integer  y ) is discontinuous at
3 1) all integers
1) A  3, B   3 2) A  3, B  
2 2) all integers except 0 and 1
3 3 3) all integers except 0
3) A  3, B   4) A   , B  3 4) all integers except 1
2 2
1  2 
a | x 2
 15x  56 | 13. If f  x   then f  is

x  17 x  66
2
 x2
x 8 , if x  9 discontinuous at x is equal to

8. If f ( x)   b , if x  9 ,
7 25 8 24
 x  [ x] , if x  9 1) 2, , 2) 2, ,
 3 11 3 11
 x 8
7 24
where [.] denotes greatest integer function and 3) 2, , 4) 2,6,11
3 11
the function is continuous then
14. f  x   Sg n  x3  x  is discontinuous at x 
1
1) a  , b  1 2) a  0, b  1 1) 0 2) 1 3) - 1 4) 0, -1, 1
2
15. If f  x   Sg n  2sin x  a  is continuous for all
1 1
3) a  ,b 1 4) a  , b   1 x then the possible values of ‘ a ’ are
2 2
1) R 2) a  2 or a  2
9. If . denotes the greatest integer function
3)  2, 2  4)  0,  
then the number of points where
16. If f : R  R is a function defined by
 1  2
f  x    x    x     x   is  2x 1 
 3  3 f  x    x  cos    , where [x] denotes
 2 
discontinuous for x   0,3 are the greatest integer function, then f is
1) 2 2) 9 3) 8 4) 10 [AIEEE - 2012]
10. If the function 1) Continuous for every real x
2) discontinuous only at x  0
 ( x  5)3  3) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values
f ( x)    sin( x  5)  a cos( x  2) of x .
 A 
4) continuous only at x  0 .
where [.] denotes the greatest integer 17. The values of p and q for which the function
function, is continuous and differentiable in
(7,9), then
1) A [8, 64] 2) A (0,8]

35
 7
1
 (256  ax ) 8 .a
 sin  p  1 x  sin x  lim 8  f (0)
 , if x  0 x 0 1 4

 x (32  bx) 5 .b
f  x   q , if x  0 5
 a 64
 x  x2  x On simplify,  . f (0)
 3
, if x  0 b 5
 x2 3. xlim f ( x )  f (0)
 0

is continuous for all x in R , is [AIEEE - 2011]

1] 1/ x
 ax  bx3 
5 1 3 1  lim  1   3
1) p  , q  2) p   , q  x 0
 x2 
2 2 2 2
1/ x
1 3 1 3  a 
3) p  , q  4) p  , q    lim  1   bx  3
2 2 2 2 x 0
 x 
KEY L.H.S. is exist when a  0
01) 2 02) 3 03) 1 04) 4 05) 3 06) 1  lim(1  bx)1/ x  3
07) 3 08) 1 09) 3 10) 3 11) 1 12) 4 x 0

13) 3 14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 2  e 6  3  b  log 3e

SOLUTIONS
sin  cos x   cos x
| x2| 4. k  lim
lim  f ( x)  lim 
1. x  1 x

  2 x 
3
2 x   2 tan ( x  2) 2

( x  2)  
 lim   1 sin 3   x 
x 2 tan 1 ( x  2) sin  cos x   cos x 2 
 k  lim 
 cos x 
3 3
 tan 1 x  x

 
 xlim  1 2 8  x 
 0

x  2 

| x2| 1 1 1  sin x  x 1
lim f ( x)  lim
x 2 x  2 tan 1 ( x  2)
k   
6 8 48  lim
x0 x 3
 
6
x2 5. f ( x ) is discontinuous at x  1 or x   1
 lim 1
1
x 2 tan ( x  2) 6. f is continuous when 5 x  x 2  6
 lim f ( x) does not exist.
x  2  x2  5x  6  0
(256  ax)1/ 8  2  x  2,3
2. lim  f (0)
x 0 (32  bx)1/ 5  2  A3 3 3 2 3 4 
Use L-Hospital rule 7. xlim f  x  lim  2
  x  x .....
0 x0
 x 2! 4! 6! 
For this limit to exist, we must have A  3  0 and
in that case, we have
3
lim f  x    Now,,
x0 2

36
 12. Clearly, f ( x )  0 for each integral value of x .
   
lim f  x   lim B tan    B tan  B 3 Also, if 0  x  1, then 0  x 2  1,

x0 x0
  x  3  3
 [ x]  0 and [ x 2 ]  0
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0 
x 0 x 0
 f ( x )  0 for 0  x  1
8. xlim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (9)
9 x 9 Again, if 1  x  2 then 1  x 2  2

a | x 2  15 x  56 | x  [ x]  [ x]  1,[ x 2 ]  1
 lim  lim b
x 9 x 8 x 9 x 8 However, at points x other than integers and not
a ( x  7)( x  8) x 8 lying between 0 and 2 , f ( x )  0
 lim  lim b
x 9 x 8 x  9 x 8
 2a  1  b 2
13. u  is discontinuous at x  2
9. f  x   3x  is discontinuous when 3x  an x2
integer 1 1
f u   
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 u  17u  66  u  11 u  6  is
2

 x  , , , , , , ,   0,3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 discontnuous at u  6,11
10. [ x ] is not continuous & differentiable at
2 7 24
  6,11  x  ,
integral values (points) so f ( x ) continuous x2 3 11
 ( x  5)3  14. f  x  is discontinuous when x 3  x  0
and differentiable in (7,9) if  A   0
   x  0,  1 ,1
 A  (9  5)3 15. Function continuous for all x
 A  64  A  [64,  ) a
 2sin x  a  0  sin x 
2
11. | x | is not differentiable at x  0 a
  1  a  2 (or) a  2
| x | is continuous at x  0 2
12. Clearly, f ( x )  0 for each integral value of x . 16.   x  sin  x is continuous for every real x .
Also, if 0  x  1, then 0  x 2  1,
17. Use L-Hospital's rule.
 [ x]  0 and [ x ]  0
2

 f ( x )  0 for 0  x  1
Again, if 1  x  2 then 1  x 2  2

 [ x]  1,[ x 2 ]  1
11. | x | is not differentiable at x  0
| x | is continuous at x  0

37
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS  1
 x  1 2 x x 1 x  2
3. Let f(x) =  the
 K x2
1. The value of K for which the function
value of k for which f is continuous at
 4  tan 4 x 
 5  tan 5 x 0cx 
  2 x = 2 is [2018]

f(x) =  2  is continuous at
k x
 5 2 1) 1 2) e 3) e-1 4) e-2

x= is [2017]
2 4. If the function f defined as f(x) =
17 2 3 2 1 k 1
1) 2) 3) 4) -  x  0 is continuous at x = 0, then
20 5 5 5 x e2 x  1

the ordered pair (k, f(0)) = [2019]

2. Let a, b  R ( a  0) if the function f de-
1
1) (3, 2) 2) (3, 1) 3) (2, 1) 4) ( , 2)
3
fined as

 2x2  1 1
 a 0  x 1 5. If the function f defined on   ,  by
  3 3
f(x) =  a 1 x   is continuous
 2b 2  4b 1  1  3X 
 2  x  log   x0
f(x) =  x  1  2 X  is continuous,
 x3
 k x0

in (0,  ) then (a, b) is [2016]
then k is equal to [2020]

1)  2,1  3  
2)  2,1  3  6. Let [t] denofe the greatest integer  t and

4
Lt x    A . then the function
x 0
x
3)  2, 1  3  
4)  2,1  3  f(x) = [ x 2] sin (  x) is discontinuous when x is

equal [2020]

1) A 2) A 1 3) A5 4) A  21

38
 x 2b 2  4b
7. Let f(x) = x.   for - 10<x<10 where [t] 2
2 2 2

denotes the greatest integer function.  4 = 2(b2 - 2b)

Then the number of points of discontinuity of  b2 - 2b - 2 = 0

f is equal to [2020] 2 48 22 3

b 
2 2
KEY
b = 1  3.

3. Given f(x) is continuous at x = 2

1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2
1

5) 5 6) 2 7) 8 Lt f  x   f  2   Lt  x  1 2 x  k
x2 x 2

1
 k  Lt
x2 2  x
 x  1  1
SOLUTIONS
1
k = e xLt2 2  x  x 11
tan 4 x
0
4 tan 5 x 4
1) Lt f  x   Lt  
 2  x 
    1 given f(x) k = e xLt2  K  e 1
x  5  5 2 x
x
2 2

 4. Given f(x) is continuous at x = 0

is continuous at x =
2
 1 k 1 
Lt f  x  = f(0) = Lt   2 x 
  e 1 
Lt f  x   f   
x 0 x 0 x

x

2
2
e 2 x  1  x  k  1
2 3  f  0   xLt
0 x  e 2 x  1
1 = k 
5 5
2) Given f(x) is continuous at x = 1, 2 2x
2

2x   ....x  k  1
f  0   Lt 2
Key : 1 x0  e2 x  1 
2x2  
 2x 
Lt f  x   Lt  f  x 
x 1
x  2  k  1  2 x 2  ...
x 1

f  0   Lt is defined if
2x2 2 x 0 2x2
Lt  a   a  a 2  2, a  2
x 1 a a
f(0) = 0 + 1 + 0..... 3 - k = 0, k = 3,
Lt f  x   Lt  f  x 
x 1 x 2
f(0) = 1
2b  4b
2
a  Lt 
x 2 x3

39
 1  1  3x  x
5. Lt f  x   Lt log   7. f(1) = r   may be discontinous where
x 0 x 0 x
 1 2x  2
log 1  3x  log 1  2 x  x
 Lt  Lt is on integer. So possible points of discon
x 0 x x 0 x 2
1 1 tinuity are x =  2,  4,  6,  8 and 0
 Lt
x 0 1  3 x
3  Lt
x 0 1  2 x
 2 
3 2 but at x = 0
=  5
1 1
Lt f  x   0  f  0   Lt  f  x 
x 0 x 0
given f(x) is continuous at x = 0
so f(x) will be distentinuous at x =  2,  4,
Lt f  x   f  0  , 5 = k.
x 0
 6,  8
4  4 4
6. Lt x    A  Lt       A number of points = 8
x 0
x x 0 x
 x

4
 Lt 4  x    A *******
x0
x

 4-0=A

check when

1) x = A  x = 2  continuous

2) x = A  1  x  5  discontinuous

3) x = A  5  x  3  continuous

4) x = A  21  x  5  continuous

40
 DIFFERENTIABILITY

SYNOPSIS c) f is differentiable from the left at b.

Differentiability at a point : iii)A function f is said to be a differentiable
 (i) A function f(x) is differentiable at a point function, if it is differentiable at every point on
Lt f  x  f a its domain.
x = a, if exists finitely and iv)Exponential, logarithemic, trigonometric,
x a xa
inverse trigonometric functions are
it is denoted by f   a 
differentiable in their domain.
f  x  f a
Lt v)Polynomial, constant functions are
i.e f   a  
xa xa differentiable at each point ‘x’ , where x  R
(ii)The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is Standard Results :
denoted by f '  a   and is defined as f x  g x  f x   g x  f x .g x 

Lt f  a  h  f  a  Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable

i.e f   a    Differentiable Non
h 0 h Differentiable
Non
Differentiable
May bo or not

(iii) The left hand derivative of f  x  at x = a Non

Differentiable
Non
Differentiable
May bo or not May bo or not

is denoted by f '  a   and is defined as . i) x  a is not diffrentiable at x = a

Ltf  a  h  f  a  ii)  x  a n x  a is diffrentiable when n  1
i.e f   a  
h 0 h and is not differentiable when n < 1
(iv)If f is differentiable at x = a then f is also iii) Sgn  x  a  is not differentiable at x = a
continous at x  a . However the converse need
not be true. n 1 n 1
iv) x sin , x cos are differentiable when
(v) If f is not continous at x = a then f is not x x
differentiable at x = a n>1 and are not differentiable when n  1
Differentiability of a function over an
v)  x ,  x  are not differentiable at all intergral
interval :
points of x
 i) A function f  x  defined on an (a,b) is said
d   x d
to be differentiable in (a,b) if it is differentiable vi)  f  t  dt  f    x     x  
dx   x  dx
at each point of (a,b)
d
ii)A function f  x  defined on [a,b] is said to f   x     x
dx
be differentiable or derivable if Differentiability of Functional Equations
a) f is differentiable from the right at a.  (i) if f( x + y) = f(x).f(y) then
b) f is differentiable at every point on (a,b) f '  x   f ' 0. f  x 

41
 Lim f  x  h   f  x  Sol: It is clear from the graph that y  sin x is
Proof: f  x  
'
h0 h continuous everywhere but not differentiable at
x  .....  2 ,   , 0,  , 2 ,.......... .
Lim f  x   f  h   1
= i.e., x  n , n  I
h0 h
We observe that at all integral values of  , f
= f  x  . f '  0 has a sharp corner
Y
(ii) Funtional equation relations.
a) f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  x, y
Slope m1 Slope m2
 f  x   a x  a  0
y  Sin x
b) f  x  y  f  x  f  y x, y R
X
2
 f x   kx 2
Slope m1  Slope m2
c) f  xy   f  x  . f  y  x, y  R 3:
The differentiablity of
 f x   x n

  e1/ x  e 1/ x 
d) f  xy   f  x   f  y  x, y  R  x , x  0
f  x     e1/ x  e 1/ x  at x = 0
 f  x   k log x  x  0   0 ,x 0

1 1
e) f  x  f    f  x   f   x  R  0 f  0h  f  0
Sol: We have f ' 0  lim

x x h0 h
 f  x   1  xn

 mx  ny  m f  x  n f  y   e 2/ h  1  0  1
(f) f    lim  2/ h    1
 m  n 
,m+n  0 1  0 1
mn
h 0 e


 f  x  ax  b f  0h  f  0
Similarly f ' 0   lim

1
EXAMPLES h0 h
1. Examine the continuity and differentiability of  LHD  RHD
 f is not differentiable at x = 0
f  x   x at x = 0
4:
If f(x+y) = f(x).f(y)  x, y  R, f(5) = 2,
y x
Sol: f '  0   3 then f '  5 = [AIEEE 2002]

Sol: f '  x   f '  0  . f  x 

Hence y  x is continuous everywhere but
not differentiable at x = 0 f '  5   f '  0  . f  5  = (3)(2) = 6
( sharp corner at x = 0) 5:
2: Let f:R  R is differentiable function & f(1)=
Examine the continuity and differentiability of f  x
2t
y  sin x at x  n , n  I 4 then g  x  = xLt  dt =
1
4 x -1

42
 f  x

f  x 4 2tdt EXERCISE - I
Sol : g  x   lim 2t
x 1  x  1
dt  lim 1. Let f(x)=|x-1|+|x+1|
x 1 x 1
4
1) f(x) is differentiable at x  1
Apply L-Hospital rule
2) f(x) is not differentiable at x  1
f  x  f '  x   4.0
= 2 lim 3) f(x) is neither continuous nor differentiable
x 1 1
at x  1
 lim 2 f  x  f '  x  = 2f 1 f ' 1 =8 f '1 4) f(x) is not continuous at x=0
x 1

 x
 1 , x  0
f  x   1  2 x
2. Let  0
then
 x0

1) LHD f(x) at x=0 is 1

2) RHD of f(x) at x=0 is not equal to zero
3) f(x) is differentiable at x=0

4) xLt f  x  1
0
3. If f  x   x e x , then at x = 0
1) f is continuous
2) f is continuous but not differentiable
3) f is differentiable
4) the derivative is 1
4. The set of all points where f  x   2 x x is
differentiable
1)  ,   2)  ,    0

3)  0,   4) [0,  )

5. Let f(x)= x 3 2 - x 3 + x 2 then

1) LHD at x=0 exist but RHD at x=0 does not
exist
2) f(x) is not differentiable at x=0
3) RHD at x=0 exist but LHD at x=0 does not
exist
4) f(x) is differentiable and continuous at x=0
 a x - a- x 
1 1

6. If f  x = x. 1x - 1x 
 ,x  0(a>0), f(0)=0
 a +a 
then
1) f is differentiable at x=0
2) f is not differentiable at x=0
3) f is not continuous at x=0
4) limf
x0
 x does not exists

43
  x2 , if x  x0 4) f '  0   1
7. Let f(x)=  . If f is differentiable KEY
ax+b,if x > x0
at x0 then 01) 2 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 1 06) 2
1) a  x0 , b   x0 2) a  2 x0 , b   x0 2 07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 1 11) 1 12) 3
2
13) 3 14) 3
3) a  2 x0 , b  x0 4) a  x0 , b  x0 2
SOLUTIONS
8. The left-hand derivative of f(x)=[x]sin  x at
2x, if x  1 2, if x  1
 
x = k, k is an integer is f  x    2 , if  1  x  1  f '  x    0, if  1  x  1
1. 2x , if x  1  2, if x  1
 
1) (-1)k(k-1)  2) (-1)k-1(k-1) 
  , f '   1   0 , f ' 1   0 , f ' 1   2
f '  1   2
3) (-1) k 
k
4) (-1) k 
k-1
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=  1

 x x <1 x
0
 f  x   f 0 
2.
1

9. Let   
f  0    lim 1  2x
1 x  2  lim
'
f x = 2- x x0
then f(x) is x0 x  0 x
2
-2+3x - x x > 2 1 1
= 1 2 1
0

1  2
1
1) differentiable at x=1
x
2) differentiable at x=2 f  x   f 0 1 0
f  0    lim
'
 lim 1  2x
3) differentiable at x=1 and x=2 x 0  x0 x 0  x
4) not differentiable at x=0 1 1
10. Let f(x)=asin|x|+be|x| is differentiable when = 1 2 1
0

1  2
0

1) a = -b 2) a = b 3) a = 0 4) b = 0
 xe x
 x  4 for x  1 3. L.H .D  lim  1
11. f  x   3 , then x 0  x
 x 2  x  3 x  1 2 for x  1
2

xe x
1) f(x) is continuous at x=1 and x=4 R.H .D  lim  1
x0 x
2) f(x) is differentiable at x=4
3) f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x=1  2 x2 x  0
4. f  x   2 is differentiable everywhere.
4) f(x) is only continuous at x=1 2x x  0
12. The set of all points where the function 5. f(x)= x - x 3 + x 2 3
2

 L.H.D at x= 0 does not exist as Df=[0,  )

f  x   1  e  x is differentiable is
2

x(a1/ x - a -1/ x ) x(1 - a -2 / x )

1)  0,   2)  ,   6. = xlim
lim f(x)= lim =0
x 0+ x 0+ a1/ x + a -1/ x  0+ 1 + a -2 / x

3)  ,    0 4)  ,    0,1, 2 lim f(x)= lim x

 a2/ x - 1 
also, x0-  2/ x  = 0
13. If f(x)=|x - a |+ | x + b|, x  R,b>a>0. Then
x0-
 a -1
so f is continuous at x=0
1) f   a    1 2) f   a    0
h(a 1/ h - a -1/ h ) 1 - a -2 / h
3) f   b    0 4) f   b    1 f ' (0+) = lim
x  0+ h(a 1/ h + a -1/ h )
= xlim
 0+ 1+ a -2 / h
=1

14. If [ . ] denote the greatest integer function similarly f ' (0-) = -1 hence ,f is not differentiable
and f  x    tan 2 x  , then at x=0
7. Since f is differentiable so it is continuous also,
1) Lim f  x  does not exist
x0
abhhab
2) f is not continuous at x = 0 = Limh 0 h
0

3) f  x  is differentiable at x = 0
44
 therefore x 2 0  f  x 0   lim f  x   ax 0  b
x  x0
14. 0  x   / 4 ,  tan 2 x   0 . Also tan 2 x is an
even function
f  x0  h  f  x0  a  x 0  h   b  x 20
also, lim  lim
h 0  h h0  h  f  0  x  f  0  f  h   f 0
lim    lim 0
 lim
x 2
0  ah  x 2
0
=a( x 2
 ax 0  b )
x0
 x  h0 h
0
h 0  h

 x0  h
2  f is continuous at x = 0 and differentiable
thus a  f  x    '
0 lim
h0  h
 x 20
 2x 0 x = 0. Also f '  0   0
hence x 20  2x 02  b then b   x 2
0
EXERCISE - II
8. Clearly f(k)=0, so the left hand derivative is equal
1. If f(x)=p|sin x| + qe |x|+r|x| 3 and f(x) is
f k  h  f k  differentiable at x=0, then
to lim
h0 h
1) q+r=0; p is any real number
k  h sin k  h   k  1 sin k  h 
= lim
h 0  h
lim
h 0  h 2) p+q=0; r is any real number
k  1 1
k
sinh  3) q=0, r=0; p is any real number
 lim
h
(since h < 0) = k  1  1 k

h 0 
4) r=0,p=0; q is any real number
1, if x < 1

f   x  = -1, if 1  x  2 sin 4  x 
9. 3 - 2x, 2. Let f(x)= 1  x 2 ,where  x is the greatest
 if x > 2  
f ' 1    1, f ' 1    1, f '  2    1, f '  2    1 integer less than or equal to x, then
f ' 2   f ' 2  1) f(x) is not differentiable at some points
2) f(x) exists but is different from zero
a sin x  be if x  0 a cos x  be if x  0
x x

10. f(x)= a sin x  be ; f ' x   


x
if x  0 a cos x  be
x
if x  0 3) LHD (at x = 0) = 0, RHD (at x = 1) = 0
4) f  x  =0 but f is not a constant function
'

then f  0    a  b and f 0    a  b
' '

If a=-b, then f 0    f 0   ' '

3x  2, x  1

11. Since g(x)=|x| is a continuous function and 3. If f  x    1 x 2  7, x  1 , then which of the
lim f  x   3  lim f  x  , so f is continous function. In
 2
x 1 x 1

particular f is continuous at x=1 and x=4) f is following is not true

clearly not differentiable at x=4) Since g(x)=|x| is 1) f ' 1    1 2) f ' 1    3
not differentiable at x=0. Now
f 1  h   f 1 3  h  3
3) f ' 1    f ' 1    1
f ' 1    lim  lim  1
h 0  h h0 h 4) f is not differentiable at x = 1
 12 1  h   1  h   3 1  h    12   3
3 2

f ' 1    lim
h0  h  1 2
 2 x , for x  1
= lim
 12   h3  3h2  3h  h2  2h  3h

5 f  x  
h0  h 2 4. If  3 x 2  1, for x  1 , then
2
 2
xe x
12. f '  x  2 is not differentiable only at x = 0 1) f is differentiable everywhere on R
1 e x
2) f ' 1    1 and f ' 1    0
 - 2 , if x < -b
 3) f ' 1    1 and f ' 1    3
f '  x  = 0, if - b  x  a
13. 2, if x > a
; f '  a    2, f '  b    0
4) f ' 1    1 and f ' 1    1


45
 5. The function given by y  x 1 is f   0   3 and f  4  2 , then f   4  is equal to
differentiable for all real numbers except the 1) 6 2) 12 3) 4 4)3
12. Let f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) and f(x)=1+(sin2x)g(x)
points
where g(x) is continuous. Then f 1 (x) equals
1) 0,1, 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) 1 1) f(x)g(0) 2) 2f(x)g(0) 3) 2g(0) 4) 2f(0)
13. Let a function y = f(x) be difined as
  
6. If f  x   x  sin x for x    ,  , then its x  2 t  t , y  t 2  t t ,Where t  R then f(x)
 2 2
is
left hand derivative at x = 0 is (Eam-2011)
1) Continuous and differentiable in  1,1
1) 0 2) -1 3) -2 4) -3
2) Continuous but not differentiable in  1,1
 sin x 2  5 x  6

f  x    x 2  5 x  6 , x  2,3 3) Continuous  1,1 and differentiable in
7. Let
 1 , x  2 or 3 (-1,1) only

4) Discontinuous on  1,1
the set of all points where f is differentiable is
 cos x , x  1
1)  ,   2)  ,    2 14. If f(x)=  x  2 , 1  x  2 , then f(x) is

3)  ,    3 4)  ,    2,3 1) discontinuous and non-differentiable at
8. f  x   cos x is not differentiable for the x = -1 and x=1
points given by x 
2) continuous and differentiable at x=0
 3) not differentiable at x= 1/2
1) 2)  2n  1  , n  I
2 4) continuous but not differentiable at x=0
  1, 2 x 0
3)  2n  1 n  I 4) 0 15. Let f(x)=  x 2
 1, 0  x  2 and g(x)=|f(x)|+f|x|
2
then the number of points which g(x) is non
9. Let h(x)=min{x,x2} for x   . Then which of the differentiable, is
following is correct 1) at most one point 2) 2
1) h is continuous for allx 3) exactly one point 4) infinite
16. Let f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) and f(x)=1+xg(x)G(x),
2) h is differentiable for all x
3) h’(x)=1 for all x>1 where lim g  x   a
x0
and lim G  x   b
x0
. Then f '  x 

4) h is not a differentiable at 2 values of x is equal to

1) 1+ab 2) ab 3) f(x) 4) abf(x)
3x  x  1 17. Let f be a differentiable function satisfying the
10. Let f  x   then f(x) is
7  x 1  x  7  x  f  x
1) continuous  1  x  7 but not differentiable at condition f 
x=1  y  f  y , for all
2) continuous -1  x<7 & differentiable at x=1
3) neither continuous in [-1,7)nor differentiable x, y   0   R and f  y   0 . If f  1  2 ,
at x=1
then f   x  is equal to
4) continuous & differentiable at x=1
f  x 2 f  x
11. If f  x  y   2 f  x  f  y  all x, y  R where 1) 2 f  x  2) 3) 2xf  x  4)
x x

46
  sin h(1  h)  1
18. If f : R  R be a differentiable function, such   lim   1 which is does not exist
h 0
 h(1  h) h

that f  x  2 y   f  x   f  2 y   4 xy for all 8. f is not differentiable at all points where cosx=0

 x, x  1
x, y  R then 
h( x )   x 2 , 0  x  1
9.
1) f  1  f   0   1 2) f  1  f   0   1  x, x  0

3) f   0   f  1  2 4) f   0   f  1  2 From the graph it is clear that h is continuous.
Also h is differentiable except possible atx=0
KEY and 1
01) 2 02) 3 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 3
07) 4 08) 3 09) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 2 1, x  1

13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 4 17) 4 18) 4 h ( x )   2 x, 0  x  1
'

SOLUTIONS 1 x  0

1. For   2  x  0 ,f(x)= psin x  qe x  rx 3 , so h(1  t)  h(1) 1 t 1
for x=1, h '
(1)  lim
t 0  t
 lim
t 0 t
1

= -p -q
h(1  t)  h(1) (1  t) 2  1
but h ' (1)  lim
t 0 t
 lim
t 0 t
 2
For 0  x   2 , f(x)=p sin x+qex +rx3,
so h is not differentiable at 1
f (x)  f (0)  lim  p sin x  q  e  1   rx 2 
x

f (0)  lim
'
    =p+q similarly h ' (0 )  0 but h ' (0)  1
x0  x  x 
x 0 
x 0

For f to be diffentiable at x=0,we must have
3  x 1
x

p+q = - p -q  p + q =0. 10. f x  

7  x 1  x  7

sin 4  x   
f ' 1  3log 3, f ' 1   0-1=-1 f ' 1    f ' 1  
2. We have 1  x  0, x
 
2
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=1

[ 4  x  is an integral multiple of ' ' ]

Hence f is not differentiable at x=1
f  4  h  f  4
 f  x   0 for all x 11. f   4   lim
h 0 h
3, if x  1 f  4  h  f  4  0
3. f '  x     f   4   lim
 x, if x  1 h 0 h
 x if x  1 2 f  4 f  h   2 f  4 f  0
4. f '  x     f   4  lim
3x if x  1 h0 h

 f  h   f  0 
 f   4   lim 2 f  4   
5. (1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
h0
 h0 
f  h  f  0
6. x  0 , f  x    x  sin x f   4   4 lim
h 0 h0
7. The function is clearly differentiable except
 4 f   0   4  3  12
possible at x =2,3
f (2  h)  f (2) sin h (1  h)  h(1  h) f  x  h  f  x  f  x  f h   f  x 
f ' (2)  lim  lim 12. f '  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0  h 2 ( 1  h) h0 h h0 h

47
 f h   1 1   sin2h g  h   1 we get
 f  x  lim  f  x  lim
f 1
h 0 h h 0 h
f 1   f 1  1
f 1
sin2h
 f  x  lim .lim g  h   2f  x  g  0 
h 0 h h 0

13. When t  0 , f  x  h  f  x
we have x  2t  t and Now f   x   lim
h 0 h
y  t 2  t 2  2t 2  y  2 x 2 , x  0
 f  x  h 
When t<0, we have  f x  1
x = 2t +t = 3t and y = t2 - t2 = 0  y =0 for all  f   x   f  x  lim 
   

x <0 h 0
 h 
 
 cos  x  x 1
14. We have, f  x    x  2 1 x  2
   xh 
 f  x   1 
 2  x, 1 x  2  f  x   f  x  lim  
 

h 0
 h 
 1, 1/ 2  x 1
  
 0, 0  x 1/ 2

 1, x0  h
f 1    f 1
 0, 1/ 2  x  0 f  x  x
  f  x  lim
x h 0 h
 1, 1 / 2  x  1 / 2
x
It is evident from the definition that f(x) is
f  x 2 f  x
discontinuous at x=1/2  f  x  f  1 
x x
1, 2 x 0

15.

f  x   1  x ,0  x  1
2
18. f  x  2 y   f  x   f  2 y   4xy for all
 x 2  1,1  x  2
O 
x, y  R putting x = y = 0, we get f  0   0
and f  x   x 2
 1, 2  x  2
Now, f  x  2 y   f  x   f  2 y   4 xy
x 2, 2x0

 g  x   0, 0  x 1 f  x  2 y  f  x f 2 y

 2 
x 2
 1 ,1x2   2x 
2y 2y
(by adding the function in proper domains)
f  x  2 y  f  x
 g  x  is differentiable everywhere except at x=1  lim
y 0 2y
f  x  h  f  x  f  x  h  f  x 
16. f  x   lim
'
 lim
f  2 y   f 0 
h0 h h0 h

 f  x  y   f  x  f  y   lim 2 x  
y 0
 2y 
f h   1 1  hg h  G  h   1
 f  x  lim  f  x  lim
h 0 h h0 h  f   x   2 x  f   0  for all x
 f  x  lim g  h  G  h   f  x  lim G  h  lim g h   abf  x 
h 0 h0 h 0
 f  1  2  f   0 
 x  f  x
17. f  y   f y , replacing x and y both by 1,
   

48
  1
EXERCISE - III  x 1 sin , if x  1
6. Let f  x    x 1
 n 1 0 , if x  1
 x sin , x  0
1. Let f(x)= 
 x , then f(x) is continuous Then which one of the following is ture?
 0 ,x0
[AIEEE 2008]
but not differentiable at x=0 if 1) f is neither differentiable at x  0 nor at
1) n  (0,1] 2) n  [1,  ) x 1
3) n  (-  ,0) 4) n=0 2) f is differentiable at x  0 and at x  1
3) f is differentiable at x  0 but not at x  1
2. The values of a and b such that the function
4) f is differentiable at x  1 not at x  0
ax 2  b, x  1 7. If x+4|y|=6y, then y as a function of x is
of defined as f  x    1 is
 x , x 1 1) continuous at x=0 2) derivable at x=0
differentiable are dy 1 dy
3) dx
= 2 for all x 4) dx
=0 for all x
1) a=1,b=-1 2) a= 12 ,b= 12
  x  5 3 
3) a= 12 ,b= 3 2 4) a= 3 2 ,b= 3 2 8. If the function f(x)=  A 
 sin(x-5)
 
 sin 2x if 0 x  +acos(x-2), where [.] denotes the greatest
3. Let f(x) be defined by f  x   ax  b if   x  1
6

 6 integer function and a R ,is continuous and

differentiable in (7,9) then
The values of a and b such that f and f ' are 1) A  [8,64] 2) A  (0,8]
continuous, are 3) A  [64,  ) 4) A  (0,0)
1) a = 1, b = 1
2 + 
6 2) a = 1
2 ,b= 1
2 9. Let f(x)=[x]2+ x ,where [ ] & { } respectively
3) a = 1, b = 3
2 - 6 4)a = 3
2 ,b denotes the greatest integer and fractional
part of functions, then
= 3
2 + 6 1) f(x) is continuous at all integral points
2) f(x) is not differentiable x  I
 1  x  c  3) f(x) is discontinuous as x  I-{1}
b sin  2  ,  1  x  0 4) f(x) is continuous & differentiable at x=0
  
2
 1 at x  0 10. Suppose f  x  is differentiable at x  1
4. f  x  
2 1
 f 1  h   5, then f ' 1 equals

ax and lim
h 0 h
 e 2 1 1
0 x 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6
 x 2
x
1
11. The set of poits where f  x   1  x is
If f(x) is differentiable at x =0 and c  then
2 differentiable is
1) a = 1 and 64b2 + c2 = 4
2) a = 0 and 64b2 + c2 = 2 1)  , 0    0,   2)  , 1   1,  
3) a = 2 and 64b2 + c2 = 1
4) a = 3 and 64b2 + c2 = 3 3)  ,   4)  0,  
 x2
, x  2
12. Let f : R  R be a funtction defined by

 tan1  x  2 
5. If f(x)=  , then f(x) is
 2 , x  2 f  x   min  x  1, x  1 , Then which of the
1) continuous at x = -2 following is true? [AIEEE - 2007]
2) not coninuous at x = -2 1) f  x  is differentiable everywhere
3) differentiable at x = -2 2) f  x  is not diffferentiable at x  0
4) continuous but not derivable at x = -2
3) f  x   1 for all x  R
49
 4) f  x  is not differentaible at x  1 19. If f(x+y+z) = f(x).f(y).f(z) for all x,y,z and
13. If funcion f  x  is differentiable at f(2)=5, f  0  =3, then f ' (2) equals
1) 15 2) 9 3) 16 4) 6
x2 f  a   a2 f  x 
x  a, then lim is : 20. Given that f(x) is a differentiable function of
xa xa
[AIEEE- 2011] x and that f(x).f(y)=f(x)+f(y)+f(xy)-2 and that
f(2)=5. Then f 1 (3) is equal to
1) a 2 f '  a  2) a f  a   a 2 f '  a 
1) 6 2) 24 3) 15 4) 19
3) 2a f  a   a f  a  4) 2a f  a   a f  a 
2 ' 2 '


21. If f  x   cos x  sin x , then f '   
14. If f :  1,1  R be a differentiable function 4

with f  0   1 and f '  0  1 . Let 1) 2 2)  2 3) 0

4) does not exists
g  x    f  2 f  x   2   , then g '  0  is equal
2

22. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree two which

to (AIEEE-2010) is positive for all x  R.
1) 4 2) -4 3) 0 4) -2 g  x   f  x   f   x   f   x   f   x   x 2 f iv  x  ,
 A  sin  x  B  , x  1
1

15. Let f(x)=  is differentiable then for any real x

 x, x  1
1) g(x)<0 2) g(x)>0 3) g(x)=0 4) g(x)  0
then
23. Which of the following function is
1) A=-1,B=-1 2) A=1,B=-1 differentiable at x=0
3) A=B=1 4) A=0,B=1
16. Let f(x) be differentiable function such that 1) cos  x   x 2) cos  x   x
 x y 
f   f  x   f  y   x and y. If lt
f x 1
 then 3) sin  x   x 4) sin  x   x
 1  xy  x0 x 3
24. The function f(x)=|x3| is
f ' 1 equals
1) differentiable everywhere
1 1 1 1 2) continuous but not differentiable at x=0
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 6 12 8 3) not a continuous function
 x  y  f  x  f  y  4) a function with range (0,  )
17. if f    x, y  R
 2  2 KEY
and f  0  1, f 0  1, then f 2  01) 1 02) 3 03) 3 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3
07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 3 11) 3 12) 1
1 1
1) 2)  3) 1 4) -1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2 16) 2 17) 4 18) 3
2 2 19) 1 20) 1 21) 4 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1
18. Suppose that f is a differentiable function with
the property that f(x+y) =f(x)+f(y)+xy and
1
lim f  h   3 , then
h0 h

1) f is a linear function 2) f(x)=3x+x2

3) f(x)=3x+ x 2
2 4) f(x)=3x- x 2
2

50
 SOLUTIONS so, f is neither continuous nor differentiable at
1. since f(x) is continuous at x=0, therefore x=–2
lim f  x   f  0   0  lim xn sin 1  x  0  n  0
1  h  1 sin 
x0 x 0 1 
f(x) is differentiable at x=0 if 0
6. Lf ' 1  lim  1 h 1 
f  x   f 0 h0 h
lim
x0 x0
exists finitely
xn sin  1x   0 1 1
 lim
x
exists finitely   lim sin similiraly Rf ' 1  lim sin
x 0
h0 h h0 h
 lim x n 1
sin  1
 exists finitely  n  1  0  n  1
x 0
x
‘f’ is not differentiable at x=1, Clearly ‘f’ is
If n  1 , then lim x sin   does not exist and hence
n 1 1
x
differentiable at x =0.
As Lf '  0   Rf '  0   Cos1  Sin1
x 0

f(x) is not differentiable at x=0

hence f(x) is continuous but not differentiable 7. We have, x+4|y|=6y
at x=0 for 0  n  1 , i.e n   0,1 x  4y  6y, if y  0

2. Since every differentiable function is x  4y  6y, if y  0
continuous, so we must have
 12 x, if x  0  12 x, if x  0
lim f  x   f 1  a  b  1 y  y  f  x  
1 x,if x  0
x 1  10  110 x,if x  0
for f to be differentiable, f 1    f 1   ' '
clearly, y  f  x  is continuous at x=0 but it is not
 lim 
 a 1  h 2  b  1
  lim 
 11  h  1 differentiable at x=0

h 0 
 h  h 0   h  8. [x] is not conitnuous and differentiable at

 a 2h  h2    lim integral values (points)
h
 lim  (as a-b=-1)
h 0 
 h  h 0  h 1  h So f(x) is continuous and differentiable in (7,9)
 2a  1 , Hence a 1
2 and b  32   x  5 3 
if    0  A  9  5 3  A  64  A  [64,  )
 A   
sin 2x if 0  x   6
3. f  x   ,
ax  b if  6  x  1
9. If kI
2cos 2x if 0  x   6
then f '  x    a if  6  x  1
Lt f  x   k 2  0  Lt f  x   k  1  1
x k  x k 
2

f and f' are continuous Again Lt f  x   Lt f  x   f  k 

x k  x k 

lim f  x   lim f  x  lim sin 2x  lim ax  b

x  6  x 6  x 6 x 6 k =(k-1) +1  2k=2 then k=1
2 2

3 a
 bb 
3 

i.e., f(x) is continuous at k=1 and no other integral
2 6 2 6 point.
lim f '  x   lim f '  x  then lim 2 cos 2x  lim a So f(x) is discontinuous for all integral points
x6  x 6
x 6 x 6

i.e. a=1 except x=1

4. Find f   x  and f   0   f   0  f 1 h  f 1

10. f 1  lim
'

2  h  2
h0 h
5. lim f  x   lim f  2  h   lim
tan 1  2  h  2 
f 1  h 
x  2 h0 h0

h h given that lim  5 and hence

 lim
h  0 tan1  h 
 lim
h  0 tan1  h 
 1 h 0 h

2  h  2
f 1  0
and lim f  x   lim f  2  h   lim
x 2 h 0 h  0 tan  2  h  2 
1

f 1  h 
 lim
h
1  lim f  x   lim f  x 
f 1 1  lim 5
h0 tan1 h  x 2 x 2
h0 h

51
  x 20. We have, f  x .f  y   f  x   f  y   f  xy   2
 ;x  0
 
2
 1  x
f '  x    x   f  x   f  1x   f 1  2
 f  x  .f 1
11.  x ;x  0
 1  x  2  x   f  x   f  1x 
 f  x  .f 1

(since f 1  2 putting x=y=1)
12. f  x   x  1,  x  R
 f  x   xn  1  f  2   x 2  1 (since f(2)=5)
x f a  a f  x
2 2

13. lim n2

x a xa
 f  x   x 2  1  f  3   10
2 xf  a   a f 2 '
 x
lim cos x  sin x for x   0,  / 4 
1
 
x a
21. f x  
 2af  a   a 2 f '  a  sin x  cos x for x    / 4,  / 2 


14. g ' x  2 f  2 f  x  2  f '  2 f  x   2  2 f '  x  22. Let f(x)=ax2+bx+c. As f(x)>0 for all x  R, we
must have, a>0 and b2-4ac<0

g '  0   f  2 f  0  2  f '  2 f  0   2 2 f '  0  g(x )= ax 2 + b x + c +( 2 ax + b )+ 2 a+ 0 + (x 2 ) . 0
 2 f  0  f '  0  2 f '  0  2 1 1 21  4 =ax2+(b+2a)x+b+c+2a
Discriminant of g(x)=(b+2a)2-4a(b+c+2a)
15. As x  1 sin 1  x  B  is defined when B = -1
from the options.f is differentiable  f is = -4a2+(b2-4ac)<0
continuous. Thus g(x)>0 for x  R
 xy 
16. f   f  x   f  y   f  x   A tan1 x 23. cos x = cosx is differentialbe at x=0, but x is
 1  xy 

f  x tan1 x 1
not differentiable at x=0, Hence 1 & 2 options are
Now, lt  A lt , A   f x  tan1 x
x0 x x  0 x
1
3
3 not correct.
17. Take f(x) = ax+b
 sin x  x x0
f  x  h  f  x  f  x   f h   xh  f  x  f  x   sin x  x  
18. f  x   lim
'
h 0 h
 lim
h0 h
 sin x  x x0

=
1
 lim f  h  x  3  x is differentiable at x=0
h0 h

Hence f(x)=3x+ +c. Putting x=y=0 in the x2  x 3 if x  0

2

f  x    0 if x  0
given equation, we have 24. f(x)=|x3| then  3
 x if x  0
f(0)=f(0)+f(0)+0  f(0)=0. Thus c=0 and
f(x)=3x+ x2
2 f '  0    0;f '  0    0  f '  0    f '  0  
19. We have, f  x  y  z   f  x  f  y  f  z  for all x,y,z then f is differentiable at x=0
 f  0   f  0  f  0  f  0  (putting x=y=z=0) i.e f is continuous at x=0

 f 0 1   f 0 
2
  0  f 0  1
(  f  0   0  f  x   0 for all x)
Putting z=0 and y=2, we get
f  x  2   f  x  f  2 f  0   f  x  2   5f  x  for all x
 f '  2   5f '  0   5  3  15

hence f is differentiable everywhere

52
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 1) { } 2) { }

3) { } 4)
1. Let S = {t R : f(x) = |x - |. (e|x| - 1) sin

|x| is not differentable at t}. Then the set

5. Let s be the set of points where the func-
S is equal to [2018]
tion f(x) = |2-|x-3|| x  R is not differentable

1) {0, } 2)  3) {0} 4) {} then is equal to [2020]

2. Let f(x) = and 6. Suppose a differentiable function f(x)

g(x) = . then in the interval
(-2, 2), g is [2019] satisfies the identity

f(x+y) = f(x) +f(y) +xy2 + x2y for all real x and

1) non continuous

2) differentiable at all points y. If = 0 if f(x) =1

3) not differentiable at two points then x is equal to [2020]

4) non differentiable at one point

7. Let f:(0,  )  (0,  ) be a differensiable
3. Let k be the set of all realvalues of x
function such that f(1) = e and
where the function f(x) = sin |x| - |x|+ 2(x -
t 2 f 2  x   x2 F t 
Lt  0 . If f(x) = 1 then x is
) cos |x| is n of differentiable. Then the set t x tx
equal to [2020]
k is equal to [2019]

1) {0, } 2)  3) {} 4) {0} 1 1

1) 2e 2) e 3) 4)
2e e

4. Let S be the set of all points in (- at KEY

which the function, f(x) = min{sinx, cosx}

1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3
is not difterentiable . Then s is a sub set of
6) 10 7) 4
which of the following [2019]

53
 SOLUTIONS
2 x x   2, 0

 0 x  [0,1)
g1(x) = 
x
 
1) f(x) = x   e  1 sin | x | at x = 0,  4 x
 x  1, 2
 | h   |  e|h|  1 sin | h | 
Lt    not differentiable at x = 1
f(0+) = x  0  h 
 
3. f(x) - sin |x| -|x| + 2(x-) cosx
 | h   |  eh  1 sin h 
= hLt   =0
0   h   sin |x| -|x| is differentiable function at x = 0
 
 k=
f  0   Lt  

 
 | h   | e h  1 sin h 
0
h 0  h 
  

f    Lt 

 
 | h | e h   1 sin   h 

h0  h 
 

 h  e h   1 sinh  
 Lt   0     3
3 2
h 0   4 4 2 4
h 4 2
 

f    Lt  

 
 h e h   1 sinh 
0
h0  h 
   3
non - differentiable at x = ,
4 4
 f(x) is differentiable for all x  R
5.  f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1, 3, 5

 1 2  x  0

f  x   1  x 0  x 1  f  f  x    f  f 1  f  f  3    f  f  5 
2
2. if |x| = x2 - 1
 x2  1 1  x  2

=1+1+1=3
x  [-2, 2]

 x2 x   2, 0

 0 x  [0,1)
g(x) = 
2  x  1 x  1, 2
2

54
6. f(x + y) = f(x)+f(y) + xy2 +x2y

Differentiate w.r.t. x

f1(x+y) = f1(x) + y2+2xy

put y = -x

f1(0) = f1(x)+x2 - 2x2  f1(0) = f1(x)-x2 ......[1]

f  x
Lt  1  f 1  0   1 ....[2]
x 0 x

from (1) and (2) f1(x) = 1 + x2

f1(3) = 1+9 = 10

t 2 f 2  x   x2 f 2 t 
7. Lt = 0 using L - M
tx tx

opointal rule

2t  f 2  x   2 x 2 f  t  f 1  t 
Lt 0
tx 1
 2x f2(x) - 2x2 f(x) f1(x) = 0
f 1  x 1
f(x) = xf1(x)  f x  x
 
Integrating on both sides we get

log [f(x)\ = log x + logc

f(x) = xc

 f(1) = c  c = e so f(x) = ex

when f(x) = 1 = ex

1
x= .
e

55
 LIMITS, CONTINUTITY & 5. If lim
x 0
 x 3 sin 3 x  ax 2  b  exists and is

DIFFERENTIABILITY equal to 0, then

ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS 9

A) a = –3 and b 
2
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS 9
B) a =3 and b 
2
1. The integral value of n for which
9
C) a = –3 and b  
x  3 2
co s 2 x  cos x  e x co s x  e x   
lim  2  is finite 9
x 0 x n
D)a = 3 and b  
2
and non zero is
A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 6. Let   a  and   a  be the roots of the

2. The integer n for which equation

lim
 cos x  1  cos x  e x 
is a finite nonzero
 3
   
1  a 1 x 2  1  a  1 x  6 1  a 1  0 
n
x
  a  and lim   a 
x 0
where a  1 . The alim
number is [IIT - 2002] 0 a 0

are [IIT-2012]
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
5 1
x  ai A)  and 1 B)  and –1
Ai  , i  1, 2,3,...., n 2 2
3. If x  ai and
7 9
a1  a2  a3 .....  an , C)  andD)  and 3
2 2
7. Which of the following is differentiable at
then xlim
a m
 A1A 2 ....A n  ,1  m  n x=0? [IIT - 2000]
A) cos x   x B) cos x   x
A) is equal to  1 B) is equal to  1
m m 1

C) sin  x   x D) sin  x   x
C) is equal to  1
m 1
D) Does not exist
 
8. Let f 0,   R be a function defined by f(x)
 2
 
   3
  = max sin x, cos x,  , then number of points
 4
 x 
lim  3
 where f(x) is non differentiable is
4. The value of
x 
x x  is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0
 3
x 
 x ...    
 x x 9. Let f  x   3  2 cos x  , x    ,  , where
3

 2 2
[.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
1
A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D)
2 number of points of discontinuity of f  x  is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 6

56
10. A function f : R ® R satisfies the equation
x  2 x  3  sin  x   1
2 n
f(x) f(y) – f(xy) = x + y  x, y Î R and f(1) > 0,
17. Let f  x   Lim ,
then
x  2 x  3  sin  x   1
n  2 n

A) f(x) f 1(x)  x 2  4 B) f(x) f 1(x)  x 2  6

then
C) f(x) f 1(x)  x 2  1 D) f(x) f 1(x)  x 2  6 A) f  x  is continuous and differentiable for all
11. The function f(x) = [x]2 - [x2] (where [x] is the xR
greatest integer less than or equal to x), is
discontinuous at : [IIT - 1999] B) f  x  is continuous but not differentiable for
A) all integers all x  R
B) all integers except 0 and 1 C) f  x  is discontinuous at infinite number of
C) all integers except 0 points.
D) all integers except 1
D) f  x  is discontinuous at finite number of
12. (i) The left hand derivative of,
points.
f(x) = [ x ] sin( x ) at x = k, k an integer ([ .]
 x 2  x tan x  x tan 2 x
denotes G.I.F) is [IIT - 2000]  ; x0
18. Let g  x    ax  tan x  tan 3 x . If
A)  1k k  1 B)  1k 1 k  1 0
 ; x0
C)  1k k D)  1k 1 k
g   0  exists and is equal to non zero value
13. The domain of the derivative of the function
b
 tan 1 x if x  1 b, then is equal to
 a
f(x) =  1 is [IIT - 2002]
 2  x  1 if x  1 7 7 7 5
A) B) C) D)
13 26 52 52
A) R - {0} B)R - {1}
19. Let
C) R - {-1}D) R - {-1, 1}
14. Let f(x) = | | x | – 1 | , then points where f(x) is e tan x  e x  ln  sec x  tan x   x
f  x 
differentiable is (are) [IIT - 2005] tan x  x
A) 0,  1 B)  1 C) 0 D) 1 be a continuous function at x = 0. The value
15. f ¢¢(x) = – f(x) where f(x) is a continuous of f  0  equals
double differentiable function & g(x) = f ¢(x).If
1 2 3
2 2 A) B) C) D) 2
  x    x  2 3 2
F(x) =  f      g   and
  2    2  20. The value of
F(5) = 5, then F(10) is [IIT - 2006]  12 1 1
Lim  2 cos x  3 cos x  4 cos x
2 2

A) 0 B) 5 C) 10 D) 25 
x 
2
16. Number of points, where the function f  x   2
1 1  2 cos x


Max sgn  x  ,  9  x  ,x 
2 3
is continuous
2
5 cos x  6 cos x 
2



is

but not differentiable is:

1
A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D)3 A) 1 B) 6 C) 36 D)
36

57
 2. given that,
x 
21. f  x   max  , sin  x , n  N  has (cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
n  lim = finite non zero
maximum points of non-differentiabilityu for
x 0 xn
number
x   0, 4  , then
(cos x  1)(1  cos x)(e x  cos x)
A) maximum value of n in more than 4.5  lim
x 0 x n (1  cos x)
B) least value of n is more that 3.5
C) maximum value of n is less than 4.5  sin2 x   e x  cos x   1 
 lim  2  .  .  
D) least value of n is less than 3.5 x 0
 x   x n2
  1  cos x 
n  xn
 1  x x2 x3   x2 x4 x6 
22. Let xn be defined as 1    e , then
 n 1 1!  2!  3! ...  1 2!  4!  6! ...
1    
1.2 lim
L im xn equals 2x0 xn2
n 

1 1  x 2 2x 3 
A) 1 B) C) D) 0 1  x    ... 
1 3! 4!
2 e  lim  n3

2 x  0 x
KEY for this limit to be finite n – 3 = 0 Þ n = 3
01) B 02) C 03) D 04) A 05) A 06) B
07) D 08) B 09) A 10) C 11) D 12) A x  ai
13) D 14) A 15) B 16) B 17) A 18) C 3. A i  x  a ,i  1, 2,3,...., n
i
19) C 20) C 21) B 22) B
a1  a 2  a 3  ....a n .
SOLUTIONS If x is in the left neghbourhood of
x3
cos 2 x  cos x  e x cos x  e x  a1  a 2  ....a m 1  x  a m  a m 1  ....  a n
1. Given lim 2
x 0 xn x  ai
3 Ai   1,i  1, 2,...., m  1
x x  ai
 cos x  1  cos x  e x  
 lim 2
x 0 xn x  ai
Ai   1 , i  m, m  1,..., n
 x 2 x4 x6  ai  x 
1     ....  1
2! 4! 6!
 lim  
 A1A 2 ....A n   1
n  m 1
n
x 0 x
 x x 2 4
  x2 x3  x3 If x is in the right neighbourhood of a m
 1  ... 
  1 x   ... 
 2! 4!   2! 3!  2 a1  a 2  ....a m 1  a m  x  a m 1  ....  a n
 n
x x  ai
Ai   1,i  1, 2,...., n
 x2 x4 x6  2 x
3
2x5  x3 x  ai
    ... x  x   ... 
 2! 4! 6!  3! 5!  2
 A1A 2 ....A n   1
n m
lim
x0 xn
 A1A 2 .....A n    1
n m
 x 3 x 4 x5 x5
   
 x3  xlim
 .0..   a m

 2 2 12 24  2
 lim n
 LHL  RHL
x 0 x
= non zero if n= 4 Hence, xlim
a m
 A1A 2 .....A n  does not exist.

58
 y
x L.H.L.  lim f  2  h   lim  2  h   2  h  2
h0 h0
3
4. Let x
x ... R.H.L. = lim 1  h   2  h  2
x 3 x h 0

x x lim f  x   2 ,  f(x) is continuous at x = 2

  x 2
1 x y
x  2/3  x  2/3 f  2  h  f  2  2  h  2  1
x x  x ...
3
x L.H.D.  lim  lim
x5/3
h0 h h0 h
 y  5/3  y 2   x5/ 3  y  x5 / 3  0 . f  2  h  f  2  2  h  1 2  2  2
x y R.H.D.  lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h
 x5/3  x10/3  4 x 5/3  f(x) is not differentiable at x =2
 y  8. By graph of y = sinx, y = cosx, y = 3/4, we get
2
graph of f(x) and then we get two points of non
 x5/3  x10/3  4 x 5/3 differentiability.
 ( y  0 )
2   
2 9. 3  3  2cos x  5 for x    , 
4 x5/3   2 2
  4  f  x   3  2cosx  is discontinuous at those
2 x 10/3
 4 x 5/3   x 5/3 1  5/3   1
 x  ponts whre 3+2cosx is an integer.
2 2  
Hence, lim   1 Now, 3+2cosx = 3 , if cosx = 0. So , x   ,
x 1 0 1 2 2 2
5. For existence of limit, (3+a) = 0, a = –3 (Not possible)
1
sin 3 x  3 x  bx3 9 3+cosx = 4, if cos x  .
given limit = lim 3 , b 2
x 0 x 2
 
6. Let 1  a  y So, x have two values and 
3 3
y 1/3
 1 x   y
2 1/2
 1 x  y 1/6
1  0 3+2cosx = 5, if cosx = 1. so, x = 0
The number of values of x = 2+1 = 3
 y1/3  1  2  y1/2  1  y1/6  1 Hence, (A) is correct.
  x  x 0
 y 1   y 1  y 1
10. Taking x = y = 1, we get f 1 f 1  f 1  2
Now taking lim
y1
on both the sides Þ f 2 1  f 1  2  0 Þ  f 1  2   f 1  1  0

1 2 1 1 Þ f 1  2 (as f(1) > 0)

 x  x 0  2 x  3x  1  0
2
Taking y = 1, we get
3 2 6
f(x). f(1) – f(x) = x + 1
1
x  1,  .  f(x) = x + 1 Þ f 1(x)  x  1
2
7. At x = 1 \ f(x). f 1(x)  x 2  1
L.H.L. = lim f 1  h   lim 1  h  1  h  0 11. f  x    x    x 2 
2
h 0 h0

R.H.L. lim f 1  h   lim 1  h  1  h  1 Let x=m , m  I

h 0 h0

lim f  x    m  1   m 2  1  2  2 m
2
and f 1  1 xm

 f(x) is discontinuous function at x = 1 lim f  x    m 2  m 2   0

obviously it is not differentiable at x = 1 x  m

At x = 2,  f is continuous only at m=1.

59
 f(k)  f(k  h) 1
12. (i) atLD
x k
 lim
h 0 h  2 (  x  1) if x  1
 1
(k = integer)  tan x if 1  x  1
 f(x) =  1
[k] sink  [k  h] sin(k  h)  (x  1) if x 1
 lim 2
h 0 h
Clearly L.H.L. at (x = –1) = lim f( 1  h)
(k  1)sin(k  h) h0
 lim [  sink  0]
h 0 h R.H.L. at (x = –1) = lim f( 1  h)
h 0

(k  1) sin(k  h)  lim tan1( 1  h)   3 / 4

 lim h 0
h 0 h
 L.H.L.  R.H.L. at x = –1
[sin (k  - q ) = (–1)k - 1 sinq]  f(x) is discontinuous at x = –1
(k  1)( 1)k sinh  Also we can prove in the same way, that f(x) is
 lim  discontinuous at x = 1
h 0 h
= p(k – 1) (–1)k – 1  f(x) can not be found for x = ± 1 or domain of
f¢(x) = R – {–1, 1}
cos x  x , x  0 14. Given function is y = | | x | –1 | or
(ii) f(x) = cos |x| + |x| = cos x  x , x  0
   | x | 1 if | x |  1
y
At x = 0  | x | 1 if | x |  1
  sin x  1 , x  0   | x | 1 if 1  x  1
f (x)   
  sin x  1 , x  0  | x | 1 if x   1or x  1
LHD = –1 , RHD = 1 x  1 if x  1
 x 1
 Not differentiable  if 1  x  0

cos x  x , x  0  x  1 if 0  x 1
f(x) = cos |x| – |x| = cos x  x , x  0  x  1 if x 1

Here Ly¢ (–1) = –1 and Ry¢ (–1) = 1
Not differentiable at x = 0
Ly¢ (0) = 1 and Ry¢ (0) = –1 and Ly¢ (1) = –1
  sin x  x, , x  0 and Ry¢ (1) = 1
f(x) = sin |x| + |x| =   sin x  x , x  0  y is not differentiable at x = –1, 0, 1 \

Not differentiable at x = 0 d
15. f (x)   f(x)  f (x)  f(x)
dx
  sin x  x, , x  0 g(x)   f(x) & f (x)  g(x)
f(x) = sin |x| – |x| =   sin x  x , x  0
 2 2
  x    x 
At x = 0 F(x)   f      g   
  2    2 
  cos x  1 , x  0
f (x)   F(x)  0  F(x)  C  F(10)  5
  cos x  1 , x  0
 1
lim sin x ln  
LHD = 0, RHD = 0 0+ e
x 0 x
 1.
 f is differentiable at x = 0
13. The given function is 16. Let g  x   9  x 
2
is defined for

 tan1 x if | x |  1 x   3,3

f(x)   1
 (| x | 1) if | x |  1 so, f  x  is defined on  3,3
2

60
 It is clear from the graph that f  x  is continuous
but not differentiable at A,B and C.
It is note that at point P, right hand derivative
 and Q, left hand derivative is  .
So, f  x  is not differentible at P and Q.

17. x2  2x  3  sin  x   x  1  2  sin  x  1 Thus, for the maximum points of non

2

x
 f  x  1  x  R differentiability, graphs of y  and
7
x2 xtanxxtan2x xtanxtan2x y  sin  x must intersect at maximum number
18. g 0 b lim lim
x0 x axtanxtan3x x0 axtanxtan3x
of points which occurs when n  3.5 .
Hence, the least value of n is 4.
 x3 2   8x3 2 
xx  x5 ......2x  .32x5 ......  1
n  xn
3 15   3 15 22. Given 1   e
lim  3 
 n
x0  x 2   27x 2
3

axx  x5 ......3x  .243x5 ...... taking log
 3 15  3 15 
 n  xn  ln 1 
1 1
  1  n  xn 
7  n  1
On simplifying a = 2, b= . ln  1  
26  n
19. For continuity of f at x = 0, we have 1
 xn  n
 1
e etanx
ln secxtanx x
x
ln 1   .....(1)
k  f  0 limf  x lim lim  n
x0 x0 tanxx x0  tanxx 3
 3 x n 1 1
 x  let u  nu  n  1  n 
n u 1
ex  etan xx 1 ln  sec x  tan x  x
 lim  3lim xn  Lim 
 1

1 
 lim
 u  1  ln u
tan x  x x3 
 ln u u  1  u 1  u  1 ln u
x0 x0
u 1

sec x  1
 1  3lim (Using LH Rule) 1 1
x 0 3x 2 1
u u2 1
 Lim  Lim 
1 3 u 1 u 1 u 1 1 1 2
 1   ln u 
2 2 u u2 u
2 cos 2 x  1 1
 12   1  cos2 x  1  cos2 x MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE
 cos x    
20.  6 
.Lim   
QUESTIONS
x   3  2

  2
1. The function f(x) = | |2x – 3| - 10| is non
1 1  differentiable at
 2  cos2 x  5  cos2 x
     1  = 36
3 6  7 13   7 13 3 
 A) x   ,  B) x   , , 
 2 2  2 2 2
x  3   3
21. f  x   max  , sin  x  C) x    D) x    
n  2  2

61
  x  3, x  1 sin 1 1   x  .cos 1 1   x 
2. If f  x    x  2  a, x  1 and 7. Let f  x   ,
 2  x . 1   x 
 2  x , x  2 where  x denotes the fractional part of x.
g  x   and
 sgn  x   b, x  2 Then
h  x   f  x   g  x  is discontinuous at 
A) lim f  x  B) xlim f  x 
exactly one point, then which of the following x0 0  2 2
values of a and b are possible: 
C) xlim f  x   D) xlim f  x  0
A) a  3, b  0 B) a  2, b  1 0 2 0 

C) a  2, b  0 D) a  3, b  1 8. The function, f(x) =

3. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than m ax{(1  x ), (1  x ), 2}, x    ,   is
or equal to x. If f(x) = [ x sin x ] , then f(x) is [IIT - 1995]
A) continuous at x = 0 A) continuous at all points
B) continuous in (-1, 0) B) differentiable at all points
C) differentiable at x = 1 C) differentiable at all points except at x = 1
D) differentiable in (-1, 1) and x = -1
4. If f(x) = min {1, x2, x3}, then D) continuous at all points except at x = 1 and
A) f(x) is continuous everywhere x = -1, where it is discontinuous
x2
B) f(x) is continuous and differentiable every- a  a2  x2 
9. Let L  lim 4 , a > 0. If L is finite,
where x 0 x4
C) f(x) is not differentiable at two points then [IIT - 2009]
D) f(x) is not differentiable at one point A) a = 2 B) a = 1
5. For a function C) L = 1/64 D) L = 1/34.
ln sin xcos x  1 10. Let f : R  R be a functin such that
f  x  , where 
. de-
sin xcos x f  x  y   f  x   f  y  ,  x, y  R . If R. If
notes fractional part function, then
f  x  is differentialbe at x = 0, then
     
A) f  0 
  f   B) f  0 
  f   [IIT-2011]
2  2  A) f  x  is differentiable only in a finite interval
C) xLt f  x  1 D) x Lt /2 f  x   1 containing zero
0
B) f  x  is continuous  x  R
1
6. Let f  x   sin x , (where . denotes the C) f   x  is continuous  x  R
 
D) f  x  is differentiable except atg finitely many
A) domain of f  x  is
points
 2n   , 2n  2   2n   / 2 , where   
 x  2 , x   2
nI 
 
B) f  x  is continuous, when f  x    cos x,   x  0
11. If  2 , then
x   2n   , 2n  2  , where n  I  x  1, 0  x  1
C) f(x) is differentiable at x   / 2 ln x, x  1

D) none of these [IIT-2011]

62
  KEY
A) f  x  is continuous at x   01) A,B,C 02) A,B,C 03) A,B,D
2
04) A,D 05) A,B 06) A,B
B) f  x  is not differentialbe at x = 0 07) A,B08) A,C 09) A,C 10) B,C
11) A,B,C,D 12) B,D 13) B,D
C) f  x  is differentialbe at x = 1 14) A,C 15) A,D
D) f  x  is differentialbe at x = –3/2 SOLUTIONS
1. By graph of f(x)
12. For every integer n, let an and bn be real
2. f  x  is continuous for all x if it is continuous
numbers. Let function f : IR be given by
at x  1 for which 1  3  1  2  a  a  3
an  sin  x, for x   2n, 2n  1
f  x   , for and g  x  is continuous for all x if it is continuous
bn  cos  x, for x   2n  1, 2n 
at x  2 for which
all integers n. If f is continuous, then which of
2  2  sgn  2   b  0  1  b  b  1
the following hold(s) for all n [IIT-2012]
A) an 1  bn 1  0 B) an  bn  1 Thus, h  x   f  x   g  x  is continuous for all x
if a  3, b  1
C) an  bn 1  1 D) an 1  bn  1
Hence, h  x   f  x   g  x  is discontinuous at
13. Which of the following function(s) not
defined at x  0 has/have removable exactly one point for options  a  ,  b  and (c).
discontinuity at x  0 ? 3. We have, for –1  x  1  0  x sin  x 
1/2  f(x) = [x sin  x] = 0
1
A) f  x   Also x sin px becomes negative and numerically
1  2cot x less than 1 when x is slightly greater than 1 and
so by definition of [x].
 sin x  f(x) = [x sin  x] = –1 when 1 < x < 1 + h thus
B) f  x   cos  x 
  f(x) is constant and equal to 0 in the closed
interval [–1, 1] and so f(x) is continuous and
  1 differentiable in the open interval (–1, 1).
C) f  x   x sin   D) f  x   ln x At x = 1, f(x) is clearly discontinuous, since
x
f(1 – 0) = 0 and f(1 + 0) = –1 and f(x)is non-
14. f(x) = min {1, cos x, 1-sin x}, –   x   ,
differentiable at x = 1.
then
4. from graph f(x) is continuous every where but
A) f(x) is not differentiable at 0 not differentiate at x = 1.
B) f(x) is differentiable at  /2 y
C) f(x) has local maxima at 0 y = x3
y = x2
D) f(x) local maximum at x=  /2
y=1
(1, 1)
15. The function f(x) = e  1  1 is
x

A) continuous for all x x

O
B) differentiable for all x
C) not continuous at x = 0, ln 2
D) not differentiable at x  ln 2

63
 1
6. We have f  x   sin x
x2
a  a2  x2 
  9. L = lim 4 a>0
x 0 x4
f  x  is defined, when 1  sin x  0 and
x2
sin x  1 a  (a2  x 2 )1/2 
lim 4
 
 x    2n  1  ,  2n  2      2n   , x 0 x4
 2
1/2
where n  I   x 2  x2
a  a 1     
 f  x  is continuous function.  a 
  4
= lim 4
x 0 x
Hence, f  x  is continuous in

  2n  1  ,  2n  2    , where n  I .  1 x2 1 1 x 4
a  a 1  , 2  . . 4
 x2

lim  2 a 2 2 2a  4
f  / 2  h   f  / 2  x 0
and Lf /  / 2   lim x 4
h 0 h
1 1 1 x2 1 x4 x2  1 1 1 x
4
  .  x2    . 3
sin  / 2  h   sin  / 2
 lim = xlim
0
2 a 8 a4 4  2a 4  8 a
h0 h x 4
x4
1
1
 cosh  If 1  1  0  a = 2 ,
 lim   2a 4
h0 h
1 1 1
Hence, f  x  is differentiable at x   / 2. if a = 2, L = .  .
8 8 64
7. xlim f  x   lim f  0  h  f  x  h  f  x
0  h 0
10.  f  0   0 and f   x   lim
h0 h
sin1 1 h cos1 1 h
 lim lim  f  h
h0 1 h h0 2h  lim  f   0   k  say 
h 0 h
lim f  x   lim f  0  h 
x 0  h 0  f  x   kx  c  f  x   kx  f  0   0 
sin 1 1  h  1 .cos 1 1  h  1
 lim  
h0 2   h  1 . 1  h  1 lim f  x  0  f   
11. x  2
2
 /2 
= 1.   
2 2 2 lim f  x   cos     0
x 
  2
y 2

 
1, x   2
y=1-x y=1+x
y=2
(-1, 2) (1, 2) 
8. x sin x,   x  0
O f  x   2
1, 0  x 1
From graph it is clear that f(x) is continuous 
1 , x 1
everywhere and also differentiable everywhere  x
expect at x = 1 and –1.

64
 Clearly, f  x  is not differentiable at x = 0 as  sinh   sinh 
 lim cos    cos  lim 
h 0
 h    h   cos1
f   0    0 and f   0    1 .
h 0

f  x  is differentiable at x = 1 as

 
 f 0  f 0  f 0

 
(C)
f  1   f  1  1.
 
12. At x  2n f  0    lim f  0  h   lim  h  sin  
h 0 h 0
 h 
LHL = lim
h 0
 bn  cos   2n  h    bn  1
 
 lim hh sin  
RHL = lim
h 0
 an  sin   2n  h    an h0
h

f  2n   an  0  sin 
 0  (lies between - 1+to 1)
For continuity bn 1  an and
At x  2n  1  
f  0    lim f  0  h   lim h sin  
LHL = lim
h0
 an  sin  2n 1 h   an 1 h0 h0
h
 0  sin   0  (lies between -1 to 1)  0
RHL = lim bn1 cos  2n1h bn1 1
h0 
 
 f 0  f 0  f 0

 
lim  an  sin f  2n  1   an
h 0
1
(d): f  0   lim f  0  h   lim

for continuity h 0 h 0 ln 0  h

an  bn1  1 , an 1  bn  1 .
13. (b,c,d) 1
 lim
h 0 ln h
1
(a) f  0   lim f  o  h   lim

cot  o  h  1 1
h 0 h 0 1 2   0
ln 0 
1 1 1 and
 lim  coth
 
 1
h 0 1 2 1 2 1 0
1 1
f  0   lim f  0  h   lim  lim
 f 0   f 0 
 
h0 h 0 ln 0  h h  0 ln h
(b)
1
 0
 sin  0  h   
f  0   lim f  0  h   lim cos  
 0h 
h 0 h0
 

 
 f 0  f 0  f 0

 
 sinh  14. We have, f  x   min 1,cos x,1  sin x
 lim cos  
h 0
 h 
 f  x  can be rewritten as
 sinh 
 cos   lim cos   cos  1  cos1  
 h 0 h 
cos x,  2  x  0
and
 
f  x   1  sin x, 0  x 
 sin  0  h    2
f  0   lim f 0  h  lim cos   cos x,

h 0 h 0  0h  x
   2

65
 2. The number of points of non differentiability
 
 sin x,  2  x  0 of h  x   f  g  x   is
 
 f   x    cos x, 0  x  A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
 2

 sin x,  x   3. The range of h  x   f  g  x   is
 2
A)  ,   B)  4,  
 f   0  0 C) ( , 4] D) [4, )
hence, f(x) has local maxima at 0 and f(x) is not Passage - 2
differentiable at x = 0.
sin 1 1   x  .cos 1 1   x 
Let f  x  ,
e x x  0 2  x. 1   x 

f  x   2  e x 0  x  ln 2
15.
e x  2 x  ln 2 where 
. denotes the fractional part function.

4. If R  xlim f  x  , then the value of cos 100R 
0
f is continuous x  R , but is not differentiable at
is :
x  0, ln 2
A) -1 B) 0 C) 1/2 D) 1

COMPREHENSION TYPE 5. If L = xlim f  x  , then the value of

0 
QUESTIONS
Passage - 1

sin 99 2 L is : 
A) -1 B) 0 C) 1/2 D) 1
 x  2, 0  x  2
Let f  x    , 6. The value of  2 R 2  4 L2  is [where [.] denotes
6  x, x  2
the greatest integer function] :
  A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12
1  tan x, 0  x  4 Passage - 3
g x  
3  cot x,   x   Suppose f, g and h be three real valued
 4 function defined on R.
1
 
1. f g  x is Let f  x   2 x  x , g  x  
3
 2 x  x  and
 h  x  f  g  x
(A) discontinuous at x 
4 7. The range of the function
 1
(B) differentiable at x 
4
k  x  1

 cos  h  x    cot  h  x   
1 1
is
equal to

(C)continuous but non differentialbe at x  1 7  5 11  1 5   7 11 
4 A)  4 , 4  B)  4 , 4  C)  4 , 4  D)  4 , 4 
       
 8. The domain of definition of the function
(D) differentiable at x  , but derivative is not
4
l  x   sin 1  f  x   g  x   is equal to
continuous.

66
 3    
A)  ,   B)  ,1 h     lim  s ec 2 x   2
8 
 4  x  4
 3
C)  1,1 D)  ,  So f  g  x   is differentiable every where in
 8
9. The function 
(0,  ] other than at x 
   
T  x   f g  f  x    g f  g  x   is 4

 
A) continuous and diferentiable in  ,    3  tan x , 0  x  4
B) continuous but not derivable x  R f  g  x  
 3  cot x ,   x  
C) neither continuous nor derivable x  R  4
D) an odd function

KEY which is non differentiable at x  and where
4
01) C 02) B 03) C 04) D 05) A 06) C
3  cot x  0 or x  cot  3
1
07) B 08) D 09) B
SOLUTIONS  
For x  0,  ,3  tan x  [3, 4)
Passage - 1  4
1 to 3
 
 For x   ,   ,3  cot x  (, 4]
For 0  x  , g  x   1  tan x 4 
4
Hence the range is ( , 4]
  Passage - 2
x  0,   1  tan x  [1, 2)
 4 4 to 6
We have
so f  g  x    f 1  tan x   1  tan x  2
sin 1 1   x  .cos 1 1   x 
  f  x 
and for x   ,   , g  x   3  cot x 2  x 1   x 
4 

  1. (D) R  xlim f  x   lim f  0  h 

x   ,    3  cot x  [2, )
 h 0
0

4 
sin 1 1  0  h  .cos 1 1  0  h
so f  g  x    f  3  cot x   6   3  cot x   lim
h0
2 0  h 1  0  h 

  sin 1 1  h  .cos 1 1  h 
3  tan x , 0  x  4  lim
h  x   f g  x    h 0 2h 1  h 
Let 3  cot x ,   x  
 4 sin 1 1  h  cos 1 1  h 
 lim lim
clearly, f  g  x   is continuous in [0,  )
h0 1  h  h0 2h
in second limit put 1  h  cos 
  
Now h    lim   cos ec2 x   2 sin 1 1  h  cos 1  cos  
 4  x 4


 lim lim
h0 1  h   0
2 1  cos  

67
 sin 1 1  h   As k  x  is continuous function on  1,1
 lim lim
h 0 1  h   0 2sin  / 2 
1
 sin 1 1.1   / 2  100 R  50 Now, k min  x  1  1 

 cos 1
1  cot 1 1

 cos 100 R   cos 50   1  1

50

1  1 5
 1  0    1 
2. (a): L  xlim f  x   lim f  0  h 
  4 4 4
0 h 0

sin 1 1  0  h .cos 1 1  0  h  1

 lim kmax  x  1  1   cos  1  cot  1 
1 1
h0
2 0  h. 1  0  h  

sin 1 1  h  1 .cos 1 1  h  1 1 3  7 11
 lim  1     1 
 4  4 4
h 0
2  h  1 . 1  h  1
 5 11
 Range of k  x    4 , 4 
sin 1 h cos 1 h
 lim .lim  
h 0 h h0
2 1  h 
(ii) We have
 /2  99
 1.   99 2 L  1
2 2 2 2 f  x  g  x  2x  x    2x  x 
 99  3
 
99 1
     1   1
9
 sin 99 2 L  sin     1 2
 2 
8
  4x 4  x; x  0
21 (C). R  and L    x  3
2 2 2 3 3 0 ; x  0
 2R  4L   2
2 2

  2 R  4 L      9.87   9 .
2 2 2
 For domain of function,
Passage - 3
8x 3
7 to 9 0 1  0  x 
3 8
3x, x  0
We have f  x    and  3
 x, x  0  Domain of l  x    , 8 
 
x
 ,x  0  
g  x   3
Note : Range of function l  x    0, 
 x, x  0  2
Clearly f and g are inverse of each other (iii) As f and g are ianverse of each other,

  x so T  x  
3    x, x  0
h  x   f  g  x     3
Now,
 x,
 x0   
T 0x  f g  f  x  g f  g  x  
1
(i) As h  x   xx  R  f  x   g  x   2x  x    2x  x 
3
1
 k  x  1

 cos 1
x  cot 1 x  10 x
 ,x  0
    3
T x  Clearly,, T  x  is
Domain of k  x    1,1 and k  x  is 2 x, x  0

decreasing function on  1,1 continuous but non-derivable at x = 0

68
 Column -II
MATRIXMATCHING TYPE (P) 0
QUESTIONS (Q) 1
The statements in Column I are labelled A, (R) 2
B, C and D, while the statements in Column (S) 3
II are labelled p, q, r, s and t. Any given (T) 5
statement in Column I can have correct matching 3. Column I (functions) [IIT-2007]
with ONE OR MORE statements(s) in (A) x x
Column II. The appropriate bubbles
corresponding to the answers to these (B) x
equations have to be darkened as illustrated
in the following exampel. If the correct (C) x   x  , .  G.I.F.
matches are A - p, s and t; B - q and r; C - p (D) x  1  x  1
and q; and D - s and t; then the correct
darkening of bubbles will look like the Column II (properties)
following. p q r s t
(P) continuous in (-1, 1 )
A p q r s t (Q) differentiable in (-1, 1)
B p q r s t (R) strictly increasing in (-1, 1)
C p q r s t (S) not differentiable at least at one point in
D p q r s t (-1, 1)

1. Column I (functions)
KEY
01) (A – p,s), (B – p,r), (C – p,s), (D – q,s)
(A) f(x) = x
02) A-p, B-r, C-p, D- q
(B) f  x   x n x ,n  N 03) (A – p,q,r), (B – p,s), (C – r,s), (D – p,q)

 x ln sin x , x  0 SOLUTIONS
(C) f(x)   1. Conceptual
0 ,x  0
2. Conceptual
 xe1/ x , x  0

(D) f(x)   x 2 , x  0
0 , x  0 3. (A) f(x) = x|x| =  2 is continuous and
Column II (properties)  x , x0
(P) continuous at x = 0 differentiable everywhere. also increasing.
(Q) Discontinuous at x = 0
(R) differentiable at x = 0   x , x  0
(S) non-differentiable at x = 0 (B) f(x) = | x |  
 x , x  0
2. Column- I
 x 6 , x  1  1
(A) Let f(x) =  3 Then f(x) is  2  x , x  0
 x , x  1

differentiable at x = f¢(x) =  1
, x0
(B) Number of points of non-differentiability of  2 x
f(x) = min{2, x2, x3} is
Continuous everywhere differentiable everywhere
1 except at x = 0. Not increasing.
(C) f (x)  x sin   , x  0. f (0)  0 then
2

x (C) f(x) = x + [x] At integral point x = I,

LHL = I + (I – 1) = 2I – 1, RHL = I + I = 2I = f(I)
f '( 0 ) is

, So not continuous hence not differentiable at
(D) f(x) = |x – 1| + |x| + |x + 1|, then f '(0  ) is integral points but increasing.

69
 2x , x  1   1  cos m x  

(D) f(x) = |x – 1| + |x +1| =  2 ,  1  x 1 6. If lim sin   exists, where
 2x , x 0  xn 
 1 x  
Continuous everywhere, differentiable everywhere m, n  N , then the sum of all possible values
but not increasing in ( 1,1). of n is __________.
1
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 7. If lim  e 2 x  e x  x  x  e a , then the value of a
x 

This section contains 9 questions. The answer is

to each of the questions is a single-digit 8. If a and b are the numbers of points of non
integer, ranging from 0 to 9. The appropriate differentiability of f  x   sin 1 x  and
bubbles below the respective question
numbers in the ORS have to be darkened. For  2 
f  x   2 , x  0 , (where [.] represents
example, if the correct answers to question 1  x 
numbers X, Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2, greatest integer function) respectively, then
respectively, then the correct darkening of the value of a  b is
bubbles will look like the following. 9. The least integral value of a for which the
function
f  x     x  2  / a  sin  x  2   a cos  x  2 
3
  ,
where [.] denotes the greatest integer func-
tion, is continuous in [0,2] is _____
KEY
01) 4 02) 6 03) 0 04) 2
05) 2 06) 3 07) 2 08) 5
f(x  2y) f(x)  2f(y) 09) 9
1.  x , y  R .
3 3
SOLUTIONS
If f '  0   1 , f(0) = 2, then f(2) is f(x  2y) f(x)  2f(y)
1. 
2. The number of points of discontinuity of 3 3
1 (x  2y) f (x)
f  x    2 cos x  , x   0, 2   ,([.] represents 3
f
3

3
… (1)
the greatest integer function) are ...... (where [.] 2  x  2y  2f (x)
represents greatest integer function) f  … (ii)
3  3  3
3. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having for (i & (ii) f'(x) = f'(y)  f'(x) = C = 1,
  p(x) f(x) = x + d , As f(0) = 2
extremum at x = 1, 2 and lim  1  2  = 2.
x 0
 x  f(x) = x + 2 , f(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
Then the value of p(2) is [IIT - 2009] 2. f  x    2 cos x 
4. If the function f(x) = x3 + ex/2 and
g(x) = f-1 (x), then g ' 1 is .... [IIT - 2009]
5. The largest value of the non-negative integer p 2p 4p 3p
a for which x¢ p
2 3 3 2
5p 2p
3 3
1 x

  ax  sin  x  1  a 1 x
1
lim    is
 x  sin  x  1  1  4
x 1
y¢

70
 clearly, from the graph, it can be seen that   1  cos m x  
  2 4 3 5 6. lim sin  
f  x  is discontinuous at x  , , , , , x 0  xn 
3 2 3 3 2 3  
3. P(x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e Given   1  cos x  
m

 sin  lim 
 P(x)   x 0 xn 
lim  1  2   2  
x 0
 x 
 sin x / 2 
2

Limit exist only if, d = e = 0  sin  lim 2 m 

 x 0 xn 
lim[1  ax 2  bx  c]  2  c + 1 = 2  m  N and n  1 or 2
x 0

ln e 2 x  e x  x 
 c=1 7.
Le
lim
x x

P(x) = ax4 + bx3 + x2 using L Hospital’s rule

P'(x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2x = x(4ax2 + 3bx + 2) 2 e2 x  e x 1 lim
2  e x  e 2 x
lim
x 1 e  x  x e 2 x
L  e x e  e  x  e  e2
2x x
Note: 4ax2 + 3bx + 2   (x - 1) (x - 2)
=  (x2 - 3x + 2) 8. sin 1 x is a monotonically increasing function.

1 Hence, f  x   sin 1 x  is discontinuous,

  = 1, a = 4
, b = -1 
where sin 1 x is an integer..
1 4
P(x)  x  x3  x 2  sin 1 x  1,0,1 or x   sin1, 0, sin1
4
2
1 4 , x  0 , is a monotonically decreasing
 P(2)  2  2  2 = 4 – 8 + 4 = 0
3 2
1  x2
4
function.
4. f(x) = x3 + ex/2 , g(x) = f–1(x)
 2 
f(g(x)) = x f(0) = 1  f–1(1) = 0  g(1) = 0 Hence, f  x    , x  0 is discontinuous
1  x 
2

1
f '(g(x)).g '(x)  1 , g '(x)  f '(g(x)) 2
when is an integer..
1  x2
1 1
g '(1)   2
f '(g(1)) f '(0)   1, 2  x  1, 0
1  x2
1
f '(x)  3x 2  e x / 2 f '(0) 
1
. So, g(1)  2 . 9. sin  x  2  and cos  x  2  are continuous for
2 2
all x . Since  x 3  is not continuous at integral
1 x
 ax  sin  x  1  a 
values of x 3 , f  x  is continous in  0, 2 if
1 x
1
5. lim   
 x  sin  x  1  1  4
x 1

  x  2 3 
   0 , x   0, 2 .
 sin  x  1   a 
 x 1  a 
  1
lim  Now,  x  2    0,8 for x   4,6
2 3
 1 a  1
x 1  sin  x  1  4   
 1   2  4
  x  1    x  2 3 
 a  8 for  a   0
 
 a  0, a  2  a  2

71
 DIFFERENTIATION

SYNOPSIS Chain Rule :

 If ‘y’ is a function of ‘t’ and ‘t’ is a function of
Derivative :
dy dy dt
 (i) A function y = f(x) is said to be differentiable if ‘x’ i.e., y  f  t and t  g x then  .
dx dt dx
f  x  h  f  x
lim exists finitely. This limit is similarly, if y  f  u , where u  f  v , v  h x then
h0 h
dy dy dy du dv
usually denoted by f 1  x  or .  . . .
dx dx du dv dx
(ii) Let y = f(x) be a function and if Note : We can extend this rule to any number of
f (a  h)  f (a) functions.
lim exists, then f is said to be
h 0 h Derivatives of Basic elementary functions :
differentiable at ‘a’ and the limit is called the
derivative of f at a . The derivative of ‘ f ’ at a is d
 i) ( Constant) = 0
dx
denoted by any one of the forms
d
 dy 
   or  f (a)
1 ii)
dx
 
x n  n.x n 1
 dx  x  a
Sum or difference rule : iii)
d
 
ex  ex
dx
d d d
  c1 f (x)  c2 g( x)  c1  f ( x)   c2  g ( x) d
dx dx dx iv)
dx
 
a x  a x .log a
where c1, c2 are constants.
Product Rule : v)
d |x|
| x |  ; if x  0
 i) If f(x), g(x) are two differentiable functions of ‘x’ dx x
then
vi) ddx  lo g e | x |   x1
d
 f ( x).g ( x)  = f (x) d  g(x)  g(x) d  f (x) d 1
vii) d x  l o g a x 
dx dx dx
ii) If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are three differentiable x lo g a
functions of ‘x’ then
viii) dx  x  
d 1
d
 f ( x).g ( x).h( x)  = g(x).h(x) d  f (x)  2 x
dx dx
d  1 1
d d ix) dx  x   x 2
f (x).h(x)  g(x)  f (x).g(x)  h(x)  
dx dx
Quotient Rule : d  1  n
x) dx  x n   x n 1
 If f(x), g(x) are two differentiable functions of ‘x’  

d 0, x  z
xi) dx  x   does not exis t, x  z
d d
d  f ( x) 
g ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x)  g ( x)
then dx dx 
 
 g ( x) 
2
dx  g ( x) 
where [ . ] stands for greatest integer function.

1
Derivatives of Trigonometric functions : Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic
d functions :
 i)  sin x   cos x
dx d 1
i) dx Sinh x  
1

d

1 x2
ii)  cosx   sinx
dx d 1
ii) dx (Cosh x )  2 , for x   1,1
1

d x 1
iii)  tan x   sec 2 x
dx d 1
iii) Tanh x   , for x   1,1
1

iv)
d
 cot x    cos ec 2 x dx 1  x2
dx d 1
d
iv)
dx
 Coth 1 x  
1  x2
, for x   , 1 U (1, )
v)  sec x   sec x.tan x
dx d 1
v) dx  Sech x   , for x   0,1
1
d
vi)  cos ecx    cos ecx.cot x x 1  x2
dx
d 1
Derivatives of Inverse Trignometric vi) dx Co sec h x   | x | 1  x 2
1

functions :
for x  (-  ,0)U(0,  )
d 1
i) dx  Sin x  

1
, x   1,1 Derivative of a Determinant :
1  x2
u( x ) v ( x ) w ( x )
d 1 y  p( x ) q( x ) r ( x ) dy
ii) dx  Cos x   , x   1,1  If then =
1
( x ) ( x ) ( x ) dx
1  x2
d 1 u1 ( x ) v1 ( x ) w1 ( x )
 Tan 1 x  
u ( x) v( x ) w( x )
iii) , xR
dx 1  x2 p( x) q( x) r ( x )  p ( x ) q ( x) r 1 ( x )
1 1

 ( x)  ( x)  ( x)  ( x)  ( x)  ( x)
d 1
iv)
dx
 Cot 1 x  
1  x2
,xR
u ( x) v( x) w( x)
d 1  p ( x) q ( x) r ( x )
v) dx  Sec x  
1 or similarly column wise
, x  1 or x  1  1 ( x)  1 ( x)  1 ( x )
| x | . x2 1
Parametric Differentiation :
d 1
vi) (Co sec 1 x )  , x   1 or x  1  If x=f(t) and y=g(t) are the parametric equations
dx | x | . x2 1
of a curve then
Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions :
dy dy dt g 1 (t )
d i) dx  dt . dx  1
 i)  sinh x   cosh x f (t )
dx
dn y d  dn 1y   dt 
d ii)   
dxn dt  dxn 1   dx 
ii)  cosh x   sinh x
dx
Derivative of Implicit Functions :
d
iii)  tanh x   sec h 2 x  If f  x, y   0, then differentiate each term w.r.t. x
dx
d
regarding y as a function of x and then collect
iv)  coth x    cos ech 2 x
dx dy
the terms of together on left hand side and
d dx
v)  sec hx    sec hx tanh x
dx remaining terms on right handside and then find
d dy
vi)  cos echx    cos echx.coth x .
dx dx

2
 Alternative method : If f  x, y   0 vi) If f  x   x , then f 1 (0) does not exist.
d  ax  b  ad  bc
 f  vii)  
dx  cx  d  ( cx  d ) 2
 
dy x
then   d  af ( x )  b  (ad  bc)f 1 ( x )
dx  f  viii)  
dx  cf ( x )  d  {cf ( x )  d}2
 y 
 
d f 1( x )
Partial derivative of f w.r .t . x ix) log e f ( x ) 
 dx f (x)
Partial derivative of f w.r .t. y 1
Logarithemic Differentiation : x)
d
dx
 f (x)  2f f((xx))
f2  x 
 If y   f1  x  or d  1   f 1( x)
xi) dx  f ( x )  
y  f1  x  . f 2  x  . f3  x  ..... or   f ( x ) 2

f  x  . f 2  x  . f 3  x  .... xii)
d
dx
 
f ( x ) n  nf ( x )n 1.f 1( x )
y 1
g1  x  .g 2  x  .g3  x  ....
1 f ( x )  g ( x ) 
xiii) If y = Tan   then
then take logarithm on both sides and differentiate  1  f ( x ).g( x ) 
both sides w.r.t. x
dy f 1( x) g1 ( x )
Derivative of Composite Function :  
dx 1  f ( x )2 1  g ( x )2
 y   gof  x   y  g  f  x  
xiv) If y  f  x  and z  g  x  then
dy
  g1  f  x   . f 1  x  dy f 1 ( x )
dx 
Standard Derivatives : dz g1 ( x ) .
dy y2.f 1(x)
xv) If y  f  x  then
y
 i)If y= n f (x)  n f (x)  n f (x)  .........to  then 
dx f (x)1 y loge f (x)
dy f 1( x) Substitutions :
 n 1 .  While differentiating the given function using
dx ny  1
trigonometric transformation, observe the following
points.
ii) If y= f ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x)  .........to  then
i) If the function involve the term a 2  x 2 ,
1
dy f ( x)
 . then put x = a sin  (or) x = acos 
dx (2 y  1)
iii) Let f(x), g(x) be the two differentiable functions ii) If the function involve the term a 2  x 2 ,
of ‘x’ and if y  f ( x) g ( x) then then put x = a tan  (or) x = a cot 

 iii) If the function involve the termx2  a2 ,

dy f 1 ( x ) 
 y g 1 ( x ) log f ( x)  g ( x)
dx 
 f ( x)  . then put x = a sec  (or) x = a cosec 
iv) If the function involve the term
1 dy y 2 f 1 ( x )
iv) If y=f(x)+ then dx  2 ax a x
y y 1  or , then
a x a x
v) If f(x+y)=f(x).f(y)  x, y  R and f(x)  0 then
f1(x)=f1(0).f(x). put x = a cos  (or) x = a cos 2 

3
Higher Order Derivatives of functions : 1
= Tan  tan     
1
cos 1 x
d 2 y d  dy  2
 i) 2   
dx dx  dx  1 d y 1
y cos  1 x  
d3y d  d2y  2 d  cos x  2
1

ii) 3   2 
dx dx  dx  5:
EXAMPLES
2 cos x 1 0
d
1.  x1  x2 1 x4 1 x8 1   f  x  x 

 f 1   
dx   2 cos x 1
2
0 1 2 cos x
15 x p
 16 x q  1  x  1   p, q  
2

[EAM - 2010]
x16 1
Sol : f  x    x 1  x 1 x 1 x 1 
2 4 8

x 1 2sin x 0 0
16 x15  x  1   x16  1 Sol: f 1  x  x  2cos x 1 
 f 1
 x  2
 x  1
2
0 1 2cos x
p  16, q  15
2: 2 cos x 1 0
d
dx
 
sin 2 log x   1
0
 2sin x 0
1 2cos x



Sol: 2sin log x cos log x    1
.
1
x 2 x 2 cos x 1 0
3: 
x 2cos x 1
For a real number ‘y’, Let [y] denote the 2
integral part of ‘y’. Then derivative of the 0 0  2sin x
function
tan  x     put x   we get f 1    2
f ( x)  is
1   x 6:
2

dy
Sol :  x      is an integral multiple of  , hence If x  a cos3  , y  a sin 3  then 
dx
f  x   0  f 1 ( x)  0 dx
Sol:  3a cos 2  .sin 
4: d
1 x dy dy
, then d  cos 1 x    3a sin 2  .cos 
1
If y  Tan and
1 x d
1 dy
Sol: Let x  cos 2    cos x ;  1  x  1
1

2 dy d
   tan 
then dx dx
1  cos 2
y  Tan 1 d
1  cos 2

4
7:
EXERCISE - I
dy
x  y then
y x
dx
1.
d

sin 2 x  3 =
Sol: Take logarithm , we get, y log x  x log y dx
differentiating w.r.t x, we get
cos 2 x  3  cos 2 x  3
dy 1 1 dy 1) 2)
2x  3 2 2x  3
log x  y.  1.log y  x.
dx x y dx
3) 2 x  3 cos 2 x  3 4) cos 2 x  3
dy y  x log y  y  d  log 1 cot 2 x 
 . 2. dx e =
dx x  y log x  x   
8: 1) cosecx cotx 2) -cosecx.cotx
If f  x   e x , g  x   Sin 1 x and
3) cosec2x.cotx 4) 0
h1  x 
h  x   f  g  x   , then  3.
d  
 Sin x  =
h  x dx  

Sol: h1  x   f 1  g  x   g1  x  cos x sin x

1) 2)
h1  x  f  g  x   g  x  4 x sin x 4 x cos x
1 1
1
  
h  x f  g  x  1  x2  cos x  tan x
9: 3) 4)
4 x sin x 4 x cos x
 x  dy
y  Tan1   , then  d
 1  x 1 
2
dx 4. [log{log(logx)}]=
dx
Sol: Put x  tan  then
1 1
  1 1) x log x log(log x) 2) x log x log(log x)
y  tan  cot 
 2
x 1
1 3) log x log(log x) 4) log x log(log x)
  tan 1 x
2 2
dy 1 dy
  5. If y  2ax and  log 256 at x=1, then the
2 1  x 2 
dx dx
value of a is
10: 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
d2y dy
If y  sin  log e x  , then x x =
2
dy
dx 2
dx 6. If y  Tan 1  sec x  tan x  then 
dx
(EAM-2008)
dy cos  log x  dy 1) 1 2)
1
3) -1 4) 0
Sol:  x  cos  log e x  2
dx x dx
d 2 y dy  sin  log e x  1 (3  x) x dy 
x 2   7. If y= Tan  1  3x  then =
dx dx x   dx

d2y dy 3 3
x 2
x
2
 y 1) (1  x) x 2) 2(1  x) x
dx dx

5
 3 1 1 1 1
3) 2(1  x) x 4) 0 1) 2) 3) 4)
x2  4 x2  4 x2  4 x2  4
1  cos x dy dx
8. If y= Tan  1  sin x  then = [ EAM - 15. If x=a(t+sint), y=a(1-cost) if dy =cot p then p =
  dx
2020] t
1) t 2) 2t 3) 4) -t2
1 1 2
1) 1 2) -1 3) 4) dy
2 3 16. If x=a(cost+log(tan t 2 )), y=asint then =
dx
 3a 2 x  x 3  dy
9. If y= Tan
1  
then = (EAM-2018)
 a 3  3 ax 2  dx
 

3a 1
1) sin t 2) cot t 3) tan t 4) tan2 t
1) 2) 2
a2  x2 a2  x2 1 1  x 1 2x
17. The derivative of Cos w.r.t. Tan
 3a 1 x 2 1 x2
 3a 2
3) 4) is
a2  x2 a2  x2
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
dy 2
10. If y   sin x  then 
x

dx 1 x2 1
18. The derivative of Tan 1 w.r.t.
y  log  sin x   x cot x 
x
1) Tan-1x is [ EAM -2019]
2) y  log  sin x   x cot x  1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
3)  y  log  sin x   x cot x  2

 y  log  sin x   x cot x 

dy
4) 19. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then =
dx
dy  ax  hy   ax  hy 
11. If x y  e x  y then 
dx 1) -  hx  by  2)  
   hx  by 
log x log x 3) -(ax+hy)(hx+by) 4) (ax+hy)(hx+by)
1) 1  log x 2)  1  log x 2
    dy
2
20. If ex+y = xy then = [ EAM -2017]
dx
log x log x y (1 x )  y (1 x ) x ( y 1)  x ( y 1)
3)  1  log x 2 4) 1  log x 2 1) x( y 1) 2) x ( y 1) 3) y (1 x) 4) y (1 x)
   
dy
dy 21. If sin  x  y   log  x  y  , then 
12. If y= 2 2 x then = dx
dx 1) 2 2) -2 3) 1 4) -1
1) y.(log2)2)2x 2) y(log2).2x dy
22. If x2 - y2 = a(x - y) and x  y, then =
dx
3) y2(log2)2)2x 4) -y(log2).2x 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4) -1
2 3
d
13.
dx
 sinh  1  3 x   
KEY
1 2
1) 2) 01) 1 02) 2 03) 1 04) 1 05) 3 06) 2
1 39 x 2 1 99 x 2 07) 2 08) 3 09) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 1
3) 4) 13) 3 14) 2 15) 3 16) 3 17) 2 18) 4
1  9x2 1  9x2 19) 1 20) 1 21) 4 22) 4
d  1 x
14. dx  cosh 2  =
 

6
 SOLUTIONS dy  3  1
 .
1. cos  
2x  3 .
1
2 2x  3
dx  1  x  2 x

d d
2. dx e 
loge cosecx

dx

(cosecx)  sin   x
 1 2   

8. y  tan 
1
cos x.
1 
1  cos   x
2   

3. 2 x
2 sin x 9. Put x  a tan 
1 1 1
4. log  log x  . log x . x 10. y = (sinx)4 taking log on both sides

logy = x log (sinx) differentate w.r.t. x

dy
5. Given y = 2ax and = log 256 at x = 1
dx
1 dy 1
.  x. cos x  log  sin x 
logy = ax log 2 Differentiate w.r.t. x y dx sin x

dy
1 dy   sin x   x  cot x   log  sin x  
x
 a log 2 at x - 1m y = 29 dx
y dx
dy
= a 29 log 2  log 28 = a29 log 2 11. xy = ex -y taking logrithen on bothsides y
dx

log x = (x - y)
8 = a29  a = 2
x
y (1+logx) = x  y =
1  log x
6. y = tan-1(secx+tanx) differentiatte w.r.t x
differentiate w.r.t. x
dy 1 d seccx secxtanx
 .  secxtanx 
dx 1 secxtanx2 dx 2sec2 x2tanxsecx
1  log x   x 
1
dy  log x
 x 
dx 1 dx 1  log x  1  log x 
2


dy 2
d x d
12.
dx
 a   a x log a.  x 
dx
7. Put x tan     tan 1 x
d 1
13. dx  sinh x  
1
 3 tan   tan   3
1 x2
y = tan-1   = tan-1(tan3  )
 1  3tan  
2

dx

dx 
dt 
= 3 15. dy dy
 
dt
= cot p

y = 3 tan -1
3 differentiate w.r.t. x

7
16. x = a (cos t + log (tan t/2)), y = a sint
 2 
 2sin 2 
  = tan-1    z =  = tan-1 x
dy  1 t 1  2sin cos 
 a   sin t  .sec 2 .  dy  a cos t  2 2
dx t 2 2  dx
 tan
 2    1 dy 1
y = tan-1(tan )= = tan-1x 
2 2 2 dx 2
1
= a (-sin t + sin t )
19. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
dy  f
dy dx a cos t dy   2ax  2hy    ax  hy 
  x sin t  tan t  x  
dx dx a cos 2 t dx  f 2hx  2by hx  by
dt y

dy  cos 2 t 
 a  20. eyey = xy  eyey -xy = 0
dx  sin t 
 f
dy    exe y  y   xy  y    y  x  1
 1 x  2
 2x   x  
17. Let y = cos-1  1  x 2  z = tan-1  2  dx  f e e x
x y
xy  x x  y  1
   1 x 
y
put x = tan  ,  = tan-1x
y = cos-1(cos2  ) z = tan-1(tan2  )
dy dy dy
21. common 1 +  1  0   1
dy dx dx dx
y = 2tan-1 x z = 2tan-1x 1
dx
22. x + y = a = differentiate w.r.t x

 1  x2  1  dy dy
1 0   1
18. Let y = tan-1  x
 z = tan-1 x put
 dx dx
 

x = tan    = tan-1 x

 sec   1 
y = tan-1  
 tan  

 1  cos  
= tan-1   z = tan-1 (tan  )
 sin  

8
 d   a sin x  b cos x 
EXERCISE - II 1
8. dx Tan  a cos x  b sin x  =
  
sec x  1 dy 1
1. If y= then = 1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4)
sec x  1 dx
1 x2
1 x x 1 x x d  2  1 1  x 
1) sec 2 2) sec 2 3) tan 4) tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 9. dx sin  cot 1  x  = [ EAM -2016]
  
d
 2 2 
2. dx  log( x  a  x )  = 1 1
  1) 1 2) -1 3) 4)
2 2
1 x
1) 2) d 
 cos x    log x   
2 2 log x x
(x  a  x ) a  x2
2
10.
dx 
1 1
3) 4)  1 
1)  log x   log x  log  log x  
2 2 x
x( x  a  x ) a  x2
2
 
dy

2
xsin4 x sin6 x ....
3. If y  esin , then 1 
  cos x   x log  cos x   log x.tan x 
log x
dx
2
tan x 2
1) e 2) e tan x sec 2 x
2)  cos x  log  cos x   cot x.log x 
log x
tan 2 x 2
3) 2e tan x.sec x 4) 1
  log x  1  log  log x  
log x
d 2x
4. If y  x  e , then
x
is equal to
dy 2

3)  cos x 
log x
  log x 
x
 log x.cos x  x log x 
1 e x
4)  log x  log x  log  log x    cos x 
x log x

1)
1  e  x 2
 
2) 1  e x 2

e x
11.
d  x
x
dx 
 x  = [ EAM -2015]

 
3) 1  e x 3 4) e x
 x
1) x x {x(1+logx)}  x
2) x x .x(1-2logx)

4) x x  .x (1-2logx)
dy x
3)  x x  (1+2logx)x
x
5. If x.exy = y + sin2 x. then at x = 0, = 2
dx
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0 dy
12. If  cos x  =  sin y  then 
y x

 2x  dx
dy
1
6. If y  Tan  2 x 1  then at x  0 is log siny  ytanx
 1 2  dx log  sin y   y tan x
1) log cosx  xcot y 2) log  cos x   cot y
1 1
 
1) log 2 2) log 2
10 5 log  sin y  log  cos x 
3) log cos x 4) log sin y
1
3)  log 2 4) log 2    
10
d2 y
d  1 1  x  1  x  13. If x = sin t and y = log (1 - t ), then
-1 2
dx 2 is
7. Cot = t  12
dx  1  x  1  x 
8 8 3 3
1 1 1 1 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) 2) 3) 4) 2(1  x 2 ) 3 3 4 4
1 x2 2 1 x2 1 x2

9
 1 1 a 3x1. log a 3.a 3 x 1. log a
14. I f x 2 + y2 = t + and x4 + y4 = t2 + 2 then 1) 2)
t t (2 y  1) (2 y  1)
dy
x3y = [EAM-2019] 3.a 3 x 1. log a a 3 x1. log a
dx 3) 4)
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2 ( 2 y  1) (2 y  1)

dy
20. If x 1  y  y 1  x =0 and x  y then =
dx
15. If y  y  y..... = x x x .....
x 1 1
dy 1) (1  x) 2 2) (1  x) 2
then is equal to
dx
1 1
y  x 1 yx 3) (1  x) 2 4) (1  x) 2
1) y  x  1 2) y  x

x  y 1 y  x 1 1 dy dx
21. If y  then  
3) yx
4) yx x 1  y 4
1  x4

dy x y
16. If y  x  y  x  y  ... then is 1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
dx y x
equal to
1
y2  x y2  x 22. If g is the inverse of f and f1(x)= , then
2  xn
1) 2)
2 y 3  2 xy  1 2 y 3  2 xy  1 g1(x) is equal to
1) 2+xn 2) 2+(f(x))n 3) 2+(g(x))n 4) 0
y2  x y2
3)
2 y 3  2 xy  1
4)
2 y 3  2 xy  1 KEY
01) 1 02) 4 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 3
dy 07) 2 08) 2 09) 4 10) 1 11) 3 12) 1
17. If x siny = 3 siny + 4 cosy , then =
dx 13) 1 14) 3 15) 1 16) 2 17) 1 18) 1
19) 2 20) 3 21) 1 22) 3
 sin 2 y sin 2 y
1) 2) SOLUTIONS
4 4
 cos 2 y cos 2 y 2 sin 2 x
2  tan x
3) 4) 1. y  2 cos x 2 2
4 4 2
dy
18. If cosy=x.cos(a+y) then
dx
=
2.
d
dx   d 

1 x 
log x  a2  x2 =  sinh   2 2
dx  a 
1
x a
cos 2 (a  y ) cos 2 (a  y )
1) 2) 3. y = e tan 2 x differentiate w.r.t. x
sin a cos a
dy d
 e tan x .  tan 2 x   e tan x 2 tan x.sec 2 x
2 2
cos a cos(a  y )
3) sin 2 (a  y ) 4) dx dx
sin a

19. If y= a 3 x 1  a 3 x 1  a 3 x 1  ......to  then e

sin x cos x   etan x
2
2 2

dy dx 1
dy 4.   1 ex ;  
= [ EAM -2020] dx dy 1  e x
dx

10
 d  1       
d 2 x d  1   d x  1 d 1 ex 
2

 2   = dx  cot  cot  4  2    =
 dy2 1 ex 2 dy    
dy dy  1  e x 
d  1 1 
  cos x 
d2x 1 x dx e x dx  4 2 
  e 
dy 2 1  e x 2 dy 1  e x 3
1
5. If x = 0 then y = 0 =
2 1  x2
 dy  dy
exy + x.exy  x.  y =  2sin x cos x 8. Put a  cos , b  sin  , then
 dx  dx

   sin  x    
 tan 1  tan  x    
dy
Put x = 0, y = 0, we get  dx   1 tan 1 
 x 0  cos  x    
 

 zx  9. Put x = cos     cos 1 x

6.y = tan  1  22 x 1  at x = 0
-1
 
d  2  1 1  cos  
 2  2  1 
x  sin  cot   =
1  2 2 
x 1 x
dx  1  cos 
y = tan-1  1  2 x.2 x 1   tan  1  2 x  2 x 1   
   
d  2  1  
 sin  cot cot  
dx   2 
y = tan-1 (2x+1) - tan-1(2x) differentiate w.r.t. x

d  1  cos  cos x  
1
dy 1 1 d 21 1 
  2 x 1 log 2  2 x log 2 = dx sin  2 cos x   dx  
dx 1   2 
x 1
1 2 
x 2
  
2 


 dy  1 1  1  d  1 x  1
   2 log 2  log 2 log2   =   
 dx  x 0 5 2  10  dx  2 2  2

7. Put x = cos     cos 1 x 10.

d
dx

f x
g x 
 
    g x   1 
1  tan   f x g  x  . .f 1  x   log f  x  .g1  x  
d  1  2   d  cot 1  tan         f x 
 cot 
dx  
   dx  

 
 4 2 
 1  tan  1 dy 1
  2  11.  x 2   log x.2 x
y dx x
d  1        dy
  cot  cot      = y(x+2xlogx) = (2x)x(1+2logx)x
dx    4 2  dx
d  1       
=  cot  tan     
dx    4 2  12. (cosx)y = (siny)x faking logar than on both

sides

11
 2
y log(cosx) = x log (siny) differentiate w.r.t x  1
14.  x  y    t  
2 2 2

 t
1 dy 1
y (-sinx) + log(cosx) = x.  x 4  y 4  2x 2 y 2  t 2  2
cos x dx t2
1cos y dy
 log  sin y   x4  y4  2x2 y2  x4  y4  2
sin y dx
 x 2 y 2  1 and then differentiate
dy
dx
 log  cos x   x cot y  =(log(siny) + y tanx) 15. y  y  y.....  x  x  ...  v

yv  xv  v
dy log  sin y   y tan x

dx log  cos x   x cot y y  v2  v  yx
   v 2 and y  x  v
x  v  v
2
2 2
13. x = sin-1 t y = log(1-t2) differetiate w.r.t. ‘t’ By eliminating v we get the solution.

dy 1 dy 1 16.y2 = x + 2 y differentiate w.r.t. x

dx
   2t 
1 t2 dx 1  t 2
dy 1 dy
2y dx  1  2 2 y . 2 dx
dy 2t 2t
 x 1 t 2  again
dx 1  t 2
1 t2
dy  1 

= dx  2 y   =1
differentiate wl.r.t. x
 2 y 

d 2 y 2d  t  dt
=
=   
dx 2 dt  1  t 2  dx
dy 1 y2  x
  3
 1
1 2 t
 dx 2 y  1 2 y  2 xy  1  2 y  y 2  x
 1  t 2
 1  
2 1 t2  dt y x
2

 2 
 1 t2  dx
 
  17. siny (x-3) = 4cosy differentiate w.r.t. x

4 cos y
x3 
 2  sin y
 1  t  t  . 1  t 2  2
2

= -2 
 1  t  
2 3/2  1 t2
x -3 = 4 cot y

 d2y  2 8 dy
 2  
1 = -4 cose2y
 dx t  1 1  1 3 put t = 1/2 dx
2
4

12
 dy  sin 2 y
= EXERCISE - III
dx 4
g y  dy
1. If  f  x   = ef  x   g  y  then =
dy dy dx
 cos  a  y  sin y  cos y sin  a  y 
18. 1 = dx dx f 1( x )log f  x  f 1( x )log f  x 
cos 2  a  y  1) g y 1  log f x 2) g 1 y 1  log f x 2
       
2

dy
 cos2 (a+y) = sin (a+y-y) f  x  .log f  x  f 1( x )log f  x 
dx 2
3) g 1 y 1  log f x 2 4)
    g  y  1 logf  x  
2

dy cos 2  a  y   x2  y2  dy
 =
dx sin a 2. If cos  x 2  y 2   log a then dx 
-1
 

f 1 ( x) x y y x
dy
19. dx  (2 y  1) 1)  2)  3) 4)
y x x y

20. x 1  y   y 1  x  x 2 1  y   y2 1  x  3.  ( x)  f ( x) g ( x) and f ' ( x) g ' ( x)  k , t h e n

 x 2  y 2  xy 2  x 2 y 2k

f ( x ) g ( x)
  x  y  x  y  xy   0 , if x  y
"(x) f "(x) g" x "(x) f "(x) g" x
 x  y  xy  0 1)   2)  
(x) f (x) gx (x) f (x) gx
x
 y  x  1   x  y  , differentiae "(x) f " (x) g"x "(x) f "(x) g"x
x 1    
3) 4)
dy 1 (x) f (x) gx (x) f (x) gx
21.  2 4. Let f : R  R such that for all ‘x’ and y in R,
dx x
|f(x) - f(y)|  |x - y|3 then f(x)
dy 1  y 4 dy 1 1 1 1) ex 2) e-x 3) x 4) ‘c’(constant)
   2  2  2 0
dx 1  x 4 dx x x x dy
5. If tan y  e cos 2 x .Sinx, then 
22. g(x)=f -1(x)  (fog)(x)=x  f ‘[g(x)]g’(x)=1 dx
1 1 1) Sin 2 y.Cotx  2 Sin 2 x 
1
 f  g  x    g'  x   2   g x  n g'  x 
' 
   2) Sin 2 xcot y  sin y 
3) Sin2y.Sin2x 4) cos2y.cos2x
then g'  x   2  g  x  
n

6. If x < 1, then
1 2x 4 x3
   ..... 
1 x 1 x2 1 x4

1 1 1
1) x 2) 3) 4)
1 x 1 x x

g(x)  g(x) 2
7. If f(x) = 
2 h(x)  h(x)1 where g
and h are differentiable functions then f 1(0)=

13
 1 3 1) -tanhx 2) sinhx 3) coshx 4) cothx
1) 1 2) 0 3) 4) 14. Let f(x) = x , n being a positive integer. The
n
2 2
value of n for which f1(a+b) = f1(a) + f1(b),
when a, b > 0 is
1 t2 1 t2  1 t2 dy
8. If x  2 ,
y then = 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
1 t 1 t  1 t
2 2 dx
15. If P (x) = ax 3  bx 2  cx  d and p(0)  4,

1 x 2 P1 (0)  3, P11 (0)  4, P111 (0)  6 then

1) 2) 1  x 2
1 x   arrange the values of a, b, c, d in the
descending order of their values
2 1) a, b, c, d 2) a, b, d, c
1 x
3) 1  x 2 4) 3) d, c, b, a 4) b, a, c, d
  1 x 16. If f (x)=g(x) and g (x)= - f(x) for all x and f(2)
1 1

= 4 = f1 (2) then f2(24)+g2(24) is

d  12 log 1Tanh 2 x  1
log 3  cot h 2 x 1  
1) 32 2) 24 3) 64 4) 48
9. dx  e  3 2

  17. If f(x)=(cos x+i sin x)(cos 3x+i sin 3x).....
(cos(2n-1)x + i sin(2n-1)x), then f 11(x) is

 sin h 3 x  cos h 3 x  Sin h3 x  cos h 3x 1) n2f(x) 2)-n4f(x) 3) -n2f(x) 4) n4f(x)
1) 2) cos h 2 x sin h 2 x 18. If y2=p(x), a polynomial of degree 3, then
cos h 2 x sin h 2 x
d  3 d2 y 
2 y  is equal to
sin h x  cos h x
2 2
dx  dx 2 
3) 4) sec h 2 x cos h 2 x
sin h 2 x cos h 2 x 1) p111(x)+p1(x) 2) p11(x)+p111(x)
3) p(x)p111(x) 4) constant
10. If x  cos  , y  sin 5 then
9  x2
2
19. If y= cos1 9  x 2 then y1(-1) is equal to
1  x  ddxy  x dy
2

dx
 2 1) -3/5 2) 3/5 3) 2/7 4) 3/8
1  
1) -5y 2) 5y 3) 25y 4) -25y 20. If f(x) = sgn (cos x), then f  2  is
 
 1
 1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
 1  x  4  1 dy
   tan  x  , then
1
11. If y  log    d 2y  
  1  x   2 dx 21. If (sinx)(cosy)=1/2 then ,  is equal
2 at 
dx 4 4
to
x x2 x x 1) -4 2) -2 3) -6 4) 0
1) 2) 3) 4)
1  x2 1  x4 1  x4 1  x4
 d2 y   d2 x 
Sin x 1 0 22. Let y=e2x. Then  2  2  =
 dx   dy 
 1) 1 2) e-2x 3) 2e-2x 4)-2e-2x
x Sin x 1 df 
12. If f(x)= 2 then dx
at x 
2
0 1 Sin x d2 y
23. If x  y  y  x  c , then =
dx 2
is
2 2 2 2
 1) 2) 3) 4)
c c2 c2 c
1) 2 2) 3) 1 4) 8
2 24. If f(x)=cosx cos2x cos4x cos8x cos16x then
 e e
x x

13. If y = log cos  tan 
1
  , then dy = 
f 1   equals
  2  dx 4

14
 1  then y1 (0) 
1) - 2 2) 0 3) 4) Co sec
2 4 1 n 2 n
1) 2) 3) 4) n
..  1  n2 1  n2 1 n 2
 loge  x  loge  x  ...  then
y dy
25. If yy at
dx dy
31. If y  Cot 1 1  x 2  x  , then =
dx
(x=e2-2,y= 2 ) is 1 1 1 1
1) 1  x2  2) 
1   x  1 1   x 1 1  x
2 2 2
log e  2 log2
1) 2 2  e  1
2) 2 2  e2  1
2
1 1 1 1
3) 1  x2  4)  1  x2 
1  x  1 1  x  1
2 2

2 log e  2 log e  2
3) 4) 1  
e 2
 1 e 2
 1
32. If f(x)=|x||sin x|, then f   4  is equals
 
2 2
sin x cos x
26. If y 
1  cot x 1  tan x
then y1(x) is equal to 
1
2  2 4 2 2 
1)  4   In  
 2   
1) cos2x 2) -cos2x 3) 2cos2x 4) cos3x
 2 
1
ds
27. If t  sin 1 2 s then is equal to  2
4 2 2
dt 2)  4   In  
 2   
log 2 sin t cot t tan t
1) 1  t2
2) log2
3) log2
4) log2  2 
1
  2
 2 2
3)  4   In  
 2 4  
x dy
28. If y= then =
x dx 1
 2 
a  2
 2 2
x 4)  4   In  
b  2 4  
x
a
b  ..........  to   2x  3  dy
33. If f 1(x)=sin(log x) and y  f  3  2x  , then is
  dx
1 b
1) a(2 y  b) 2) a(2 y  b) 1 12   2x  3  
1)sin(log x). x log x 2)  3  2x 2 sin log  3  2x  
1 ab   2x  3 
3) ab(2 y  b) 4) ( 2 y  b) 3) sin log  3  2x   4) sin(log x)
  
dy 34. y  log n x where log n means log.
29. If 1  x 2  1  y 2 =a(x-y) then =
dx
log.log........(repeated n times )
1 x2 dy
1) 2) (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 ) n 1
then x.log x.log x.log x    log x.
2 3

1 y2 dx
1 y2 1
1
3) 2 4) (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 ) 1) logx 2) log n x 3) 4) 1
1 x log x
1  1  1  1 
30. If Y  tan  1  x  x 2   tan  x 2  3x  3   d 2x
    
35. [AIEEE - 2011]
 1  dy 2
1
tan  2  upto n terms
 x  5x  7 

15
  d2y  2) x 1  tan  log x    sec 2  log x 
1  2
dx  3) 2 x 1  tan  log x    x 2 sec2  log x 
2) 
1) 2
 dy  2
   dy 
 dx   
 dx  4) 2 x 1  tan  log x    sec2  log x 

42. If af Tanx   bf  cot x   x then f 1  cot x  

d y 2
 2 
 dx  1 sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
 d2y  1) 2) 3) 4)
3)  2  4)  dy 3 a b ab a b ba
 dx   
 dx  43. If x=sec  -cos  and y=sec  -cos  then
n n

2
 dy 
d  tan x  cot x   dx  is equal to
 
36. =
dx  tan x  cot x 
1) 2 sin2x 2) -2 sin2x 1)

n2 y 2  4  2)

n2 y 2  4 
x2  4 x2
3) 2 cos2x 4) -2 cos2x
37. If |x| < 1, then
3) n
y 2
4   ny 
4)  x   4
2

d  p P p  q  x 
2
p  p  q  p  2q   x 
3
 x2  4  
1  x       .....  
dx  q 2  q  3 q 
 1 1
p p 44. If y  sin x   ...
1) 2) p sin x.sin2x sin2x.sin3x
q 1  x  q
p
q 1  x 
1
q

1  dy
3) 1  x  pq 1 4) 1  x  pq 1   then =
sin nx sin  n 1 x  dx
n 2




2 2  dy 
38. If y=  x  x 2  a 2  then x  a   =
 dx 
  1) cotx - cot(n+1)x
2) n  1cos ec 2 n  1x  cos ec 2 x
1) n y 2
2) -n y 2
3) ny 2
4) n y 2 2

3) cos ec 2 x  n  1cos ec 2 n  1x

39.
d
dx
 Sec x1 2
= 4) cotx + cot(n+1)x
1 x 45. Let f  x   x 5  2 x3  3x  4 then the value of
1) 2)
x Sec1 x2 . x4 1 Sec1 x2 . x4 1 d
28
dx
f 1
 x   at x  2 is
1 1
3) 4) 1) 1 2) 2 3) 1/14 4) 2
x Sec1 x2 . x4 1 Sec1 x2 . x4 1
sec  tan 2  1
1
40. The value of 3 f  x   2 f    x then f 1  2   46. If f(x) = secx tanx x
then f 1   is
x
1 tanx  tan  0
2 1 7 1) 0 2) - 1
1) 2) 3) 2 4)
7 2 2 3) independent of  4) none
dy
 1  y  x 2   dy 47. If sin y  e x cos y  e then at (1,  ) is equal
41. If x  exp  tan  2   then
x = dx
    dx to
1) sin y 2) - x cosy 3) e 4) siny - x cosy
1) 2 x 1  tan  log x    x.sec  log x 
2

16
 x then f1 (0) =
48. If the function f  x  x  e 3 2 and

1) 0 2) 1 3) 4) 
g  x  f 1
 x  , then the value of g 1 is
1 2

1 1  x x  x x 
1) 2) 2 3) 1 4)  56. f(x) = Cot-1  2
 then f1 (1) =
2 2  
f  x   cos x cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x.....cos 2 n 1 x
1) - log 2 2) log 2 3) 1 4) -1
49. If 2 3

1
  1 x
2 y 2  2 
and n  1 , then f  2  is  1 8
  57. If y =  1   then 3 1 is
 x log 
2 3
4)  1
n1
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 1) 1 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1/3
50. If u = f(x2), v = g(x3), f1 (x) = sin x, g1(x) = cos
sin x dy
du 58. If y  then =
cos x dx
x then find 1
dv sin x
1
1  cos x....
2 2 sin x 2 2x 2
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
3 3 x.cos x 3 3x3 1  y  cos x  y sin x 1  y  sin x  y cos x
51. If f(0) = 0, f (0) = 2, then the derivative of
1 1) 2)
1  2y  cos x  sin x 1  2y  cos x  sin x
y = f(f(f(f(x)))) at x = 0 in
1) 2 2) 8 3) 16 4) 4 1  y  cos x  y sin x 1  y  cos x  y sin x
3) 4)
1  2y  cos x  sin x 1  2 y  cos x  sin x
d 2y
52. If x =  (t), y =   t  then 2 is 59. If p x is a polynomial such that
dx

 
p x 2  1   p  x   1 and p  0   0 then p1  0
2
111  111 111  111
1) 2)
   
2 3
1 1
is equal to
1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
11 11
3) 4) 60. If x + y = 2 and y + A. y = 0 then A =
2 2 11 3

11 11
1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3
53.
d 
dx 

cos2 Tan 1 sin Cot 1x    =   e 
 log 2  
1   x    Tan1  3  2log x 
2 2x 61. y  Tan  
 log(ex 2 )   1 6log x 
1) x 2  2 2 2)
  x 
2
2
2  
 
2 x d 2y
x2  1 then =
 x  1
2
3) 4) 2 dx 2
x2  2
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) - 1
54. If x sin y  sin  y  a  and 1  4sin 2 x  dy
62. If y  Tan   then at
 cos 2 x  6sin x 
2
dy A dx
 2 then the value of A is
dx 1 x  2x cos a x  0 is
1) 2 2) cos a 3) sin a 4) 2 1) 10 2) 12 3) 6 4) 8
 1    d
55. If y = Tan-1  cos2 x  cos x  1   63. If   6, then 
    d
 1 
Tan 1   + .... upto n terms
 cos x  3cos x  3 
2

17
 17      17 71. Differential coefficient of
1) 2)
  17 17    1 1 1
 ml mn  n  l  mn  ln  l  m  lnml  m  n
x  . x  . x  w.r.t. x , is
17      17      
3) 4)
  17 17    1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) x lmn
d  xe 72. If x  cos ec  sin , y  cos ec n   sinn  then
ex xx 
64. e  x  e  =
dx    dy 
2

x 2
4   n y 
 dx 
2 2

e x x e x x
1) e x  x e  e x 2) x 2 .e x  e x .x e  x x .e x
1) n 2 2) 2n 2 3) 3n2 4) 4n 2
e 1 x  x
3) e.e x .xe1  xe .e x   log x   e x .x x (1  log x)  3x  4  dy
x  73. If y f  and f 1  x   tan x 2 then is
 5x  6  dx
x e1 e
e x  x x
x 1 x
equal to
4) e.e .x  x .e  x  log x   e .x (1  log x)
  2
 3x  4  1
65. The derivative of y=(1-x) (2-x) (3-x)...(n-x) at 1) 2tan  
   5x  6
2
 5x 6
x  1 is
1) n! 2)  n  1! 3)   n  1! 4) 0  3tan x2  3 
f 2
2)  tan x 3) tan x 2
 5tan x2
 6 
1  cos 2 dy 3
66. If y  then at   is 2
1  cos 2 d 4  3x  4  1
4) 2 tan   
 5x  6  5x  6 
2

1) -2 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1
dy 5
67. If 1  x 2n  1  y 2 n  a x n  y n  , then 74. If y  cos1  cos x  , then dx
at x  is
4

1  x 2n dy 1 5
is equal to 1) 1 2) -1 3) 4)
1  y 2n dx 2 4
  sin  
x n 1 y n 1 x 75. If f     sin  tan 1   , where
1) y n 1
2) 3) y 4) 1   cos 2   
x n 1
  d
dy 2     , then the value of d tan  f    is
68. If y  cos x  sin x , then at x is 4 4  
dx 3
1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2
1 3 3 1 3 1 76. The first derivative of the function
1) 2) 0 3) 4)
2 2 2
 1 x  x
  cos1  sin
   x with respect to x at x=1 is
69. If f  x   cos x  sin x , then f  4   2 
1

  

1) 2 2)  2 3) 0 4) does not exist 3 1 1

1) 2) 0 3) 4) 
4 2 2
70. Let u  x  and v  x  are differentiable function
77. If sin sin (2   ) sin  4    .......
u x u ' x
such that v  x   7 . If v '  x   p and sin n 
sin (2(n  1)    )  where 2n  
2 n 1
 ux 
'
pq then
   q , then =
 v x  pq cot ( )  cot (2   )  cot (4   )  .....
1) 1 2) 0 3) 7 4) -7  cot (2( n  1)   ) 

18
 1) - n cot n 2) n cot n KEY
3) n tan n 4) - n tan n 01) 2 02) 3 03) 1 04) 4 05) 1 06) 3
78. A function is represented parametrically by 07) 2 08) 2 09) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3
13) 1 14) 2 15) 3 16) 1 17) 2 18) 3
1 t 3 2
the equations x  , y  then 19) 1 20) 1 21) 1 22) 4 23) 3 24) 4
t3 2t 2
t
25) 1 26) 2 27) 3 28) 2 29) 3 30) 2
dy  dy 
2
31) 3 32) 1 33) 2 34) 4 35) 4 36) 1
 x  has the absolute value equal to
dx  dx  37) 1 38) 4 39) 1 40) 2 41) 1 42) 3
1) -1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2 43) 1 44) 2 45) 2 46) 2 47) 3 48) 2
49) 1 50) 3 51) 3 52) 2 53) 2 54) 3
x x2 x3
55) 1 56) 4 57) 2 58) 1 59) 3 60) 2
f x   1 3x2 ,
79. If 2x
then f 1  x  61) 3 62) 4 63) 2 64) 3 65) 3 66) 2
0 2 6x
67) 1 68) 3 69) 4 70) 1 71) 2 72) 4
1) 0 2) 6x 3) 12x 3 4) 6x 2 73) 1 74) 2 75) 1 76) 3 77) 2 78) 2
80. Let y be an implict function of x defined by 79) 4 80) 1 81) 1 82) 2 83) 1 84) 2
x 2 x  2 x x cot y  1  0 . Then y1 1 equals SOLUTIONS
[AIEEE-2009] 1. g(y) log f(x) = f(x) - g(y)
1) -1 2) 1 3) log2 4) log2 dy f 1  x  .log f  x 
 
81. Let f :  1,1  R be a differentiable function dx g1  y  1  log f  x  2
with f  0   1 and f 1  0  1 . Let
 x 2  y2 
2.  2 2  = Cos (log a)
g  x   f  2f  x   2   , then g '  0  = x y 
2

[AIEEE 2010] Applying Componendo and dividendo

1) -4 2) 0 3) -2 4) 4 3. Differentiate   x   f  x  g  x  two times and
82. Let f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) and f(x)=1+(sin2x)g(x)
simplify
where g(x) is continuous. Then f1 (x) equals
1) f(x)g(0) 2) 2f(x)g(0) 3) 2g(0) 4) 2f(0) f x   f y 2
4. Lt  xy
83. Given that f(x) is a differentiable function of x y xy
x and that f(x).f(y)=f(x)+f(y)+f(xy)-2 and that
f(2)=5. Then f(3) is equal to f '  x   0  f  x  is constant
1) 10 2) 24 3) 15 4) 19 5. Taking Logarithm on both sides, then
84. Let f be twice differentiable function such that
g  x   f  x  and f  x   g  x  ,
1 1 dy 

f
x 
dx f
y 
h  x    f  x     g  x   . If h(5)=11, then
2 2

1  x 2n
h(10) is 6. 1  x  1  x 2  ... 1  x n   and taking
1) 22 2) 11 3) 0 4) 8 1 x
logarithms and differentiate
7. Since f  x  is an even function f '  0   0

1 1 t2 1 x 1  t2  1 t2
8.   
x 1  t2 1 x 1 t2  1 t2
1 x
 y
1 x

19
 d 9  x2 1   x 3
2

9. sec hx  cos echx 19. cos1

9  x2
 cos1
1  x3
2
 2 tan1  x 3 
dx
  sec hx tanh x  cos echx coth x If 0  x   and is equal to 2 tan  x 3 
1

 sinh x cosh x   sinh 3 x  cosh 3 x   2 1

if 0  x  
      cosh 2 x sinh 2 x   .
 cosh x sinh x   
2
2 2
 1  x 3
  y x  
' 3

If   x  0 .Hence  2 1
. if    x  0

dy  dy
d   1   x 3 2 3


10. dx  dx
 d  3
Hence y  1   5
'

11. log  a m   m log a ,

  
20. f  x   0, x  ;  1, x  ; = 1, x 
2 2 2
d d 21. Differentiating, we have,
 log x   1 x ,  tan 1 x   1 1  x 2
dx dx   cos x cos y  sin x sin y
dy
0.
dx
 dy
12. Find its determinant and put x  . Putting x  y   4 , we have dx    1 .
2  4, 4

13. Express ‘y’ as log cos tan  sinh x   log  sec hx  1 differentiating again, we have
dy dy
and simplify  sinxcos y  cos x siny  cos x siny
dx dx
14. Verify the options
2
 dy  d2 y
15. P  0   4  d  4 , P1  x   3ax 2  2bx  c  sin x sin y    sin x sin y 2  0
 dx  dx
,
at x = 0, P1(0) = 3 then c = 3 d2y
similarly to find a and b calculate P11 (0) and P111(0) Putting x  y  4 , we have d x 2  ,  
 4
4 4

d 2
16.
dx
 f  x  g2  x   2 f  x f 1  x  g x g1  x 22.
dy
dx
 2e2x and
d2 y
dx 2
 4e2x . Also x
1
2
log y .

 2  f  x  g  x   g  x  f  x    0 dx 1 d2 x 1 1
so 
dy 2y
and dy 2
  2   e 4 x
2y 2
hence f 2  x   g 2  x  is constant. Thus
 d2 y  d2 x 
Hence  2  2   2e
2x

f 2
 24   g  24   f  2   g  2   16  16  32
2 2 2
 dx  dy 
17. f(x)=cisx.cis3x.....cis(2n-1)x
23. consider  x  y    y  x 
2 2

=cis[x+3x+...+(2n-1)x]=cis[(1+3+...+(2n-1))x]
=cis(n2x)  f(x)=cos n2x+isin n2x = xy  yx  xy  yx 
differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ on both sides
18. y2=p(x)  2yy1=p1(x) then 2yy2+2y1y1=p11(x) 2x   x  y  y  x .c ;   xy  yx 
2x
c
 1
 2  y3 y2  y2 y12   y2 p11  x 
given x  y  y  x  c   2
  p 1  x     y 2 p 11 x
2

 2  y 3 y2    2x


4 

1   2 : 2 xy 
c
c

 p  x 
2
1
4x 2 4x 2
 2 y 3 y 2  y 2 p 11  x   4 x  y  2
 c 2  4x , then 4y  2  c 2
2 c c
differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ two times
  p1  x   
2
1  2 11
 y y2  3
y p  x   24. f(x)=cosx cos2x cos4x cos8x cos16x
2 2 
  n 1

= cosA cos2A cos4A ...cos2nA= siin2 x

differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ on both sides 2 sin x n 1

20
 s in 2 5 x  sin x 
s in 3 2 x  f '  x    x    cos x.log   x   x 
 sin x

= 5
  
2 s in x 3 2 s in x
32sin x cos 32 x  cos x sin 32 x  f '   4    4
   1 log   4  1 
 4
1

f 1  x   
2

 2  2
32sin 2 x
32sin  4 cos8  0    2 log   2 2 
then f   4     4  4
1
'
 2sin  4  cos ec  4  2
2

32  12     
.

25. Let yy
y.
 loge  x  loge  x  ...   v dy 1  2x  3  d  2x  3    2x  3  12
33. dx
f  .  ;
 3  2x  dx  2x  3 
= sinlog 3  2x .  3  2x2
 y v  loge  x  v   v yv
1
v
and x = ev-v
34. n=2, verification
dy 1  d 1  dx

dv
v v
 dx v
log v 

and dv
 ev  1  
 
dy 1  1 1 1  d  dx  d  1 
i.e  v v  .  2 logv  =  v 1v  2 1  log v 
   
dv v v v  35. dy  dy  dy   dy  
  dx  
v2
1  log v   
1
dx dy v
and dv
 ev  1 dx
  ev  1

d  tan x  tan x  d   1  tan x  

at x=e2-2,y= 2 , v  2,e  v  e  2 1
v v 2 1 2

36. dx  tan x  1   
 v=2 or 4 which is not valid  dx  1  tan 2 x 
 tan x   
 v=2,e -v=e -2=x given so true
v 2

 dy   dy  1 log2 d
 dx  2       cos 2x 
 e 2, 2  dx v 2 2 2 e2  1   dx

 q   p  p2! q   x q   ...
2
p
26. y
sin3 x

cos3 x

sin3 x  cos3 x
37. 1  x  q
 1 p x
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x sin x  cos x

 sin2 x  cos 2 x  sin x cos x  1  1 sin2x then d p

2

y'  x    cos 2x  1  x  q
dx
27. t  S in 1  2s   S in t  2s differentiate w.r.t.x ‘t’ on both
dy
   1 
n1

sides cos t  2 log2.

dss
38.  n x  x2  a2 . 1  2x 
dt dx  2 x a
2 2

ds ds cot t
 

x     x  x  a  
 cos t  sin t log2. n
dt dt log2
x2  a2 2 2

n
x  a  
x  
x2 2
x a 
2 2
28. Express ‘y’ as x  x and then differentiate  
b y
d 1
29. Put x  sin  , y  sin  39. dx  Sec x  
1

x x2 1
30. Tan1 ( x  1)  Tan1 x  Tan1 ( x  2)
1
Tan 1 x  1      Tan 1 x  n  Tan 1 x 40. 3f  x   2f    x -----(1)
x
1
 1 1   x   x  1 
31. y  Tan  1  x  x  1   Tan  1  x  x  1  1
     1  1
Put x  we get 3f    2f x   ----
32. In the neighbourhood of  4 , we have x  x  x
f  x    x 
 sin x
e
 sin x log   x  - (2) Solve (1) and (2) .

1  y  x 
 sin x  2
 f ' x  e   cos x.log   x   x 
 sin x log   x 

  41. log x  Tan  2  y  x 2  x 2 tan  log x 

 x 
42. Eliminate f  tan x 
 x a But  gof  x   x  g  f  0    0
f  cot x   
b  a 2 b2  a 2 
1
 g 1  0 and f  0  
1

dy 2
43.  n sec n 1 .sec  tan   ncosn1    sin  
d
1
=n tan  (secn  +cosn  ) g 1 1   2
Hence, 1
dx 2
 sec  tan   sin 
d
49. f  x   cos x cos 2 x cos 22 x cos 23 x....cos 2n1 x
  
2
 dy 
2  n tan  sec n   cosn 
 dx    sin 2n x
   tan   sec   cos     f  x  n
2 sin x
 
2
n2 sec n   cosn 
2n cos 2n x sin x  sin 2n x cos x
=
 sec   cos  
2  f 1  x 
2n sin 2 x

n2 sec n   cosn    4 sec n  cosn      2 cos 2 
n 1
2 n
2 n1
   f1    cos 2 n 1   1  1
= 2 2 n
 sec   cos  
2
 4 sec  cos 
du

n2 y 2  4  50.  
 f 1 x 2 (2 x )  (sin x 2 )(2 x )
= dx
x 4 2

du
44. Express ‘y’ as cot x  cot  n  1 x and differentiate dx
 
 g 1 x 3 (3 x 2 )  cos x 3 3 x 2   
45. Let g  x  be the inverse of f  x  du du / dx 2 x sin x 2 2 sin x 2
  
 g1  f  x   f 1  x   1
dv dv / dx 3 x 2 cos x 3 3 x cos x 3
dy
1 51.    
 f 1 f f  f  x    .f 1 f  f  x    .f 1  f  x   f 1  x 
g  f  1  f  1  1  g  2  
1 1 1 dx
14
 dy 
0 0 0   x 0
1
 1

 dx   f f f  f  0    .f f  f  0    .f f  0   .f  0 
1 1

f 1 ( x )   sec x tan x x
46. = f1 [f(f(0)]. f1[f(0)]. f1(0).(2)
1 tan x  tan  
= f1 [f(0)]. f1(0) (2) (2)
sec  tan 2  1 sec  tan 2  1
= f1 (0). (2) (2) (2) = (2) (2) (2) (2) = 16
  sec x tan x sec 2 x 1   sec x tan x x  dy 
1 tan x  tan  0 0 sec 2 x 0 dy  dx  1
 
52. dx  dx  1
sec  tan2  1 sec  tan2  1  dt 
 
f ( )  0   sec  tan  sec  1   sec  tan    1
1 2

1 0 0  sec 2  0 d 2y d  1  d   1  dt 1 11   111 1

  1   1   . 1
dx 2    dt    dx   
2
dx 1
dy f
47.  x
dx fy 111  111
=
 
3
 fog  x   x for all x
1
48.
 f 1  g  x   g  x   1 for all x d 
2 1
 1
 1  
53. dx cos  Tan  Sin sin   
1    1 x2   
 f 1  g 1  g  1  1 ;  g 1  f 1  g 1  


22
 x  y  xy1 2
  1 1  60. y = - y 
1 y 11
  3
1  cos 2  Tan  y 2
y
d   1 1   d   1 x2 
2
Cos Tan      2 A
dx   1  x 2   dx  2   3 0  A= 2
 3
  y y

1  1  log x 
2  3  2log x 
  Tan 1 
 1  3  2log x  
 1  61. y Tan  2 
1  1  log x   
d  1  x2  2x
 1  = = Tan-1(1) - Tan-1 (log x2) + Tan-1 (3) + Tan-1 (3
= dx  1
 
2
1  2  x2
 1 x2  log x)
54. x sin y  sin y cos a  cos y sin a d 2y
= Tan-1 (1) +Tan-1 (3); 0
dx 2
 sin y  x  cos a   cos y sin a
1  8 s in x c o s x 
sin y sin a  sin a  62. y  T a n  
 co s x  7 sin x 
2 2
  y  Tan1  
cos y x  cos a  x  cos a 
1  8tanx   7 tan x  tan x 
55. f(x) = Tan-1 (cos x + n) - Tan-1 (cos x) = Tan  2  =
Tan 1  
17tan x  1  7 tan x.tan x 
1
f 1  x   sinx  1
  sin x 
1  n  cosx
2
1  cos2 x y  Tan 1  7 tan x   x
f1 (0) = 0 63. v  u  6 uv  v 2  u 2  34uv then differentiate
1 d  x x  x x  xe e1 ex  x 1 
64. e .e.x  x  e .  e .log x 
x
2  
56. f1(x) = 1   x  x
x x
 dx  2   x 

2  
e x  x x 1  log x  
x

4 11  log1  11  log1 2 65. Taking logarithms on both sides & dfferentiating
f1 (1) = 1  1 2 . = (-1)  2 
  2  
 3 
= -1 66. y  cot    cot ,    4 
 
57. log y = x [log (1 + 1/x)]
67. Put x n  sin , y n  sin 
1 x  12
 1 y  1
y1      log1    y1  x 1  y log1 x  68. y   cos x  sin x
y x  1 x   x  

9 9  1  log 3  69. f  x   cos x  sin x,0  x 
y(2) = ; y1 (2) = 4
 2 
4 4 3
 
 sin x  cos x, x
 1 3  1 1 4 2
y2 (2) = y1 (2)  3  log 2  + y(2)  9  6 
    70. u  x   7.v  x   u1  x   7v1  x   p  7
2
9  1 3 1 1
y2 (2) =  3  log 2  -  u  x 
4   8    0  q  0
 v  x 
f x dy 1  y  f  x   yg  x 
1 1

58. y  g x
  l 2  m2  m2  n 2  n 2  l 2
dx 1  2y  g  x   f  x  71. Exponent of x  0
1
f (x)
 l  m  m  n  n  l 
1
1  ... y  x0  1

59. p  x 2  1   p  x    1  p  x   x ,
2
dy
dy d 

p1  x   1  p1  0   1 72. dx dx
d

23
 dy 1   3x  4  d 3x  4 84. h 1  x   2 f  x  f 1  x   2 g  x  g 1  x 
73. dx  f  5 x  6  dx  5 x  6 
   
as f 1  x   g  x  , g1 x    f x
74. [ 0  cos x    in the neighbourhood of
1

 h1 x   0  h  x  is constant function.
5
x we have 0  2  x  ]
4
75. Differentiate
 1 x
76. f  x     xx
2 2
77. Taking logarithms on both sides & dfferentiating
dx 3 2  3  2t 
78. dt    t 4  t 3     t 4 
   
dy 3 2  3  2t  dy
  3  2    3  ; t
dt  t t   t  dx

x x2 x3
f  x  0  0  1
1
2 x 3x2
79.
0 0 6


80. Put x  1  y  and then differentiate.
2
 d 
81. g  x   2  f  2 f  x   2   dx  f  2 f  x   2  
1

 
= 2 f  2 f  x   2 f 1  2 f  x   2 .  2 f 1  x  
 g1  0  2 f  2 f  0  2 . f 1  2 f  0  2  .2  f 1  0 

 4 f  0 f 1  0 
 4  11  4
f  x  h  f  x f  x  f h   f  x 
82. f 1  x  lim  lim
h0 h h0 h

f h   1 1   sin2h g  h   1
 f  x  lim  f  x  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

sin2h
 f  x  lim .lim g  h   2f  x  g  0 
h 0 h h 0

83. we have, f  x  .f  y   f  x   f  y   f  xy   2
1
replace y by
x
 x   f  x   f  1x   f 1  2
 f  x  .f 1

 f  x  .f  1   f  x   f  1 
x x
(since f 1  2 putting x=y=1)
 f  x   x  1  f  2   x  1 (since f(2)=5)
n 2

 n  2  f  x   x  1  f  3   10
2

24
 5. Let xK + yK = aK where a, K>0 and
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 1
dy  y  3
   =0 tjem fomd K [2020]
dx  x 
d2y
1. If x2+y2 + siny = 4 then the value of 1 2 4
dx 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 2
3 3 3
at the point (-2, 0) is [2018]
6. Let y - y(x) be a function of x satisfying y
= 1  x 2  K  x 1  y 2 . Where K is a
1) -34 2) -32 3) 4 4) -2
1 1 dy 1
constant and y   = . Then at x =
 2 x 3x  2 4 dx 2
 1 
2. If f(x) = sin  x  then f 
-1 1
 equals is =
 1 9   2 
[2018] 5 5 5 5
1) 2) - 3) - 4)
7 7 2 2
1) - 3 log e 3 2) 3 log e 3
7. If (a + 2b cos x) (a-2b cos y ) = a2 - b2
3) - 3 log e3 4) 3 log e3 dx    
where a > b> 0, then at  ,  is
dy  4 4

2a  b ab ab a  2b
3. If x = 3 tan and y = 3 sec t then the value 1) 2) 3) 4)
2a  b a b ab a  2b
d2y 
of 2 at t = is [2019]
dx 4
8. Let f “ R be defined as (f (x) =
3 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)  5 1
 x sin  x   5 x x0
2
2 2 6 6 2 3 2
  
 0 x  0 Then the value of 
4. For x > 1, if (2x) = 4 e 2y 2x - 2y
then (1+log 
 x5 cos     x 2
1
x0
dy   x
)
2x 2
is equal to [2019]
e
dx
for which f11(0) exist. is

x log e2 x  log e2 KEY

1) 2) loge2x
x 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1
x log  log
3x 2

3) x loge2x 4) e e
5) 2 6) 3 7) 3 8) 5
x

25
 SOLUTIONS
4. Taking lofg on both sides

x  log 2
1. x2+y2+siny = 4 differentiate w.r.t. x 2y log 2x = log 4 + 2x-2y  y =
1  log 2 x
dy dy
2x +2y +cos =0
dx dx 1
dy 1  log 2 x 1   x  log 2  .
again differentiate w.r.t. x  2 x  1  log 2 x 2
1  log 2 x 
2
dx
dy 2 x  dy 
= 2 y  coxy ,  dx  =4
dx  2,0 
dy x log 2 x  log 2

dx x

 2 x  cos y   2   2 x  2
dy dy 
2  sin y  5. Differentiate w.r.t. x
d y  dx dx 

 2 y  cos y 
2
dx 2
K . xk - 1 + K . ydk-1 = 0
k 1 k 1
dy  x dy  x 
      0
 d2y   0  1 2   4  2  4    0 dx  y dx  y 
 2   34
 0  1
2
 dx  2,0 1 1 2
K-1= K = 1 - =
3 3 3
2. Let 3 x = tan  then f(  ) = sin -1 1 1 1
6. x= , y =  xy = - diffrentiate
 2 tan   2 4 8
 
 1  tan  
2
w.r.t. x
f(0) = sin-1 (sin 2  ) = 2   f(x) = 2 tan-1(3x)
1 2 x 
2  1  y + y1 1  x2
f (x) = 2 1  x2
x . 3x log 3  f   =
1 1
1 9  2 

3 log 3  2 y 
e

=-  1. 1  y 2
 x y 1

2 1  y 2 
 

3.

dy  xy xy y1
2
d y 2   y1 1  x 2   1  y 2 
dy d y 1 1
 dt  sin t  2  cos3 t   2   1  x2 1 y2
dx dx dx 3  dx t  6 2
dt 4

26
  xy  xy
y1  1  x 2    1 y2
 1 y2  1 x 2
 

 45  1   1  45  5
y1        y  
1

 2 15   4 3  2

7. (a+ 2 b cosx) (a- 2 b cosy) = a2 - b2

Differentiate w.r.t. x

(- 2 b sinx) (a- 2 b cosy) + (a+ 2 b

   
cosx)( 2 bsiny) y1 = 0 at  , 
 4 4

- b(a-b) +(a+b) b y1 = 0

dx a  b

dy a  b

1 1
8. If g(x) = x5 sin   and h(x) - x5 cos  
 x  x

then g11(0) = 0 and h11(0) = 0

So f11(0+) = g11(0+) + 10 = 10

and f11(0-) = h11(0-) + 2 = f11(10+ )

 2  10

 =5

27
 TANGENT
& NORMAL
SYNOPSIS Equation of tangent and normal :
Slope of tangent & normal :  Equation of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at
 If the tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) atP(x
 1,y1)
 0
on it makes an angle   90 with OX then  (x1 , y1 ) is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
tan  is defined as the slope of the tangent and it  Equation of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at
is also called the gradient of the curve
 1 
 dy  (x1 , y1 ) is (y  y1 )    (x  x1 ) .
i .e ., m  tan     m
 dx   x ,y 
1 1
i) For the curve f(x, y) = 0, slope of the tangent  dy 
where m   
 d x  ( x 1 , y1 )
 f f 
 
at P x 1, y 1    
 x y (x1 , y1 )  If a curve passes through the origin then the
ii) For the curve , y = f(x) here x = f(t); y = g(t), equation of tangent(s) at the origin can be directly
written by equating the lowest degree terms
g1 (t) appearing in the equation of the curve to zero.
Then the slope of the tangent at P(t) is 1 .
f (t)
 Equation of the tangent to the curve
dy
iii) If  0 then the tangent is horizontal
dx ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 at
dx
iv) If dy  0 then the tangent is vertical  x1, y1  is
 A straight line which is perpendicular to the tangent
to the curve at the point of contact is called the
 
a x x 1  h x y 1  y x1  b y y 1 

normal to the curve. g  x  x1   f  y  y1   c  0

i) Slope of normal at any point P  x1 , y 1  on a
 The condition for the line y  mx  c to be a
 1  tangent to
curve is given by  dy / dx 
 (x1 ,y1 )
a
ii) For the curve f(x, y) = 0 the slope of the normal i) The parabola y 2  4ax is c 
m
 f f 
at P x1 , y 
1 is y


x (x1,y1) x2 y2
ii) An ellipse   1 is c 2  a 2 m 2  b 2
iii) For the curve x = f(t); y = g(t) the slope of the a2 b2

 f 1 (t)  x2 y2

normal at P(t) is  g1 (t)  iii) The hyperbola   1 is c 2  a 2m 2  b 2
  a2 b2

1
Length of tangent , normal, sub-tangent  The curves y = f(x) and y = g(x)
and sub-normal : i) Touch each other if m1 = m2
Y
ii) Cut each other orthogonally if m1 m2 = –1.
y=f(x)
 The curves f(x,y) = 0, g(x, y) = 0
P(x1,y1)
f g f g
i) Touch each other if x . y  y . x
no
t
en

rm
ng

al
ta

O T M N
X ii) cut each other orthogonally
 Let the tangent and normal drawn to the curve y f g f g
if .  . 0
= f(x) at P  x1 , y 1  meet the x-axis at T & N. x x y y
Draw the line PM perpendicular to x-axis. If m is  Angle between two curves y 2  4ax and
the slope of the tangent then
x 2  4by not at origin is
i) PT = Length of the tangent  y1 . 1  m
2
 
3a1/3b1/3
m   tan 1 

ii) PN = Length of the normal  y1 . 1  m

2
 
 2 a 2/3  b 2/3
 

y2 x2
y1  The family of curves 2  1
iii) TM = Length of the sub-tangent  a   b2  
m
is self orthogonal (  is a parameter)
iv) MN = Length of the sub-normal = |y1 m|
dy  The family of curves y 2  4a  x  a 
where m   
 dx p x1 ,y1  is self orthogonal (a is a parameter )
 Length of sub-tangent, ordinate of the point, Length  If the curves a1x 2  b1y 2  1 and
of sub-normal at any point on the curve y=f(x) are a 2 x  b 2 y  1 cut each other orthogonally then
2 2

in G.P 1 1 1 1
2   
i.e.,  ordinate  = (L.S.T) (L.S.N) a1 a 2 b1 b 2
Leibnitz Rule :  The area of the triangle formed by any tangent on
 x 
d the curve xy = c2 and the coordinate axes is 2c2
f  t  .dt  f    x   .'  x   f    x   .'  x 
 dx  x sq.units.
 
Angle between two curves :  If the area of the triangle formed by any tangent to
 The angle between any two curves at the point of the curve x.y n  a n 1 and the co-ordinate axes is
intersection is defined as the angle between the constant then n = 1.
tangents to the curves at that point of intersection.  If the area of the triangle formed by any tangent to
 Let P be a point of intersection of the two curves the curve
y  f (x), y  g(x) and m1 , m2 be the slopes of
x m y n  k ,  m  0, n  0  and the coordinate axes
the tangents to the curves at P. If  is the angle
is a constant then m = n
between the curves then
. The area of the triangle formed by the
 m  m2 
tan   1  where m1m 2  1 tangent,normal at a point P  x1, y1  on the curve
 1  m1 m 2  y  f  x  and the line

2
  x1  k   m 2  1 sq.units 
2 If the curves xy = c2 and y2 = 4ax cut each other
i. x = k is orthogonally then c 4  32a 4
2m
 A tangent to the curve x y a (or)
    sq.units
2
y1  k m 2 1
ii. y = k is x  a cos4 ; y  a sin4  cuts the axes in A and B
2m
then OA + OB = a.

iii. x-axis is

y12 m 2  1  sq.units  A tangent to the curve x 2/ 3  y 2/ 3  a 2 / 3 (or)
2m
x  a cos3 ; y  a sin 3  cuts the co-ordinate

iv. y - axis is
x12 m 2
1  sq.units axes in A and B then AB = a .
2m
 The tangent at any point 't' on the curve x = at3 and
 The tangent and normal at a point (x1, y1) on the
y = at4 divides the abscissa of the point of contact
curve meets the x-axis in T and G then
in the ratio 1 : 3.
 1
TG  y1  m  
 m EXERCISE -I
 At any point on the curve y 2  4ax , the length of 1. The slope of the tangent to the curve
subnormal is constant
8
 If the normal at (x1, y1) on the curve y = f(x) makes y at x = 2 on it is
4  x2
equal intercepts on the coordinate axes then
1 1
 dy  1) -2 2) 3) 4) 2
   1. 2 2
 dx (x1 ,y1 )
2. The slope of the tangent at (-2, 0) on the curve
Some standard results :
y  6  x  x2
 At any point on the curve
1) 3 2) 5 3) -1 4) -3
(L.S.T) 2 8b
by  (x  a) ,
2
 3
3. The slope of the normal to the curve y 2  4x
L.S.N 27
 The equation of the tangent at (a, b) to the curve at (1,2)
n n
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) -2
x y x y
      2 is   2 ,  n  0  4. A point on the curve y  x 4  4 x3  4 x 2  1 , the
a  b a b tangent at which is parallel to x-axis is
 Point on the curve ay 2  x 3 at which the normal 1) (1, 1) 2) (2, 1) 3) (3, 1) 4) (1, 3)
 4a 8a  5. If V is the set of points on the curve
makes equal intercepts on the axes is  , .
 9 27  y 3  3xy  2  0 where the tangent is vertical
 If p, q are the lengths of perpendiculars from the then V =
origin to tangent and normal at a point on the curve 1)  2)  1, 0 
2 2 2
x  y  a respectively then 4p  q  a .
2 2 2
3 3 3
3)  1, 1 4)  0, 0  ,  1, 1 
 If p and q are the lengths of perpendiculars from 6. The gradient of the curve xm. y n   x  y m  n
the origin to the tangent and normal to the curve. is
x  a e (sin   cos ) and y  ae (sin  cos ) x y x y
1) y 2) 3)  y 4) 
then p = q. x x

3
  3) (1/3, 1/3) 4) (3, 3)
7. The inclination of the tangent at   on the
3 
17. The equation of the normal at t  to the
curve x  a    sin   , y  a  1  cos   is 2
curve x=2sint, y = 2 cost is
  2 5 1) x = 0 2) y = 0 3) y = 2x+3 4) y = 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 6 3 6
x
8. The point on the curve x 2  y 2  2x  3  0 at 18. Equation of the tangent to the curve y  1  e 2
which the tangent is parallel to x-axis is
at the point where the curve cuts y-axis is
1) (1,0), (-1, -4) 2) (0, -1), (-2, 3)
3) (2, 13),(-2,-3) 4) (1,2), (1,-2) 1) x + y = 0 2) x + 2y = 0
3) 2x + y = 0 4) 2x - y = 0
9. For the curve xt2 1,yt2 t , the tangent is 19. The equation of the normal to the curve
perpendicular to x-axis then y 2  4ax at the origin is
1 1 1) x = 0 2) x = 2 3) y = 0 4) y = 2
1) t = 0 2) t  3) t = 1 4) t 
2 3
20. The equation of the normal to the curve given
10. The slope of the normal to the curve given by
by x = at2, y = 2at at the point 't' is

x  a(  sin ), y  a(1  cos ) at   1) xt  y  2at  at 3 2) x  yt  2at  at 3
2
3) xt  y  at  at 3 4) x = 0
1 1
1) 2) 3) –1 4) 2 21. The equation of the tangent to the curve
2 2
11. The point at which the tangent line to the curve x 2 y2
  1 at the point  on it is
x 3  y 3  a 3 is parallel to y-axis is a 2 b2
1) (0, a) 2) (a, 0) 3) (–a, 0) 4) (0, –a) 1) bx cos   ay sin   ab
12. The equation of the tangent to the curve
2) bx sin   ay cos   ab
6y  7  x 3 at (1, 1) is
3) bx cos   ay sin   ab
1) 2x  y  3 2) x  2y  3
4) y = 0
3) x  y  1 4) x  y  2  0
22. The length of the sub-normal at any point on
13. The equation of the normal to the curve the curve y 2  2px is [EAM -2019]

y  x  sin x.cos x at x  on it is 1) Constant 2) Varies as abscissa
2
1) x    0 2) x    0 3) Varies as ordinate 4) Varies as p
3) 2x    0 4) 2x    0 23. The length of the subtangent to the curve
14. The point on the curve y  5x  x 2 at which the x 2  xy  y 2  7 at (1, -3) is

normal is perpendicular to the line x  y  0 is 1) 15 2) 7 3) 12 4) 10

24. The tangent at A(2,4) on the curve
1) (3, -6) 2) (3,6) 3) (-3,-6) 4) (6,3)
y  x3  2x2  4 cuts the x-axis at T then the
15. The equation of the tangent to the curve
length of AT =

y  2 sin x  sin 2 x at x  on it is 1) 10 2) 12 3) 15 4) 17
3
1) y - 3 = 0 2) y  3  0 25. The length of normal at (2,1) on the curve
3) 2y  3  0 4) 2y  3 3  0 xy  2x  y  5 is
16. If the curve y  ax 2  bx passes through (-1,0) 5 10
and y = x is the tangent line at x = 1 then (a,b) 1) 5 2) 3) 4) 10
3 3
1) (1,1) 2) (1/2,1/2)

4
26. The length of sub-normal to the curve xy  a 2    
1) 2) 3) 4)
at (x,y) on it varies as 6 4 3 2

1) x 2 2) y 2 3) x 3 4) y 3 37. The curves y  x2 and 6y  7  x3 intersect at

27. If the length of the subtangent is 9 and the (1,1) at an angle is
length of the subnormal is 4 at (x,y) on y =   
1) 2) 3) 4) 
f(x) then y = 4 3 2
1) 36 2) 9 3) 4 4) 6 38. If the curves ay  x 2  7 and x3  y cut
28. For the parabola y 2  4ax the ratio of the orthogonally at (1,1) then a =
subtangent to the abscissae is 1
1) 1 2) -6 3) 6 4)
6
1) 1 : 1 2) 2 : 1 3) x : y 4) x2 : y 39. The angle between the curves y = sinx and
29. The length of sub-tangent to the curve y  cos x is
y n  a n 1.x at (x, y) on it is  
1) 2) 3) Tan1 (2) 4) Tan1 (2 2)
n2
3 2
n
1) x 2) nx 3) n 2 x 4) x 40. If the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut each other
orthogonally then k2 =
30. If at any point on a curve the subtangent and
subnormal are equal, then the length of the 1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
tangent is equal to 2 4 8 16
1) ordinate 2) 2 ordinate 41. The tangent at the point P(x, y) on the curve

3) 4) 2 ordinate x m .y n  a m  n meets the axes at A and B. The

2 ordinate
ratio in which P divides AB is
31. The length of subnormal to the curve
1) m : 1 2) 1 : n 3) n : m 4) m : n
y  be x / a at any point (x, y) is proportional to

1) x 2) y 3) x 2 4) y 2 42. If the tangent at   to the curve
4
32. If the subnormal to the curve x2 .yn = a2 is a
x  a cos3 , y  a sin 3  meets the x and y
constant then n = [EAM -2020] axes in A and B then the area of the triangle
1) -4 2) -3 3) -2 4) -1 OAB is
33. At any point on the curve y = f(x), the
sub-tangent, the ordinate of the point and the a2 a2
1) sq.units 2) sq.units
sub-normal are in 4 2
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P.
3a 2 5a 2
4 2 2
34. The curve x  2xy  y  3x  3y  0 cuts the 3) sq.units 4) sq.units
4 4
x-axis at (0,0) at an angle 43. If the area of the triangle formed by a tan-
    gent to the curve xn y = a n+1 and the coordi-
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 2 6 3 nate axes is constant, then n =
35. If  is an angle between the curves 1) 2 2) -2 3) –1 4) 1
y 2  x3 , y  2x 2  1 at (1,1) then tan  44. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is normal to the
1) 5/14 2) 5/12 3) 25/12 4) 14/5 curve xy = 1 then
1) a > 0, b > 0 2) a > 0, b < 0
36. The angle between the curves x 3  3xy 2  2 3) a < 0, b < 0 4) a = 0, b = 0
and 3x 2 y  y 3  2 is [EAM -2018] 45. The sum of the squares of the intercepts on
the axes of the tangent at any point on the

5
 curve x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 is m n dy m  n  dy 
  1
a2 3a x y dx x  y  dx 
1) 2) a 2 3) 2a 4)
2 2 dy  n m  n  m  n m
  
KEY dx  y x  y  x  y x
01) 2 02) 2 03) 1 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
dy  nx  ny  my  ny  mx  nx  mx  my
07) 4 08) 4 09) 1 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2  
dx  y x  y   x  y x
13) 3 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 2 18) 2
19) 3 20) 1 21) 3 22) 1 23) 1 24) 4 dy y
25) 4 26) 4 27) 4 28) 2 29) 2 30) 2 
dx x
31) 4 32) 1 33) 2 34) 1 35) 3 36) 4
37) 3 38) 3 39) 4 48) 3 49) 3 50) 1 dy 
7. Find and  
51) 4 52) 2 53) 2 dx 3
SOLUTIONS 5 5
m  tan   tan ,
dy 6 6
1. Find and sustitute x = 2
dx dy   2 x  2 
8.  0
dy dx 2y
2. Find at (–2,0)
dx  x  1,1  y 2  2  3  0  y  2
1 points= 1, 2  , 1, 2 
3. Slope of normal =  
dy
dy 2t  1
 dx  p 9. 
dx 2t
4. y = x4 - 4x3+4x2+1 tangent is lar to x–axis m
dy
= 4x3-12x2+8x slope is parallel to x-axis 2t  1 1
dx  t 0
2t 0
4x(4x2-3x+2)=0  dy 
 dx   d 
x=0, x=1, 2     dx 
10.  dt at  
 d  
y=1, 2, 11 (1,2) or (2, 1) 2

dy
11. x3+y3 =a3  3x2+3y2 =0
dx
5. y 3  3 xy  2  0
dy x2
dy 3y m= = - 2 parullel to y-axis
 2 dx y
. If the tangnet is vertical
dx 3 y  3 x
m= 
m =  = 1/0
  3 y 2  3 x  0, y 2  x
By verification {(1,1)} is on the given curve
x2
6. x m y n   x  y 
mn
1/0 = - 2  y2 = 0 ,, y = 0, x = a
y
m log x  n log y   m  n  log  x  y 
(a, 0)
6
  dy  dy
12. m   dx  and apply y  y1  m  x  x1  dy dx 2sin t
1,1     tan t
dx dx 2 cos t
 dy  dy
  m 
13. x   y  ,  dx x   and apply
2 2 2

1  dy  
y  y1  x  x1       tan  
m  dx t  2
2

14. y = 5x -x differentiate w.r.t x

2

dy slope or normal = 0
 5  2x
dx
equation of normal y - 0 = 0(x-2)
slope of normal 5 - 2x = -1, 2 = 3
18. y = 1 - ex/2 put x = 0 then y = 1 point
they y = 6 (3, 6)
(0, 0)

 dy 1 x  dy  1
15. y = 2sinx+sin2x at x = then y =   e 2 , m =  dx  
3 dx 2   0,0 2

3 3 3
3  1
2 2 equation to tangent y -0 = 
2
 3 3 
 , 
3 2  2y = -x

dy
= 2 cosx + 2cos2x x+2y = 0
dx
 dy  19. Slope of the normal = 0
 m =  dx  x   =1 - 1 = 0  dy
d y  d t



3
20. dx

 dx 
 dt 
 

3 3 21. Equation of the tangent at ‘  ’ to

y- =0
2 x 2 y2
  1 is
a 2 b2
2y - 3 3 = 0 x y
cos   sin   1
a b
dy
16. At x = 1,  1 and substitute (-1,0) in the
dx 22. y2 = 2px dofferentiate w.r.t. s
curve and solve the two equations for a and b
dy
2y = 2p
17. x = 2 sint, y = 2cot (x, y) = )2, 0) dx

7
  dy  p 2a y 2 4ax 2
m  dx   y 1 ,  
 x, y  y1 y 2ax 2ax 1
29. y n  a n 1x1 , x 1 y n  a n 1 , m=-1, n=n
Length of sub normal = y1 m = p is a costant nx nx
Length of the sub tangent =   nx
m 1
y1 30. Let P (x1, y1) be and point
23. Length of sub–tangent= y1
m  y1m m2 = 1  m =  1
m
dy
24. at (2, 4) is m = 4
dx 1  m2
Length of tangent length of tangent = y1 m = y1 2

y1 1  m2 4. 17
AT    17
m 4
31. Length of sub-normal = y 1 m
25. xy + 2x - y = 5 differentiate w.r.t. x P (2, 32. x 2 y n  a 2 , m  2, n  n , 2m  n  0
1) 4  n  0 , n  4
dy dy y1
x  y2 0 33. Length of sub-tangent=
dx dx m
Length of sub normal = y1m
 dy  3 f
  
 dx  2,1 1 dy
 x
34. dx f , m  tan   tan   1 ,
Length or normal at P(x, y) = (2, 1) = y y
   /4
2
 dy  m1  m2 5
1  
 dx  35. tan   
1  m1m2 14
36. m 1m2= – 1
= 1 37. Given circues y = x2 and 6y = 7 - x3 point
(1, 1)
1  9  10
dy 6dy
 2x  3 x 2
26. Length of sub-normal = y1m dx dx

y
27. L.S .T   9 , L.S .T  ym  4  dy   dy  1
m m1     2 m2    
 dx 1,1  dx 1,1 2
y
. ym  36 ,  y 2  36 , y   6
m 
now m1m2 =-1 angle is = s
S .T y 2
28.  1 , Now 2y y1=4a
x yx
2
38. Slope of the first curve at (1,1) is m1 
a

8
 Slope of the second curve at (1,1) is m2 = 3 2 2 2 x y
2 x y a
3 3 is 3  1
m1m2  1  .3  1  a  6 a cos  a sin 
a
 1 1 EXERCISE -II
39. x  , m1  , m2 
4 2 2
1. The area of the triangle formed by the positive
m1  m 2 x–axis, the normal and the tangent to the
tan  
1  m1m 2
 
curve x 2  y 2  4 at 1, 3 in sq. units is
40. Given circues x = y2 and xy = K cuts or- (EAM-2016)
1) 2 3 2) 3 3) 4 3 4) 6
thogonally
x
2. Equation of the tangent line to y  be a where
dy dy
1 = 2y x +y=0 it crosses y-axis is
dx dx
x y
1) ax+by=1 2)  1
m1m 2 = -1 a b
x y
3)  1 4) ax–by=1
1 y b a
x  1 x = 1/2 y = 1/ 2
2y x 3. The number of tangents to the curve
x3/2  y 3/ 2  a 3/ 2 , where the tangents are
now x2y2 = k2 equally inclined to the axes, is
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 4
4. The equation of the tangent to the curve
1
k2 = x
y  e at the point where the curve cuts the
8
line x = 1 is
PA n 1) x+y = e 2) e(x+y)=1
41.  , ,
PB m PA : PB  n : m 3) y+ex=1 4) x+ey=2
5. If the slope of the tangent to the curve y=x3

42.  x1 , y1    a cos3 , a sin 3   ,   4 at a point on it is equal to the ordinate of the
point then the point is
1) (27, 3) 2) ( 3, 27) 3) (3, 3) 4) (1,1)
 x1 , y1   
aa 
,
2 2 2 2 6. If the slope of the tangent to the curve
2
xy+ax+by=0 at the point (1, 1) on it is 2 then
x y values of a and b are
Equation of the tangent 1
 1
 a3
x1 3 y13 1) 1, 2 2) 1, –2 3) –1, 2 4) –1, –2
7. The point of intersection of the tangents drawn
c2 to the curve x2y=1–y at the points where it is
43. Find equation of the tangent and then use met by the curve xy=1–y is given by
2 | ab |
1) (0, –1) 2) (1, 1) 3) (0, 1) 4) (0,  )
1 dy 1 b a
44. y  ,  2  ,x  
x dx x a b
45. Equation of the tangent at P   to

9
 8. The tangent to the curve y  2  bx  3x2 at the 16. The value of k for which the length of the sub
tangent to the curve xyk = c2 is constant is
point where the curve meets y-axis has the
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) –2
equation 4x  y  2  0 then b is 17. The angle between the curves x =4y and y2
2

1) 7 2) 27 3) 3 4) 4 = 4x at (4,4) is
9. If the normal line at (1, -2) on the curve
 1  3  1  4 
y2 5x1 is ax - 5y + b = 0 then the values of a 1) 2) Tan–1(3) 3) tan   4) tan  
2 4 3
and b are 18. The angle between the curves 2x +y =20 and
2 2

1) -14,4 2) 4, -14 3) 4, 6 4) 4, 10
10. The slope of the tangent to the curve at a point 
4y2–x2 = 8 at the point 2 2 , 2 is 
(x, y) on it is proportional to (x–2). If the slope
of the tangent to the curve at (10, –9) on it  1  1  1  2 
1) 2) tan   3) Tan
an–1(2) 4) tan  
is –3. The equation of the curve is 2 2 3
3 19. The angle between the curves x +y +x+2y=0
3 3

 x  2  1
2
1) y = k(x–2)2 2) y  and xy+2x=y at the origin is
16
   
3 1) 2) 3) 4)
 x  2   3 4) y  K  x  2 2
2
3) y  4 6 3 2
16
20. If  is the angle between the curves y2 = 2x
11. Area of the triangle formed by the normal to
and x2 + y2 = 8, then tan  is
the curve x  esin y at (1,0) with the coordinate 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
axes is [EAM -2017
x2 y 2
1 1 3 21. The curves x 2  y 2  5 and   1 cut
1) 2) 3) 4) 1 18 8
4 2 4
each other at the common point at an angle
12. If tangent at any point on the curve e y  1  x 2
  
makes an angle  with positive direction of 1) 2) 3) 4) 
4 3 2
the x–axis then
1) Tan  1 2) Tan  1 x2 y2 x2 y 2
22. If the curves   1 and   1 cut
a2 b2 l 2 m2
3) Tan  1 4) Tan  1 each other orthogonally then...
13. If the length of the subnormal is equal to the 1) a 2  b 2  l 2  m 2 2) a 2  b 2  l 2  m 2
length of the subtangent at any point (3,4) on
3) a 2  b 2  l 2  m 2 4) a 2  b 2  l 2  m 2
the curve y=f(x) and the tangent at (3,4) to y
= f(x) meets the coordinate axes A and B the 23. The circle x 2+y 2=a 2 and the hyperbola
maximum area of the OAB is x2–y2=a2
1) Touch each other at (a,0)
45 49 25 81 2) Intersect at (a,0)
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
3) Touch each other at   a, 0 
14. At any point on the curve y = f(x), the length
of the sub normal is constant, then the curve
is

4) touch each other at a 2, 0 
1) circle 2) ellipse 3) parabola 4) straight line 24. The curves x 2  py 2  1 and qx 2  y 2  1 are
15. Sub normal to xy = c2 at any point on it varies orthogonal to each other then (EAM-2014)
directly as
1) cube of ordinate 2) square of ordinate 1 1
1) p  q  2 2)  2
3) ordinate 4) cube of abscissa p q

10
 1 1 1 1 ay-ab = -bx
3)   2 4)  2
p q p q

x2 y2 x2 y 2 x y
25. If the curves 2  2  1 and   1 cut bx +ay -ab = 0   1
a b 25 16 a b
each other orthoganally then a 2  b 2 
1
(EAM-2015)
dy x2
1) 9 2) 400 3) 75 4) 41 1  1 1
3. dx , xy
y 2
KEY
01) 1 02) 2 03) 2 04) 4 05) 2 06) 2
07) 3 08) 4 09) 2 10) 3 11) 2 12) 4 3 3  
a  a a 
 2x 2  a 2  x 
13) 2 14) 3 15) 1 16) 1 17) 3 18) 1 2 , (x, y) =  2 , 2 
 3 3 
19) 4 20) 3 21) 3 22) 3 23) 3 24) 4 23 2 2 
25) 1  Number of tangents = 1
SOLUTIONS  1
4. y  e ,  x, y   1, 
 x 

1. Given curcue x +y = 4 at p(1,

2 2
3) e
 
differentiate w.r.t. x dy  1  1
at 1,  is m 
dy dx  e  e
2x + 2y 0
dx  1
equation of tangent at 1,  is
 e
dy x
= 1 1
dx y y    x 1  x  ey  2
e e
dy
 dy  1 5.  3x 2 , by verification (3, 27) is statisfied
m =  dx   dx
1, 3  3
dy
6. at (1, 1) is 2 and obtain equation in a and b
dx
 1 (1, 1) also lies on curve and obtain another
y 1  m 
2 3 1  2
equation and solve
3
Required area =   2 3 7. Solving the two equations, we get
2|m| 2
3 x 2 y  xy  xy  x  1  0  x  0, y  0, x  1

dy 2 xy
  2
2.Given y = be-x/a cuts y - axis put x = 0 , y = b dx x  1
 dy   dy  1
   0 and   
p(0, b)  dx  0,1  dx 1, 3/ 2 2

dy b  x / a  dy  b The equation of the required tangents are

 e m =  dx  
dx a  0,b  a  y  1 and x  2 y  2  0
These two tangents interest at (0, 1)
8. Put x=0 in the curve find the point at that point find
equation of tangent y - b = -b/a(x-0) tangetnt and compare

11
 3
Given y2 = 5x -1 A(1, -2) differentiatew.r.t  x  2  3
2
9. y=
16
x
c2
dy 11. Find normal at (1, 0) and apply 2 ab
2y 5
dx
12. y  log 1  x 2  ,,
dy 5
tangent at A(1, -2) = 
dx 4
y1
13. Given  y1m  m  1
1 4 m

slope of normal m = 5 5 Equation of tangent y  4    x  3
4
tangents are x+y–7=0, x+y+1=0
4 49
2 radion of normal y + 2 = 5 (x-1 area with coordinate axis is
2
5y + 10 = 4x -4
14. Given longthe of subformal is cons tant
4x-5y -14 = 0
y m = k(say)
Comparing with ax - 5y + b = 0
a=4, b = -14 y du = l dx integrating

dy dy
10. Given   x  2   K  x  2 y2
dx dx = kx + c
2
 dy 
given  dx   3
10, 9
y2 = 2kx + c is a parabola

-3 = k(8) c2 dy c 2
15. xy = c2  y =  
x dx x 2
k = -3/8 length of subnormal = |y m|

yc 2 c 4
dy 3 =  3  xy  c 2 
  x  2  integrate on both sides x2 x
dx 8

3  x  2 
2 cube of abscissa
y=    C -----1 passes
8  2 

through (10, -9) 16. xyk = c2 P(x, y)

3 dy
4
x 64  c 2  C , c = 3 xK yk-1  yk  0
-9= dx
16

12
 dy  y 1 1 1 1
m=  0 22. Apply a  b  a  b
dx xk 1 1

23. x 2  y 2  a 2 is a circle with centre (0, 0)and

 y radius = a
Length of subtangent =   is a constant
m
x2 y2
x 2  y 2  a 2 ie.,   1 is hyperbola with
= xk a2 a2
transverse axis as the x–axis and ends of
2 transverse axis as A1   a, 0  A  a,0 
Kc
= is a constant if k = 0
yk 24. Given circus x2 + py2 = 1 and 9x2+y2 = 1

cuts or thogonally

17. Angle between the curves x 2  4ay and 1 1 1 1

condition a  a  b  b
1 2 1 2

 4a, 4a  is tan 1 
3
y 2  4ax at 
4
1 1 1 1
dy 1-    2
18. Find for the two curves m1 and m2 at q p 1 p q
dx
m1  m2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
2 
2, 2 then tan  
1  m1m2
25. 
a2 b2
1 and 
25 16
1 cuts or

1 thogonally
19. Slope of the first curve at (0, 0), m1  
2
Slope of the second curve at (0, 0), a2-25 = b2-16

20. Given y 2 = 2x ......(1) and x 2 +y 2 =8 a2-b2 = 9

...............2

dy
2y = 2 soluing 1 and 2
dx
 dy  1
m1 =  dx   x2 +2x-8 = 0, x = 2, y = 2
 2,2  2

dy
differentiate w.r.t.x 2x + 2y =0
dx

21. Point of intersection for two curves is (3, 2) and

3 2
m1  , m2 
2 3

13
 2 2 2
EXERCISE -III x  y  a passes through the origin then
3 3 3

1. The angle between the curves x 2  y 2  2a 2 1)    / 3 2)    / 6

3)    / 4 4)    / 2
and x 2  y 2  a 2 is
x
1)  / 4 2)  / 6 3)  / 3 4)  / 2 9. In the curve y  be a the
2. A : Angle between the curves y 2  x, y 2   x a) Subtangent is constant
at (0, 0). B : Angle between the curves b) Subnormal varies as the square of the ordinate
y  3x 2 ; y 2  2x at (0, 0) C : Angle between 1) Both a, b are correct 2) Only 'b' is correct
3) Only 'a' is correct 4) Both a, b are wrong
the curves y 2  4x, x 2  4y at (4, 4)
10. If the tangent at 1,1 on y 2  x  2  x 
2
Then the descending order of the above
values are meets the curve again at P, then P is
1) A,B,C 2) C,B,A 3) B,C,A 4) A,C,B  9 3
3. The angle between the curves 1)  4, 4  2)  1, 2  3)  ,  4)  0, 0 
 4 8
2 2
x2 y2 x y 11. The curve y  ax 3  bx 2  cx  8 touches
 2  1 and 2  2 1 is
a  k 1 b  k1
2
a  k2 b  k2
x-axis at P  2,0  and cuts the y-axis at a
  1  k 1 

1) 2) 3) 4) T an   point Q where its gradient is 3. The values of
6 3 2  k2 
4. The equations of the tangents at the origin to a , b, c are respectively..
the curve y2  x2(1x x2) are
5 1 1 1 1
1) y   x 2) y   2x 3) y   3x 4) x   2y 1)  , 3, 3 2) 0, ,3 3) , 0,3 4) ,  ,3
4 4 4 4 4
5. The equation of the common normal at the
point of contact of the curves 12. The point P on the curve x  a   sin   ,
x2 = y and x2 + y2-8y = 0
y  a 1  cos   , where the tangent is inclined
1) x = y 2) x = 0 3) y = 0 4) x + y = 0
6. If the parametric equations of a curve given 
at an angle to the x-axis is (EAM-2012)
by x  e cos t , y  e sin t , then the tangent to
t t
4
the curve at the point t   / 4 makes an angle        
with positive x-axis is 1)  a   1 , a 2)  a   1 , a
 2    2  
  
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
4 3 2   
7. The portion of the tangent to the curve 3)  a , a 4)  a, a 
 2 
a a  a2  y2 13. The normal to a curve at P  x, y  meets the
x  a  y  log
2 2

2 a  a2  y2 x-axis at G . If the distance of G from the ori-

intercepted between the curve and x - axis, is gin is twice the abscissa of P then the curve is
of length. a (an) (AIEEE-2007)
1) Ellipse 2) Parabola
a a
1) 2) | a | 3) 2 | a | 4) 3) Circle 4) Straight line
2 4 14. The equation of tangent to the curve
8. If the normal at the point P   of the curve
4
y  x that is parallel to x-axis is
x2
 (AIEEE-2010) 21. Area of the triangle formed by the tangent,
1) y  1 2) y  2 3) y  3 4) y  4 normal at (1,1) on the curve x  y  2 and
15. The normal to the curve x  a  cos   sin  , the y–axis is (in sq.units)
1
y  a  sin    cos   at any point  is such 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4) 4
2
that 22. The sum of the length of the sub-tangent and
1) it passes through origin tangent drawn at the point (x, y) on the curve
2) it passes through the point (1, 1)
 a 
 
y  a log x2  a 2 varies as
3) it passes through  , a 
 2  1) x 2 2) y 2 3) xy 4) y/x
4) it is at a constant distance from the origin 2
23. A curve is given by the equations x  sec  ,
16. A function y  f  x has a second 
y  cot  . If the tangent at P where  
4
derivative f ' '  x   6  x  1 . If its graph
meets the curve again at Q, then length of PQ
passes through the point  2,1 and at that is

point the tangent to the graph is y  3 x  5 5 3 5

1) 2) 3) 10 4) 20
2 2
then the function is
2 2 24. I. If the subnormal to the curve x.y n  an  1 is
1)  x  1 2)  x  1
constant then the value of n is -2.
3)  x  1
3
4)  x  1
3 II. The length of the subtangent, ordinate of a
point, (not the origin) length ofthe subnormal
17. The intercepts on x  axis made by tangents
on y 2  4ax are in G.P..
x
Which of the above statements is correct.
to the curve, y   t dt , x  R , which are paral-
0 1) Only I 2) Only II
lel to the line y  2 x , are equal to 3) Both I and II 4) neither I nor II
( MAINS - 2013 ) 25. I. If x  y  k is normal to y 2  12 x then k is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 3 6
2 2 II. If m is the slope of the tangent to the curve
18. If the curves y  4ax and xy  c cut
c4 e y  1  x 2 then m  1
orthogonally then 4 = 1) only I 2) only II
a
3) both I and II 4) neither I nor II
1) 4 2) 8 3) 16 4) 32
19. If the chord joining the points where x=p, x=q KEY
on the curve y = ax2 + bx + c is parallel to the 01) 1 02) 3 03) 3 04) 1 05) 2 06) 4
tangent drawn to the curve at(,) then  = 07) 2 08) 3 09) 1 10) 3 11) 1 12) 2
pq pq 13) 1 14) 3 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 4
1) 2pq 2) pq 3) 4) 19) 3 20) 1 21) 1 22) 3 23) 2 24) 3
2 2
25) 2
20. If the tangent to the curve 2y = ax +x at the
3 2 3

point (a,a) cuts off intercepts  and  on the

coordinate axes such that  2+  2 = 61 then a
=
1) 30 2) 5 3) 6 4) 61
15
 SOLUTIONS x x1

9. The given curve is y  be , y1  be a a

m1  m 2
1. tan   dy 
m  b a1
x
1  m1 m 2 e , L.S T= a
 dx  x1 , y1  a
m1  m2 x
2. tan   b a y 12
 y12
1  m1m2 L.S.N= 1 =
y .m y 1 . .e =
a a
1 1 1 1
3. Apply a  b  a  b
1 1
10. Equation of tangent is y  y1  m x  x1  
a 2  k1  b 2  k1  a 2  k 2  b 2  k 2 11. Put  2,0  in the curve

  dy   dy 
  3   0
a  b  a  b   2
2 2 2 2
 dx   0,8 ,  dx  P
  solve these
or use synopsis
dy
4. Since the curve passing through origin therefore
dy d
tangents at origin is obtaines by equating the low- m  1
12. dx dx
est degree terms of the equation is zero i.e.
d
y2  x2  0 , y  x
5. Common tangent is y=0  common normal is x=0 13. Equation of normal is y  y1  
1
m

x  x1 
dx dy
6.
dt
 et (cos t  sin t ) and
dt
 et (sin t  cos t )
 
G  x1  my1 ,0 , x1  my1  2 x1
dy dy / dt sin t  cos t  dy  dy
     
dx dx / dt cos t  sin t  dx  t   / 4 x y  2 x solve this
dx
 14. m  0
So, tangent at t  makes with axis of x the
4

15. Equation of normal is y  y1  
1
m

x  x1 
angle .
2 16. y ''  6  x  1
dx a2  y 2  dy  y1  dy 
7. dy  y
  
f '  x  3 x 1
2
 c1 ,  dx   3c1  0
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) a  y12
2
 2,1
3
f  x    x  1  c 2
2
y 2 y12 f '  x   3  x  1 ,
LT  1 1  m 2 ,  a  y12 . 1 a
m a2  y12 3
c2  0 , f  x    x  1
 dy  dy
2

dy  d  17.  x 2, y   tdt  2


8. dx  dx 
dx 0
  18. m 1 .m 2  1 , then eliminate x, y by using
 d 
given equations
19. A   p, ap 2  bp  c  , B   q, aq 2  bq  c 

16
  dy 
Slope  d x   2a   b
 ,  

Slope of AB  a  p  q   b
20. Find the equation of the tangent
1 m2  1
21.   2 x1
2

y1 y1 2
22. L .S .T  , L.T = m 1  m
m

 dy  1
23.     
 dx    2
4

The coordinates of P are (2, 1)

the equation of the tangent at P (2, 1) is
x 1
 x  2 y  4  0 ,  1  y2  y2 
x 1 x 1
1
 2 y 3  3 y 2  1  0 ,  y  1, y  
2
 1 3 5
The coordinates of Q = 5,   , PQ 
2   2
24. (i) 2m + n = 0
m = 1, n = n
y1
(ii) L .S .T 
m
L.S .N  y1m
25. I) m  1 , a  3 ,
 a 2a 
point of contact   2 ,  =  3,6 
m m 
3 6  k  k  9
2x
II) e y y '  2 x , y  m
'

1 x 2
m   1,1

17
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 6.The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on
2
 2 xy  3 y at the point
2
thenormal to the curve x
1.If the tangent to the curve, y = f (x) = log e x (2, 2) is [2020]
x, (x > 0) at a\point (c, f(c)) is parallel to the line
segement joining thepoints (1, 0) and (e, e), then c is 1) 2 2) 4 2
equal to [2020]
3) 2 4) 2 2
e 1  1 
1) 2) e
 
 e 1 
e 3
7. If the tangent to the curve, y = x + ax – b at the
 1  e point(1, –5) is perpendicular to the line, – x + y + 4 =
3) e
 
 1 e  4)
1 e 0, thenwhich one of the following points lies on the
curve? [2019]
(1) (–2, 1) (2) (–2, 2)
(3) (2, –1) (4) (2, –2)
2.Which of the following points lies on the tangent to
4 y
thecurve xe  2 y  1  3 at the point (1, 0)? 8.The tangent and the normal lines at the point ( 3,1 )
[2020] 2
x y
2
tothe circle  4 and the x-axis form a

(1) (2, 2) (2) (2, 6) triangle. The areaof this triangle (in square units) is
(3) (– 2, 6) (4) (– 2, 4)
4 1
1) 2) [2019]
3 3
3.If the lines x + y = a and x – y = b touch the curve 2 1
2 3) 4)
y x  3 x  2 at the points where the curve 3 3

a 9.The maximum area (in sq. units) of a rectangle

intersects thex-axis, then then s equal to _____.
b having itsbase on the x-axis and its other two vertices
[2020] 2

x
on the parabola,y = 12 – x such that the rectangle
4.If the tangent to the curve, y  e at a point (c, lies inside the parabola, [2019]
2
y
c
e )and thenormal to the parabola  4x at the (1) 36 (2) 20 2
point (1, 2) intersectat the same point on the x-axis, (3) 32 (4) 18 3
then the value of c is [2020]
10.If  denotes the acute angle between the curves
2 2
5.Let the normal at a point P on the y  10  x and y  2  x at a point of their
2 intersection, then |tan  | is equal to:
curve y  3x  y  10 intersect the y-axis at
2

 3 4 8
 0,  If m is the slope of thetangent at P to the
{1} {2}
 2 9 15
curve, then |m| is equal to -- [2020]

18
 7 8 SOLUTIONS
{3} {4}
17 17
1.

2 2
y  6 x,9 x  b y  16 intersect
2
11.If the curves
each otherat right angles, then the value of b is
[2018]

7
1) 2) 4
2

9
3) 4) 6
2

12. The eccentricity of an ellipse whose centre is at

1
the origin is If one of its directices is x = – 4, then
2
 3
the equation of the normal to it at  1,  is :
 2
[2018]

(1) x + 2y = 4 (2) 2y – x = 2
(3) 4x – 2y = 1 (4) 4x + 2y = 7
2.

KEY

1) 2 2) 3 3)0.50 4) 4 5) 4 6)4
7) 4 8) 3 9}3 10} 2 11}3
12}3

19
 5.

3.

4.

6.

20
 9.

7.

21
8.

11.

10.

22
12.

23
 RATE MEASURE

SYNOPSIS b) v  0  s increases
c) v  0  s decreases
 Derivative as the Rate of Change:
If a variable quantity y is a function of time t 2 3 2 2
t is rejected  t 
i.e., y  f  t  , then small change in time t 2 3
v) The rate of change in velocity is called the
have a corresponding change in y in y . acceleration of the particle at 't' and is denoted
y by a
Thus, the average rate of change   t
dv d  ds  d 2 s dv ds
a     2  .  v. dv
When limit  t  0 is applied, the rate of dt dt  dt  dt ds dt ds
change becomes instantaneous and we get the It is a vector . It is measured in units /Sec2
rate of change with respect to ‘t’at the instant a) a=0  velocity v becomes maximum
x. b) a>0  v increases. S Minimum
c) a<0  v decreases. S Maximum
 y dy
i.e., lim  d) A particle moving on a straight line comes
t 0  t dt
Hence, it is clear that the rate of change of any ds d 2s
to rest if 0 & 2 0
variable with respect to some other variable is dt dt
derivative of first variable with respect to other e) A particle moving on a straight line is at rest
variable.
ds d 2s
dx if 0 & 2 0
i) If x is any variable, represents the rate of dt dt
dt
f) A particle, projected vertically upwards,
change of x at time 't'.
ds
dy attains the maximum height when  0.
ii) If y = f(x), then is the rate of change of y dt
dx
 Retardation : If the acceleration of a particle
w.r.t. x .
is negative, it is called Retardation.
iii) If ‘s’ is the distance travelled by a particle in
time t. The relation between s and t can be  Angular velocity and angular acceleration:
expressed as s = f(t).
If P is any point which moves
ds
iv) v  is the rate of change of displacement is
dt on a curve and  is the angle made by OP with
called velocity.It is a vector, measured in unit
the positive direction of the initial line OX ,
per second.
a) v  0  the particle moving on a straight d
the angular velocity of P at O= .It is denoted
line comes to rest and the distances becomes dt
maximum where it changes its direction after
by  .
v0

24
 i) The angular acceleration of P at O is 5. A particle moves along a line by

d 2 d 1
 s  t 3  3t 2  8t  5 , it changes its direction
dt 2
dt 3
when
ii) The equations of motion of a particle p(x,y) on 1) t = 1, t = 2 2) t = 2, t = 4
a plane curve are given by x = f(t), y = g(t) then the
3) t = 0, t = 4 4) t = 2, t = 3
velocity of the particle is given
6. The displacement 's' of a particle measured
ds from a fixed point 'O' on a line is given
 f '  t     g '  t  
2 2
by 
dt by s  16  48t  t 3 . After 4sec, the direction
of motion of the particle.
iii) The equations of motion of a particle p(x,y) on
1) is towards 'O' 2) is away from 'O'
3) is at rest 4) is at ‘O’
a plane curve are given by x = f(t),
7. A stone is thrown vertically upwards and the
height reached by it in time t is given by
y = g(t) then the acceleration of the particle is
S  80t  16t 2 then the stone reaches the
given by d 2 s maximum height in time t =
 f " t    g "t 
2 2
 1) 2 sec 2) 2.5 sec 3) 3 sec 4) 3.5 sec
dt 2
8. A particle moves along a line by
EXERCISE - I s  t 3  9t 2  24t , then S is decreasing when
t
1. A particle moves along a straight line 1)  2, 4  2)  , 2    4,  
3)  , 2 4)  4,  
according to the equation 9. The displacement of a particle in time 't' is
s  8cos 2t  4sin t . The initial velocity is given by S  t 3  t 2  8t  18 .The acceleration
1) -5 units/sec 2) -4units/sec of the particle when its velocity vanishes is
1) 15 units/sec2 2) 10 units/sec2
3) 4 units/sec 4) 5 units/sec
3) 5 units/sec2 4) 20 units/sec2
2. The motion of a particle along a straight line 10. If k is the diameter of a circle and A is the
is given by v 2  u 2  90 s . If the particle area of a sector of the circle whose vertical
starts from rest, then the acceleration is dA
angle is  then 
1) 15 units/sec2 2) 30 units/sec2 dt

3) 45 units/sec2 4) 75 units/sec2 k 2  d   k 2   d  d  d 
1)   2)  4  dt  3) 4) k  
3. If the distance s travelled by a particle in 8  dt     dt  dt 
time t is given by s  t 2  2t  5 then its 11. The rate of change of area of a square plate
acceleration is [EAM-2011] is equal to that of the rate of change of its
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 perimeter. Then length of the side is
1) 2 units 2) 3 units 3) 4 units 4) 6 units
4. The distance moved by the particle in time 12. The relation between P and V is given by
't' is given by S  t 3  12t 2  6t  8 . At the 1

instant, when its acceleration is zero. The PV 4  constant. If the percentage decrease
velocity is 1
in V is then percentage increase in ‘P’ is
1) 42 2) -42 3) 48 4) -48 2
1) -1/8 2) 1/16 3) 1/8 4) 1/2

25
13. An angle  through which a pulley turns EXERCISE - II
with time ‘t’ is completed by 1. If the distance travelled by a particle
  t 2  3t  5 sq.cms /min Then the angular is x  pt 2  2 qt  r then the acceleration is
velocity for t = 5sec.
proportional to
1) 5c /sec 2) 13c /sec 3) 23c /sec 4) 35c/sec
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
KEY x x2 x x3
01) 3 02) 3 03) 3 04) 2 05) 2 06) 1 2. The position of a point in time “t” is given
07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 1 11) 1 12) 3 by x  a  bt  ct 2 , y  at  bt .
2
Its
13) 2
acceleration at time “t” is
SOLUTIONS 1) b  c 2) b  c
1. V  16sin 2t  4cos t , t  0  V  4 3) 2b  2c 4) 2 b 2  c 2
ds 3. A particle ‘p’ moves along a straight line
2. V 2  u 2  90s , 2V .a  90  u  0   a  45
dt away from a fixed point ‘O’obeying the
relation S  16  48t  t . The direction of ‘P’
3

dv d 2 s
3. a   aftert  4 is 
dt dt 2 1) OP 2) PO 
4. a = 0,  t  4 , v  3t 2  24t  6  42 3) Rest at the instant 4) Perpendicular to OP
4. The velocity v of a particle is given by
5. V  t 2  6t  8 , v  0  t  2, t  4
v 2  s 2  4 s  4 . The acceleration of the
6. V  0  t  4 ,If t=4  V=0 particle when it is 30 cms away from the
After t = 4 means we should put t = 5. starting point is
ds 1) 30 cms/sec2 2) 32 cms/sec2
7. S  80t 16t 2 , V   80  32t 3) 34 cms/sec2 4) 35 cms/sec2
dt
5. If a particle moving along a line following
maximum height  V  0 , t  5 / 2  2.5sec the law t  ps 2  qs  r then the retardation
8. Solve V  0 of the particle is proportional to
1) Square of displacement
4
9. V  0  t  2 or  , a  6t  2 ; at t= 2 2) Square of velocity
3 3) Cube of displacement
 a  10 4) Cube of velocity
6. The equation of motion of a particle p(x,y) on a
1 2 k 2
10. k  2r , A  r plane are given by x  4  b cos t , y  5  b sin t .
2 8 Its velocity at time 't' is
d d 1) 4 2) 5 3) b 4) tan t
11. (area) = (perimeter) 7. A stone projected vertically upwards raises
dt dt
's' feets in 't' seconds where s  112t  16t .
2
V 1
12. Given PV 14  constant &  100   Then maximum height it reached is
V 2
1) 195 ft 2) 194 ft 3) 196 ft 4) 216 ft
Take log on both sides and diff. 8. A particle moves along a line OA which is at
P 1 V 1
  100     100  t3
a distance 5 cm from O where s  6t  ,
2
P 4 V 8
2
d then the greatest velocity along OA is
13.   t 2  3t  5 ,  2t  3
dt 1) 32cm/s 2) 24 cm/s 3) 18cm/s 4) 19 cm/s

26
 9. If the velocity v of a particle varies as the
square of its displacement x then the
acceleration varies as
1) x2 2) x3 3) v2 4) v3
10. A particle moves along the curve
y  x 2  2 x then the point on the curve such
that x and y coordinates of the particle
change with the same rate is [EAM-2009]
1)(1,3) 2) (1/2,3/4) 3) (-1/2,-3/4) 4) (-1,-1)
11. The point on the ellipse 16 x 2  9 y 2  400 ,
at which the ordinate decreases at the same
rate at which the abscissa increases is
16. An angle is increasing at a constant rate. The
rate of increase of tan when the angle is  / 3
is
1) 4 times the increase of sine
2) 8 times the increase of cosine
3) 8 times the increase of sine
4) 4 times the increase of cosine
17. The volume of metallic hallow sphere is
constant. If the outer radius is increasing at
the rate of V cm/sec. Then the rate at which
the inner radius increasing when the radii
are a  d, a is
V a  d
V a  d
2

1) 2)
 16   16   16   16  a2 a
1)  3,  2)  3,  3)  3,  4)  4, 
 3   3   3   3 
3) V  a  d  4) a  d
12. The area of an equilateral triangle of side
'a' feet is increasing at the rate of 4 sq.ft./ 18. In a simple pendulum, if the rate of change
sec. The rate at which the perimeter is in the time period is equal to the rate of
increasing is change in the length then the length of the
pendulum is
3 8 8 3 3 2 3
1) 2) 3) 4)  2
2 a a a 1) g 2) g 3)  2 g 4)  g 2
13. A car starts from rest and attains the speed
of 1 km/hr and 2 k.ms/hr at the end of 1st 19. The side of an equilateral triangle expands
and 2nd minutes. If the car moves on a at the rate of 2 cms/sec. The rate of increase
straight road, the distance travelled in 2 of its area when each side is 10cms. is
minutes is 1) 10 2 sq.cms/sec 2) 10 3 sq.cms/sec
1 1 3) 10 sq.cms/sec 4) 5 sq.cms/sec
1) km 2) km 3) 15 km 4) 20 km
4 30 20. Two cars started from a place one moving
due east and the other due north with equal
14. A point is moving along y3  27x . The
speed V. Then the rate at which they were
interval in which the abscissa changes at being seperated from each other is
slower rate than ordinate is
2 V 1
1)  2, 2  2)  ,   1) 2) 3) 4) 2V
V 2 2V
3)  1,1 4)  , 3   3,   21. A point p moves with an angular velocity 2
radians/sec on the circumference of a circle
15. A point 'P' is moving with constant velocity with centre O and radius 2 cms. PM is
V along a line AB. O is a point on the line perpendicular to the diameter of the circle
perpendicular to AB at A and at a distance
such that POM   .If the velocity of the
“ l ” from A. The Angular velocity of P about
O is point M is zero, then values of  aree

lv lv lv 2 op 2     3
1) op 2) op 2 3) op 4) 1) 0,  2) , 3) , 4) ,
lv 2 3 6 4 4

27
22. A variable triangle is inscribed in a circle of ds 3
radius R. If the rate of change of a side is R 8. V   12t  t 2 , a 123t 0, t=4
dt 2
times the rate of change of the opposite angle,
then the opposite angle is 3
v  12.4  16  =24
2
   
1) 2) 3) 4) 9. V  x 2 , V  k x 2 ..... (1)
6 4 3 2

a  k .2 x.kx 2 from (1),   2k  x  a  x3

23. At a given instant, the sides OA and OB of a 2 3

right angled triangle AOB are 8 cm and 6

cms respectively. If OA increases at the rate dy dx 1 3
10. We have   2x  2  x ; y
of 2 cm/sec and OB decreases at the rate of dt dt 2 4
1 cm/sec, the rate of decrease of the area of d y d x
AOB after 2 seconds is 11. d t  dt
1) 2 sq cm/sec 2) 1 sq cm/sec
dA dc
3) 3 sq cm/sec 4) 4 sq cm/sec 12. x  a ft ,  4sq. ft / sec ,  ?
dt dt
KEY use 12 3A  C 2
01) 4 02) 4 03) 2 04) 2 05) 4 06) 3 1 2
07) 3 08) 2 09) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 2 13. s  ut  at , v  u  at  v    at
2
13) 2 14) 3 15) 2 16) 3 17) 1 18) 2
1
19) 2 20) 4 21) 1 22) 3 23) 1 a  1km / h  km / min,
60
SOLUTIONS 1
v  2kmph  km / min
1. Squaring and then differentiate two times 30
2. Hint: Resultant Acceleration = 1
v 2   2  2as  s 
2 2 30
 d 2x   d 2 y 
 2   2  dx dy
 dt   dt  14.   y   3,3  x   1,1
dt dt
3. s  16  48t  t 3 , t  4  s  144 x d 1 dx V
t  5, s  131 , So it move to words O
15. tan    sec2  .   
l dt l dt l

dv ds ds dv d V V l2 Vl
4. 2v  2s  4 ,   s  2   cos 2  .   2  2
dt dt dt dt dt l l op op
s =30, a = 30+2 = 32 d 
16.  k , If   ,
5. diff. two times dt 3
d d
ds
2
 dx   dy 
    
2
 tan   sec2  
6. dt dt
dt  dt   dt 
d  1 d  d 
 4  8    8   sin  
7 dt  2 dt   dt 
7. v  112  32t  0 , t 
2
17. Outer radius = R1 , Inner radius = R2
2
7 7 4 dR dR
max. height  112.  16   =196 V    R13  R23  , 0  3R12 . 1  3R22 . 2
2 2 3 dt dt

28
 3. A ladder AB of 10 mts long moves with its ends
 dR 2
on the axes. When the end A is 6 mts from
R . 1 1
dR  dt  , the origin, it moves away from it at 2mts/
 2 
dt R22 minute. The rate of increase of the area
of the OAB is... sq.mts / min
V a  d 
2

 4 8 14 7
a2 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 2
l dT dl 4. A is a fixed point on the circumference of a
18. T  2 g , dt  dt circle with centre '0' and radius 'r', A particle
starts at A and moves on the circumference
dx 3 2 with an angular velocity 4 radians/sec. If PM
19.  2 Cm/sec, x=10, A  x
dt 4 is perpendicular to OA and POM   / 3 ,
then the rate at which area of
dA
 10 3 sqcm/sec POM decreases is
dt
r2
dS 1) sq. cms / sec 2) r 2 sq. cms / sec
20. S  x 2  x 2 S  2 x   2V 2
dt
3r 2
d  OM  3) sq. cms / sec 4) 2r 2 sq. cms / sec
21. OM  cos , 0 2
dt
5. A source of light is hung h mts., directly
4 dr r dr 2
above a straight horizontal path on which a
22.   r13  r23   C  1  . 2 2
2 boy 'a' mts., in height is walking. If a boy
3 dt r dt 1
walks at a rate of b mts/sec. from the light
23. Given OA  8 , OB  6 then the rate at which his shadow increases.
after 2 seconds OA  12 , OB  4
ab ab
1) mt / sec 2) mt / sec
1 d  1  dy dx  ha ha
  Area  xy ,   x.  y. 
2 dt 2  dt dt  ab ab
3) 2  h  a  mt / sec 4) 2  h  a  mt / sec
1
 12  1  4  2   2
2 6. The slant height of a cone is fixed at 7cm.
The rate of increase in the volume of the cone
EXERCISE - III corresponding to the rate of increase of 0.3
1. The volume of a ball increases at 2 c.c / sec . cm/s in the height when h = 4cm is
The rate of increase of radius when the  3  7
1) cc / s 2) cc / s 3) cc / s 4) cc / s
volume is 288 c.cms is [E-2012] 10 10 5 10
1) 1/36 cm/sec 2) 1/72 cm/sec 7. A kite flying at a height 'h' mts has “x”
3) 1/18 cm/sec 4) 1/9 cm/sec meters of string paid out at a time t seconds.
2. A particle moving on a straight line so that If the kite moves horizontally with constant
its distnace 's' from a fixed point at any time velocity v mts/sec. Then the rate at which the
string is paid out is
't' is proportional to ' t n ' if 'v' be the velocity
and 'a' the acceleration at any time then x 2  h2
1) mt / sec 2) x 2  h 2 mt / sec
nas v

 n  1 v x2  h2 x 2  h2
3) mt / sec 4) mt / sec
1) v 2) v2 3) v3 4) 2v x h

29
 8. A wheel rotates so that the angle of rotation which the radius of the balloon decreases 49
is proportional to the square of the time. The min af ter the leak age began is (AIE- 2012)
first revolution was performed by the wheel 9 7 2 9
for 8 seconds the angular velocity at this time 1) 2) 3) 4)
is 7 9 9 2
14. A lamp of negligible height is placed on the
1)  rad / sec 2) 2 rad / sec ground l1 away from a wall. A man l2 m tall
  l1
3) rad / sec 4) rad / sec m / s from the
2 3 is walking at a speed of
10
9. A is an end of diameter of a cirlce with centre lamp to the nearest point on the wall. When
O and radius 2 units. If a particle 'p' starting he is midway between the lamp and the wall.
from A moves on a circle with angular the rate of change in the length of this
velocity 4 radians/sec and M is the foot of shadow on the wall is
the perpendicular of 'p' on the diameter then 5l2 2l2
the rate at which M moving on the diameter 1)  m/s 2)  m/s
2 5
when it is at a distance of 1 unit from O is
l2 l2
1) 4 3 units/sec 2) - 4 3 units/sec 3)  m/s 4)  m/s
2 5
3) 4 units/sec 4) -4 units/sec KEY
10. Two cars are travelling along two roads 01) 2 02) 2 03) 4 04) 2 05) 1 06) 1
which cross each other at right angles at A. 07) 3 08) 3 09) 2 10) 3 11) 2 12) 4
One car is travelling towards A at 21 kmph 13)3 14) 2
and the other is travelling towards A at 28
kmph. If initially their distances from A are SOLUTIONS
1500 km and 2100 km respectively, then the dv 4
nearest distance them is 1.  2 c.c / sec , V  288 ,  r 3  288 ,
dt 3
1) 30 2) 45 3) 60 4) 75
d 4 3 4 2 dr
11. A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight r 6    r    .3r
dt  3  3 dt
up with a launch velocity of 160m/sec. It
reaches a height of s  160t  16t 2 after t sec. dr 1
 
The velocity of the rock when it is 256 m dt 72
2. S  t n  s  k  t n  , differentiate
above the ground on the way up is
1) 98 m/s 2) 96 m/s 3) 104 m/s 4) 48 m/s
12. A body falling from rest under gravity passes dx dy
3. x2  y 2  100  y  8mts , x  y 0
a certain point P. It was a distance of400 m dt dt
from P, 4sec prior to passing through P. If dy 3 1
 mts / min , A  xy
g  10m / sec 2 , then the height above the dt 2 2

point “P” from where the body began to fall dA 1  dy dx  7

  x  y   sq.mts / min
is (AIE-2006) dt 2  dt dt  2
1) 900 m 2) 320 m 3) 680 m 4) 720 m 1
4. O M = r cos  , P M = r sin  , A   OM  PM 
13. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500  2
cu.m of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon
dA r 2 d
causes the gas to escape at the rate of   2cos2   r 2
dt 4 dt
72  cu.m/ min, then the rate (in m/min) at

30
  t 2   t  4   80  t  12sec
a y 2
5.   ax  ay  hy
h x y
1
g  t  4   320 m 7
2
dy dy ab h 
  h  a   ab   2
dt dt  h  a 
Hence, total distance  320  400  720 m
1 1
6. V   r h    l  h  h 4 3
2 2 2

3 3 13. Volume of the balloon v  r

3
1 dv 1 dh
   l 2 h  h3      l 2  3h2  dv
3 dt 3 dt dr
dr dt
dx       1 Now, to find
dt
7. x 2  y 2  h 2  x  v. y dt 4r 2
dt
dv
dx vy v x 2  h 2 at t  49 min , we require the radius(r) at
   dt
dt x x
dv
2  that stage  72m 3 / min .
8.   t 2    kt 2 (k constant), k  k  dt
64 32
Also, amount of volume lost in 49 min
d  
 k .2t   2  8  R / sec  72 49m 3  3528m 3
dt 32 2
Final volume at the end of 49 min
ds  4500  3528  972m 3
9. V  0
dt If r is the radius at the end of 49min, then
10. If t is the time.
4 3
r  972  r  9
f  t   1500  21t    2100  28t 
2 2
3
f '  t   0  42 1500  21t  dr dv / dt
But 
516 dt 4r 2
 56  2100  28t   0  t 
7  dr  72 2
    m / min
 dt  t  49 4  9 
2
9
f  t   1500  1548    2100  2064   3600
2 2

 The minimum distance is 60. A

ds
11. v   160  32t . We now find values of t for Q
dt 14.
which s  t   256. So , 160t  16t 2  256 B P O

t  2, t  8 , v  2   96, v  8   96
l1

So the velocity on the way up in 96 m / s

Let BP  x . from similar  ' s property. we get
12. Let the body is at a height h1 at a time ‘t’
AO l2 ll d  AO  l1l2 dx
and is at a height “h” at a time  t  4  from l1

x
 AO  1 2   2 ,
x dt x dt
above.
l1 d  AO  2l
1 2 1 when x  ,   2 m/s
h 1  h  400  gt  g  t  4   400
2
2 dt 5
2 2

31
 ERRORS &
APPROXIMATIONS
SYNOPSIS  Sector :If r is the radius, l is the length of
the arc and  is the angle , p is the perimeter
 If y  f  x  ,  x is any change in x then the and A is the area of a sector, then
corresponding change in y is  y . It is given by i) l  r
ii) p  l  2r or p  r  2r  r   2 
 y  f  x   x  f  x
1 1
 dy  iii) A  lr or A  r 2
   x is called differential of y It is denoted 2 2
 dx   Cube: If x is the side , S is the surface area
by dy or df. and V is the volume of a cube then
 dy  f  x   x
1 S  6 x 2 ; V  x3
 Sphere: If r is the radius , S is the surface
 The approximate value of the function is area V is the volume of a sphere then
f  x   x   f  x   f 1  x  x 4 3
S  4 r 2 ; V  3  r
  y  dy
 Cylinder : If r is the radius (of cross section)
Error, Relative Error, Percentage Error:
h is the height , L is the lateral surface area, S
 Let y=f( x ) be a function defined on an interval is the total surface area, V is the volume of a
A and x  A . Let  x be any change in x and cylinder (right circular) then
L  2 rh , S  2 rh  2 r 2 , V   r 2 h
 y be the corresponding change in y.Then  Cone : If r is the base radius , h is the height,
i)  y is called error in y. l is the slant height ,  is the semivertical angle
y  is the vertical angle , L is the lateral surface
ii) is called relative error in y. area , S is the total surface area and V is the
y
y volume of a (right circular ) cone then
iii) X 100 is called percentage error in y. r
y i) l 2  r 2  h 2 ii) Tan 
 If y  f  x   K .x n then the approximate h
iii)   2
relative error (or percentage error) in y is 'n'
iv) L   rl (or) L   r r 2  h 2
times the relative error (or percentage error) in
1 2
x where n and k are constants. v) S   rl   r 2 vi) V   r h
3
 Circle If r is the radius , x is the diameter , p is  Simple pendulum :If l is the length, T is
perimeter (circumference ) and A is the area of the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
a circle then and g is the acceleration due to gravity then,
i) x = 2r T  2 l / g
ii) p  2 r or p   x  An electric current 'C' is measured by tangent
galvonometer. If  is the deflection of the
 x2
iii) A   r or A=
2 galvonometer then C  Tan
4

1
 EXERCISE - I 13. Pressure P and Volume V of a gas are
1
1. If f(x)= 3x 2  x where x =1 and  x  0.02
connected by the relation PV 4  C
then  f = (constant). The percentage increase in p
1) 0.1012 2) 1.012 3) 0.101 4) 0.1 1
2. The approximate value of 50 is corresponding to a diminition of % in the
2
1) 7.0704 2) 7.0741 3) 7.0714 4) 7.0785 volume is
3. The approximate value is cos 610 is 1 1 1 1
1) 0.4848 2) 0.4849 3) 0.4948 4) 0.5059 1) 2) 3) 4)
4. If 10 =0.01745 radians .Then the 2 4 8 16
14. The voltage E of a thermo couple as a function
approximate value of tan 460 is of temperature T is given by
1) 1.0259 2) 1.0394 3) 1.0349 4) 1.0493
5. ABC is not a right angled and is inscribed E  6.2T  0.0002T 3 when T changes from
in a fixed circle . If a, A,b,B be slightly varied 1000 to 1010 the approximate change in E is
a b 1) 12 2) 12.1 3) 12.12 4)12.2
keeping c, C fixed then   15. If there is an error of 0.04cm in the
cos A cosB
1) 2 2)1 3)0 4)5 measurement of the diameter of sphere then
6. If the sides of ABC are changed slightly the percentage error in its volume, when
but its circum radius remains constant then radius is 10 cm (EAM-2014)
a b c 1) 1.2 2) 0.06 3) 0.006 4) 0.6
   16. The circumference of a circle is measured
cos A cos B cos C
1) 0 2) a+b+c 3) A+B+C 4) 2R as 28cm with an error of 0.01 cms. Then the
7. The diameter of a circle found by percentage error in the area of the circle is
measurement 5.2cms with a maximum error 2 1 2 1
0.05cms. The maximum error in its area is 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) 4.1 sq cms 2) 0.041 sq.cms 21 7 7 14
3) 0.41 sq.cms 4) 0.5 sq.cms 17. If there is an error of 0.01% in the radius
8. A circular plate expands when heated from of a sphere then the percentage error in its
a radius of 5cms to 5.06 cm then the volume
percentage increase in its area is 1) 0.005 cu.cms 2) 0.05 cu.cms
1) 0.6 2) 1.2 3) 2.4 4) 0.12 3) 0.03 cu.cms 4) 0.2 cu.cms
9. When the radius of a sphere decreases from 18. If the length of simplependulum decreases
3 cm to 2.98 cm then the approximate by 3% then the percentage error in the
decrease in volume of sphere is period T is decreased by
1) 0.002  cm3 2) 0.072  cm3 1) 2 2) 2.5 3) 1.8 4) 1.5
3) 0.72  cm 3
4) 0.008 cm3 19. The pressure p and volume v of a gas are
 1  connected by the relation PV=C (constant).
10. If an error of   % is made in measuring If  p and  v are the errors respectively in p
 10 
the radius of a sphere then percentage error C . v
in its volume is and v.Then the approximate value of 2 is
1) 0.3 2) 0.03 3) 0.003 4) 0.0003 v
11. The area of square is 9sq cms and the error 1 1
in its is 0.02 sq.cm The percentage error in 1)  p 2)  p 3) 4)
p p
the measurement of the length of the
diagonal of the square is
KEY
2 1 4 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 01) 1 02) 3 03) 2 04) 3 05) 3 06) 1
9 9 9 3
12. The height of a cylinder is equal to its radius. 07) 3 08) 3 09) 3 10) 1 11) 2 12) 3
If an error of 1% is made in its height. Then 13) 3 14) 4 15) 4 16) 4 17) 3 18) 4
the percentage error in its volume is 19) 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

2
 SOLUTIONS 4 3
17. V   r  V %  3r %
1.  f  f  x   x   f  x  3
2. f  x   x , x  49,  x  1 
18. T  2
f  x   x  f  x  f 1  x x g
19. pv  c  p v  v p  0
3. f  x   cos x, x  60,  x  10
v v
f  x   x  f  x  f 1  x x c 2
p   p
v v
4. f  x   tan x, x  45 ,  x  1
0 0

5. A  B  C  180 EXERCISE - II
 a  2 R cos A A,  b  2 R cos B B
1. The radius and height of a cone are measured
a  2 R sin A, b  2 R sin B ,  A   B  0 as 6cms each by scale in which there is an
6. A  B  C  1800 ,  A   B   C  0 error of 0.01 cm in each cm. Then the
a  2 R sin A , b  2R sin B , c  2r sin C approximate error in its volume is
 a  2R cos A A ,  b  2R cos B B 1) 216 c.c 2) 2.16 c.c
a 3) 21.6 c.c 4) 0.216 c.c
 c  2R cos C C , cos A  2 R A,
2. The height and slant height of a cone are
b c measured as 15cms and 25cms. Errors 2%
 2 R B,  2R C,
cos B cos C are to allowed in both of these lengths. The
a b c possible error in its volume is
   2R  A   B   C   2R 0  0
cos A cos B cos C 1) 30  c.c 2) 60  c.c

7.  A  dA, A  x , x  dia meter 3) 100  c.c 4) 120  c.c
2

4
3. If there is an error 0.04 sq.cms in the surface
8. A   r 2 , r  5,  r  0.06
area of a sphere then the error in its volume
4 3 when the radius is 30cms is
9. V   r , r  3,  r  0.02,  v  dv
3 1) 0.06.c.c 2) 0.006c.c
10. V %  3  S % 
3) 0.6 c.c 4) 0.0006 c.c
11. A=9,   2x ,  A  0.02 , A  x 2 4. The area of triangle is measured in terms of
2 1A b,c, A. If A= 630 and there is an error of 151
A  , 1%   100
2 2 A in A; the percentage error in the area is
12. h  r and v   h3 , V %  3  h%  5 
1) cot 630 2) cot 630
 1   1  36 36
13. P %      2 4
 2  4  cot 630 cot 630
3) 4)
14. T  1000 ,  T  1 ,  E  6.2 T  0.0006T 2 . T 36 36
0.04 5. In a triangle ABC, the sides b,c are given . If
15. Given r    0.02; r  10 there is an error  A in measuring angle A.
2
Then error  a in the side a is
4 3
Volume , V   r . A 2. A 3. A
3 1) 2) 3) bc sin A A 4)
Take log on both sides & diff. 2a a a
V r 6. If there are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% errors in
  100  3.  100  0.6
V r r , r1 , r2 , r3 then find the % error in area of
 c  100 triangle
16. 4 A  c 2 , A%  2 1) 10 2) 5 3) 6 4) 8
c

3
7. The focal length of a mirror is given by 15. In an acute angled triangle ABC, if sides a, b
1 1 2 be constants and the base angles A and B
  . If equal errors  are made in
v u f vary then
measuring u and v. Then relative error in f
is (EAM-2013) A B
1) 
2 1 1 1 1 3 a 2  b 2 sin 2 A b 2  a 2 sin 2 B
1) 2)     3)     4) A B
  u v  
u v   
8. A balloon is in the form of right circular 2)
b  a sin A
2 2 2
a  b 2 sin 2 B
2
cylinder of radius 1.5 m and length 4m and
is surmounted by hemispherical ends. If the A B
3) 
radius is increased by 0.01 m and the length a sin A  b
2 2 2
a sin 2 B  b 2
2
by 0.05m, the percentage change in the
volume of the balloon is A B
4) 
1) 2.389 2) 2.489 3) 2.0389 4) 2.589 a 2  b 2 sin 2 A b 2  a 2 sin 2 B
9. The radius of a cylinder is half of its height. 16. With the usual meaning for a, b, c and s if 
Error in the measurement of the raidus is be the area of a triangle then the error in 
0.5% then percentage error in its surface resulting from a small error in the
area is measurement of c, is
1) 5 2) 1 3) 1.5 4) 2
1 1 1 1 
10. The distance S travelled by a particle is 1)      c
4  s s a s b s c 
1 2
calculated using the formula S  ut  at .
2 11 1 1 1 
If there is 1% error in t, the approximate 2) 4  s  s  a  s  b  s  c   c
 
percentage error in S is
 u  at   u  at 1 1 1 1 
1)  2u  at  2) 2  2u  at  3) 4  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
     
1  u  at   u  at 
3) 2  2u  at  4)  3u  at  1 1 1 1 
    4)  s  s  a  s  b  s  c   c
 
11. The maximum error in T due to possible
errors upto 1% in l and 2.5% in g where 17. Which of the following statements are true
period T of a simple pendulum is
I: In ABC ,b,c are fixed and error in A is
T  2 l / g
1) 1.75% 2) 1.57% 3) 1.68% 4) 1.73% 2  . A
 A then error is a  a
12. The approximate value of  0.007 
1/3

II: If semi vertical angle of a cone is 450 then

1) 0.1919 2) 0.1619 3) 0.1816 4) 0.1716
error in volume is base area times of error
13. The approximate value of in radius
1.97    4.02    3.98
2 2 2
1) only I 2) only II
1) 5.99 2) 5.099 3) 5.009 4) 5.734 3) both I and II 4) neither I nor II
14. The approximate value of KEY
 3.92  2
 3  2.1 
4 1/6
01) 4 02) 1 03) 2 04) 3 05) 2 06) 2
07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1
1) 2.0466 2) 2.755 3) 2.345 4) 2.732 13) 1 14) 1 15) 1 16) 1 17) 3

4
 SOLUTIONS 16.   s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2h 2l 1
1. h  15cm,  h  , l  25cm   l  , log   [(log s  log  s  a 
100 100 2
1 
v   r 2h ,  v 
3 3
 r 2  h  h .2 r  r   log  s  b   log  s  c ] , S 
abc
2
1 17. i. use a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A
2. Area S  bc sin A, A  63 ,  A  15
0 1

2
1 2
15   s ii.   450 , r  h , v   r h
  ,  100  cot A  A  100 3
60 180 s
15  5 1
 cot 63   100  cot 630 v   r 3   v   r 2 r
60 180 36 3
3. r  h  6cm   r   h  6  0.01  0.06cm
1
V   r 3   V   r 2 r
3
3
1
4. v  s2
6 
5. a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A , 2a a  2bc sin A A

6.  2  rr1r2 r3 , 2%  r %  r1 %  r2 %  r3 %

7.  x   v    1  v  1  u  2  f
v2 u2 f2
2 3 2 3
8. Volume V   r h   r   r
2

3 3
4 v
  r 2 h   r 3 , Find  100
3 v
h
9. r  , s  2 rh  2 r
2

2
r %  0.5% s  6 r 2 , s%  2r %
10. taking logarithms and differentiate
11. T  2 l / g
log T  log 2  1/ 2log l  1/ 2 log g
12. f  x1/3 , taking x  0.008 , x  0.001
13. f  x 2  y 2  z 2 , taking
x  2, y  4, z  4
x  0.03, y  0.02, z  0.02
14. x  4, y  2 , x  0.08, y  0.1
f   x2  3 y4 
1/6

a b
15.  differentiate
sin A sin B

5
 MEAN VALUE
THEOREMS
SYNOPSIS
Rolle's Theorem :
 If a function f :  a, b   R is such that
i) f is continuous on  a, b
ii) f is derivable on (a, b) and
iii) f(a) = f(b) then there exists atleast one value 'c'
of x in the interval  a, b  such that
'(c) = 0.
Geometrical Interpretation of Rolle's
Theorem :
 If f : a, b  R be a function satisfying the three
conditions of Rolle's theorem. Then the graph of y
= f(x) is such that
i) it is continuous curve from the point
A(a, f(a)) to the point B(b, f(b)).
ii) It is a curve having unique tangent line at every
intermediate point between A and B and
iii) The ordinates f(a), f(b) at the end points A, B are
equal.
By Rolle's theorem there is atleast one
c  (a, b) such that f '(c) = 0.
 There is atleast one point C(c, f(c)) between A
and B on the curve at which the tangent line is
parallel to the x-axis.
Y
P R
A B
f(b)
Q S
O  f '(c)
L M
(iii)
Note :
 The conditions of the Rolle's theorem for f  x  on
a, b are only sufficient but not neccessary for
f   x  to vanish at some point in (a, b).That is
i) If f  x  satisfies the conditions of the Rolle's
theorem in  a, b then the theorem guarantees the
f
existance of at least one point
c   a, b   f   c   0 .
ii) Even if function f does not satisfy the conditions
of Rolle' s theorem in  a, b there may exist points
x   a, b  at which f   x  vanishes
Ex: Let f  x   x  sin x, x   ,5  . Clearly
f    f  5 
But f   x   1  cos x  0
at x  2 , 4   ,5  .
Another form of Rolle's theorem :
 If f :  a, a  h   R is such that
i) f is continuous on  a,a  h 
ii) f is derivable on (a, a+h) and
iii) f(a) = f(a+h) then there exists at least one number
 (0 <  < 1)
such that f '(a  h)  0 .
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (or) First
Mean Value Theorem :
 If a function f(x) is such that f :  a, b   R
i) It is continuous on  a, b
ii) It is derivable in (a, b), then there exists at least
one value 'c' of x in (a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a)
ba
6
Geometrical Interpretation of Lagrange's 1  c  1  1,1
2

Theorem : c  3  
3 3 3
 Let f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the two Another form of Lagrange's Mean Value
conditions of lagrange's theorem. Then the graph Theorem :
of y  f (x) is such that  If a function f :  a, a  h   R is such that
i) it is continuous curve from the point
i) f is continuous on  a,a  h  and
A(a, f(a)) to the point B(b, f(b)) and
ii) It is a curve having unique tangent line at every ii) f is derivable on (a, a+h) then there exists at least
intermediate point between A and B. one number  (0<  <1) such that
f (b)  f (a) f (a  h)  f (a)  h f '(a  h) .
= slope of the chord AB ,
ba Intermediate Mean value Theorem :
f '(c) = slope of the tangent line at C(c, f(c)).
 Let f  x  be a function which is continuous on
f (b)  f (a)
 f '(c)  chord AB is parallel to the closed interval  a, b and let y0 be a real
ba
the tangent line at 'C'.
number lying between f  a  and f  b  , i.e., with
  at least one point C(c, f(c)) on the curve
between A and B such that the tangent line is f  a   y 0  f b 
parallel to the chord
or f  b   y 0  f  a  .
Y
Y Q Then there is at least one c with a  c  b such that
C B
B f  a   f b 
R y 0  f c  
A A 2
f(b) f(a) P f(b)
f(a)
O L M X O L M X
y1  f b 
Note : y0
 The two condtions of LMVT are only sufficient y1  f a 
conditions but not neccessary for the conclusion.
1
Ex: Let f  x   x 3 , x   1,1
Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem :
1
f  x   If two functions f  x  &   x  are such that
2 Which does not exist finitely at
3x 3
i) both are continuous in the closed interval  a, b
x  0   1,1  f  x  is not differentiable in
 1,1 ii) both are derivable in the open interval  a, b 
 Lagrange's mean value thoerem is not iii)  '  x   0 for any value of x in the open interval
applicable.
f 1  f  1  a, b  then there exists at least one value c of x in
However ,  f   c
1  1 the open interval  a, b  such that
1  1 1 f b   f  a  f ' c 
  2 
2  b     a   ' c 
3c 3

7
Another Form of Cauchy's Mean Value 5. If 2a  3b  6c  0 , then at least one root of
theorem :
the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 lies in the
 If two functions f  x  and   x  are such that interval
1) (0, 1) 2) (1, 2) 3) (2, 3) 4) (0, 4)
i) both are continuous in the closed interval  a, a  h 
6. If 27 a  9 b  3 c  d  0, then the equation
ii) both are derivable in the open interval  a, a  h  4 ax 3  3 bx 2  2 cx  d  0 has atleast one real
root lying between
iii)  '  x   0 for any value of x in the open interval 1) 0 and 1 2) 1 and 3
3) 0 and 3 4) 0 and 2
 a, a  h  then there exists at least one number
7. The quadratic equation 3ax 2  2bx  c  0 has
 such that
at least one root between 0 and 1 if
f a  h  f  a f ' a   h 1) a+b+c=02) c=0

 a  h   a   '  a   h 3) 3a+2b+c=0 4) a+b=c
8. The value of ‘c’ in Lagrange's mean value
where 0    1 .
theorem for f(x) = logx on [1, e] is
1) e/2 2) e-1 3) e-2 4) 1-e
EXERCISE - I
9. The value of ‘c’ in Lagrange’s mean value
1. For the function f (x)  x 3  6x 2  ax  b , if theorem for f (x)  x(x  2) 2 in [0, 2] is
1 1) 0 2) 2 3) 2/3 4) 3/2
Rolle’s theorem holds in [1, 3] with c  2  10. The value of 'c' in Lagrange's mean value
3
theorem for f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 4 in [0, 1] is
then (a, b) =
1) (11, 12) 2) (11, 11) 1) 1/3 2) 1/2 3) 2/3 4) 1
3) (11, any value) 4) (any value, 0) 11. The value of  of mean value theorem for
2. Rolle’s theorem cannot be applicable for the function f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c in [1,2] is
1 1 11
1) f (x)  4  x 2 in [-2, 2] 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 2 54
2) f(x) = [x] in [-1, 1]
12. The value of ‘c’ in Lagrange's mean value
3) f (x)  x 2  3x  4 in [-4, 1]
  5 
4) f(x) = cos2x in [0,  ] theorem for f(x) = log (sinx) in  ,  is
6 6 
3. Rolle’s theorem cannot be applicable for
  2 3
1) f (x)  cos x  1 in [0, 2  ] 1) 2) 3) 4)
4 2 3 4
2) f (x)  x  x  2 2 in [0, 2] 13. Lagrange’s mean value theorem cannot be
applied for [EAM -2019]
3) f (x)  3   x  12 / 3 in [0, 3] 1) f (x)  log x in [1, e]
4) f (x)  sin 2 x in [0,  ] 1
2) f (x)  x  in [1, 3]
4. Value of ‘c’ of Rolle’s theorem for x

 
f (x)  log x 2  2  log 3 on [-1, 1] is 3) f (x)  x 2  4 in [2, 4]

1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) does not exists 4) f (x) | x | in [-1, 2]

8
14. The chord joining the points where x = p and SOLUTIONS
x = q on the curve y  ax  bx  c is parallel
2
1. f (1)  f (3)  a  11
to the tangent at the point on the curve whose f (1)  f (3) is independent of b a  11, b  R
abscissa is
2. f(x) = [x] is discontinuous function in [–1, 1]
pq pq pq p 3. f  x   3   x  1
2/3
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 q 2
f   x    x  1 is not defined at x= 1
1/3

15. If f(x) is differentiable in the interval 3

1 2c
4. f   c   0  2
1 0c 0
[2, 5], where f (2)  and f (5)  , then
5 2 c 2
there exists a number c, 2 < c < 5 for which 5. Let f '(x)  6ax 2  6bx  6c
f (c) is equal to
1 1 1 1  f (x)  2ax 3  3bx 2  6cx  d
1) 2) 3) 4) – f(0) = d, f(1) = 2a + 3b + 6c + d
2 5 10 2
16. The value of ‘c’ in Lagrange's mean value  f(1) = d, f(0) = f(1)
theorem for f  x   lx 2  mx  n,  l  0  on   at least one root of the equation f '(x)  0
[a, b] is [ EAM -2020] lies in (0, 1).
(a  b) (a  b) 4ax 4 3bx 3 2cx 2
1)
a
2)
b
3) 4) 6. Let f  x      dx
2 2 2 2 4 3 2
f  0   0  f  3    c   0,3   f '  c   0
17. In [0,1], Lagrange's mean value theorem is
not applicable to 7. Let f  x   ax3  bx 2  cx
f   x   3ax 2  2bx  c
 1 1
 2x , x 2 f   c   0 , f(0) = f(1)  a + b + c = 0

i) f ( x)   2
 1  x  , x  1 f b   f  a 
8. Using formula f   c  
  2 
 2 ba
 sin x 9. f c  0 , 2c(c – 2) + (c – 2)2 = 0
 , x0
ii) f ( x)   x c = 2, 3/2  c  3 / 2  c  2 
 1 , x  0
f 1  f  0 
10. f '  c  
iii) f(x) = x|x| iv) f(x) = |x| 1 0
1) i 2) ii 3) iii 4) iv 11. f a  h   f a  h f ' a   h
  5 
18. The value of ‘a’ for which x 3  3x  a  0 has log  sin     log sin  / 6  
f c    6 
two distinct roots in [0, 1] is given by 12. 5 
1) –1 2) 1 
6 6
3) 3 4) does not exists f   c   0 , cot c  0  c   / 2
13. f(x) = | x | is not differentiable at x = 0
KEY
14. Apply Lagrange’s theorem
01) 3 02) 2 03) 3 04) 1 05) 1 06) 3 f (q )  f ( p )
f ( c ) 
q p
07) 1 08) 2 09) 3 10) 1 11) 2 12) 2
f 5   f 2 
13) 4 14) 1 15) 3 16) 4 17) 1 18) 4 15. f ' c  
5 2

9
 lb 2  mb  n  la 2  ma  n  x  log x , x  0
16. f   c   4. If f(x) =  and Rolle's theorem
ba  0 , x 0
is applicable to f(x) for x  [0, 1] then  may
a b
2lc  m  l  a  b   m , c  be equal to
2 1) –2 2) –1 3) 0 4) 1/2
1
17. f  x  is not differentiable at x    0,1 5. For which interval, the function
x2  3x
2
x 1
18. Let  ,    0,1 satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem
1)  0,3 2)  3,0
f(x) is continuous on  ,   and differentiable on
3) 1.5,3 4) For no interval
 ,   and f    f     0
6. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = -2 and
 c   ,   such that f '(x)  2 for all x  1, 6 , then
f   c   0  c  1  0,1 1) f(6) < 8 2) f(6)  8 3) f(6)  5 4) f(6)  5
7. Value of ‘c’ of Lagrange’s mean theorem for
EXERCISE - II  2  x 3 , if x  1
f  x    on [-1, 2] is
 3 x , if x  1
1. Value of ‘c’ of Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = sinx
– sin2x on [0,  ] is 5 3 2 3
1)  2)  3)  4) 
3 2 5 5
 1  33   1  35 
1) C o s  1   3) C o s  1    tan 
 8   8  8. If 0      , and if  k , then k is
2 tan 
 1  38 
3) C o s  1   4) does not exists   2 2
 5  1. 2) 3) 4)
   
2. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers such that 1
1
8 2
= 9. If a1   28  3  3  b1 , then  a1 , b1  is
 (1  cos x )( ax  bx  c ) dx
0
 1 1   1 1 
1)  ,  2)  , 
2
8 2
 (1  cos x )( ax  bx  c ) dx  0, then the  28 27   27 28 
0

equation ax 2  bx  c  0 will have  1 1 

3)  27, 28  4)  , 
1) one root between 0 and 1 and other root  27 26 
between 1 and 2 
2) both the roots between 0 and 1 10. If f  x   cos x, 0  x , then the real
2
3) both the roots between 1 and 2 number 'c' of the mean value theorem is
4) both the roots between (3,  )   1  2  1  2 
1) 2) 3) sin   4) cos  
3. If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions in 6 4    
[0,1] such that f(0) = 2, g(0) = 0, f(1) = 6, g(1) a0 a a a
= 2, then there exists c, 0 < c < 1 such that 11. If  1  2  ......  n 1  a n  0
n  1 n n 1 2
f'(c) = (JEE MAINS 2014) then [ EAM -2017]
1) g'(c) 2) –g'(c) 3) 2g'(c) 4) 3g'(c) a 0 x n  a1x n 1  .......  .....  a n 1x  a n  0 has

10
 1) no solution in (0, 1)
SOLUTIONS
2) at least one solution in (0, 1)
1. f   c   0  cos c  2 cos 2c  0
3) exactly one solution in (0, 1)
4) at least one solution in (2, 3) 4 cos 2 c  cos c  2  0
 1  33 
12. Let f (x)   x  4  x  5 x  6  x  7  then co s c 
1 33
, c  c o s  1  
8  8 
1) f '(x)  0 has four roots x
f x   1  cos x ax 
8 2
 bx  c dx
2) three roots of f '(x)  0 lie in
(4,5)U(5,6)U(6,7) 2. 0

f  0   0, f 1  0, f  2   0
3) the equation f '(x)  0 has only one root.
4) three roots of f '(x)  0 lie in
 
f '  x   0  1  cos8 x ax 2  bx  c  0 
(3,4)U(4,5)U(5,6)  ax 2  bx  c  0
13. Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable for It gives two roots
0  x 1 , such that f  0   0  f 1 and f '  x   0  At least
f (0)  2, g(0)  0, f (1)  6 . Let there exist a one x between 0 and 1
real number c in [0, 1] such that f '(c)  2g '(c) , f 1  0  f  2  and f '  x   0  At least
then the value of g(1) must be one x between 1and 2
1) 1 2) 2 3) -2 4) -1 3. Let   x   f  x   2g  x 
  0   2   1 ,  '  c   0  f '  c   2g '  c 
b
14. If a  c  b , and if 1  k1  l n    k2  1 , 4. By Rolle's theorem, f is continuous at x  0
a
Lt f  x   f  0  , Lt x  log x  0   is positive
then  k1 , k2  is [ EAM - 2018] x 0 x0

5. f   x  is not defined at x = 1 i.e, in  0,3

a b b a
1)  ,  2)  ,  3)  2a, 2b  4)  a, b  Also f  a   f  b  does not hold for  3, 0 and
b a a b
15. The value of ‘c’ of Lagrange’s mean value 1.5,3
theorem for f  x   x3  5 x 2  3x in 1,3 is 6. By Lagrange's theorem c  (1, 6) such that
f (6 )  f (1) f (6 )  2
1) 2 2) 5/4 3) 3 4) 7/3 f '(c )    2
6 1 5
16. In the mean value theorem,
 f (6)  2  5(2)
f  b   f  a    b  a  f   c  , if a=4, b=9 and
f (b)  f ( a )
7. f 1 (c ) 
f  x   x then the value of c is ba
1) 8 2) 5.25 3) 6.25 4) 4 8. f  x   x tan x, f 1  x   tan x  x sec2 x  0

f     f  
KEY  f 1  c   0  f     f  
 
01) 1 02) 1 03) 3 04) 4 05) 4 06) 2
tan  
07) 1 08) 1 09) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 2  tan    tan    .
tan  
13) 2 14) 1 15) 4 16) 3

11
 9. Let f  x   x1/ 3 in [27,28]  f  x  
1 1 f 3   f 1
3x 2 / 3 15. f ' c  
2
1
By Lagrange’s theorem,  28 3 .....1
1/3

3c2/3 f b   f  a 
16. f   c  
  28 
2/3
27  c  28  9  c 2/3
ba
 3.  28 
2/3
 27  3.c 2/3

1
EXERCISE - III
1 1 1  28  . 1  1 3

27
 2
 2

3 28 28 1. In  0,   Rolle's theorem is not applicable to
3.c 3 3  28  3
1) f  x   sin x
1 1 1
  
28 3  c  2/3
27 and by (1)  sin x
 , x0
1 1 2) f  x    x
  28   3  .  1,
1/ 3
x0
28 27
f b   f  a  3) f  x   cos 2 x 4) sin 2 x  sin x
10. f   c  
ba 2. Let f  x be continuous on  a, b  ,
x n 1 xn differentiable in  a, b  and f  x   0 for all
11. (x)  a 0  a1  ......  a n x
n 1 n x   a, b  . Then, there exists    a, b  such
a0 f '  
(0)  0; (1)   ......  a n  0
that f  is equal to
n 1  
using Rolle's theorem.
12. f(4) = f(5) = f(6) = f(7) = 0 1 1 1 1
1)  2) 
By Rolle's theorem a b a b
1 1
 1   4,5  ,  2   5,6  , 3   6, 7  3)  4)  a  b  
a b
such that f '(i )  0, i  1, 2,3
3. Let f  x  be non-constant differentiable
13. Let (x)  f (x)  2g(x) function for all real x and
(0)  f (0)  2g(0) = 2 - 0 = 2
f  x   f 1  x  Then Rolle's theorem is not
(1)  f (1)  2g(1)  6  2g(1)
applicable for f  x  on
 '(x)  f '(x)  2g '(x)
 '(c)  f '(c)  2g '(c)  0  g(1) = 2  2
1)  0,1 2)  1, 2 3)  2,3 4) 0, 
1 f b  f  a 1  3
14. f  x   l n x, f  x   , 
1

x ba c 4. The real number k for which the equation,

b ba 2 x 3  3 x  k  0 has two distinct real roots in
 ln 
a c 0,1 (JEE MAINS 2013)
1 1 1 ba ba ba 1) lies between 1 and 2
acb     
b c a b c a 2) lies between 2 and 3
a b b 3) lies between 1 and 0
 1  ln   1
b a a 4) does not exist

12
5. If f be a continuous function on  0,1 , 10. Using Lagrange's mean value theorem for
f  x   cos x , we get that cos a  cos b 
differentiable in  0,1 such that f 1  0, then
1) a  b 2) a  b 3) 2a  b 4) 2a  b
there exists some c   0,1 such that
11. If f is continuous function in 1, 2 such that
1. cf   c   f  c   0 2. f   c   cf  c   0
f 1  3  f 1  3
3. f   c   cf  c   0 4. cf   c   f  c   0
6. If a, b, c are real numbers such that and f  2   10  f  2   10,  f  2   0  then
3a  2b 3
  0 then the equation the function f in 1, 2  has
cd 2
1) Atleast one root 2) No root
ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  0 has
3) Exactly one root 4) None of these
1) at least one root in  2,0
2) at least one root in  0, 2 12. In  1,1 , Lagrange's Mean Value theorem
3) at least two roots in  2, 2 is applicable to
4) No root in  2, 2 cot x, x  0
1) f  x   x 2) f  x   0, x 0
1 1 1 
f  x   3  x 5  3x 3x  1 2 3
1
7. Let then  , x0
2 x 2  1 3x 5  1 7 x8  1 3) f  x   x 4) f  x   x 2
 0, x  0
the equation f  x   0 has
13. If the functions f  x  and   x  are
1) no real root 2) atmost one real root
continuous in  a, b and differentiable in
3) atleast 2 real roots
 a, b  , then the value of 'c' for the pair of
4) exactly one real root in  0,1 and no other
1
real root. functions f  x   x ,   x   is
x
8. Consider the function f  x   8 x 2  7 x  5 on
1) a 2) b 3) ab 4)  ab
the interval  6,6 . Then the value of c that
satisfies the conclusion of Lagrange's mean 14. If the functions f  x  and   x  are
value theorem is continuous in  a, b and differentiable in
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
9. If f is continuous on  a, b and differentiable
 a, b  , then the value of 'c' for the pair of
in  a, b   ab  0  , then there exists c   a, b  functions f  x   e x ,   x   e  x is

f b   f  a  a a b ab a  b
 1) 2) 3) 4)
1 1 2 2 2 2
such that 
b a 15. There is a point P between 1,0  &  3, 0  on
1) c 2 f '  c  2) c 2 f '  c  y  x 2  4 x  3 such that tangent at P is
parallel to x-axis. Then the ordinate of the
1 1 point of contact is
3) cf '   4) cf '  2 
c c  1) 2 2) -1 3) 1 4) 3

13
 KEY 6. f '  x   ax  bx  cx  d
3 2

01) 2 02) 2 03) 4 04) 4 05) 4 06) 2

ax 4 bx 3 cx 2
07) 3 08) 1 09) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4 f x     dx
4 3 2
13) 3 14) 3 15) 2
given 6a  4b  3c  3d  0, f  2   0  f  0 
use Rolle’s theorem
SOLUTIONS
7. f (0) = f (1) = 0 (obviously) and f (x) is a polynomial
1. (1) f  x   sin x, x   0,  f is continuous and of degree 10.Therefore by Rolle's theorem we must
have at least one root in (0, 1).Since the degree of
differentiable and f  0   f     0 . Hence f (x) is even, hence atleast two real roots
Rolle’s theorem is applicable f  6   f  6 
sin x 8. f '  c   16c  7 
 , x0 sin x 12
(2) f  x   x , Lt  1  f 0
1 for x  0 x 0 x

836765 836765 7
c0
f is continuous in  0,  and also differentiable in 12
1 1 1 
 0,   . f  0   1 and f     0 . Rolle’s theorem 9. Let F x  f   , x 
 x
,
 b a 
use LMVT for
is not applicable.
1 1
(3) f  x   cos 2 x, x   0,  is continuous and F  x  . Then there exists d   ,  such that
b a
differentiable. f  0   1  f    .
1 1
Hence Rolle’s theorem is applicable. F   F  
a  b   F ' d   1 f ' 1 
   
(4) f  0   f    . 1 1
 d2 d 
a b
 Rolle’s theorem is applicable.
1
2. Let   x    a  x  b  x  f  x  on  a, b Put c 
d
Using the Rolle’s theorem, there exists
10. Use Lagrange's theorem
  a, b  such that  '     0 . 11. f 1  3  f 1  3  f 1  0
therefore, f  2   10  f  2   10  f  2   0
 b  f    a  f    a  b  f '   0 12. (1) f  x   x is not differentiable in  1,1
f '   1 1  LMVT is not applicable.
 f   a    b  
(2) f  x  is not differentiable at x  0
3. Clearly f  0   f 1 , f  1  f  2   Lagrange’s Theorem is not applicable
1 2 1
f  2   f  3 and f    f    , x0
(3) f  x    x
3 3
4. Clearly f '  x    6 x 2  3  0 0, x  0

f  x  is increasing function Lt f  x   and Lt f  x   

x0 x 0 
f  x   0 will have no real roots in  0,1
Lt f  x  does not exist
5. Let g  x   xf  x  , As f 1  0 , x 0

 Lagrange’s Theorem is not applicable

g  0   0  g 1 then use Rolle's theorem

14
 (4) f  x   x 2 is continuous and differentiable in

 1,1
 Lagrange’s Theorem is applicable
1
13. f  x   x ,   x  
x
(Assuming 0  a  b )

f b  f  a  f '  c 

 b    a   ' c

1
b a
  2 c
1 1 1  c  ab
 
b a 2c c
14. By Cauchy's mean value theorem we have

f b  f  a  f ' c


 b    a   ' c 

eb  ea
   e 2 c   e a b   e 2 c
1 1
 a
eb e

ab
c
2
15. Use LMVT

15
 MAXIMA & MINIMA

SYNOPSIS ii) If f is strictly increasing on (a, b) then

Increasing and decreasing functions on
an interval :
 f be a real valued function with domain D and
(a,b)  D. f is said to be
i) increasing function on (a,b) if
x1  x2  f (x1)  f (x2 ) x1, x2 (a, b)
ii) strictly increasing function on (a,b) if
x1  x2  f (x1)  f (x2 ) x1, x2 (a, b)
iii) decreasing function on (a,b) if
x1 < x2  f (x1)  f (x2)  x1, x2  (a,b)
iv) strictly deacreasing on (a,b) if
x1< x2  f (x1) > f (x2)  x1, x2  (a,b);
 
Ex: i) sinx is increasing in 0, 
 2
 
ii) cosx is decreasing in 0, 
 2
Monotonic Function :
 A function which is either increasing (or) decreasing
in its domain is called a monotonic function.
Test for Monotonicity :
 If f is strictly increasing on (a, b) then
x1< x2  f (x1) < f (x2)  x1, x2  (a,b)
If h is very small positive real number and
f 1 (x) > 0  x  (a,b)
iii) If f is decreasing on (a, b) then
f 1 (x)  0  x  (a,b)
iv) If f is strictly decreasing on(a, b) then
f 1 (x) < 0  x  (a,b)
Increasing and decreasing functions at a
point :
 f is a real valued function defined in the neighbour
hood of ‘a’ then
i) f is said to be increasing at ‘a’ if
f  a  h   f  a   f  a  h  for a small positive
real number ‘h’
ii) f is said to be decreasing at ‘a’ if
f  a  h  f  a  f  a  h
iii) f is neither increasing nor decreasing at ‘a’
if f  a  h   f  a   f  a  h 
or f  a  h   f  a   f  a  h 
Critical Point :
 f is a real valued function with domain D and
a  D then f (x) is said to have a critical point at x
= a, if f 1 (a)=0 (or) f 1 (a) does not exist .

x  (a,b) then x  x  h  f  x   f  x  h  Stationary Point :

 If f 1 (a)=0 then y = f (x) is said to be stationary at
f  x  h  f  x x = a . f (a) is called the stationary value of f at x
f 1
 x   lim
h 0 h = a then (a, f (a)) is called a stationary point of f.
ve Maxima or Absolute maxima or global
= lim f 1  x  0
veh 0 maxima or greatest value :
thus we have the following conditions for
 Let f  x  be a function with domain D then f  x 
monotonicity
i) If f is increasing on (a, b) then is said to have maximum value at a point a  D if
f 1 (x)  0  x  (a,b) f  x   f  a  for all x  D . In such a case, the

16
 point ‘a’ is called the point of maximum and f  a 
is called maximum value or the
absolute maximum or global maximum or the
greatest value of f  x 
Minimum or Absolute minimum or global
minimum or least value :
 Let f  x  be a function with domain D then f  x 
is said to have minimum value at a point a  D if
f  x   f  a  for all x  D . In such a case, the
point ‘a’ is called the point of minimum and f  a 
is called minimum value or the
absolute minimum or global minimum or the least
value of f  x 
Y
f( c)
f(d)
X
O d c
Df
Note: absolute maxima and absolute minima values
of a function, if they exits, are unique.
Local (Relative) maxima & Local
(Relative) minima :
 Local Maximum :
A function y = f (x) is said to have a local
maximum at a point x = a if f  x   f  a  for all
x   a  h, a  h  where h is a small positive
quantity
Y I. Let a  I
X
ah a ah
O
The point x = a is called a point of local
maximum of the function f (x) and f (a) is local
maximum.
17
Local minimum :
 The function y = f (x) is said to have a local
minimum at a point x = a if f  x   f  a  for
all x   a  h, a  h  where h is a small positive
quantity
Y
O ah a ah
X
The point x = a is called a point of local
minimum of the function f (x) and f (a) is local
minimum.
Extreme points and Extreme values :
 If a function f  x  has local maximum f  a  at
x = a and local minimum f  b  at x = b then the
points x  a, x  b are called extreme points, and
the values f  a  , f  b  are called extreme values.
Properties of local maximum and local
minimum :
 i) Local maximum, local minimum of a continuous
function occur alternately and between two
consecutive maximum values there is a minimum
value and vice versa
ii) Even a local minimum value may be greater than
a local maximum value
Note : Local maximum, minimum values of a continuous
function are also called turning values .
 Let f (x) be a differentiable function on an interval
1). f (x) has local maximum at x = a if
f 1  a   0, f 11  a   0
2) f(x) has local minimum at x = a if
f 1  a   0, f 11  a   0
Note: If f 1  a   0, f 11  a   0 then second
derivative test fails, then we use the first
th
derivative test or the following n derivative test
nth Derivative Test : Global maximum/minimum in  a, b 
 Let f (x) be a differentiable function on an interval
I. Let a  I such that  To find the global maximum / minimum of f  x  in
f 1  a   f 11  a   f 111  a   .......  f  n 1  a   0 and  a, b  . Find out all critical points of f  x  in  a, b .
f  n   a   0 then f (x) has Let c1 , c2 ,.......cn be the critical points in  a, b

Let M1  max  f  c1  , f  c2  ..... f  cn 

i) Local maximum at x = a if n is even and
f n
a  0
Let M 2  min  f  c1  , f  c2  ..... f  cn 
ii) Local minimum at x = a if n is even and
f n  a   0 i)Global maximum of f  x  in  a, b  is M 1

iii) If n is odd and f  n   a   0 then and f  x  does not have global maximum in  a, b 
f is
increasing at a if the limiting values at the end points are greater
than M 1
iv) If n is odd and f  n   a   0 then f is
decreasing at a ii)Global minmum of f  x  in  a, b  is M 2 and

v) f  x  has neither local maximum nor local f  x  does not have global minimum in (a,b) if the
minimum if n is odd limiting values at the end points are less than M 2
Methods to find global maximum/ Maximum and minimum of non-
minimum of continuous functions : differentiable function :
 Global maximum / minimum in  a, b would occur  f is continous real valued function on interval I and
at the critical points of f  x  within  a, b or at a  I and f  a  does not exist then f  x  has
1

the end points of the interval. i) Local maximum if f 1  x  changes its sign at x
Global maximum/minimum in  a, b = a from +ve to -ve while moving from left to right

 To find the global maximum / minimum of f  x  ii) Local minimum if f 1  x  changes its sign at x
= a from -ve to +ve while moving from left to right
in  a, b . Find out all critical points of f  x  in
Standard Results :
 a, b  . Let c1 , c2 ,.......cn be the critical points in  a  b
2

 The minimum value of (x-a) (x-b) is

 a, b  4
 The maximum value of a a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x is a
 f  a  , f  c1  , f  c2   and minimum value is b  If a  b 
Let M 1  max  
..... f  cn  , f  b  
 The least value of a 2 sec 2 x  b 2 cos ec 2 x is
 f  a  , f  c1  , f  c2   b
a  b
2
M  min   when x = tan-1 .
Let 2
..... f  cn  , f  b 
a

 sin p  cos q  attains a maximum value at
Now global maximum of f  x  in  a, b is M 1 1/ 2
p  p p .qq 
Global minimum of f  x  in  a, b is M 2  = tan and that max. value is  p q 
-1
q  (p  q) 

18
 The minimum value of a sec x  b cos ecx is  The least value of the portion of tangent
1/ 3 x2 y2
-1 
b to  1 intercepted between the
(a +b )
2/3 2/3 3/2
at x = tan   . a2 b 2
a
co-ordinate axes is a+b.
 1   1 
 The minimum value of  1  sinn    1 cosn   is  A normal is drawn at a variable point P of the
   
x2 y2
1  2 
2
n/2
curve 2  2  1 then the maximum distance of
a b
 If the sum of two positive numbers is k, then their the normal from the centre of the curve is
product will be maximum when the two numbers a-b.
k k
are ,  The minimum distance from the origin to a point
2 2
a2 b2
 If the sum of two positive numbers is k, then sum on the curve x 2  y 2  1 is (a+b).
of their squares is minimum then the numbers are
k k  The area of greatest isosceles triangle that can be
,
2 2 x2 y2
inscribed in a given ellipse   1 having its
 If the product of two positive numbers is k, then a2 b 2
their sum of the squares will be least when the two vertex coincident with one extremity of major axis
numbers are k , k . 3 3
is ab sq units.
 The least value of each of a2sin2x+b2cosec2x, 4
a2sec2x+b2cos2x, a2tan2x+b2cot2x is 2ab.  The area of greatest rectangle that can be
 The minimum value of a cot x  b tan x is 2 ab x2 y2
inscribed in the ellipse   1 is 2ab sq units.
a a2 b 2
at x = tan-1 .
b  From the four corners of rectangular sheet of metal
 The maximum rectangle inscribed in a circle of of sides a,b, four equal squares are cut off and the
radius r is a square of side
2r remaining edges are folded up to form an open
box. If the volume of the box is to be maximum
 The maximum triangle inscribed in a circle of radius
the side of a square removed is
r is an equilateral triangle of side 3r
a  b  a 2  b 2  ab
 The perimeter of a sector is ‘K’ cms. Then .
6
K2  From the four corners of a square sheet of metal
maximum area of sector is sq.cm
16 of side ‘a’, four equal squares are cut off and the
 The area of sector is ‘k’ sq.cm. Then the least remaining edges are folded up to form a rectangular
perimeter of sector is 4 k cm open box. If the volume of the box formed is to
be maximum, the side of the square removed is
 When perimeter is given, the area of sector is
a
maximum then   2c . .
6
 In a right angled triangle, the sum of a side and
hypotenuse is given. If the area of the triangle is  A cone is drawn circumscribing a sphere of radius
maximum, then the angle between them is 600. ‘R’. If the volume of the cone is maximum, its
 The least area of the triangle formed by any line 4R 1
height is and its semivertical angle is sin-1
through (p,q) and the co-ordinate axes is 2pq sq 3 3
units (If surface area is constant).

19
Some useful formulae : Thus, f  x  is strictly increasing for
4 3
 Volume of sphere (radius r) = r x    , 1   3,   and strictly decreasing for
3
Surface area of sphere (radius r) = 4 r 2 x   1,3
 Volume of right circular cylinder (Base radius r and 3:
height h) =  r 2 h The complete set of values of  for which the
Surface area of right circular cylinder(open top)
 x  1, x  1
= 2 rh   r 2 (Base radius r and height h) 
function   
f x  , x  1
Curved Surface area of right circular
 x 2  x  3, x  1
cylinder = 2 rh 
1 is strictly increasing at x = 1
 Volume of right circular cone =  r 2 h
3
Sol: f  x  is strictly increasing at x = 1
(Base radius r, height h and slant height l )
Curved surface area of cone =  rl  f 1  h   f 1  f 1  h 
Total surface area of cone =  r 2   rl  lim  x  1    lim  x 2  x  3
x 1 x 1
Cuboid: Volume = xyz. x, y, z are length edges
Surface area = 2 (xy + yz + zx) 2 3
Cube : Volume = x 3 , surface area  6x 2 4:
EXAMPLES The critical points of
1. The least value of k for which the function 2
f  x    x  2  3  2 x  1 are
f  x   x 2  kx  1 is a increasing function in
2
the interval 1  x  2 Sol : f  x    x  2  3  2 x  1
Sol: f is increasing  f 1
 x  0
 
 5x  5 
k f  x  2
1

 2x  k  0  x  2  1

  x  2  3 
k
Since 1  x  2  1   f 1  x  0  x  1
2  k  2
 least value of k is -2 f  x  does not exist at x  2
1

2:
The interval in which  x  1 and x  2 are two critical points
5:
f  x   x3  3x 2  9 x  20 is strictly increasing The number of stationary points of
or strictly decreasing
f  x   sin x in  0, 2  are
Sol: Given f  x   x  3x  9 x  20
3 2

Sol: f  x   sin x  f 1
 x   cos x
 f
1
 x   3x 2
 6x  9

 f  x   3  x  3 x  1
1  f 1  x   0  x   2n  1
2
f 1
 x   0  x     , 1   3,   Therefore number of stationary points of f  x  in
f 1
x   0  x   1, 3  0, 2  is 2

20
. 6: Sol: f 1  x   6  x  1 x  2 
a
If the function f  x    x 2 . has maximum f 1  x   0  x  1, x  2 and f  2   10
x
at x = - 3, then the value a M1  max  f  2 
a
Sol: f
1
 x  
 2 x since f  x  has local M 2  max  f  2 
x2
maximum at x = -3 Now xlim f  x   11  M1 and
1
f 1
 3  0 and f  3  0
11

lim f  x   15  M1 therefore global maximum in

For f 1  3  0  a  54 x 3

(1,3) does not exist and global minimum in (1,3) is

For x  3, a  54 10
Now, f 11  3  0 , Hence, a = -54 10:
7: Discuss the extremum of f  x  2x  3x2/3
The point at which f  x    x  1
4
assumes Sol: f  x   2 x  3 x 2/3
local maximum or local minimum values are 2
f 1  x   2  3  x 1/3  2 1  x 1/3 
 x   4  x  1
1 3
Sol: f 3
f 11  x   12  x  1
2 Let f  x   0
1

f 111  x   24  x 1 ; f iv  x   24  x1/3  1  0  x  1

2  43
f 1 1  0 , f 11 1  0, f 111 1  0, f iv 1  0  f  x   x
11

3
therfore n = iv is even and f iv 1  24  0 2 2
and  f  1    1    0
11 4/3

therefore f  x  has local minimum at x = 1 3 3

8:  x  1 is the point of maxima
The global maximum and global minimum Also, f  x  is non-differentiable at x = 0 but
of f  x   2 x  9 x  12 x  6 in  0, 2
3 2
f 1  x  changes its sign -ve to +ve therefore
Sol: f 1  x   6  x  1 x  2 
at x = 0, f  x  has local minima
 x  0  x  1, x  2
f 1

 f  0   6, f 1  11, f  2   10
therefore global maximum
M1  max  f  0  , f 1 , f  2   11
global minimum
M 2  min  f  0  , f 1 , f  2   6
9:
Let f  x   2 x3  9 x 2  12 x  6 discuss the

global maximum and global minimum of f  x 

in 1,3

21
 EXERCISE - I f(x) = cos x in [0, 2  ] are
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
1. If y  8x 3  60x 2  144x  27 is a decreasing
13. The function f  x   x1/ x has stationary point at
function in the interval (a,b), then (a,b) is
1) (-3,2) 2) (2,3) 3) (5,6) 4) (3,2) 1) x  e 2) x  1 3) x  e 4) x  1/ 2
x 5 14. If 4  x  4 then critical points of
2. f(x)   (x  0) is increasing in
5 x
1)(-5, 0) 2) (0, 5) f  x   x 2  6 x  4 are
3)   ,  5  5,   4) (-5, 5) 1) 3,-2 2) 6,-6 3) 3,-3,0 4) 0,1,3
3. The condition that f(x) =x3+ax2+bx+c is an 15. The critical point of f(x)  2x  7 at x =
increasing function for all real values of ‘x’ is 7
1) a2<12b 2) a2<3b 3) a2<4b 4) a2<16b 1) 0 2) 7 3) 4) -7
2
4. The set of values ‘x’ for which
log x
f(x) = x3-6x2+27x+10 is increasisng in 16. The maximum of f(x)  (x  0) occurs at x=
x2
1) (1, 2) 2) (-  , 1) U (2,  )
3) (-  ,  ) 4) (-  , 1) 1 1
1) e 2) e 3) 4)
5. The set of values of ‘a’ for which e e
f(x)= x3 - ax2 + 48x + 1 is increasing for all 17. f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x) is maximum at x =
real values of ‘x’ is
   
1) (-12, 12) 2)  , 12 1)
4
2)
6
3)
3
4)
2
3) 12,   4) (-  ,  ) 18. The maximum and minimum values of
x log 5 f  x   4 x 3  3x 2  6 x  5 are
6. f(x)  
log x 5 is decreasing in 1) 8, 7 / 2 2) 10,13 / 4
1) (e,  ) 2) (0, 1) U (1, e)
3) 3, 5 / 7 4) 2,8 / 7
3) (0, 1) 4) (1, e)
7. f(x) = sin x - ax is decreasing in R if 250
19. The minimum value of f(x)  x 2  is
x
1 1
1) a > 1 2) a< 1 3) a  4) a  1) 15 2) 25 3) 45 4) 75
2 2
8. f(x) = Tan-1 (sin x) is decreasing in (6  x )(11  x )
20. Minimum value of 2 x
is
     3 
1)  2n  2 ,2n  2  2)  2n  2 ,2n  2  1) 5 2) 15 3) 45 4) 25
   
21. The function f  x   sin x cos x attains a
2 3

      3 
3)  2 , 2  4)  2 , 2  maximum when x  [ EAM -2019]
   
9. If f(x) = sin x - cos x - ax + b decreases for 1 2 1 2
a where x  R then 1) Tan 2) Tan
3 3
1) a < 1 2) a > 1 3) a < 2 4) a > 2
1 3 1 3
10. A stationary point of f(x)  16  x 2 is 3) Tan 4) Tan
2 2
1) (4, 0) 2) (-4, 0) 3) (0, 4) 4) (-4, 4)
x
11. f(x) = (Sin-1x)2+(Cos-1x)2 is stationary at 22. f(x)  is maximum when x =
1  x tan x
1  1) sin x 2) cos x 3) tan x 4) cot x
1) x  2) x  3) x = 1 4) x = 0
2 4
12. The number of stationary points of

22
 x3 1)  3,19  2)  3,19 
23. The least value of f  x   abx occurs at x =
3
1)G.M of a,b 2) A.M of a,b 3)  19,3 4)  19, 3
3)H.M of a,b 4) A.G.M of a,b 33. The least and the greatest values of
24. The maximum value of f(x) =100- 45  x is f(x) = x2 log x in [1, e] are [ EAM -2018]
1)100 2)145 3) 55 4) 45 1) log 2, log 4 2) 0, e2

25. For a particle moving on a straight line it is 1

3) e2, e4 4) e, ,e
observed that the distance ‘S’ at time ‘t’ is
t3 34. The sum of two numbers is 6. The minimum
given by S = 6t - , the maximum velocity value of the sum of their reciprocals is
2
during the motion is 3 6 2 2
1) 3 2) 6 3) 9 4) 12 1) 2) 3) 4)
4 5 3 5
26. The minimum value of 64 sec  +27cosec  35. The sum of two +ve numbers is 20. If the sum
   of their squares is minimum then one of the
when  lies in  0, 2  is
  number is
1) 125 2) 625 3) 25 4) 1025 1) 6 2) 4 3) 10 4) 8
7 36. If the product of two + ve numbers is 256
27. The minimum value of is then the least value of their sum is
4 sin x  3 cos x  2
1) 32 2)16 3) 48 4) 40
7 7 7
1) 1 2) 3) 4) 37. x and y are two +ve numbers suchs that xy =
9 5 3
28. Let f(x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 +.... +anx2n when 0 1. Then the minimum value of x + y is
<a0 < a1 < ......< an then f(x) has 1 1
1) 4 2) 3) 4) 2
1) No extremum 2) Only one maximum 4 2
3) Only one minimum 4) Two maximums 
29. The condition for 38. If A > 0, B > 0, and A + B = then the
3
f  x   x3  px 2  qx  r  x  R  to have no maximum value of tan A tan B is
extreme value is (EAMCET 2017) 1 1
1) 2) 3) 3 4) 3
3 3
1) p  3q2
2) 2 p  q
2
39. The minimum value of 16 cot x + 9 tan x is
1 1) 12 2) 6 3) 24 4) 25
3) p  q
2
4) p 2  3q
4 40. The sides of a rectangle are (6 - x) cm and
30. The smallest value of x2 - 3x + 3 in the interval
(x - 3) cm. If its area is maximum then x =
 3 1) 4 2) 4.5 3) 4.8 4) 4. 6
  3, 2  is
  41. The length of diagonal of the rectangle of
3 maximum area having perimeter 100 cm is
1) 2) 5 3) -15 4) -20 1) 10 2 2) 10 3) 25 2 4)15O
4
   42. A triangle of maximum area is inscribed in a
31. The greatest value of sin3x + cos3x in 0, 2  is circle. If a side of the trinagle is 20 3 then
 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 the radius of the circle is
32. If m and M respectively denote the minimum 1) 20 2)30 3) 40 4) 60
43. The maximum height of the curvey = 6 cos x
and maximum of f  x    x  1  3 for
2
- 8 sin x above the X - axis
x   3,1 , then the ordered pair ( m ,M ) is 1) 6 2) 8 3) 14 4) 10

equal to
23
 KEY x
10. f  x  
1
01) 2 02) 3 03) 2 04) 3 05) 1 06) 2 for maxima and minima
16  x 2
07) 1 08) 2 09) 1 10) 3 11) 1 12) 3
13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 2 17) 3 18) 2 f 1  x  0  x  0
19) 4 20) 4 21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1
25) 2 26) 1 27) 3 28) 3 29) 1 30) 1 1
11. f  x   0  sin x  cos x  x 
1 1 1

31) 1 32) 2 33) 2 34) 3 35) 3 36) 1 2

37) 4 38) 2 39) 3 40) 2 41) 3 42) 1
43) 4 12. f 1  x   0sin x  0, x  0, , 2

SOLUTIONS 1 log x
13. y  x x ; log y  x
1. f 1  x   0 if 2  x  3
2. On verification f 1(x) > 0  x  (,  5)  (5, ) 1  log x
y1  0 ;  0 ; log x  1 ; x  e
x2
3. f 1  x   3x 2  2ax  b > 0,
x
14. f  x   2x  6 ; f 1  x   0 at x = 3, –3
1
D  4  a  3b   0  a  3b
2 2
x
4. On verification f 1  x   0, for all x   ,   f 1  x  does not exist at x = 0

5. f(x) = x3-ax2+48x+1 is increasing in for all 2x  7

15. f(x) = |2x+7| then f1(x) = .2  0
2x  7
real x 7
critical point at x =
2
f1(x) = 3x2-2ax+48>0
16. A function f  x  is said to be maximum or minimum
 = b -4ac < 0
2
1
f 1  x   0  1  2 log x  0  x  e 2
4a2 - 4.3.48 <

17. f  x   0  cos 2x  cos x  0, x  , ,
1
At
a - 144 < 0
2 3
 11    
a  (-12, 12) x , f    0  f  x  is max. at x 
3 3 3
6. On verification f 1(x) < 0,  x  (0,1)  (1,e)
18. f 1  x   12 x 2  6 x  6  0
7. For decreasing f 1
 x   0,cos x  a  a  1
1
cos x 6  2 x 2  x  1  0 ; x , x  1
8. f  x 
1
, f(x) is decreasing f 1  x   0 2
1  sin 2 x
f 11  x   24 x  6
  3 
cos x  0 x   2 , 2  1
  f 11    0, f 11  1  0
2
9. f 1  x   0  cos x  sin x  a But cosx +
Maximum value is f  1  10
sinx  2 from (1) and (2) a  2
 1  13
Minimum value is f   
2 4

24
 250 250 29. f 1  x   3x 2  2 xp  q  0 x  R
19. f(x) = x +  f1(x) = 2x - 2
2
x x
f 1  x   0x  R  b 2  4ac  0  p 2  3q
for maxima or minima f1(x) = 0
250 30. f  x   x 2  3x  3  f 1  x   2 x  3  f  x  is
2x = 2 said to be maximum or minimum
x
3
x3 = 125 = 53 , x = 5, f11(x) = 2+
500
>0 f 1  x  0  x  . Minimum
x3 2
minimum at x = 5   3   3 
250  f  3 , f     21, 
2
 25  50  75   2   4 
minimum value is f(5) = 5
5
20. f 1(x) = 0 Then put x = 4 31. f  x   sin 3 x  cos3 x

m 2 f 1  x   3sin 2 x cos x  3cos 2 x sin x  0

1
21. Maximum at x  Tan  Tan 1
n 3  sin x  cos x sin x  0 , cos x = 0
22. For maxima and minima  
x  0, x  ,x 
f 1
 x  0  1 x 2
sec x  0
2
2 4

23. f 1  x  . For maxima or minima       

Max = max f  0  , f   , f     1
  2   4 
f 1  x   0  x  ab , f 11  x   0 for x  ab
32. f 1  x   2  x  1  0  x  1
| 45  x |
24. f(x) = 100-|45-x| then f1(x) =
45  x f  3  19, f 1  3
 m  3 and M  19
for maimum f1(x) = 0  x = 45
1
33. f 1  x   2x log x  x  0  x  0  or  x  e 2
maximum value f(45) = 100

3t 2   21   2
25. v  6  = f(t) Max.=max  f 1 , f  e  , f  e  e
2    
v  0  t  2
  21  
f1(t) =0  t =0, f11 (0) = -3 < 0 Min.= min f 1 , f  e  , f  e    0
26. The minimum value of a sec   b cos ec is    
3 34. x = y = 6/2 = 3, 1/x+1/y = 2/3
  2 2 2
f  x   x 2   20  x  , for
2
a b 
3 3 35. x  y  20 , let
 
maxima and minima f 1  x   0  x  10
7
27. The minimum value of = 36. x = y = 256  16 Then sum = 2(16) = 32.
4sin x  3cos x  2
37. x = y = 1 Then x+y=2
7 7 
max of  4sin x  3cos x  2  = 16  9  2
38. A = B =
6
. Then TanA .TanB = 1/3
39. Minimum value of a cot x + b tan x is 2 ab
28. f 1  x   0  x1  0
40. A   6  x  x  3   x 2  9 x  18
f 11
 0   2a1  0
25
 9 monotonically decreasing when
Area is maximum at x   4.5 1 1
2 1)   2)   3)   2 4)   2
2 2
41. 2 x  2 y  100  x  y  50
x 1
area xy maximum if x=25 ,y=25 therefore 9. The number of ciritical point of f(x) = is
x2
diagonal= 25 2 1)1 2)2 3)3 4)0
2
10. f(x) = x(logx) then f is stationary at
3
42. The triangle is equilateral , h  20 3  30 4
2 1) –1, 2) 1, e–2 3) 1, 4e2 4) 1, e2
e
4\3. Maximum of y  62  82  10
11. The Stationary points of 8 x 2  x 4  4 aree
1) (0,-4), (2,12), (-2, 12) 2) (1,2)
EXERCISE - II
3) (1,12) 4) (1,1)
1. f(x)  x 2  4 is decreasing in 12. If f  x   x 5  5x 4  5x 3  10 has local max.
1) (-2, 2) 2) (2,  ) and min. at x=a and x=b respectively, then
3) (-  , -2) 4) (-  ,  ) (a,b) is
2. In the interval (7, ),f(x)  x  5  2 x  7 is 1) (0,1) 2) (1,3) 3) (1,0) 4) (3,0)
1) Increasing 2) Decreasing 1 x  x 2
13. The minimum of f(x)  occurs at x 
3) Constant 4) Cannot be estimated 1 x  x2
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) -2

3. f(x) = 2x-Tan -1 x-log x  1 x2 (x  0) is  14. If f(x) = a log x + bx + x has extreme values
2

increasing in at x = -1, x = 2 then a = ......., b = .........

1) (1, 2) 2) (0, 1) U (2,  ) 1 1 1 1
3) (0,  ) 4) (-  ,  ) 1) 2, 2) ,2 3) ,2 4) 2,
2 2 2 2
  1 15. The value of “a” for which the sum of the
4. In  0, 2  , f(x) = x sin x + cos x + cos2x is squares of the roots of the equation
  2
1) Increasing 2) Decreasing x2  ( a  2) x  a  1  0 assume the least
3) Constant value is
4) Nothing can be determined 1) 1 2) 0 3) 3 4) 2
2x 16. The least value of “a” for which the equation
5. If log (1+x) - is increasing then
2x 4 1
  a for atleast one solution of
1) -1<x<  2) -  <x<0 sin x 1  sin x
3) -  <x<  4) 1<x<2
the interval  0,  / 2  is

6. If 0  x  then 1)1 2) 4 3) 8 4) 9
2
17. If 2  x  4 then the max value of
2 sin x 2 sin x f(x)=(x–2)6 (4–x)5 is
1)  2) 
 x  x 5 5 6 5
 11   11   2   10 
sin x sin x 1)     2)    
3) 1 4) 2   12   10   11  9 
x x
6 5 6 5
7. The greatest of the numbers  12   10   2   10 
3)     4)    
1, 21/ 2 ,31/ 3 , 41/ 4 ,51/ 5 , 61/ 6 , and 71/ 7 is  11   11   11  11 

1) 21/ 2 2) 31/ 3 3) 71/ 7 4) 41/ 4 18. If xy(x – y) = 2a3(a > 0) then y has minimum
when x =
8. The function f ( x )  cos x  2 x is

26
 1 a 1) –2 2) –1 3) 2 4) 4
1) 2) –a 3) 4) a
a 2 28. The image of the interval [-1, 3] under the
19. T he maximum value of sin 2 x cos3x is mapping f (x) = 4x 3 - 12x is
6 3 9 3 9 2 2 1) [-2, 0] 2) [-8, 72] 3) [-8,0] 4) [-8, -2]
1) 2) 3) 4)
25 5 25 5 6 5 5 29. The sum of two +ve numbers is 100. If the
20. If 2x+y=5 then the maximum value of product of the square of one number and the
x2+3xy+y2 is cube of the other is maximum then the
125 4 625 4 numbers are
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 125 4 625 1) 60, 40 2) 20, 80
21. A cubic function of x has maximum value 10 3) 80, 20 4) 40, 60
5 30. I f x+y = 6543298 and x11y5 is maximum then
and minimum when x = -3, x= 2
2 the ratio of the numbers is
respectively then the function is [ EAM -2020] 1) 12 : 4 2) 3 : 13 3) 14 : 2 4) 11 : 5
1 3 3 2 18 19 31. The minimum value of
1) x  x  x
5 10 5 10
2) x3 + 3x2 - 18x + 19 A 2
 A  1 B2  B  1 C2  C  1 D 2  D  1
,
3) 2x3 + 3x2 - 36x +10 BACD
4) x3 + x2 + x + 1 where A, B, C, D are positive
22. f(x) = (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 3) is minimum at x = 1) 34 2) 34 3) 2 4 4) 2 4
1) 3  1 2) 3  1 32. The difference of two positive numbers is 10.
2 2 If the square of the greater exceeds twice the
1 1 square of the smaller by maximum value then
3) 2  4) 2  they are
3 3
1) 15, 5 2) 20, 10 3) 30, 20 4) 25, 35
23. Maximum value of (x+5)4 (13-x)5 is
1) 74115 2) 64 145 3) 84105 4)75105 33. Let a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h be distinct elements in
24. Minimum value of f(x) = the set{-7,-5,-3,-2,2,4,6,13}. The minimum
value of  a  b  c  d    e  f  g  h  is
2 2
(x - 1)2 + (x -2)2+.. + (x - 10)2 occurs at x=
1)7 2) 6 3) 4 4) 5.5
25. A particle is moving in a straight line such that 1) 30 2) 32 3) 34 4) 40
its distance at any time ‘t’ is given by 34. The minimum value of ( px  qy) when xy  n2
t4 is equal to
S=  2t 3  4t 2  7 then its acceleration is
4 1) 2n pq 2) 2 pq n
minimum at t = [ EAM -2015]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 / 2 4) 3 / 2 3) 2 n p q 4) 2 pqn
26. If x=-1 and x=2 are extreme points of 35. Maximum area of the rectangle inscribed in
f  x    log x   x  x , then
2
a circle of radius 10 cms is
( JEE MAIN 2014) 1)100 2) 200 3) 400 4) 1600
1 1 36. The perimeter of a sector is given. The area
1)   6,   2)   6,    is maximum when the angle of the sector is
2 2
1) 1 radian 2) 2 radians
1 1
3)   2,    4)   2,   3) 3 radians 4) 4 radians
2 2
3 2
37. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 10 cms,
27. The largest value of f(x)=2x – 3x – 12x + 5 BC = 8 cms. A point P is taken on AB such
for –2  x  4 occurs at x =

27
 that PA = x. Then the minimum value of 1 1 1
PC2+PD2 is obtained when x = 1) 2) 3) 4) 1/4
3 3 3 3
1)10 2) 5 3) 8 4) 4
48. The fraction exceeds its Pth power by the
38. The maximum possible area that can be
greatest number possible, where p>2 is
enclosed by a wire of length 20 cm by bending
P 1
it into the form of a sector in sq. cms. is 1 1 1
1) P P 2)   3) 1P 4) P
1) 20 2) 25 3) 30 4) 15 P P P
39. A straight line segment through the point (3, 49. The total cost of producing x pocket radio sets
4) in the first quadrant meets the coordinate  1 
per day is Rs.  4 x  35x  25  and the price
2
axes in A and B. The minimum area of AOB  
is
per set at which they may be sold is Rs.
1) 42 2) 64 3) 48 4) 24
 x
40. P(3, 4), Q(-7, 6). The point A on x-axis for  50   to obtain maximum profit the daily
 2
which PA + AQ is least is out put should be .... radio sets
1) (-2, 0) 2) (-1, 0) 3) (3, 0) 4)(2, 0) 1)10 2) 5 3)15 4) 20
41. The point on the curve x  2 y which is
2
x
50. The point on the curve y = where the
closest to the point (0, 5) is [ EAM -2017] 1  x2
tangent to the curve has the greatest slope is
1)  2 2, 4  2) (4, 8)
3)  2, 1 4) (2, 2)  1
1)  1, 
 1 
2)  1,  3)  2 ,  4) (0, 0)
2
42. The area of the rectangle of maximum area 2 2 5

inscribed in the ellipse

x2 y 2
  1 is
KEY
25 16 01) 3 02) 1 03) 3 04) 1 05) 1 06) 2
1) 48 2) 41 3) 40 4) 50 07) 2 08) 1 09) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
43. A rod AB of length 10 cms slides between two 13) 1 14) 1 15) 1 16) 4 17) 3 18) 2
perpendicular lines OX, OY. The maximum 19) 1 20) 1 21) 1 22) 3 23) 3 24) 4
area of the OAB 25) 2 26) 3 27) 4 28) 2 29) 4 30) 4
1) 50 2) 20 3) 25 4) 60 31) 1 32) 2 33) 2 34) 1 35) 2 36) 2
44. The least intercept made by the coordinate 37) 2 38) 2 39) 4 40) 2 41) 1 42) 3
x2 y 2 43) 3 44) 3 45) 3 46) 2 47) 2 48) 3
axes on a tangent to the ellipse   1 is 49) 1 50) 4
64 49
1) 40 2) 30 3)15 4) 100 SOLUTIONS
45. The longest distance of the point (a, 0) from
x
the curve 2x2 + y2 = 2x is 1. f 1  x  0
(EAMCET-2010) x2  4
1) 1 + a 2) |1 – a| If x  0, x   , 2 
3) 1  2 a  2 a 2 4) 1  2 a  3a 2
46. The point on the parabola y=x2+7x + 2 which 2. If x  7 then f 1  x   0
is closest to the straight line y = 3x – 3 is
1) (–1, –4) 2) (–2, –8) 3. f 1  x   0   2 x 2  1  1  x 2  0
3) (1, 10) 4) (0, 2)
  2 x 2  1   1  x 2 
2
47. If l, m, n are the direction cosines of a half
line OP then the maximum value of l.m.n is
 4 x 4  3 x 2  0  x 2  4 x 2  3  0  x  0

28
 1 x 1
4. f(x) = x sin x + cosx +
2
cos 2 x 9. f  x   . f is not defined for x = 0,
x2
sin 2 x f 1( x)  0  x  2
 f1(x) = xcosx+ sin x  sin x 
2 f is not differentiable for x = 1.
sin 2 x critical points are 0, 1, 2.
f1(x) = xcosx - >0
2 10. f 1  x    log x   log x  2  0
  log x  0 log x  2
f(x) = is in creasing in  0, 
 2 x 1 x  e 2
1

4 11. f 1  x  0
5. f(x) = log(1+x)-f (x) = 1  x 2  x 2
1
  x = 0, 2, -2
(0, f(0)), (2, f(2)), (-2, f(-2))
4  x2  4x  4 x2  4 x
= 1 x 2  x 2  0 12. f 1  x   0  x  0,1,3
   1  x  2  x 
2

f 11  x   0 at x=1 ; f 11  x   0 at x=3
 x(x+4) > 0 13. f 1  x   0   2 x  1 1  x  x 2    2 x  1 1  x  x 2   0

x < - 4 (or) x>0  x  1& f 11 (1)  0

14. f 1  1  0  a  2b  1  0
(-  , -4) u(0,  ) and (-1,  )
a
sin x x cos x  sin x f 1 2  0   4b  1  0
6. f(x) =  f 1  x  0 2
x x2
15.     a  2
 sin x 2 
 x   f(x) > f( ), 
2 2 x      a  1
f  a    2   2   a  2   2(a  1)
2
 dy  x
m2 =  dx    1
 21  2  y f 1 a  0
a 1
1 3
1
m1  m2
 2  2 16. a 
4

1
is least
tan  = 1  m1m 2 1 1 =3 sin x 1  sin x
1
2 2
da  4 1 
7. Let f  x   x1/ x : f is decreasing if x  e  2   cos x  0
dx  sin x 1  sin x  
2

f is increasing if x  e
e3 456 7 cos x  0  sin x  2 / 3
f  e   f  3  f  4   f  5   f  6   f  7  d 2a
 45  0 for sin x  2 / 3
dx 2
 f  3 is maximum  greatest number =31/3
4 1
8. On verfication f '  x   0 a    63 9
2 / 3 1 2 / 3
17. f 1  x    x  2   4  x   34  11x   0
5 4

29
 34 f 1  1    2  1  0
x
11
 1
6 5 f 1 2   4   1  0    2,  
 34   12   10  2 2
f     
 11   11   11  27. f 1  x   0

dy   2 xy  y 
2 x = -1, 2
18. dx  0 Largest value at x = 4
 x2  2 xy  28. f 1  x   0  x  1
 y  2x
f  1  8, f 1  8, f  3  1 8  36  72
x  2 x  x  2 x   2a 29. x  y  100
 x 3  a 3 ; x  a x y
x 2 y 3 is maximum when 
19. For sinpx cosqx. 2 3
1/ 2
 p p .qq  30. x m y n
The max value is  (p  q)p  q 
  mk nk
x and y 
20. y = 5-2x and substitute and derivative is zero and mn mn
substitute =m:n = 11 : 51
21. f 1(-3) = 0, f1(2) =0
A2  A 1 1
5 31. Consider  A 1
f(-3) = 10 f(2) =  verify A A
2

1 1
A 1
22. f  x   0  x  2   x   6 x  12
1
A  1  A  A 1  3
11 2
; f
3 
3 A
4 5 9
23.    A 2  A  1   B2  B  1 
x  5 13  x 18
Hence   
 A  B 
f  x  is max at x  3
24. 10 x  55  C2  C  1  D 2  D  1  4
  3
 C  D 
t4
25. Let S  2t 3  4t 2  7, Acceleration 32. x - y = 10
4
f  x   x2  2 y2  x 2  2  x  10 
2
d 2s
a  2  3t 2  12t  8 for a is maximum or
dt f 1  x  0 ; x  20
minimum da  0  t  2 . 33. Sum of the elements is 8
dt  a  b  c  d    e  f  g  h   8
d 2a
a  b  c  d   e  f  g  h
2 2
At t=2,  0, and
dt 2
is minimum
 a is maximum at t=2
a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h  4

26. f  x    2 x  1
1
  a  b  c  d    e  f  g  h   32
2 2
x

30
 qn 2 x2  4x  5
34. f  x   P 
1

x2 47. f  x  
10
q
f 1  x   0  x  n f 1  x   0  2 x  4  0  x = -2
p

q 48. Let y  x  x p where x is the fraction for maxima

f 11  x   0 for x  n
p 1
dy  1  p 1
 Minimum value= 2n pq or minima 0 x   . At
dx  p
35. 2r2
1
1 2  k  2r  1 p 1 d2y
36. 2r  r  k ; area  r    f r x   ,  0  y is maximum at
2  r   p dx
f 1  r   0  k  4r  0 1
 1  p 1
37. PC 2  PD 2  64  10  x 2  64  x 2  f  x  x 
 p
38. The perimeter of a sector is C cm. The
c2 49. If daily out put is x sets and p be the total point
maximum area of the sector is square meter.. then
16
39. area = 2x1.y1  1  1 
p  x  50  x    x 2  35 x  25  ,
40. y= 0, verify the distance  2  4 
dy y 5
41.  x, slope of (x,y) (0,5) is dp
dx x for maxima or minima  0  x  10 .
dx
y 5
x  1
x d 2 p 3
42. 2ab At x  10 2  0
dx 2
43. a2 + b2 = 100  a2 = b2 = 50 
a = b = 5 2  area = 25 Sq.units dy 1  x2
m  dm
44. (a+b)  0  x0
50. dx 1  x 
2 2
dx
45. f  x    PA    x  a   2 x  2 x 2
2 2

f 1  x  0 ; x  1  a 

PA  1  2a  2a 2

x2  4x  5
46. f  x  
10

f 1  x   0  2 x  4  0  x = -2

31
 EXERCISE - III  x , if 0  x  2
7. I f f(x) =  then at x=0 f has
1 , if x  0
ln(  x)
1. The function f ( x)  is 1) local maximum 2) local minimum
ln(e  x)
3) no extreme value 4) not determined
1) Increasing on (o, )
8. A window is in the shape of a rectangle
2) Decreasing on (o, ) surmounted by a semi circle. If the perimeter
   of the window is of fixed length ‘l’ then the
3) Increasing on  o,


e 
, maximum area of the window is
  l2 l2 l2 l2
decreasing on  e ,   1) 2) 3) 2  8 4)
  2 + 4 8 8  4
   9. A running track 440 ft. is to be laid out
4) Decreasing on  o,


e 
,
enclosing foot ball field the shape of which a
  rectangle with a semi circle at each end. If
increasing on  e ,   the area of the rectangular position is to be
 
2. The least value of (x + 100)2 + (x + 99)2 + maximum then the dimensions of the
.....+ (x + 1)2 + x2 + (x-1)2 + (x - 2)2 + ..... rectangle are
+(x-100)2 is 1) 100, 70 2) 110, 70 3) 100, 80 4) 110, 60
1) 6767 2) 67670 3) 676700 4) 767600 10. A wire of length ‘a’ is cut into two parts which
3. The minimum value of are bent in the form of a square and a circle.
 3 2
 log8  cos x
 2 2
 log8  sin x
is The least value of the sum of the areas thus
f  x   2 
 3 

formed is
1) 21 log8 3 2) 2log8 3 3) 3log8 2 4) 21 log8 3
a2 a2 a2 a2
 1  1  1) 2) 2(   4) 3) 3(   4) 4) 4(   4)
4
4. The minimum value of  1  sin n x  1  cos n x 
  
11. The least perimeter of an isosceles traingle
  n 2 in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed is
1) 1  2n  2) 1  2  3)2
2 2
4) 1 1) 4 3r 2) 2 3r 3) 6 3r 4) 8 3r
 
12. The sum of the hypotenuse and a side of a
5. Let f  x    x  3  x  1 then
5 4
right angled triangle is constant. If the area
1) x = 7/9 is a point of maxima of the triangle is maximum then the angle
2) x = 3 is a point of minimum between the hypotenuse and the given side is
3) x = –1 is a point of maxima
4) f has no point of maximum or minimum    
1) 2) 3) 4)
6. If the function 2 4 3 6
13. The maximum distance from origin to any
f  x   x 3  3  a  7  x 2  3  a 2  9  x  1 has a
2 2 2
positive point of maximum, then point on x 3  y 3  a 3 is
1) a   3,     , 3 1) a 2) a/2 3) 2a 4) a2/3
14. A(0, a), B(0, b) be fixed points. P(x, 0) a
 29 
2) a   , 3   3,  variable point. The angle APB is maximum
 7  if
 29  1) x2 = ab 2) x = ba
3)  , 7  4)  ,  3) x = 2ab
2
4) 2x2 = ab
 7 

32
15. The radius of a right circular cylinder of 23. A box is made with square base and open top.
maximum volume which can be inscribed in a The area of the material used is 192 sq.cms.
sphere of radius R, is If the volume of the box is maximum, the
R 2 3 dimensions of the box are
1) R 2) 3) R 4) R 1) 4,4,8 2) 2, 2,4 3) 8, 8, 4 4) 2, 2, 2
2 3 2
1
16. The height of the cylinder of maximum curved 24. Given: f  x   x x ,  x  0  has the maximum
surface area that can be inscribed
in a sphere of radius ‘R’ is value at x=e, then
1) e  e 2) e   3) e  e 4) e  e
R 2 3R
1) 2) 2R 3) R 4) 25. The point on the curve
3 3 4
17. The volume of the greatest cylinder which can 4 x2  a2 y 2  4a2 , 4  a 2  8 that is farthest
be inscribed in a cone of height h and semi
from the point  0, 2 
vertical angle  is
4 h3
1)  0, 2  2)  2,0  3)  0,3 4)  0, 4 
1) tan2  2) 4h2 tan2  26. For the points on the circle
27
4 h3 4 h3 x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  1  0 the sum of maximum
3) tan2  4) tan3 
9 27 and minimum value of 4 x  3 y is
18. Height of the cylinder of maximum volume that 1) 26/3 2) 10 3) 12 4) 14
can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 12 cm is
1) 8 3 cm 2) 8 cm KEY
01) 2 02) 3 03) 4 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
3) 12 3 cm 4) 24 cm 07) 1 08) 3 09) 2 10) 4 11) 3 12) 3
19. The height of the cone of maximum volume 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3 16) 2 17) 1 18) 1
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 19) 3 20) 1 21) 1 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1
R 2R 4R 4R 25) 1 26) 4 27) 2 28) 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3 SOLUTIONS
20. An open rectangular tank with a square base
and 32c.c. of capacity has least surface area f 1 ( x) 
 e  x  ln(e  x)  (  x) ln(  x)  0
(  x)  e  x  ln(e  x) 
2
in sq. cms. is 1.
1) 48 2) 16 3) 32 4) 12 on (0, ) (1  e   )
21. A box is made from a piece of metal sheet 24 2. first derivative zero.
cms square by cutting equal small squares
3. f  x   2log8 3cos x  3log8 2sin
2 2
x
from each corner and turning up the edges. If
the volume of the box is maximum then the 1 1 1
dimensions of the box are 4. f  x   1   
sin x cos x cos x sin n x
n n n

1) 16,16,4 2) 9, 9, 6 3) 8, 8, 8 4) 9, 9, 8
n cos x n sin x
22. A box without lid having maximum volume is f1 x  
made out of square metal sheet of edge 60 sin n 1 x cos n 1 x
n  sin x cos x 
 n 1
cms by cutting equal square pieces from the cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
four corners and turning up the projecting
pieces to make the sides of the box. The f1 x  0 
height of the box is n sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin n  2 x  cos n  2 x   0
1) 60 2) 10 3) 15 4) 12
 sin x  cos x  0

33
 1 1 1 a  2 r
f  x   1   4 x  2 r  a  x  sum of areas
4
n n
 1 1 
n 4
 1 2  1 2
      dA a
 2 2  2 2 A  x2   r 2 , 0r 
dr 2   4 
2
 n
 11. S  AF  2BD
 1  2 2 
   r  cot   2 tan   2 sec  
5. f 1  x    x  3   x  1  7x  9  by first
4 3
ds 
0
derivative test x = –1 is a point of maxima d 6
6. f 1  x   3x 2  6x  a  7   3  a 2  9  12. z  x  k ; z  z sin   k
k
 ( Discriminant of f  x   0)  0,f  0   0 z
1 1
1  sin 
and sum of the roots >0

29 Area = xy
 a  , a  3 or a  3 and a  7 2
7
z2 x 2 sin 2
 29  f    sin 2 ; f   
 a   , 3   3,  4 4 1  sin  2
 7 

f 1    0   
6

7. 13. f    a 2  cos6   sin 6  

 3 
Clearly at x=0 , f has local maximum  a 2 1  sin 2 2 
 4 
8. 2 x  2r   r  l
f  max  a
1
A  2rx   r 2
2 PA2  PB 2  AB 2 x 2  ab
cos   
14. 2 PAPB x 2
 a 2  x 2  b  
dA l
A is max or min 0 r 
dr 4 d
Applying  0  x 2  ab
l d2A dx
 At r  0
 4 dr 2  2 h3 
h2 v  R h 
15. R  r 
2 2
9. 2 x  2 y  440  x   y  220 ; 4
4 
Area  x  2 y    220   y  2 y 
dv 2R
For maxima or minima 0h
f  y   440 y  2 y 2
dh 3
22 2 R d 2v 2
f 1  y   0  440  4 y  110  y At h  ,  0 , r  R
7 3 dh 2
3
 y  35 16. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the culinder
10. Let x be the side of a square and r be the radius of
the circle
34
 h2 h2 25. first derivative zero and Verify second derivative
R 2  r2   r 2  R 2  . Let S  2rh, S
4 4 26. Centre and radius = (1,1) and ‘1’
is maximum or minimum
any point on the circle is 1  cos  ,1  sin  
ds d 2s
 0  h  2R, 2  0 maxi. value +mini. value of  4 x  3 y  
dh dh
maxi. of  7  4 cos   3sin  
x r
17. tan    ; v   r2H + min. of  7  4cos   3sin    2  7   14
H h

f  x 
tan 
 h tan   r  x
2

f 1  x   0   h tan   r   x.2  h tan   r   

2

h tan 
x
3
18. Let r be base radius and h be the height of the
cylinder
 h3 
V   144h   , dv  0  h  8 3 .
 4  dh

d 2v
At h  8 3, 0
dh 2
19. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the cone
R2   h  R   r 2  r 2  R2   h  R 
2 2

1
v   r 2h
3
1

v  . R 2   h  R  h 
3
2 dv
dh

0h 
4R
3
20. x 2 h  32
128
f  x   x2  , f 1  x  0  x  4
x
a
21. x 
6
a
22. x   10
6
23. Verify the formula x2+4xy
1
24. f 1  x   x x Since x  e is a point of maxima

f e  f  x 

35
 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
2 1
1) 2)
3 3 3 3
1.Let m and M be respectively the minimum and
maximumvalues of 4
4
3) 4)
3 3 3

5.Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f(–1)

= 10,f(1)= –6, f(x) has a critical point at x = –1 and f
¢(x) has acritical point at x = 1. Then f(x) has a local
Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to : minima at x = ________.

(1) (– 3, 3) (2) (– 3, – 1) 6.Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that x =

(3) (– 4, – 1) (4) (1, 3) ±1 are itscritical points. If = 4, then which one of the
following isnot true ?
2.
1) f is an odd function.
2) f(l) – 4f(–l) = 4.
3) x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = –1 is a point
ofminima of f.
4) x = 1 is a point of minima and x = –1 is a point of
maxima of f
3.

KEY

1) 2 2) 5 3) 4

4) 4 5) 3 6) 4
 1 1  3 3
1)   ,   {0} 2)   , 
 2 2  2 2

 1 1  3 3
3)   ,  4)   ,   {0}
 2 2  2 2
4.The area (in sq. units) of the largest rectangle
ABCD whosevertices A and B lie on the x-axis and
2
vertices C and D lieon the parabola y  x 1
below the x-axis, is :

36
 SOLUTIONS

1.

3.

2.

37
4.

6.

5.

*******

38
 APPLICATION 5 . If a, b, c, d are real numbers such that
OF DERIVATIVES 3a  2b 3
  0, Then the equation
cd 2
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 has.
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE A) at least one root in [–2, 0]
QEUESTIONS B) at least one root in [0, 2]
C) at least two roots in [–2, 2]
D) No root in [–2, 2]
1. The number of values of k for which the equa-
6 . The triangle formed by the tangent to the
tion x3  3 x  k  0 has two distinct roots curve f(x) = x2+ bx – b at the point (1, 1) and
lyingin the interval ( 0 , 1 ) is the coordinate axes, lies in the first quadrant.
A) three B) two If its area is 2, then the value of b is[IIT 2001]
C) infinitely many D) zero A) –1 B) 3 C) –3 D) 1

   7. If a variable tangent to the curve x2y = c3

2.Let the function g : (, )    ,  be given makes intercepts a, b on x and y axis
–1 u 
  2 2 respectively, then the value of a2b is
by g(u) = 2 tan (e ) . Then, g is
2
[IIT 2008] 4 3 27 3 4 3
A) 27 c3 B) c C) c D) c
27 4 9
A) even and is strictly increasing in (0, ¥)
B) odd and is strictly decreasing in (-¥, ¥) KEY
C) odd and is strictly increasing in (-¥, ¥)
D) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing 1. D 2.C 3. D 4.A
in ( , ) 5. B 6.C 7.D
3.Let f , g and h be real valued functions defined
on the interval  0,1 by f  x   e x  e  x ,
2 2

g  x   x.e x  e  x , h  x   x 2 .e x  e  x . If a,
2 2 2 2

b and c denotes respectively, the absolute

maximum of f, g and h on  0,1 then
[IIT 2010]
A) a  b and c  b B) a  c and a  b
C) a  b and c  b D) a  b  c

| x |, for 0 | x | 2
4. Let f (x)   then at
1, for x0
x = 0, f has [ADV 2020]
A) a local maximum B) no local maximum
C) a local minimum D) no extremum

39
 SOLUTIONS

1. Let there be a value of k for which 4. f(0) > f(0 + h)

f(0) > f(0 – h)
x3  3 x  k  0 has two distinct roots between
hence it is local maximum.
0 and 1 .
Let a , be two distinct roots of x3  3 x  k  0 lying 5. f’(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d
between 0 and 1 such that a < b . Let ax 4 bx 3 cx 2
f(x)     dx  e
f  x  x3  3x  k . Then f ( a ) = 4 3 2
given 6a + 4b + 3c + 3d = 0 ,
f ( b ) =0. Since between any two roots of a f(+2) = e = f(0) use rolle’s theorem.
polynomial
f ( x ) , there exists at least one root of its drvative
f ‘( x ). Therefore , f ' x  3 x 2  3 has at 6. tangent to y = x2 + bx – b at (1, 1) is
b 1
least one root between a and b . But f ' x  0 has x  int ercept 
b2
two roots equal to 1 which do not lie between and y-intercept = –(b + 1)
a, b. ATQ Ar(  )  2
Hence : f ( x ) = 0 has no real roots lying between
1  b 1 
0 and 1 for any value of k.    [  (b  1)]  2
 2b2
1
2. g(u)  2 tanu (e ) 
u
= b –3
2e 2
g '(u)  0
1 e 2u
7. . x2y = c3
Hence g(u) is increasing function
dy dy 2y
g(u)  tan 1 (eu )  cot 1 (e u ) x2 + 2xy = 0  = 
g(u) tan 1 u 1 u dx dx x
1  (e )  1cot (e )1 u equation of tangent at (x,y)
 tan  u   cot  u   cot  e   tan  e u 
1

e  e  2y
= -g(u) Y–y=  (X  x )
Hence g(u) is odd strictly increasing in (-¥,¥) x
3x
Y = 0, gives , X = =a
. x  2xex ex   0 x0,1 2
3. f  x  2xe 2xe
2 2 2 2
1 x
  and X = 0 , gives , Y = 3y = b
g 1  x   e x  2 x 2 .e x  2 x.e  x  0x   0,1
2 2 2
9x 2
Now a2b = . 3y
4
h1  x   0 x   0,1 hence f, g, h are increasing
27 2 27 3
= x y c  (C)
functions in  0,1 4 4

Maximum of f  f 1 ,

and that of g  x  and h  x  and g 1 and h 1

1
Hence f 1  g 1  h 1  e   a  b  c
e

40
 A) f(x) is increasing in the interval   / 2,  / 2
MULTIPULE ANSWER TYPE B) f{f(x)} is increasing in the interval   / 2,  / 2
QUESTIONS
C) f{f(x)} is decreasing in   / 2,0 and increasing
1. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the
rectangular hyperbola xy = 1, then in 0,  / 2
A) a > 0, b > 0 B) a > 0, b < 0 D) f{f(x)} is invertible in   / 2,  / 2
C) a < 0, b > 0 D) a < 0, b < 0 8. The function
2. Let
x
f ( x)  2 sin3 x  3sin2 x  12sin x  5, 0  x   / 2 f (x)   t(e t 1)(t 1)(t  2)3 (t  3)5 dt has a
Then f(x) is 1

A) decreasing in 0,  / 2 local minimum at x =

B) increasing in 0,  / 2 A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
C) increasing in 0,  / 4 and decreasing in 2 x
9. The critical point(s) of f ( x )  is/are
 / 4,  / 2 x2
D) none of these A) x = 0 B) x = 2 C) x = 4 D) x=1
2
x 1 10. The value of x for which the function
3. Let f ( x)  , 1  x  3.9. 
. denotes the
x x
 (1  t
2
greatest integer function. Then f ( x)  2
)e  t /2
dt has an extremum is
0
A) f(x) is monotonically decreasing in [1, 3.9]
A) 0 B) 1 C) -1 (D) 2
B) f(x) is monotonically increasing in [1, 3.9]
x
1 11. A tangent to the curve y   t dt , which is
C) the greatest value of f(x) is  16.21 0
3
D) the least value of f(x) is 2. parallel to the line y = x, cuts off an intercept
4. Let h(x) = f(x) – (f(x))2 + (f(x))3 for every real from the y-axis equals to
number x. Then [IIT 1998] A) 1 B) –1/2 C) 1/2 D) –1
A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing 12. The number of values of x where the function
B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing f(x) = cos x + cos ( 2x) attains its maximum
C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing
is [AD 2019]
D) nothing can be said in general
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) infinite
5. Let the parabolas y = x 2 + ax + b and
13. f(x) is cubic polynomial with f(2) = 18 and f(1)
y = x(c - x) touch each other at a point (1, 0).
= –1. Also f(x) has local maxima at
Then
x = –1 and f '(x) has local minima at x = 0,
A) a = – 3 B) b = 1
then [IIT - 2018]
C) c = 2 D) b + c = 3 A) the distance between (–1, 2), and (a,f(a)),
6. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 5 sin2x be an increasing where x = a is the point of local minima is 2 5
function in the set of real numbers R. Then a and b
satisfy the condition B) f(x) is increasing for x  [1, 2 5]
A) a2 – 3b – 15  0 B) a2 – 3b + 15  0 C) f(x) has local minima at x = 1
C) a2 – 3b + 15  0 D) a > 0 and b > 0 D) the value of f(0) = 15
x
14. If f  x    et  t  2  t  3 dt for all
2

7. If f ( x)  sin x,   / 2  x   / 2 , then 0
x   0,   , then

41
 A) f has a local maximum at x=2 increasing in each of the intervals.
B) f is decreasing on  2,3
5
C) there exists some c   0,   such that  2  f(x) < 5 in 1  x < 2;  f(x) < 5 in
2
f   c   0
D) f has a local minimum at x=3 2 x < 3
10 1
KEY  f(x)   16.21 in 3  x  3.9
01) B,C 02) B 03) C ,D 3 3
04) A,C 05) A ,D 06) A,C Hence the least value is 2 and the greatest value is
07) A , B, D 08) B,D 09) B , C 1
10) B , C 11) B ,C 12) B  16.21
3
13) B,C 14) A,B,C,D
4. h '(x)  3f '(x)[{f (x)  1/ 3}2  2 / 9]
SOLUTIONS
dy Note that
1. Differentiating w.r.t. x, y  x 0
dx h '(x)  0 whenever f '(x)  0 and h '(x)  0
 the equation of the normal at  ,   is whenever f '(x)  0 , thus, h(x) increases
 (decreases) whenever f(x) increases
y  ( x   ) or x   y   2   2
 (decreases).
5. (1, 0) is on both the curves.
The given line is a normal at  ,   if
So, 0 = 1 + a + b and 0 = c - 1
  2  dy
   2x  a
a b c For the first parabola,
dx
   1 dy
    (   = 1)  )1,0  2  a
a b  ab  ab dx
 a, b are real if ab < 0 i.e., a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0,
dy
b > 0. For the second parabola,  c  2x
dx
2. f   x  = 6 sin2 x cosx - 6sinx cosx + 12 cosx
dy
= 6cosx {sin2x - sinx + 2}  )1,0  c  2
dx
 1
2
7   2 + a = c - 2 and 0 = c - 1
= 6 cos x   sin x    
 2 4   c = 1, a = - 3  0 = 1 + ( - 3) + b or b = 2
6. f   x  = 3x² + 2ax + b + 5sin 2x
 
 in 0, 2 , f ' ( x)  0 . So, f(X) is increasing in
  f(x) increases always, so f   x  > 0  x  R
   3x 2  2ax  b  5 sin 2x  0
0, 2 
 
which will be true if 3x² + 2ax + b - 5 > 0, always
3. Here,f(x) = x2 + 1, 1  x  2 if D < 0
x2  1 7. We know that sinx is an increasing funciton of x
,2  x  3
2   
in , 
x2  1  2 2
,3  x  3.9
3 f{f(x)} = sin  sin x  ;
f   x  > 0 in each of the intervals and so f(x) is

42
 d
 {f(f(x)} = cos(sin x) . cos x  0 for  1  1
dx y = x are 1,   1, 
 2  2
 
 x
2 2  1 1
The tangent at 1,  is y  =1(x - 1),
 2 2
  
 f{f(x)} is increasing  2 , 2  i.e. 2x - 2y = 1
 

dy  1 1
8.  f '(x)  x(ex 1)(x 1)(x  2)3(x  3)5  0 The tangent at   1,  is y  = 1(x + 1), i.e.
dx  2 2
Critical points are 0, 1, 2, 3. Consider change of 2x - 2y + 1 = 0

dy 12. The maximum value of f(x) = cos x + cos ( 2x)

sign of at x  3
dx is 2 which occurs at x = 0.
dy dy Also, there is no value of x for which this value will
x  3,   ve and x  3,   ve be attained again.
dx dx
Change is from –ve to +ve, 13. f (2)  18  8a  4b  2c  d  18 .....(i)
Hence minimum at x = 3. f (1)  1  a  b  c  d  1 ....(ii)
Again minimum and maximum occur alternately. f(x) has local max. at x = –1
 2nd minimum is at x = 1.
 3a – 2b + c = 0 .....(iii)
9. Obviously, at x = 0, f(x) = 
f '(x) has local min. at x = 0  b = 0.....(iv)
 f  (0) does not exist.
Solving (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get result.
So, x = 0 is a critical point
1
Now, f ( x) 
2x x2
, 0 < x < 2, 2 , x  2
 f  x 
4
19 x3  57 x  34 
x2 x
At x = 2, 4 the function f(x) is not 14. f   x   e x  x  2  x  3
2

differentiable. So, they are critical points.

2
10. f ' ( x)  (1  x 2 )e  x /2

2
For extremum, (1  x 2 )e  x /2
= 0, ie x= 1, -1.

dy
11. Differentiating w.r.t. x,  x  1 because the
dx
slope ofy = x is 1
dy
 at ( ,  ), ) ,   1    a = 1, -1
dx
1 1 1
 when   1,    t dt   tdt  2
0 0
and

1 0 0 1
when   1,   0 t dt   1 t dt   1 tdt  
2
 the points where the tangents are parallel to the line

43
 x3
MATRIXMATCHING TYPE D) f  x   strictly S)  1,1
x 4  27
QUESTIONS decreases on
1. Let f(x) = (2x – 1) (2x – 2) and T)  ,  
g(x) = 2 sin x + cos 2x in [0,  ] 4. Match the max / min value of functionin
Column-I Column-II Col - I with corresponding values in Col - II
A) f increases on P) (log2 (3/2),  ) Column - I Column - II
B) f decreases on Q) (-  , log2 (3/2)) 18
  A) Greatest value of P)
e
C) g decreases on R)  0 , 
 6 
x
 5  f  x  on 0,  is
D) g increases on S)  ,   4  x  x2
 6 
2. Column - I gives functions which satisfy 1
B) Maximum value of Q)
conditions of CMVT an specified interval and e
Column - II gives value of ‘C’ for which LMVT ln x
is satisfied in  2,  is
x
Column - I Column - II
5 C) Let x  0, y  0 & R) e
A) f  x   x  x  2  in 1, 2 P) xy  1 then minimum value of
6
1
B) f  x   x  2  x  in  0,1 Q) 3
x  27ey is
3
e3
C) f  x   x 3  2 x 2  x  3 in R) 3 1
D) Perimeter of a sector is 4e . S)
5
0,1 The area of sector is maximum
7 when its radius is T) An
D) f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 S)
6 irrational
number
in 1,4
KEY
T) A
01) A  P, B  Q, C  S , D  R
rational
02) A-S,T , B-P, T, C-Q, T, D-R, T
number
03) A- P,Q,R,S,T , B- S , C- Q,R,P , D- P
3. Match the following
04) A- S, B- Q, T, C- P, T, D- R, T
Column - I Column - II
A) f  x   sin x  cos x  2 x P)  3, 
strictly increases on
x2  x  1
B) f  x   strictly Q) 1, 
x2  x  1
increases on
x2  x  1
C) f  x   strictly R)  , 1
x2  x  1
decreases on

44
 SOLUTIONS
 c 2  4c  3  0 , c  3  c  1, 4
1. A) f ''
 x   0x  R  f  x  is an increasing
'

3. A. f  x   sin x  cos x  2 x
function.
Now g '  x    f '
4  x   f '
2  x  f '  x   cos x  sin x  2  0

If g'  x 0f 1 2x  f 1 4x 2x 4xor x 1  Strictly increases on  ,  

B) f '  x   3 x 1 x 1  f 1  x   0 x2  x  1

B. f  x 
has roots x=-1, 1 x2  x  1
f(x) =0 will have exactly one real root if f(-1) f(1)
>0  2x 1  x2  x 1   x2  x 1  2x 1
f '  x 
  a  2  a  2   0  a  2 or a  2
 x2  x 1
2

C) f '  x    sin x  a 2  0  x  R
 a 2  sin xx  R 4 x 2  2 x 2  2 2 x 2  2
  0
x  x 
2 2
2 2
 x 1  x 1  x 1
D) f  x 2e ae 2a12e  e a e  
' x x x x

 2
 x   1,1
f(x) increases for all x if f '
 x   0x  R
x2  x  1
 ex  a  0  x  R  a  0 C. f  x  striclty decreases on
x2  x  1
f b   f  a 
2. f ' c   for LMVT  , 1  1,  
ba
0 1 x3
f 'c   for ‘a’ D. f  x 
3 x 4  27
1 7 7
 2c  2 
3
 2c   c 
3 6
f ' x  
 x 4  27  3 x 2   x3  4 x3 

 x4  27 
2
1
f 'c  for ‘b’
3
1 5 5 81x 2  x 6
 2  2c   2c   c 
3 3 6

 x 4  27 
2
 
 x 2 81  x 4  0  x  3
1 3
f 'c  2
1  3c  4c  1  2  x   3,     , 3
3c 2  4c  1  0  c  1 x
4. A. f  x   on  0, 
3c  c  1  1 c  1  0 4  x  x2

c
1
3
 c   0,1
f ' x  
 4  x  x 2   x  2 x  1
0

f ' c  
6 4  x  x 2 2

3  3c 2  12c  11  2
x2  x  4  2x2  x  0

45
 4  x 2 , x  2
2 2 1
if x  2   
5 INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
4  2  4 10
2 1 1. If the chord joining the points where x = p , x
x  2  6  3 = - p on the curve y  ax 2  bx  c is parallel
to the tangent drawn to the curve at
1  ln x
f ' x  0
B.
x2  ,   then  is
ln x  1 x  e 2. Area of the triangle formed by the tangent ,
ln x 1 normal at (1,1) on the curve x  y  2 and
 Maximum value of 
x e the y - axis is
3 27e 3. If the curves ax 2  by 2  1 and
C. y  1 x  3 x 
e x
a1 x 2  b1 y 2  1 may cut each other
3 27e
f ' x  3  2  0 , x  0 orthogonally such that
e x
1 1 1 1 
x  3e 2       then  is equal to
a a1  b b1 
54e 3 1
f ''  x      3e2  27  e  4. The number of non - zero integral values ‘a’
x3 e 3
3e 2
for which the function
9 9 18
   3x 2
e e e f  x   x 4  ax3   1 is concave upward
D. R  2 R  4e 2
1 1 2 along the entire real line is
Area  LR. R  2
2 2 5. Let C be a curve defined by y  e a bx . The

4R  2R
R
1
 4eR  2 R 2
2
  curve C passes trhoug the point P 1,1 and
 2eR  R 2  f  R  the slope of the curve tan gent at P is

f '  R   2e  2 R  0 2 . Then the value of 2a  3b is

Re
 n

6. At a point p a, a on the graph of y  x n
in the first quadrant a normal is drawn.
The normal intersets the line y-
1
axis at the point  0,b  . If lim b 
a 0 2
then n 
7. Equation of the normal to the curve
y  (1  x) y  sin 1 (sin 2 x) at x = 0 is x + y = k,
then k is
8. If the function f(x) = x 3 + e x/2 and
g ( x )  f 1 ( x) , then the value of g ' 1 is
(2009)

46
 8. The number of distinct real roots of b  1, a  1 2a  3b  5
x 4  4 x 3  12 x 2  x  1  0 is (2011)
6. y  x n
10. Let p(x) be a real polynomial of least degree
which has a local maximum at x=1 and a local dy
 nx n 1  na n1
minimum at x=3. If p 1  6 and p  3  2 , dx
then p  0  is 1
slope of normal  
na n 1
KEY
equation of normal
01) 0 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 5 06) 2
07) 1 08)2 09) 2 10) 9 1
 y  an    x  1
SOLUTIONS na n 1
1. Points are Put x  0 to get y-intercept

 p, ap 2
 bp  c  ,   p, ap 2  bp  c 
y  an 
1

2bp na n  2
slope of the line joining the point = b
2p 1
 b  an 
dy na n  2
 2ax  b
dx
0 if n  2
 dy  1
   2a  b lim b   if n  2
 dx  ,   a 0 2
2a  b  b    0
 if n  2

2. Find equation of tangent and normal & then put x
= 0 to evaluate vertices of triangle. Then find area 7. At x = 0, y = 1
of triangle. dy
3. Solve the curves simultaneously and apply Evaluate dx
at x  0 & y 1

dy dy Find equation of tangent at x = 0 and y = 1.

  1
dx 1st dx 2 nd 1
4. Soluiton : 3 8. f (0)  1, f ' ( x)  3 x 2  e x / 2  f’(g(x)) g’(x)=1
2
f " x  12 x 2  6ax  3  0 x  R
1
put x = 0  g’(1) = f ' (0)  2
 36a 144  0  a  2,2
2

 Number of non - zero integral values of ‘a’ is 3 9. f  x   x 4  4 x 3  12 x 2  x  1

2
5. y  e a bx clearly f  0   1  0  at least two real roots

1  e a  b ( it passes through 1, 1) f   x   4 x  x 2  3 x  7  dont have all real roots

ab0  f(x)=0 has only two real roots.
 dy 
 2 10. p  x   3k  x  1 x  3
 
 dx 1,1
 3k  x 2  4 x  3
a b
ea bx .2bx  2 ; e .2b 1  2
2

47
p  x   k  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  c

p 1  6  4k  c  6 , p  3  2  c  2

 k  1  p  0   9 k  9

*************

48
 SEQUENCE & SERIES
SYNOPSIS
Sequence :
A set of numbers is arranged in a definite order
according to some definite rule is called a
sequence. e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, ....., is a sequence
 A sequence is a function whose domain is a set
of natural numbers. If the range of a sequence
is a subset of real numbers (or complex
numbers), then it is called a real sequence (or
complex sequence)
Series :
The sum of the terms of a sequence is called a
series.
 If a1 , a2 , a3 ,...... is a sequence, then the
expression a1  a2  a3  ...... is a series
 A series is called finite series, if it has finite
number of terms. Otherwise it is called infinite
series.
e.g .i) 1+3+5+ ..........+21 is a finite series.
ii) 2+4+6+8+....... is an infinite series.
 Sequences following specific patterns are called
progressions.
Arithmetic progression (A.P) :-
 A sequence is called an arithmetic progression,
if the difference between any two consecutive
terms is the same.
 A.P is of the form a, a  d , a  2 d , a  3d .....
where a is 1st term and d is common difference
General term of an A.P :
 Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be common
difference of an A.P, then its genaral term (or)
n th term is Tn  a   n  1 d
 If ‘ l ’ be the last term and ‘d’ be common
difference of an A.P, then mth term from the
end Tm' = l -(m-1)d
1
 m th term from the end = (n-m+1) term from
th
the beginning.
Sum to n terms of an A.P :
n n
S n   a  l    2a   n  1 d 
2 2
where a  first term, l  last term
d  common difference
 If the sum of n terms of a sequence S n is given,
then its n th term Tn can be determined by
Tn  S n  Sn 1
Properties of A.P :-
 a, b, c are in AP  2b  a  c
 In a finite A.P, the sum of the terms equidistant
from the begining and the end is always same
and is equal to the sum of the first and last term
i.e., a2  an 1  a3  an  2  a4  an 3  a1  an
  a1  a2  a3  ......  an 
n   middle term , if n isodd

 n
   sumof twomiddle terms , if n iseven
2
 If a1 , a2 , a3 ...........an are in A.P then
a) an , an 1 ,.....a3 , a2 , a1 are in A.P
b) a1   , a2   , a3   ; ....... an   are in
A.P (where   R )
c)  a1 ,  a2 ,  a3 ; ....... an are in A.P
(where   R  {0} )
 p th term of an A.P. is ‘q’ and qth term is ‘p’,
then Tp  q  0
 If mth term of an A.P. is ‘n’ and nth term is ‘m’
then p th term is ‘m+n-p’
 If S p  q and S q  p for an A.P., then  If the ratio of the sums of n terms of two A.P.’s is
given then the ratio of their nth terms may be
S pq    p  q 
obtained by replacing n with  2n  1 in the
Selection of terms in an A.P :
given ratio.
 If the ratio of nth terms of two A.P.’s is given,
then the ratio of the sums of their n terms may
n 1
be obtained by replacing n with in the
2
given ratio
 Sum of the interior angles of a polygon of ‘n’
sides is  n  2 180
0

 The nth common term of two Arithmetic Series

is ( L.C.M of common difference of 1st series
Some Facts about A.P :- and 2nd series )( n-1)+ 1st common term of
 If a1 , a2 , a3 ........an both series
Arithmetic mean (A.M) :
and b1 , b2 , b3 ........bn are two A.P’s then The Arithmetic mean A of any two numbers a
a) a1  b1 , a2  b2 ,......... are in AP ab
and b is given by , where a, A, b are in
a1 a2 a3 2
b) a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 ......... and b , b , b .......... are AP
1 2 3

not in A.P  If a1 , a2 , a3 ......an are n numbers then

c) If the terms of an A.P. are chosen at regular Arithmetic mean A of these numbers is given
intervals, then they form an A.P 1
 If a constant ‘k’ is added to each term of A.P., by A   a1  a2  .....  an 
n
with common difference ‘d’, then the resulting
 The n numbers A1 , A2 , A3 ....... An are said to be
sequence also will be in A.P., with common
difference (d+k). Arithmetic means between a and b if
 If every term is multiplied by a constant ‘k’, a, A1 , A2 , A3 ......... An , b are in AP
then the resulting sequence will also be in A.P., Here a  First term
with the first term ‘ka’ and common difference
‘kd’. b   n  2  th term =a+(n+1)d
 If n th term of the sequence ba
then, d
Tn  An  B (i.e) [Linear expression in n ] n 1
ba
then the sequence is A.P with first term is ‘A+B’ A1  a 
n 1
and common difference A  coefficient of n  2 b  a 
 If sum of n terms of a sequence is A2  a  , .....
n 1
S n  An 2  Bn  C (i.e.Quadratic exprssion in n b  a 
An  a 
n ) then the sequence is A.P with first term is n 1
3A+B and common difference is 2A. Also in
a  b
A1  A2  A3  .....  An  n 
this sequence nth term Tn = 2An + (A+B)  2 

2
 Geometric Progression (G.P):- A Sequence is Properties of G.P :-
called a Geometric progression, if the ratio of  a, b, c are in G..P  b 2  ac
any two consecutive terms is the same
 In a finite G.P, the product of the terms
 G.P is of the form a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 ........ , Where equidistant from the begining and end is always
a is the first term and r is the common ratio same and is equal to the product of the first and
Genaral term of G.P:- If ‘a’ be the first term last terms
and ‘r’ be the common ratio, then general term (i.e) a2 an 1  a3 an 2  a4 an 3 ........  a1.an
n 1
(or) nth term of G..P is Tn  ar
 a1 .a2 .a3 .......an =(middle term)n ,if n is odd
 The nth term from the end of a finite G.P
=(Product of two middle terms)n/2, if n is even
consisting of m terms = ar m  n  If a1 , a2 , a3 ,......an are in G.P
 The nth term from the end of a finite G.P with
a) an , an 1 , an  2 ,..........a1 are in G.P
n 1
 l  b)  a1 ,  a2 ,  a3 ,........,  an are in G.P
last term l and common ratio r is l  
 r 
Sum to n terms of a G.P :    R  {0}
 a) sum of n terms c) a1n , a2n , a3n ,...... ann are in G.P for n R
 1 r 
n
Sn  a  ar  ar 2  ....  ar n1  a   , if r  1 1 1 1 1
 1 r  d) a , a , a ........ a are in G.P
1 2 3 n
 r n 1 
 a  , if r  1 = na., if r =1  If a1 , a2 , a3 .....an is a G.P of non zero, non
 r 1  negative terms then
b) If l be the last term of the G.P., then l =ar n-1 , log a1 , log a2 ,log a3 .......log an are in A.P and
a  lr lr  a vice versa
Sn  , if r  1  , if r  1
1 r r 1 Some facts about G.P :-
 If the number of terms are infinite, then the sum
of G..P. is  If a1 , a2 , a3 ,.....an and b1 , b2 , b3 ,.....bn are two
a G.P’s with common ratio r1 and r2 respetively,,
S  a  ar  ar 2  ........  if r  1
1 r then
Selection of terms in G.P :
a) a1  b1 , a2  b2 , a3  b3 .........an  bn are not in
G.P
b) a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 ,.........an bn are in G..P with
common ratio r1r2
a1 a2 a3 an
c) b , b , b ............. b are in G.P with common
1 2 3 n

r1
ratio r
2
GP: Increasing and decreasing G.P:-
 Let a, ar, ar2, ....... be G..P
a) If a  0; r  1 then it is an increasing G..P
b) If a  0; 0  r  1 then it is decreasing G..P

3
c) If a  0; r  1 then it is decreasing G.P Sum to n term of an A .G .P :
d) If a  0; 0  r  1 then it is an increasing G.P  a 1  r n 1   a   n  1 d  r n 
Geometric mean (G.M):- The geometric mean
  dr   r  1 
1  r 1  r  1 r 
2
Sn   
G of any two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is given by n 
ab where a, G, b are in G.P   2 a   n  1 d   when r  1 
2 
 If a1 , a2 , a3 ,.......an be n numbers then  If the number of terms are infinite, then the sum
geometric mean of these numbers is of A.G..P is
a dr
 when r  1
1
 a1.a2 .a3 .....an  n S  
1  r  1  r 2
 The n numbers G1 , G2 , G3 ,......Gn are said to Eg. 21
be geometric means between ‘a’ and ‘b’. If Find the nth term of arithmetico- geometric
a, G1 , G2 , G3 ,........, Gn , b are in G.P series 1  3 x  5 x 2  7 x 3  ......
Sol: The given arithmetico-geometric series is
Here a  First term ; b   n  2  th term 1  3 x  5 x 2  7 x 3  ...... . The A.P..
1
corresponding to this series is 1,3,5,7, .... and
1
 b  n 1  b  n1 the G.P. corresponding to this series
then r    ; G1  a   ;
a a is 1,   x  ,   x  ,   x  ,.....
2 3

2 n clearly, the nth term of the A.P.={1+(n-

 b  n 1  b  n1 1)(2)}=2n-1
G2  a   ........ ; Gn  a  
a a and the nth term of


G.P= 1  x 
n 1
   1 n 1
.x n 1
 
n
ab =  GM of a, b 
n
G1 G2 G3 .........Gn 
 the nth term of the given series
 If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two numbers of opposite signs,
=  2n  1 1 .x n 1 =  1  2n  1 .x n1
n 1 n 1
the G.M. between them does not exist.
Arithmetico - Geometric progression To Find nth term by Difference Method :
(A.G.P): A sequence is called an arithmerico- If T1 , T2 ,...., Tn are terms of any series and their
geometric progression, if each term is the
product of the corresponding terms of an A.P. difference T2  T1  , T3  T2  , T4  T3  ,......,
and a G.P.,
Tn  Tn1  are either in A.P. or in G..P., then
 If a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,.......is an A.P and b, br,
Tn and S n of series may be found by the method
br 2 ,.......is in G.P. then ab, (a+d)br, (a+2d) br 2 ,
............ is an A .G .P of differences. Let Sn  T1  T2  ....  Tn
 The general form of an A.G..P is a, again Sn  T1  T2  ....  Tn1  Tn
(a+d)r,(a+2d) r 2 , ...........
Sn  S n  T1  T2  T1    T3  T2   ....  Tn  Tn 1   Tn
Genaral term of A.G.P : Tn  T1  (T2  T1 )  (T3  T2 )  ....  Tn  Tn 1 
Genaral term of an A .G .P is
Tn  T1  t1  t2  .......  tn 1
Tn   a   n  1 d  .r n 1
where a = first term, d
where t1 , t2 ,......., tn 1 are terms of the new
= common difference and r = common ratio. series.

4
 Harmonic Progression (H.P): A sequence is in
1 1 2 a  b 1 1 n  a  b
H.P, if the reciprocals of its terms form an A.P.   ........ ;  
 In general H.P is of the form H 2 a  n  1 ab H n a  n  1 ab

1 1 1 1
, , ........ 1 1 1 1 n 1 1
a a  d a  2d a   n 1 d    .........     
H1 H 2 H 3 Hn 2  a b 
where a = first term, d=common difference in
A.P.  If x1 , x2 , x3 ,....xn are n-H.M’s between a and b,
Properties of H.P :
ab  n  1
2 1 1 then x1  b n  1  a  b ,
 a, b, c are in H .P       
b a c
 If a1 , a2 , a3 ,..........an are in H.P then ab  n  1 ab  n  1
x2  , .. xn 
(a) an , an1 ,..........a3 , a2 , a1 are in H.P b  n  1  2  a  b  b  n  1  n  a  b 

(b)  a1 ,  a2 ,  a3 ,..........  a3 are in H.P    R  Relations between A.M, G.M, H.M:- Let
A, G , H be A.M, G.M and H.M between two
a1 a2 a3 a
(c) , , ........ n are in H.P where   0 numbers a and b then
   
(d) If a, b are the first two terms of an H.P, then the ab 2ab
 A ; G  ab ; H 
ab 2 ab
n term=
th
b   n  1 a  b   AG  H
(e) If m term of H.P.is ‘n’ and n term of H.P is
th th
 A, G , H are in GP (i.e) G 2  AH
mn  The equation having a and b as its roots is
‘m’, then Tr 
r
x 2  2 Ax  G 2  0
 If a1 , a2 , a3 .........an be n numbers then H.M of
 If A, G , H are A.M, G.M, H.M between three
these numbers is H  n numbers a, b, c then the equation having a, b, c
1 1 1 1
   ...  3G 3
a1 a2 a3 an as its roots is x  3 Ax 
3 2
x  G3  0
H
1 11 1 1 1
      ........  a n  bn
H n  a1 a2 a3 an   is the A.M, G.M & H.M between
a n 1  b n 1
 The n numbers H1 , H 2 , H 3 ........H n are said to
1
be harmonic means between a and b if a and b for n  1, , 0 respectively
2
a, H1 , H 2 , H 3 ...........H n , b are in HP..
 If A and G be the A.M. and G..M between two
Here a = first term ; b =  n  2  th term positive numbers, then the numbers are
If D is common difference of AP A  A2  G 2
ab 1 1 a b  If the A.M. and G.M. between two numbers are
then D   n  1 ab ;  
H1 a  n  1 ab ; in the ratio m : n , then the numbers are in the
ratio m  m 2  n 2 : m  m2  n 2

5
Summation of some series of natural Note: If x  1 then
numbers:
1  x 
1
n
1.  1  x  x 2  x 3  ......
  1  1  1  1  ............  1 n terms   n
1  x 
2
k 1 2.  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ......

1  x 
3
n
1 3.  1  3x  6 x 2  10 x3  ......
  k  1  2  3  ...  n 
k 1 2
n  n  1
1  x 
1
4.  1  x  x 2  x 3  ......
n
1
 
k 1
k 2  12  22  ...  n 2  n  n  1 2n  1
6 5. 1  x 
2
 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ......

1  x 
3
n
 n 
2
6.  1  3x  6 x 2  10 x 3  ......
 k 1  2  ...  n   k   1 2  3  ...  n
2
 3 3 3 3
k1  k1  General rule for finding the values of
2
recurring decimal : Let X denote the figure
1  1 which do not recur and assume they are l in
  n  n  1   n 2  n  1
2

2  4 number. Let Y denote recurring period of

consisting of m figures. Let R denote the value
n
of recurring decimal then R  XYYY.... (or)
 1  3  5  .... n terms    2k  1  n 2
k 1 
R XY
n
2  4  6  .... n terms    2k  n  n  1 10l R  X .YYY and 10l  m R  XY .YYY

k 1
XY  X
 Subtracting we get R 
n 10l  m  10l
12  32  52  .....  n terms    2k  1
2

k 1
  623  6 617
E.g: 0.6 23  
990 990
n

3
 4n 2  1   243  2 241 1231
E.g: 1.2 4 3  1   1 
990 990 990
n
22  42  62  .....  n terms    2k  Sum of the products of two terms of a
2

k 1 sequence :

2
n  n  1 2n  1 To obtain the sum a a i j , we use the identity
3 i j

2 a ia j   a1  a 2  ...  a n    a12  a 22  ...  a n2 

2
n
1  3  5  .....  n terms    2k  1
3 3 3 3
 i j

k 1
Cauchy-Schwartz’s In equality If
 n 2  2n 2  1 a1 , a2 , a3 ,...an and b1 , b2 ,...bn are 2n real
numbers, then
 Sum of n terms of series
 a1b1  a2b2  ...  anbn    a12  a22  ...  an2 
2

 n  n  1


2
, if n is odd
b 1
2
 b22  ...  bn2  with the equality holding if
12  2 2  32  4 2  52  ......  n  n  1 a1 a2 an
, if nis even
 2 and only if b  b ...  b
1 2 n

6
Eg. 1 Sol:
Find the first negative term of the sequence p
 2a1   p  1 d   2a1   p  1 d  p
1 1 3 2 p2
 2  
20,19 ,18 ,17 ,......
4 2 4
q
 2a1   q  1 d  q 
 2 a1   q  1 d 
 q
2
Sol: The given sequence is an A.P in which first
 p 1 
term a=20 and common difference d=-3/4. a1   d p
 2  a
Let the nth term of the given A.P. be the first   For 6 , p  11, q  41
 q 1  q a21
negative term. Then, an  0 a1   d
 2 
 a  ( n  1) d  0  20  ( n  1)( 3 / 4)  0 a 11
 6 
83 3n a21 41
   0  83  3n  0  3n  83 Eg. 5
4 4
1
If 1, log 3  3  2  , log 3  4.3  1 are in A.P,,
1 x x
2 2
 n  27
3  n  28 then find x.
1
thus, 28th term of the given sequence is the first Sol: 1, log 3  3  2  , log 3  4.3  1 are in A.P
1 x x

negative term. 2
Eg. 2  log 3  31 x  2   1  log 3  4.3x  1
If 100 times the 100th term of an A.P with
non-zero common difference equals the 50  log 3  31 x  2   log 3 3  log 3  4.3x  1

 log 3  31 x  2   log 3 3  4.3x  1

times of 50th term, then find 150th term of
this A.P. (AIEEE 2012)
Sol: 100 T100  50 T50 ; 100(a+99d)=50(a+49d)   31 x  2   3  4.3x  1
2a+198d=a+49d ; a+149d=0  3.3 x  2  12.3x  3
T150  a  149d  0 3
  2  12t  3,  where t  3x 
Eg. 3 t
How many terms are to be added to make  3  2t  12t 2  3t  12t 2  5t  3  0
the sum 52 in the series (-8)+(-6)+ (-4)+....?
  4t  3 3t  1  0
n
Sol: S n  52   2  8    n  1 2   52 3 1 3
 t  ,  3x   3x  0 
2 4 3 4
 n  2n  18  104 3
 x  log 3    1  log 3 4
4
 n  n  9   52  n  13 Eg. 6
Eg. 4 If the sum of four numbers in A.P is 24 and
the sum of their squares is 164 then find those
Let a1 , a2 ,....., an be the terms of an A.P.. numbers.
a1  a2  .....  a p Sol: (a-3d)+(a-d)+(a+d)+(a+3d)=24
p2
If a1  a2  .....  aq = q 2 , pq then  4a  24  a  6
 a  3d    a  d    a  d    a  3d 
2 2 2 2
 164
a6
find a .
12
 2  a 2  9d 2   2  a 2  d 2   164

7
  a 2  5d 2  41  36  5d 2  41  d  1
required numbers are 3,5,7,9
Eg. 7
Find the nth term of the sequence
5,15,29,47,69,95,...
Sol: The given sequence is not an A.P. but the
successive differences between the various
terms
i.e. (15-5),(29-15),(47-29),(69-47),(95-69),....
i.e. 10,14,18,22,26,..... are in A.P
Let nth term of the given sequence be
tn  an 2  bn  c  1 Putting n=1,2,3 in
1 , we get
t1  a  b  c  a  b  c  5   2 
t2  4a  2b  c  4a  2b  c  15   3
t3  9a  3b  c  9a  3b  c  29   4 
Solving (2),(3),(4), we get a=2,b=4,c=-1.
 the nth term of the given sequence is
tn  2n 2  4n  1
Eg. 8
The sum of the first n terms of two A.P’s are
in the ratio (2n+3):(3n-1). Find the ratio of
5th terms of these A.P’s.
S n 2n  3
Sol: Given that S '  3n  1
n LCM of 4 and 5 is 20, the first common term
The ratio of nth terms
tn 2  2n  1  3 4n  1
 
tn' 3  2n  1  1 6n  4
t5 : t5'  21: 26
Eg. 9
The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P.
the smallest angle is 1200 and the common
difference is 50 . Find the number of sides of
the polygon .
Sol: Given a=1200, d= 50
Sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n
is  n  2 180
0
sides
n
  2 120    n  1 5   n  2 180
2
 n 5n  235   n  2  360
 5n  n  47    n  2 360
 n2  47n   n  2 72
 n2  25n  144  0   n  9 n  16  0
 n  9 or 16
(Since neglecting n=16, Since that case largest
angle is [120+(15)5]=195, which is not possible
no longer angle of a polygon is more than 180)
 n=9
Eg. 10
Find 12th common term of two Arithmetic
Series 7+10+13+..... and 4+11+18+......... .
Sol: The nth common term of between two series
= ( L.C.M of common difference of 1st series
and 2nd series )( n-1) + 1st common term of
both series.
=(L.C.M of 3,7) (12-1)+25 =21(11)+25 =256
Eg. 11
Find the number of common terms to the two
sequences 17,21,25,...,417 and
16,21,26,...,466.
Sol: series 17,21,25,.,417 has common difference4
series 16,21,26,...,466 has common difference5
is 21. Hence, the series is 21,41,61,...,401;
which has 20 terms.
Eg. 12
If n arithmetic means are inserted between
2 and 38, then the sum of the resulting series
is obatined as 200, then find the value of n.
Sol: We have
n2
 2  38  200  n  2  10  n  8
2
Arithmetic mean of the mth power : Let
a1 , a2 ,...an be n positive real number (not all
8
 equal) & let m be real number 2 3 10
11k 11  11   11   11 
a  a  .....  a
m m m   2    3    ....  10     2 
then 1 2 n 10 10  10   10   10 
n
2 9 10

1   2    1      ....     10  
k 11 11 11 11
m
 a  a  .....  an 
 1 2  m  R   0,1 10 10  10   10   10 
 n 
10
 11   1
m   10
 a  a  ...an 
10 10
 10   11   11   11 
 1 2  m   0,1 
11
 10    10    10  10  
 n  1  10   10   10 
m 10
 a  a  ...  an 
 1 2  m  0,1
 n  k
  10  k  100
Eg. 13 10
Eg. 16
n 1 Three Possitive numbers from an increasing
Prove that 1  2  .....  n  n
2 G.P. If the middle term in this G.P is doubled,
1
the new number are in A.P Then find the
1  2  .....  n  1  2  3  ...  n  2 common ratio of the G.P. [JEE-2014]
Sol:  
n  n  Sol: Let a, ar , ar 2 be in G.P and r>1.

1
Given a, 2ar , ar 2 are in A.P .
  n  1  2
 2  2ar   a  ar  r  4r  1  0
1 2 2
n    n  1  2
 2  
 
 n   2  4  16  4
  r  2  3 r  1  r  2  3
  2

n 1 Eg. 17
 1  2  .....  n  n
2 Three numbers are in G.P. Whose sum is 70,
Eg. 14 if the extremes be each multiplied by 4 and
If the third term of G.P is 4, then find the the mean by 5, they will be in A.P. then find
product of first 5terms. the sum of numbers.
Sol: Given t3  ar 2  4 Sol: Let the numbers be a, ar , ar 2 and sum=70
Product of first 5 terms = a 1  r  r   70  1
2

 a  ar   ar 2  ar 3  ar 4   a5 r10   ar 2 
5
 45 =1024 it is given that 4a, 5ar , 4ar 2 are in A.P
Eg. 15
 2  5ar   4a  4ar  5r  2  2r
2 2
If
 2r  5r  2  0   2r  1 r  2   0
2
10   2 11 10   3 11 10   ......  10 11  k 10  ,
9 1 8 2 7 9 9

then find k. [JEE MAIN 2014] 1

 r  2, put r=2 in (1), then a=10
Sol: 2
k 10   10  2 11 10   3 11 10   ....  10 11 1
9 9 1 8 2 7 9

put r  in (1), then a=40

2 9
2
 11   11   11 
 k  1 2    3    ....  10    1  The numbers are 10,20,40 or 40,20,10.
 10   10   10   Sum of the numbers =70

9
Eg. 18
0  5   2  6  18  54  ...  Tn  Tn 1    Tn
If the sides of a triangle are in G.P and it’s
larger angle is twice the smallest, then find 3n 1  1
the common ratio r satisfies the inequality.  0  52
3 1
 
 Tn  Tn  5  3n 1  1  4  3n 1
Sol: Let the sides of a triangle be a / r , a and ar ,
n n n n
with a>0 and r>1. let  be the smallest angle.
So that the largest angle is 2  . then  is
Sn   Tk    4  3k 1    4   3k 1
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1

opossite to the side a/r, and 2  is positive to

 3n  1 
the side ar. Applying sine rule, we get  4n  1  3  3 2
 ....  3n 1   4n  1 
a/r ar  3 1 

sin  sin 2  3n  1  1 n
sin 2
 4n      3  8n  1
  r 2  r 2  2cos   2  2  2
sin 
Eg. 22
r 2r  2
2
Find the Sum to infinity of the series
1  r  2 2 6 10 14
1     .... is [AIEEE 2009]
Eg. 19 3 32 33 34
Find the geometric mean between -9 and 2 6 10 14
16 . Sol: Let S  1      .... --(1)
3 32 33 34
Sol:
1 1 2 6 10
Required G..M =  9   16   3i  4 i    12 S   2  3  4  .... -------(2)
3 3 3 3 3
Eg. 20
Subtracting (2) from (1)
If we insert two numbers between 3 and 81
so that the resulting sequence is G.P then find  1 1 4 4 4
S 1    1   2  3  4  ....
the numbers.  3 3 3 3 3
Sol: Let the two numbers be a and b, then 3,a,b,81
are in G.P. 2 4 4 1 1
S    2 (1   2  ....)
term Tn  AR n 1 ; 81  3R 4 1 3 3 3 3 3
 nth

81  
 R   27  R 3  33  R  3
3

3 2 4 4 1  4 4 3
S  2   . 2
3 3 3  1  1  3 32 2  S=3
 a  AR  3  3  9, b  AR
2
 3  32  27
 3
Eg. 21
Find the sum of upto n terms of series : Eg. 23
5+7+13+31+85+.... Find the sum of the infinite series
Sol: The difference between the successive terms 4 9 16
1    .... .
are 2,6,18,54,.....Clearly it is a G..P. L e t 3 32 33
Tn be the nth term of the given series and S n be Sol: This is clearly not an AG.P Series, since
the sum of its n terms, then 1,4,9,16.... are not in A.P. However their
successive differences 4-1=3,9-4=5,16-9=7, ...
S n  5  7  1 3  3 1  ..  T n  1  are in A.P.
Sn  5  7  1 3  ...  T n  1  T n  2  4 9 16
Let S  1   2  3  ... -(1)
Subtracting (2) from (1) 3 3 3

10
 1 1 4 9  1  4 
S     ... -(2) 3   
3 3 32 33 ab  2  1 3ab  2  17   4
x1   
Subtracting (2) from (1) b  2  1  1  a  b  a  2b  1   4  11
   2 
2 3 5 7  2   17 
S  1   2  3  ....  
3 3 3 3
 1  4 
3   
1 2 1 3 5 ab  2  1 3ab  2  17   2
. S   2  3  ....   x2   
3 3 3 3 3 b  2  1  2  a  b  2a  b 1  4  7
2    
4 2 2  2   17 
on Subtracting   .S   1   2  ...  
9 3 3 Eg. 26
Let two numbers have arithmetic mean 9 and
2 1 1  geometric mean 4. then find the numbers are
 1  1   2  ...   
3 3 3  the roots of the quadratic equation.
Sol: The A.M. of the two numbers is A=9 and the
  G.M of two numbers is G=4
2 1   9 9 The quadratic equation whose roots are the
 1    2  S   2   
3  1 1   4 2 numbers having A.M and G.M. are A,G
 
 3 respectively is x 2  2 Ax  G 2  0 .So, the
Eg. 24 required quadratic equation is
1 x 2  18 x  16  0
The 5th and 11th terms of an H.P are Eg. 27
45
Find two numbers whose arithmetic mean
1
and respectively, then find 16th term . is 34 and geometric mean is 16.
69
Sol: The 5th and 11th terms of the corresponding ab
Sol: Let the two numbers be a and b then =34
A.P. are 45 and 69 respectively. Let a be the 2
first term and d be the common difference of and ab =16
the corresponding A.P then,5th term =
 a+b=68 and ab=256
a+4d=45.......(i)
  a  b    a  b   4 ab
2 2
and 11th term = a+10d=69......(ii)
solving equations (i) and (ii), we get a=29, d=4
  68   4  256   3600  a-b=60
2
 the 16th term of the A.P
=a+15d=29+15(4)=89 on solving a+b=68 and a-b=60, we get a=64,
hence, the 16th term of the H.P=1/89 and b=4. thus, the required numbers are 64 and
Harmonic Mean (H.M):- The harmonic mean 4.
H of any two numbers a and b is given by Eg. 28
2ab The H.M. between two numbers is 16/5, their
H , where a, H , b are in H.P.. A.M. is A and G.M. is G. If 2A+G2=26 then
ab
find the numbers.
Eg. 25
Find two H.M’s between 1/2,4/17. 2ab 16
Sol: Given H.M of a and b is 
Sol: Let x1 and x2 be two H.M’s between1/2,4/17 ab 5
5ab
1 4  ab   1
 a , b , n2 8
2 17

11
 Eg. 30
 ab
Given 2 A  G  26  2    ab  26
2

 2  1
3
 23  33  43  ....  93 
Sol: 13  23  33  43  ....  93 
5ab
  a  b   ab  26   ab  26  ab  16  13  23  ...  93   2  23  43  ...83 
8

5  9  9  1 
2

From (1), a  b  16   a  b  10   2   2   2  2 1  2  3  4 

3 3 3 3 3

8  
  a  b    a  b   4 ab  100  64  36
2 2
 2025  1600  425

 a  b  6   3 Solving (2) and (3) EXERCISE - I

 a=8, b=2 1. If the first term of an A.P is –1 and common
difference is – 3, then 12th term is
Weighted Means: Let a1 , a2 ,...an be n positive
1) 34 2) 32 3) –32 4) –34
real numbers and m1 , m2 , m3 ...mn be n positive 2. If the sum to n terms of an A.P. is
rational numbers. Then we have weighted 3n 2  5n while Tm=164, then value of m is
Arithmetic mean A, Weighted geometric mean 1) 25 2) 26 3) 27 4) 28
G and weighted harmonic mean H as 3. Let Tr be the rth term of an AP for r=1, 2, ...
If for some positive integers m and n we have
m1a1  m2 a2  .....  mn an
A , Tm = 1/n and Tn=1/m, the Tmn=
m1  m2  m3  .....  mn 1) – 1/mn 2) 1/m + 1/n
1 and 3) 1 4) 0

G  a a .....a m1 m2
1 2
mn
n  m1  m2 ........ mn
4. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P.
If the smallest angle is 100o and the common
m1  m2  .....  mn difference is 4o, then the number of sides is
H
m1 m2 m 1) 5 2) 7 3) 36 4) 44
  .....  n Then we have
a1 a2 an 5. If a, b, c, d, e, f are in A.P., then e–c is equal
to
A  G  H . Moreover equality hold at either 1) 2(c – a) 2) 2 (d – c) 3) f – e 4) d – c
place  a1  a2  ...  an 6. If the ratio between the sums of n terms of
Eg. 29 two A.P.’s is 3n  8 : 7n  15 , then the ratio
If 2p+3q+4r=15, then find the maximum between their 12th terms is
1) 16 : 7 2) 7 :16 3) 74 : 169 4) 169 : 74
value of p3q5 r 7 .
7. If the sum of the first ten terms of an A.P is
Sol: Since four times the sum of its first five terms, then
ratio of the first term to the common
2p

3

2p

3

2p

3
  3q

5
 ... 
3q

5
 5 times    4r

7
 ... 
4r

7
 7 times  difference is
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1 3) 1 : 4 4) 4 : 1
15
8. If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P.,
3 5 7 then Sn + 3 – 3Sn + 2 + 3Sn + 1– Sn=
 2 p   3q   4r 
 15        AM  GM  1) 0 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2
 3   5   7  9. In an A.P of 99 terms , the sum of all the odd
numbered terms is 2550. Then the sum of all
2335 47 5577 99 terms is
p3 q 5 r 7  1  p 3 5 7
q r 
335577 2332 47 1) 5039 2) 5029 3) 5019 4) 5049

12
10. If the first, second and the last terms of an 19. H 1 ,H 2 are 2 H.M.’s between a, b then
A.P. are a, b, c respectively, then the sum of H1  H 2
the A.P. is H1.H 2 =
 a  b  a  c  2b   b  c  a  b  2c  ab ab ab ab
1) 2 b  a  2) 2 b  a  1) 2) 3) 4)
ab ab ab ab
 a  c  b  c  2a   a  2c  b  c  2c  20. If H 1, H 2,....., H n are n harmonic means
3) 2 b  a  4) 2 b  a  between a and b(  a), then the value of
11. Four numbers are in arithmetic progression. H1  a H n  b
 
The sum of first and last terms is 8 and the H1  a H n  b
product of both middle terms is 15. The least 1) n + 1 2) n – 1 3)2n 4)2n + 3
number of the series is.
1 1 1  4
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1 21. If 4
 4  4  ...  , then
12. If n arthmetic means are inserted between 2 1 2 3 90
and 38, then the sum of the resulting series 1 1 1
   ... is equal to
is obtained as 200, then the value of n is 14 34 54
1) 6 2) 8 3) 9 4) 10
2 4 2 4
13. If m  1 and n  N then 1) 2) 3) 4)
36 48 72 96
m
1  2  ...  n
m m
 n 1 
m
22. The rational number which is equal to the
1.  
n  2  number 2.357 with recurring decimal is
m
1  2  ...  n
m m
 n 1
m
2355 2370 2355 2359
2.   1) 2) 3) 4)
n  2  1001 999 999 991
1m  2m  ...  n m 1m  2m  ...  n m KEY
3.  1 4. 1
n n 1) 4 2) 3 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2
14. Sum of the series 7) 1 8) 1 9) 4 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2
1 1 1 13) 1 14) 3 15) 2 16) 2 17) 4 18) 3
S  1  (1  2)  (1  2  3)  (1  2  3  4)  .... upto 19) 2 20) 3 21) 4 22) 3
2 3 4
20 terms is SOLUTIONS
1) 110 2) 111 3) 115 4) 116
1. t12  a  12  1 d
15. The first and second terms of a G.P are x 4
and x n respectively. If x 52 is the eighth term 2. Tm  Sm  Sm 1
of the same progression, then n is equal to 1 1
1) 13 2) 4 3) 5 4) 3 3. Tm = a  (m  1)d  , Tn = a  (n  1)d 
n m
16. How many terms of the series 1+3+9+ ... sum
to 364? 1 1 1
Tm  Tn   , find d  , using
1) 5 2) 6 3) 4 4) 3 n m mn
ba ba Tm , find a and Tmn
17. If a, b and c are in G.P., then  
bc bc 4. Sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides
1) b2 – c2 2) ac 3) ab 4)0 n
18. If x, y, z are the three geometric means = (n–2) 180o  2  2(100)  (n  1)4
between 6, 54, then z =
5. Let A be first term and D be c.d
1) 9 3 2) 18 3) 18 3 4) 27 e=A+4D,c=A+2D  e-c=2D,check with option

13
 3n  8 1 1 1 n1 1
6. Ratio of the sums of n terms  19.   ...     
7 n  15 H1 H 2 Hn 2  a b 
 Ratio of n terms Replace n with (2n-1)
th

1 1 1 n1 1
3  2n  1  8 6n  5 20. Use   ...     ,
= 7 2n  1  15  14n  8 H1 H 2 Hn 2  a b 
 
6  12  5 77 7 a b
 Ratio of 12 terms 
th   find H and H
14 12  8 176 16 1 n

7. S10  4 S5 1 1 1 4
21.    ...  ,
8.  Sn3  Sn 2   2  Sn2  Sn1    Sn1  Sn  14 24 34 90
=d-2d+d=0  1  1  1  ...    1  1  1  ...   
4

 4 4   4 
50  1 3 54   2 44 64  90
9.  a1  a99   2550  a1  a99  102
   
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
4

   ...     ... 
99 24 1
 a1  a99   5049
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 3 5 2 3 90
sum of all the terms =
2
   1    4 4
1 1 1
10. Let there be n terms in the A.P. Then,    ...   , simplfy
1
4
3
4
5
4
16 90  90
b  c  2a
c  a   n  1 b  a  n 22. let x=2.357357357....
ba
1000x = 2357.357357; subtract
n  b  c  2a a  c
Sumof n terms   a  c  EXERCISE - II
2 2  b  a
11. Take A.P as (a – 3d), a – d, a+d, a + 3d 1. Let the sequence a1 , a2 , a3 ,......an form an A.P
12. Total no. of terms in A.P is n + 2
a12  a 22  a 32  a42  ....  a22n 1  a22n is equal to
n2
given that    2  38   200 n 1
13.
 2 
1)
2n  1
a12  a22n  2)
2n  1
a12  a22n  
n 1
   
m m
1m  2m  ...  n m  1  2  3  ...  n   n 1 3) a12  a22n 4) a12  a22n
    n 1 2n  1
n  n   2 
2. The sum to 101 terms of an A.P. is 1212. The
n(n  1)  n 1 middle term is
14. S     
2.n  2  1) 6 2) 12 3) 24 4) 26
15. The common ratio of the G.P.’s x n  4 3. If log 2, log  2 x  1 and log  2 x  3 are in AP,,
 x52  Eighth term then the value of x is given by

 x 52  x 4  x n  4   7 n  28  n  4 5
7
1) 2) log 2 5 3) log3 5 4) log5 3
2
1(3n  1) 4. If in AP, a7  9 and if a1.a2 .a7 is least, then
16.  364 find n
3 1 common difference is
17. b 2  ac and simplifying the given
11 13 32 33
18. a = 6, ar 4  54  r  3 1) 2) 3) 4)
30 10 33 20

14
 5. The number of common terms in two A.P’s 13. If each term of an infinite G.P is twice the sum
2,7,12,17........... 500 terms and 1,8,15,22,. of the terms following it , then the common
......... 300 terms is ratio of G.P is
1) 58 2) 60 3) 61 4) 63 1 2 1 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
6. In G.P.  p  q  term is m,  p  q  term is 2 3 3 2
th th

14. Sum of infinite No.of terms in G.P is 20 and

n, then p th term is sum of their squares is 100 , then the common
1) nm 2) nm 3) m/n 4) ratio of G.P.is
m/n
1 4 2 3
7. If a1 , a2 , a3 are three positive consecutive 1) 2) 3) 4)
5 5 5 5
terms of a GP with common ratio K. then
15. If ‘s’ is the sum to infinite terms of a G.P.
all values of K for which the in equality
whose first term is 1, then the sum of n terms
a3  4a2  3a1 , is satisfies is
1) 1,3  2)  ,1   3,     1 n  1  1
n

1) 1  1  s  
s 2) s 1  1  s  
3)  ,   4)  0,          
8. The series  1
n
 1
n

3) 1  1   4) 1  1  
2x  2x   2x 
2 3
 s  s
     ...... to  will
x3  x3  x3 16. If r  1 and x  a  a / r  a / r 2  ......,
have a definite sum when y  b  b / r  b / r 2  ......,
1) 1  x  3 2) 0  x  1
And z  c  c / r  c / r 2  ......,
3) x  0 4) x  3
9. If a,b,c,d,x are real and the roots of equation Then value of xy / z 2 is

a 2
 b 2  c 2  x 2  2  ab  bc  cd  x +
1) ab / c 2 2) abr / c 3) ab / c 2 r 4) ab / c
17. If the A.M. and G.M. of two numbers are 13
b 2
 c 2  d 2   0 real and equal, then a,b,c,d and 12 respectively then the two numbers
are
are in
1) 8, 12 2) 8, 18 3) 10, 18 4) 12, 18
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) None of these 18. If n!, 3(n!) and (n+1)! are in G.P., then n!,
10. (666.... ndigits) 2 + (888.....n digits) = 5(n!) and (n+1)! are in
4 n 4 2n 1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) None
1) (10  1) 2) (10  1) 19. If G1 and G2 are two geometric means and A is
9 9
the arithmetic mean inserted between two
4 n 4
4) 10  1
2
3) (10  1) 2 n
G12 G 22
9 9 positive numbers then the value of  is
11. Let a = 111....1(55 digits), G 2 G1
1) A/2 2) A 3) 2A 4) 3A
b  1  10  102  ....  104
20. If xi  0, i  1,2,3,...50 and
c  1  105  1010  1015  ....  1050 , then
1) a = b+c 2) a = bc 3) b =ac 4) c =ab x1  x2  x3  ...  x50  50 and minimum

1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
12. The sum to infinity of     ... is value of x  x  x  ...  x is  then  
7 7 2 73 7 4 1 2 3 50

1) 1/5 2) 7/24 3) 5/48 4) 3/16 1) 50 2) 60 3) 40 4) 202.

15
21. If A1 , A2 , A3 ,.... belongs to A.P such that 28. Number of positive integral ordered pairs of

A1  A4  A7  ...  A28  140 then maximum  a, b  such that 6,a,b are in H.P is
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
value of A1 . A 2 .... A 2 8 i s
ac
3) 14  4)  28  29. If a, b, c are in H.P, then the value of is
28 28
1) 2 28 2) 7 28 ac
22. Let a,b and c be the real numbers such that
a a b b a
a  b  c  6 then, the range of ab 2 c 3 is 1) 2) 3) 4)
a b a a ab
1)  0,   2)  0,1 30. If x  1, y  1, z  1 are in G.P then
3)  0,108 4)  6,108 1 1 1
, , are in
23. If none of b1 , b2 ,...bn is zero then 1  log x 1  log y 1  log z
2 1) AP 2) GP 3) HP 4) AGP
 a1 a2 an 
   ....   is 
1 
1
 b1 b2 bn 
31. If a   r 2
, b  
r 1  2r  1
,
2 then
a
=
1)   a12  a22  ...  an2  b12  b22  ...  bn2 
r 1 b

5 4 3 4
2)   a12  a22  ...  an2  b12  b22  ...  bn2  1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 4 5
3)   a12  a22  ...  an2  b12  b22  ...  bn2 
KEY
4)   a  a  ...  a
2
1
2
2
2
n  b
1
2 2
 b  ...  b
2
2
n  1) 1 2) 2 3) 2 4) 4 5) 2 6) 2
24. If a,b,c be the p th, q th and r th terms 7) 2 8) 1 9) 2 10) 2 11) 2 12) 4
respectively of a G.P., then the equation 13) 3 14) 4 15) 1 16) 1 17) 2 18) 1
19) 3 20) 1 21) 3 22) 3 23) 2 24) 3
a q b r c p x 2  pqrx  a r b p c q  0 has
25) 3 26) 3 27) 1 28) 3 29) 1 30) 3
1) both roots zero
31) 2
2) at least one root zero
3) no root zero 4) both roots unity SOLUTIONS
25. If –1 < a, b, c < 1 and a, b, c are in A.P. and
1. d  a1  a2  a3  ....  a2 n 
  
x   a , y   b , z   c then x, y, z aree
n n n
2. S101  1212  a  50d  12 , middle
n 0 n 0 n 0

in
term= Tn 1
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G..P 2

26. If a1 , a2 , a3 ,.....an are in H.P then 3. t is given that

log 2, log  2 x  1 , log  2 x  3 are in A.P..
a1 a2 a3
, , ,
a2  a3  ...an a1  a3  ...an a1  a2  ...an  2 log  2 x  1  log 2  log  2 x  3
an
......,
  2 x  1  2  2 x  3
2
a2  a3  ...an 1
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G..P
  2 x   4  2x   5  0
2
27 If a, 8, b are in A.P; a, 4, b are in G.P; a, x, b
are in H.P then x =
  2 x  5  2 x  1  0  2 x  5  x  log 2 5
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 16

16
 4. a7  9  a1  6d  9 ; D  a1a2 a7 1 1 1   2 2 2 
12.   3  5  ......    2  4  6  ...... 
7 7 7  7 7 7 
 33 
2
9 
  9  6d  9  5d  9  270   d     S  a / 1  r
 20  400 
13. an  2  an1  an  2  an3  ........  ,  n  N
33
is least for d= ar n 1  2  ar n  a.r n 1  a.r n  2  ..... ;
20
5. 2,7,12,17,......500 terms 2ar n 1
ar n 1  r
1 r 3
T500  2   500  1 5  2497
a
1,8,15,22........300 terms 14. a  ar  ar 2  ......  20   20 .......(1)
1 r
T300  1   300  1 7  2094 a 2  a 2 r 2  a 2 r 4  .............  100
The common difference of common terms = a2 ....(2)
5x7=35   100
1 r2
Common terms are 22,57,92,...........
3
Let last term  2094 from 1 and 2 we get r 
5
 22   n  1 35  2094 1  1
 n  60.2 15. s   r  1  
1 r  s
6. ar p  q 1  m and a.r p  q 1  n , find mn sum to n
a2 a3   1 
n

7. a  a  K From the given in equality 11 





1   
s     1 n 
1 2
terms=  s 1  1   
 1   s 
K a1  4a1 K  3a1  0  K  4 K  3  0
2 2
1  1  
 s  

2x ar br cr
8. Common ratio of given G.P  16. we have x  ,y , z
x3 r 1 r 1 r 1
2x ab
For definite sum of infinite G.P., 1  1 17  13
x3 2
2x 2x ab  12
  1  0 and 1  0  1  x  3
x3 x3
18. 9  n!   n! n  1!  n  8
2
9. Roots are real and equal
19. from synopsis
  a 2  b 2  c 2  b2  c 2  d 2    ab  bc  cd   0
2
n
 b  n1 n b  a 
 b 2  ac, c 2  bd , ac  bd Gn  a   ; An  a 
a n 1
 a, b, c, d are in G.P x1  x2  ...  x50 1
20.   x x .... x  50 ..(1)
 6  610  ....  610   8  810  .....810
n1 2
1 2 n
10.
n1
 50

1 1
2  8
2
 .....  1
  10 n  1    10 n  1  x1 x50  1 1 1  50
3  9   , ....  ..(2)
50  x1 x2 x50 
11. a  1  10  102  ...  1054
1055  1 1055  1 105  1 1 1 1
 .  bc   ....   50    50
10  1 105  1 10  1 x1 x2 x50

17
21. A1  A4  A7  ...  A28  140 1 1 1 2 1 1 ac
29. , , are in A.P..   
A1  A28  A4  A25  ....  A13  A16 a b c b c a ac

5  A1  A28   140  A1  A28  28 2

ac 2ac
A1  A2  ... A28   b
 14 a  c b a  c 1  1
28 c a
AM  GM
30. y 2  zx  1  log x,1  log y,1  log z are in AP
b c 1
a  2    3   2

3 6
 2   3  a b   c  1 1 1 1 1 
22.       31. a  2
 2  ...   2  2  ... 
6 1 3 4 1 2 
  2 3 
1 a a 4
a b 
 ab 2c 3  6 4 b 3
1    ab c  108
2 3

 108 
23. By using Cauchy-Schwartz’s Inequality EXERCISE - III
2
 1 1 1 1. The series of natural numbers are arranged
 a1.  a2 .  .....  an . 
 b1 b2 bn 

 1 1 1 
  a12  a22  ...  an2   2  2  ....  2 
 b1 b2 bn 
as follow. . The
24. Product of roots = a r  q b p  r c q  p  1  0
no root is equal to zero.
1 1 1
25. x  ,y ,z  sum of numbers in the nth row is
1 a 1 b 1 c
find a, b, c n  n  1
given a, b, c are in A.P. 1)
2
1 1 1
26. a , a , a ........ in AP n  n 2  1 n 2  n  1 n  n  1
2 2

1 2 3 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2
a1 a2 a3 ....an a1 a2 a3 ....an a a a .....an
, ,....... 1 2 3 2. If a,b,c,d are distinct integers in A.P. such
a1 a2 an
that d  a 2  b 2  c 2 , then a  b  c  d 
are in AP
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
2 1 1
27. a  b  16 and ab  16 and   3. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let
x a b
an denote the number of notes he counts in
1 1 1
28. 6,a,b are in H.P  , , are in A.P the n th minute.
6 a b
If a1  a2  ...  a10  150 and a10 , a11 ,..., are in
2 1 1 6a
   b A.P. with common difference -2, then the
a 6 b 12  a
time taken by him to count all notes is
a  3, 4, 6,8,9,10,11
1) 135mins 2) 24mins 3) 34mins 4) 125mins

18
4. A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first 3 10 The value of x satisfying the equation
months of his service. In each of the log10 x
subsequent months his saving increases by   1 1 
Rs. 40 more than the saving of immediately 3 1  2  4 ......to   
  
previous month. His total saving from the
log x 10
start of service will be Rs 11040 after.   1 1 
  20  1   .....   is
[AIEEE 2011]   4 16 
1) 21 months 2) 18 months 1 1
3) 19 months 4) 20 months 1) 2) 10 3) 1000 4)
100 10
exp (sin2 x  sin4 x  sin6 x  ...upto )loge 2
5. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence
11. If
0.7,0.77,0.777,.... is. [MAINS-2013]
satisfies the equation x2 – 17x + 16 = 0 then
7 7
1)
81
179  10 20  2)
9
 99  1020  the value of
2 cos x
sin x  2 cos x
(0  x   / 2) is

1) 1/2 2) 3/2 3) 5 4) 2/3

7 7
3)
81
179  1020  4)  99  10 
9
20
12. The length of the side of square is ' a ' metre.
A second square is formed by joining the
6 Sum of n terms of the series middle points of the sides of the squares.
1,3,7,15,31,.... is Then a third square is formed by joininig
1) 2n 1  n  2 2) 2n  n  2 the middle points of the sides of the second
squares and so on. Then the sum of the area
3) 2n 1  n  2 4) 2n  1 of squares which carried upto infinity is
7. The three successive terms of a GP will form 1) a 2 2) 2a 2 3) 3a 2 4) 4a 2
the sides of a triangle if the common ratio
a  be y b  ce y c  de y
satisfies the inequality  r  1 13. If   then a,b,c,d aree
a  be y b  ce y c  de y
in
 5 1  5 1   5 1  1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G..P
1) 1, 2  2)  , 2    2 ,  
      14. If a,b,c,d are positive real numbers such that
a  b  c  d  2 , then
3)   5, 5  4)  5, 5   M   a  b  c  d  satisfies the relation
8. If a, b, c be respectively the p th , q th and r th 1) 0  M  1 2) 1  M  2
3) 2  M  3 4) 3  M  4
log a log b log c 15. If n be the number of sequence a,b,c,d,e
 p q r satisfying the conditions
terms of G.P then
1 1 1 (i) a,b,c,d,e are in A.P and G.P. both,
(ii) c= 3,7 then ‘n’= ------
equals to 1) 1 2) 2 3) 5 4) 10
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2 16. If pth,qth,rth terms of an A.P are in G.P. whose
100 100 common ratio is k, then the root of
9. If t  2  2 , then  t  3 tr  1 
r r 3

r
3 3 r equation  q  r  x 2   r  p  x   p  q   0 other
r 1 r 1
than unity is
2101  1 2101  1 2201  1 2201  1 1
1) 2) 100 3) 4) 1) k 2) 2k 3) k2 4)
2100 2 2100 2100 k

19
17. If the sum to infinity of the series 27. Suppose ‘a’ is a fixed real number such that
35 ax a y az
1  4 x  7 x 2  10 x 3  ..... is 16 then x =   if p,q, r are in AP then
px qy rz
1 2 3 1 x,y,z all are in
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P.
5 5 7 7
28. a,b,c are in A.P; b,c,d are in G.P and c,d,e
18. The value of 21/ 4 41/ 8 81/16 161/ 32 ... is are in H.P. If a=2 and e=18, then the sum of
1) 2 2) 3/2 3) 1 4) 1/2 all possible values of c is
19. Let x be the arithmetic mean and y,z be the 1) -6 2) 6 3)12 4) 0
two geometric means between any two 29. If an A.P., a G.P. and a H.P. have the same
y3  z3 first term and same  2n  1 th term and their
positive numbers. Then value of is
xyz
 n  1
th
terms are a,b,c, respectively, then the
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1/2 4) 3/2 radius of the circle.
20. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2
+ 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a x 2  y 2  2bx  2ky  ac  0 is
common root if a/d, b/e, c/f are in 1) k 2) k 3) b 2  ac 4) k
2

1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G..P

/ 4
30. If a, a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ,......, a2 n , b are in A.P and
21. Let I n   tan
n
x dx . Then a, g1 , g 2 , g3 , g 4 ,......, g 2 n , b are in G.P and h
0
is the H.M of a and b then
I 2  I4 , I3  I5 , I 4  I6 , I5  I7 ,...... are in
a1  a2 n a2  a2 n 1 a  an 1
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P   ....  n is equal
g1 g 2 n g 2 g 2 n 1 g n g n 1
22. Let a1, a2,...a10 be in A.P. and h1, h2,....h10 be
to
in H.P. If a1 = h1 = 2 and a10=h10 = 3, then a4h7
is 1) 2n / h 2) 2nh 3) nh 4) n/h
1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 6 31. If f  x   x 2   a  b  x  ab and A and H be
23. If the sytem of linear equations x + 2ay + az the A.M. and H.M. between two quantities a
= 0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x+ 4cy + cz = 0 has a and b, then
non-zero solution, then a, b, c are in
1) G.P. 2) H.P. 1) Af  A  Hf  H 
3) Satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 4) A.P. 2) Af  H   Hf  A
24. If cos(x–y), cos x and cos (x+y) are in H.P,
then value of cos x sec (y/2) is 3) A  f  A   H  f  H 
1)  2 2)  3 3) 2 4) 1 4) f  A   H  f  H   A
25. If a, b, c are real and in A.P. and a2, b2, c2 are 32. If positive numbers a,b,c be in H.P. , then
in H.P., then equation
1) a = b = c 2) 2b = 3a + c
x 2  kx  2b101  a101  c101  0  k    has
3) b  ac / 8
2 4) ab  c
1) both roots positive
26. If 9A.M.’s and 9 H.M’s be inserted between
2) both roots negative
2 and 3 and A be any A.M. and H be the
3) one positive & one negative root
corresponding H.M., then H(5-A) =
4) both roots imaginary
1) 10 2) 6 3) -6 4) -10

20
 10 n 40. The sum of the series
33. The value of   x.dx is 1 1 1 1
n 1 0
 2  2  2  ....... is
1) an even integer 2) an irrational number 3 1 4  2 5  3 6  4
2

3) a rational number 4) an irrational number

13 13 11 15
n n 1) 2) 3) 4)
36 33 36 36
34. Let r
r 1
4
 f (n) , then  (2r  1)
r 1
4
is equal to
n
1) f(2n) – 16f(n) 2) f(2n) – 7f(n) 41.  n 1  a 1  2a 1  3a  ....1   n  1 a 
3) f(2n–a) – 8f(n) 4) f(2n–a) – 7f(n) n 1

35. For x  R let [x] denote the greatest integer 1) 1  1  a 1  2a 1  3a  .... 1  na 
 x. Largest natural number n for which
  1
E  
  2

  n
 ....   

 43,
2) a 1  1  a 1  2a  .... 1  na  
 2  100 2  100 2  100 2  is
1
1) 41 2) 42 3) 43 4) 97 3) 1  1  a 1  2a  .... 1  na  
36. The sum to n terms of the series a
3 5 7 1
 2  2     is 4) 1  1  a 1  2a 1  3a  ....1   n  1 a
1 1  2 1  22  32 a
2 2

6n 9n 12n 3n n n k j n
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 42. If  t  2, then  t
r 1
r
k 1 j 1 i 1 r 1 r

37. Let r term of a series be given by
th

r n
n 1 n n 1 n
Tr  then n  Tr 
Lt 1)
n
2)
n 1
3)
n
4)
n 1
1  3r 2  r 4 r 1

3 1 1 3 n
n
1)
2
2)
2
3)
2
4)
2 43. S n   , then S10 .S20
n 1 1  n 2  n4
38. The sum of the first n terms of the series
110 211 110 111
n(n  1) 2 1) . 2) .
1  2.2  3  2.4  5  2.6  ...... is
2 2 2 2 2 2 111 421 421 112
2
when n is even. When n is odd the sum is 110 420 55 210
3) . 4) .
2 111 421 111 421
3n(n  1)  n(n  1) 
1) 2) 
 2 
n n
2
44. If bi  1  ai , na   ai , nb   bi , then
i 1 i 1
n(n  1) 2 n 2 (n  1)
3) 4) n n
4 2  aibi   ai  a 
2

39. Sum to n terms of the series i 1 i 1

1 1 1

tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    ... is 1) ab 2) -nab 3) nab 4)  n  1 ab
3 7  13  45. If (1 + 3 + 5+.....+p) + (1 + 3 + 5+..+q) = (1 +
3 + 5 + .... + r) where each set of parentheses
1  n  1  2n  1 
1) tan   2) tan   contains the sum of consecutive odd integers
n2  2n  2 
as shown, the smallest possible value of p +
1  1  1  n 
q + r, (where p > 6) is
3) tan   4) tan   1) 12 2) 21 3) 45 4) 54
 3n   n 1

21
46. The largest term of the sequence SOLUTIONS
1 4 9 16 1. S  1 2  4  7 11 ...  xn ...(i)
, , , ,......
503 524 581 692 S 1  2  4  7  .....  xn 1  xn ....(ii )
49 48 49 64 (i )  (ii )  0  1  1  2  3  4  ....  (n  1)   xn
1) 2) 3) 4)
16 1509 1529 1509
47. Consecutive odd integers whose sum is (n 1)n n2  n  2
 xn  1  
252-112 are 2 2
1) 23,25,27,....,49 2)25,27,29,....,51 The nth row contains n consecutive numbers
3) 21,23,25,....,49 4) 19,21,23,.....,47
n2  n  2

with as the first term,
a1 a51 a101 2
sin 2 nx
2

48. If n  sin 2 x
a  dx, then a2 a52 a102
n   n2  n  2  
0
a3 a53 a103 Sum  2     n  1 .1
2  2  
1) 1 2)0 3) -1 4) 2
2. a  3k  a 2   a  k    a  2 k  , ......(i )
2 2
49. Consider the sequence
1,2,2,4,4,4,4,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,..... then 1025th Where k  c.d of A.P
term will be  5k 2  3  2a  1 k  3a 2  a  0 ...(i)
1) 29 2) 211 3) 210 4) 212
using   0 then a=0 or -1
50. If set of two numbers
From (i), when a =0, 5k2-3k =0
 tan 1
x, tan 1 y , tan 1 z  and  x, y, z  are in then k does not exist,
A.P such that y does not belong to the set if a  1,5k 2  9k  4  0
0, 1,1 then 4
 k  1,  k  1 ( k is an integer)
5
x y z
1) set  , ,   GP  a  1, b  0, c  1, d  2  a  b  c  d  2
 y z x
3. Till 10th minute, the number of counted notes
x y z is 1500.
2) set of numbers  , ,  AG . .P
 y z x n
 3000   2 148    n  1 2   n 148  n  1
3) set of numbers are not identical 2
4) sum of squares of their differences taken n
2
149n  3000  0
pairwise is not equal to zero Since n=125 is not possible, total time required
KEY is 24+10=34 minutes.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 1 4. Total saving = 200+200+200+240+280+.... to
7) 1 8) 2 9) 3 10) 1 11) 1 12) 2 n months= 11040
13) 2 14) 1 15) 2 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1 n2
 400   400   n  3 40  11040
19) 1 20) 3 21) 3 22) 4 23) 2 24) 1 2 
25) 1 26) 2 27) 3 28) 4 29) 2 30) 1
  n  21 n  26   0  n  21
31) 2 32) 3 33) 3 34) 1 35) 1 36) 1
37) 3 38) 4 39) 1 40) 1 41) 3 42) 2 5. 0.7  0.77  0.777  ...  0.777...7
43) 4 44) 3 45) 2 46) 3 47) 1 48) 2 7
49) 3 50) 1  0.9  0.99  .....  0.999..9
9

22
 7 sin 2 x
1  0.1  1  0.01  ....  1  0.000....1
2
11. e cos2 x loge  16 or 1 ; 2Tan x  24 or 20
2

9

7 1 1 1 
  20    2  .....  20  
9  10 10 10  
7

81
179  1020  12.

6. Let S  1  3  7  15  31  ....  Tn ..... 1 a

side of second square is , side of third
S  0  1  3  7  15  ....  Tn 1  Tn .....  2  2
1 2n 1 a
 2n 1 and S n   Tn square is , ... sum of areas of squares
(1)-(2)  Tn  2
 2 1 2 2
7. Sum of two sides of a triangle > third side  a  a
a 2
   2   ......  2a
2

a  ar  ar
2  2  
8. Let A be the first term and R be the common
ratio of the G..P. Then, 
2a  a  bey   2b   b  ce  y

13. a  bey b  ce y
a  AR p 1
 log a  log A   p  1 log R ...(i)
b  AR q 1
 log b  log A   q  1 log R ....(ii)
c  AR r 1
 log c  log A   r  1 log R ....(iii) 

2c  c  de y  by law of proportion
c  de y

Multiplying (i), (ii) and (iii) by  q  r  ,  r  p 

 a  be    b  ce    c  de 
y y y

and  p  q  respectively and adding, we get 

a b c
 q  r  log a   r  p  log b   p  q  log c  0  a, b, c, d , are in G.P.
0 14. Since G.M.  A.M.
100 100 100
1 100
  a  b  c  d   
a  b  c  d   2  1
9.  tr   2    
3 r
r
3 tr
r 1 r 1 r 1 2 r 1 2 2
1 100 Also a,b,c,d > 0 M  0 Thus 0<M  1.
 2101  2  1 
2100
 3r 1
tr 15. a,b,c,d,e are in A.P. and G.P both
 a  b  c  d  e  3, 7
2201  1 100

2100
 1  3r 1
tr  Required sequences are 3,3,3,3,3 and
7,7,7,7,7  n  2
log10 x log10
x
    a   q  1 d a   r  1 d
 1   20  16. Given k  a  p  1 d  a  q  1 d
10. 3 1  
1    
 1   1 
 2  4 a   q  1 d  a   r  1 d

2
log10 x
  24 
log x 10
 log10 x 
4 a   p  1 d  a   q  1 d
log10 x
1 
q  r  d  q  r  1
 log10 x  2  x  100 or x 
100
 p  q d p  q = k

23
 a a
S 
a

dr 1 1 a 1
17. 
1  r 1  r 2 27. p  q  q  r  k  let   x y
  z
p q r
1 1 3 1 1 2 3 4
18. 2 4 .2 4 .216 .2 8 ..... = 2 22  23  24  25 .... a  a  a  a 
  1    1   1    1
ab x  y  y  z 
 
19. Given that x  and a, y, z, b are in G.P.. pq qr
2
1 1 1 1
y  z 
y2 z2
 3 3 by law of proportion    
y  az , z  by ,
2 2
x y y z
xz xy
ac 2 2ce
20. ax 2  2bx  c  0  ( ax  c) 2  0 28. b  , c  bd , d 
2 ce
c  a  c   2ce 
x , use in dx 2  2ex  f  0 Now , c  bd  c  
2 2
 
a  2  c  e 
1  c 2  ae  36; c  6 or  6
21. We know that I n  In  2  from integration
n 1 29. let A be the first term, D be the common
22. let ‘d’ is common difference of A.P difference and B be the (2n  1) th term of A.P..
1 BA
 3  a10  2  9d  d  then B  A  2nD  D 
9 2n
1 1 1 A B
let ‘D’ is common differnce of h , h ,.... h a  A   n  1  1 D 
1 2 10 2
1 1 1 9 1 2AB
    D similarly b  AB and c 
3 h10 2 D 54 A B
23. det = 0  b 2  ac then find r.
2 1 1 30. a  b  a1  a2 n  a2  a2 n 1  ....... and
24.  
cos x cos(x  y) cos(x  y) 2ab
ab  g1 g 2 n  g 2 g 2 n1.... and h 
ab
2a 2 c 2
25. 2b = a + c & b2 =
a 2  c2 f  A
31. We have to calculate f H and f  A  f  H 
simplify, we get a = 3
a  b  c  
26. Let A be the k A.M., then H will be the k th
th
2ab  a  b 
2
ab A
Here A  ,H  ; 
 3  2  20  k 2 ab 4ab H
H.M Now, A  2  kd  2  k  
 10  10 32. a,b,c are in H.P  H .M . of a and c is b
1 1  ac  b  G.M  H .M 
k  
1 3 2  30  k
H    Since A.M
2 10 60
 
101
>G.M. a101  c101  2 ac  2b101
6
A  5  H 5  A  6
H f  x   x 2  kx  2b101  a101  c101

24
 Then f       0, n k j n n

42.  2   2 j
f  0   2b101  a101  c101  0 k 1 j 1 i 1 k 1 j 1

Hence equation f(x) = 0 has one root in n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1

 
 , 0  and other in  0,   6 2
10
 x2 
n
1 10 2 n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
 Sn 
33.     n  3
n 1  2  0 2 n 1 12
is rational number r  r  1 r  2   r  1 r  1
n
 tr  S r  S r 1  
3 3
34.  (2r  1)
r 1
4
=Total sum - Even sum=
n
1 1 n
2n n   1 
n 1 n 1
 r   (2r)
r 1
4

r 1
4
 f (2n)  16f (n) r 1 t r

 n 1
tn  1 
35. Since 3.14 <  < 3.142, 1.57   1.571  Sn  1
43.
1  n2   n2
2
2  2
2  1 n  n 
 n 
   1 for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 42 1 1  210
 2 100  and  S 20  1  
2  421  421
the largest possible number n for which
E < 43 is 41. 44.  a b  a 1  a   na   a
i i i i
2
i

 2n  1 6 1 1   na    a  a   a  2a   a  a 
2 2

36. Tn   6  
i i

n  n  1 2n  1  n n 1    a b    a  a  =nab
2
i i i

S n   Tn 
6n  b 1   a ,nb  n  na (or ) a+b=1
i i
n 1 45. Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n2
r 1 1 1   p 1   q 1   r 1 
2 2 2
T    
37. r
 r  1  r 2  r  r  1 r  r  1
2 2  2 2     
 2   2   2 
 p  1  8, q  1  6, r  1  10
2m  2m  1
2

  2m  1
2
38. If n is odd; S2 m 1  n2
2 46. Tn  ;
500  3n3
1  2  1  1  3  2 
39. tan    tan 
 1  1.2 
  ... Verify
 1  2.3 
dTn n 1000  3n

3

0
 
 
2
dn 500  3n3
1 1
40. Tn  n 2   n  2    n  2  n  1 , where 1
 1000  3
n  between 6 and 7

1 1 1  13  3 
n = 3,4,5,.......   
 S   
n 3 3  n  1 n  2  36 Hence T7 is largest term
47. Let the n consecutive odd integers be
1 1  a 1  2a  ....1   n  1 a 2k  1, 2k  3, 2k  5,....  2k  2n  1
t 
41. n a  
  1  a 1  2a  .... 1  na   Given n  k 
2
 k 2  252  112
Put n=1,2,3,...n and add. k  11, n  k  25  n  14

25
48. an  2  an  2an 1  0
a2  a102  2a52 , a3  a103  2a53 .
49. In the given Sequence 1st term is 1.
The first 2 is in term 2
The first 4 is in term 4
The first 8 is in term 8
The sequence is doubling the first number and
putting that number in the sequence for however
many terms it is worth, i.e 8 is in the sequence
8 times, 4 is in the sequence 4 times, because
we double the number each time, we know the
pattern will go
1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,.....
So that means the number 1024 will start from
1024th term
 1025 term is also 1024  210
50. tan 1 y  tan 1 x  tan 1 z  tan 1 y
yx z y
 .............. (1)
1  xy 1  zy
x, y, z are in AP
y-x=z-y ............... (2)
from (1) and (2) 1  xy  1  zy
x  z x  y  z  x, y , z are in A.P

26
 7.
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1.
(1) 200 (2) 280 (3) 120 (4) 150

8.

(1) 81 (2) – 127 (3) – 81 (4) 127

2. (1) 98 (2) 76 (3) 38 (4) 64

9.If the sum and product of the first three terms in an

A.P.are 33 and 1155, respectively, then a value of its
(1) 66 (2) 81 (3) 65 (4) 78 11th term is
(1) –35 (2) 25 (3) –36 (4) –25
3.
10.The sum of all natural numbers ‘n’ such that 100 <
n < 200 and H.C.F. (91, n) > 1 is
(1) 3203 (2) 3303 (3) 3221 (4) 3121

11.If 19th term of a non-”ero A.P. is Zero, then its

(49th term) :(29th term) is

(1) (2490, 249) (2) (2480, 249) (1) 4 : 1 (2) 1 : 3 (3) 3 : 1 (4) 2 : 1
(3) (2480, 248) (4) (2490, 248)
12.The sum of all two digit positive numbers which
4.The number of terms common to the two A.P.’s 3, whendivided by 7 yield 2 or 5 as remainder is:
7, 11, ...,407 and 2, 9, 16, ..., 709 is _____.
13.
5.

(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 4

(1) a, c, p are in A.P . (2) a, c, p are in G.P.
6. (3) a, b, c, d are in G.P. (4) a, b, c, d are in A.P.

14.

(1) –260 (2) –410 (3) –320 (4) –380

27
15. 20.If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three geometric
means (G.Ms) are inserted between 3 and 243 such
that 4th A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M., then m is equal to
___________.

21.

(1) 3 : 1 (2) 9 : 7 (3) 5 : 3 (4) 33 : 31

16.
(1) (10, 97) (2) (11, 103)
(3) (10, 103) (4) (11, 97)

22.

17.

(1) 300 (2) 225 (3) 175 (4) 150

18. (1) 5 (2) 20 (3) 4 (4) 9

23.

(1) x(1 + y) = 1 (2) y(1 – x) = 1

(3) y(1 + x) = 1 (4) x(1 – y) = 1
19.

24.

(1) 32 (2) 63 (3) 60 (4) 65

28
25..Some identical balls are arranged in rows to form
anequilateral triangle. The first row consists of one SOLUTIONS
ball, the second row consists of two balls and so on.
1.
If 99 more identical balls are added to the total
number of balls used in forming the equilateral
triangle, then all these balls can be arranged in a
square whose each side contains exactly 2 balls less
than the number of balls each side of the triangle
contains. Then the number of balls used to form the
equilateral triangle is

(1) 157 2) 262 (3) 225 (4) 190

KEY

1. 3 2. 1 3. 4 4. 14 5. 2
6. 3 7. 1 8. 2 9. 4 10. 4
11. 3 12. 4 13. 3 14. 5 15. 2

16. 4 17. 4 18. 2 19.2 20. 39

21. 2 22. 1 23. 504 24. 1540 25. 4 2.

29
 5.

3.

6.

4.

30
7.

10.

11.Let first term and common difference of AP be a

and d respectively, then

8.

9.

31
12.

15.

13.

16.

14.

32
17.

19.

20.

18.

33
21.

23.

22.

34
24.

25.

35
 STATISTICS
SYNOPSIS  Measures of Central Tendency: One of the
most important objectives of statistical analysis
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION is to get one single value that describes the
 Class Limits: The starting and end vlaues of characteristic of the entire data. Such a value
each class are called the lower limit and upper is called the central value or an average.
limit respectively of that class. The following are the important types of
Ex. 1) The lower limit of the class 0-9 is 0 averages:
2) The upper limit of the class 50-59 is 59 1. Arithmetic Mean 2. Geometric Mean
 Class boundaries : The average of the upper 3. Harmonic mean 4. Median
limit of a class and the lower limit of the next 5. Mode
class is called the upper boundary of that class. We consider these measures in three cases (i)
The upper boundary of a class becomes the Individual series (i.e. each individual
lower boundary of the next class. These observation is given) (ii) discrete series (i.e the
boundaries are called True class limits. observations along with number of times a
Ex. 1) 1-10, 11-20, 21-30 ..... are the classes, the particular observation called the frequency is
lower boundary of the class 11-20 is given) (iii) continuous series (i.e. the class
10  11 intervals along with their frequencies are given)
 10.5
2 Arithmetic Mean :
2) 60-69, 70-79, 80-89, 90-99 .......... are the  Individual Series : If x1 , x 2 .........xn are the
classes, the upper boundary of the class 70-79 values of the variable x , then the arithmetic
79  80
is  79.5 mean usually denoted by x or  or E  x  is
2
 Class interval (or) the size of the class : The given by
difference between the lower limits or the upper
x1  x2 .....  xn 1 n
limits of two consecutive classes is called the x   xi
Class-interval (or) the size of the class. n n i 1
Ex. The class interval in the frequency
distribution with the classes 1-8, 9-16, 17-24 Note: A.M. (x )  A 
 ( xi  A) where A is
n
... length of class = 9-1 = 8
 Mid value of the class : Mid value of class the assumed average. (For individual series)
 Discrete Series : If a variable takes values
1  10
1-10 is  5.5 x1 , x 2 .........xn with corresponding frequencies
2
 For over lapping classes 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 etc f1, f2 ….. fn then the arithmetic mean x is given
0  10 by
the class mark of the class 0-10 is 5
2
f1 x1  f 2 x2 .....  f n xn 1 n
3) For non over lapping class 0-19, 20-39,
40-59,...... etc the class mark of the class 20-39
x
f1  f 2 ....  f n

N
fx
i 1
i i ,

 20  39  n

is    29.5 where N   fi
 2  i 1

1
 Continuous Series : In case of a set of data with If x1, x2 ,............., xn are mid values of class intervals
class intervals, we cannot find the exact value of
with corresponding frequencies f1, f2,….,fn then
the mean because we do not know the exact values
of the variables. We, therefore, try to obtain an xi  A
we may change the scale by taking di  ,
approximate value of the mean. The method of h
approximate is to replace all the observed values in this case.
belonging to a class by mid-value of the class. If
1 
x1, x2 … xn are the mid values of the class intervals x  A  h    f i d i  (if A is assumed mean)
having corresponding frequencies f1, f2 … fn then N 
we apply the same formula as in discrete series. A and h can be any numbers but if the lengths
n n of class intervals are equal then h may be taken
1
x
N

i 1
f i xi , N   fi
i 1
as width of the class interval.
In particular if each observation is multiplied
 Combined Arithmetic Mean: If or divided by a constant, the mean is also
x i (i  1, 2, ....., k ) are the means of k - series of multiplied or divided by the same constant.
sizes ni (i  1, 2, 3, .......... ., k ) respectively, then the  The sum of the squared deviation of the variate
combined or composite mean x can be obtained from their mean is minimum i.e., the quantity
by the formula :   x  A or  f  x  A
2 2
i i i is minimum when

x
n1 x1  n2 x2  .....  nk x k

 ni xi A x
n1  n2  .....  nk  ni  E(aX  b)  aE( X )  b (where E(X) = Mean of X)
 Weighted Arithmetic Mean : Geometric Mean :
Let w1 , w2 , ...., w n be the weights assigned to the  In case of individual series x1 , x2 .............xn
1/n
values x1, x2 , ....., xn respectively of a variable G.M. = ( x1 x2 ............. xn )
 i i wx In case of discrete or continuous series
x, then the weighted A.M. is x 
 wi . n

G.M.   x x ....x
1
f1 f 2
2 n 
f n 1/ N
, where N   f i
Properties of Arithmetic Mean : i 1

 Sum of all the deviations from arithmetic mean  Harmonic Mean: The harmonic mean is based
is zero i.e., on the reciprocals of the value of the variable
1
 
n
xi  x  0 (in case of individual series) 1 1 n 1
i 1 H.M. =    ....   or H  n  x
1 1 1 1 
n  x1 x2 xn  i 1 i

 f  x  x  0
n

i i (in case of discrete or (Incase of Individual series)

i 1
n
1 1 1
continuous series) and 
H N
f i
xi
(in case of discrete series
 If each observation is increased or decreased i 1

by a given constant K, the mean is also or continuous series)

increased or decreased by K
The property is also known as effect of change
of origin. K can be taken to be any number.
However, to simplify the calculations, K should
be taken as a value which is in the middle of
the table.
 Step Deviation Method or change of scale
If x1, x2, …xn > 0 then it is known that
A.M  G.M  H.M
Median :
 Individual Series : If the items are arranged
in ascending or descending order of magnitude
then the middle value is called median.
In case of odd number of values Median = size of

2
 n 1 3. Quartile deviation 4. Standard deviation
th item. In case of even number of values  Range: The range is the difference between the
2
largest and smallest observation.
n n2
Median = average of th and th Range
2 2 Coefficient of Range =
Maximum  Minimum
observation.
 Discrete Frequency Distribution :Arrange the  Mean-deviation: If x1 , x2 ............xn are n
data in ascending or descending order. Find the observations then mean deviation about a point
cumulative frequencies. M is given by
Apply the formula : 1
M.D. 
n
 | xi  M | where M is mean or median
 N 1
Median = Size of  2  th item (N is odd) or mode
 
In case of discrete or continuous series
1  N  
th th n
N  1
= 2  2  observation   2  1 observation  M.D.  N  fi | xi  M |, N   fi
  i 1

M.D. is least when taken from the median

(N is even)
Coefficient of Mean Deviation
N =  fi = sum of frequencies
Mean Deviation
 Continuous Frequency Distribution : =
M
Consider the cumulative frequency (c.f.). Find
where M is the Mean, Median or Mode
n
N
, where N   f i . Find the cumulative  Quartile Deviation: Q.D. =
Q3  Q1
, where
2 i 1
2
frequency (c.f.) just more than N/2. The Q3 and Q1, are the third quartile and the first
corresponding value of x is median.In case of quartile. Q1and Q3can be calculated in a similar
continuous distribution, the class corresponding manner as median. In fact, quartiles divides
N the data into four parts.
to c.f. just more than is called the median In case of individual series, arrange the data
2
class and the median is obtained by Median = in ascending or descending order.
n 1
hN  Q 1 = size of th and Q = size of
l   C 4 3
f 2 
3  n  1
Where l  the lower limit of the median class; th item
4
f  the frequency of the median class; In case of discrete frequency distribution, Q1
h  the width of the median class; is obtained by considering cumulative
C  the c.f. of the class preceding to the frequency. Find N/4, where N   f i . Find
median class and the cumulative frequency (c.f.) just more than
n N/4. The corresponding value of x is Q1.
N   fi Similarly for obtaining Q3, find 3N/4 and the
i 1
c.f. just more than 3N/4. The corresponding
Measures of Dispersion: Literally, dispersion value of x is Q 3, In case of continuous
means ‘scatteredness’. Dispersion measures the distribution.
degree of scatteredness of the variable about a
central value. Different measures of dispersion h N 
Qi  l   i  c  , i  1, 2, 3
f  4 
are
1. Range 2. Mean-deviation Where l  the lower limit of the class whose c.f. is

3
 just more than iN/4, if  (X) is variance of X then
f is its frequency and h is its width. C = c.f. of V ( X  a)  V ( X )
the class preceding to the class whose c.f. is
just more than iN/4, i = 1,2,3. V (aX )  a 2V ( X )
Note that i = 2 will given us median.
V (aX  b)  a 2V ( X )
Q3  Q1
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = Q  Q V  aX  bY   a 2 v  X   b 2v Y 
3 1

 Standard Deviation: Variance  2 in case of Note :2

individual series is given by For a, a + d, a + 2d, ....., a + (n – 1)d,

1 n 
2
(n  1)d 2 n 2  1 2
1 n
  1 n x a ; 
2
   xi  x
2
  xi2    xi  2 12
d
n i 1 n i 1  n i 1 
Note:3
If x1, x2, ……, xn occur with frequency f1, f2….fn
respectively then  2 (variance) 1) Q.D  M.D  S.D

2 Q.D M.D S.D

 
  1 
n
1 2 1 2)

N
 xi  x  f x    f i xi 
n

N 
2
i i 10 12 15

EXAMPLES
i 1

Standard deviation = the positive square root

of variance
There is no effect of change of origin on 1. The weighted mean of the first n natural
standard deviation numbers, the weights being the
corresponding numbers, is
1 1 
2

 h 
2
x
2
 fi d  i
N
2
 f i di 

 Sol. First n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3,...,n; whose
 N  corresponding weights are 1, 2, 3,...,n
respectively.

Coefficient of Standard Deviation is . 11  2 2  .....  n n
x
 weight mean  1  2  ....  n

Coefficient of variation =100
x 12  2 2  .....  n 2

 Combined variance: If there are two samples 1  2  .....  n

of sizes n1 and n2 with x1 and x2 as their means n n  12n 1 2n  1

 
6n n  1 3
 1 and  2 their standard deviations 2
respectively, then the combined variance is
given by
2. The weighted mean of the first n natural
2 1  2 2 n1n2  numbers whose weights are equal to the
   n11  n2 2  ( x1  x2 )2 
n1  n2  n1  n2  squares of the corresponding numbers is

n1  12  d12   n2  22  d 22  1.12  2.22  ....  n.n 2

Sol. weighted mean 
or  
2
12  22  ....  n 2
n1  n2

where d1  x1  x and d 2  x2  x , x being the n n  1 n n  1

n 3 2 2 3n n  1
  
combined mean. n 2
n n  12n  1 2 2n  1
Note :1 6

4
 Sol. Required mean
3. The average salary of male employees in a ax1  b  ax2  b  ....  axn  b
firm is Rs. 5200 and that of females is 
n
Rs.4200. The mean salary of all the
employees is Rs.5000. The percentage of male a  x1  x2  ....  xn 
and female employees are respectively is   b  ax  b
n
Sol. Let x1  5200, x2  4200, x  5000
7. If the mean of the numbers 27  x,31  x ,
n1 x1  n2 x2
Also, we know that x  n  n 89  x , 107  x,156  x is 82, then the mean
1 2
of 130  x,126  x, 68  x, 50  x,1  x is
n1 4 Sol. Given
 5000n1  n2   5200n1  4200n2  
n2 1 27  x   31  x   89  x  107  x   156  x
82 
 The percentage of male employees in the 5
 825  410  5 x  410  410  5 x  x  0
4
firm  100  80% Therefore, the required mean is
4 1
130  x  126  x  68  x  50  x  1  x
and the percentage of female employees in the x
5
1
firm  100  20% 375  5 x
4 1   75
7

4. If the mean of 9 observations is 100 and mean 8. A student obtain 75%, 80% and 85% in three
of 6 observations is 80, then the mean of 15 subjects. If the marks of another subject is
observations is added, then his average cannot be less than
Sol. n1  9, x1  100 and n2  6, x2  80 Sol. Marks obtained from three subjects out of 300 is
75  80  85  240
n1 x1  n2 x2 9100  680
x   92 If the marks of another subject is added, then
n1  n2 96 the marks will be  240 out of 400
240
5. If a variate X is expressed as a linear function  minimum average marks   60%
4
of two variates U and V in the form [when marks in the fourth subject = 0]
X  aU  bV then the mean X of X is
9. The mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered
Sol. we have X  aU  bV
that three items which should have been 60,
1 1 1 70, 80 were wrongly read as 40, 20, 50
X  X  a. U  b. V
n n n respectively. The correct mean is
Sol. Sum of 100 items = 49 × 100 = 4900
 X  aU  bV sum of items added = 60+ 70+80=210
new sum = 4900+210–110=5000
6. If the arithmetic mean of the numbers 5000
 correct mean   50
x1 , x2 , x3 ....xn is x , then the arithmetic mean 100
of the numbers
10 The mean weight per student in a group of
ax1  b, ax2  b, ax3  b,....axn  b , where a, b seven students is 55kg. If the individual
are two constants, would be weights of six students are 52, 58, 55, 53, 56

5
 and 54, then the weight of the seventh student
is 13. The median of a set of nine distinct
Sol. The total weight of seven students is 55×7 = observations is 20.5. If each of the last four
385kg observations of the set is increased by 2, then
The sum of the weights of six students is the median of the new set is
52+58+55+53+56+54=328kg
 9  1
th
Hence, the weight of the seventh student is Sol. Since n = 9, median term =    5th term.
 2 
 385  328  57kg
Now, the last four observations are increased
11 The geometric mean of the numbers by 2. Since the median is the 5th observation,
which remains unchanged, there will be no
3,32 ,33 ,....,3n is change in median.
Sol.  G.M  3.32......3n 
1/ n

14. If a variable takes the discrete value   4 ,

12.....n nn1 n1
7 5 1 1
3 n
3 2n
3 2   ,   ,  3,   2 ,   ,   ,
2 2 2 2
12. Find the harmonic mean of   5 a  0 , then the median is
1 2 3 n Sol. Arrange the data as follows:
, , ,....., , occurring with frequencies 7 5 1
2 3 4 n 1   ,  3,   ,   2 ,   ,
2 2 2
1, 2, 3,.....n, respectively.
1
  ,  4 ,  5
f 2

f 1
Sol. We know that, Harmonic mean    median  [value of 4th item+value of 5th
 x  2
item]
n  n  1
 f  1  2  3  ....  n  2
1
2 2   5
 median 
f 1 2 3 n 2 4
and  x  1 / 2  2 / 3  3 / 4  ....  n / n 1 15. The median of distribution 83, 54, 78, 64,
90, 59, 67, 72, 70, 73 is
3 2 43 n n  1 Sol. On arranging in ascending order, we get 54, 59,
 2   ... 
2 3 n 64, 67, 70, 72, 73, 78, 83, 90
n = 10
 2  3  4  ....  n  n 1
10 
th th
10
Which is an arithmetic progression with a = 2 value of term  value of  1 term
2 2 
and d = 1.  median 
2
By the formula of sum of n term of an A.P,
valueof 5thterm  value of 6thterm
 f  n  
     2a  n 1 d  2
 x   2 
70  72
  71
n n
we have  2 2  n 1  3  n 
2
2 2 Mode : The mode is that value in a series of
 Harmonic mean observations which occurs with greatest frequency.
2 n n  1 2 n  1 In case of individual series, the mode is the value
   which occurs more frequently
n 3  n n 3  n 2 3  n
In case of discrete series, quite often mode can
6
 be determined just by inspection i.e. by looking to  6  3median 18  median  8
that value of variable around which the items are
19
most heavily concentrated.
In case of continuous series, The quartile deviation of daily wages of in
(Rs.) of 11 persons given below 140, 145, 130,
f1  f 0 165, 160, 125, 150, 170, 175, 120, 180
Mode  l  h
2 f1  f 2  f 0 Sol. The given data in ascending order of magnitude
Where l  the lower limit of the modal class is 120, 125, 130, 140, 145, 150, 160, 165, 170,
i.e. the class having maximum frequency; 175, 180
f 1 = frequency of the modal class;
 n  1 111
th
f0= frequency of the class preceding the modal Here, Q1    term  term3rd term
class;  4  4
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal = 130
class and
3 n 1 311 1
th
h = width of the modal class.
 Relation between Mean, Median and Mode is Q3    9th =170
4 4
mean - mode = 3 (mean - median) or
Mode = 3 median - 2 mean Q3  Q1 170 130 40
QD     20
. 16 2 2 2
The mode of the following distribution is 20
Class
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 The variance of the first ‘n’ natural numbers
interval
is
Frequency 5 8 7 12 28 20 10 10
Sol. Variance
Sol. Here, maximum frequency is 28. Thus, the class
40-50 is the modal class.  x   x 
2
1
  SD   x 2    ,  x 
2

f1  f 0 n  n   n 
Mode  l  h
2 f1  f 2  f 0
n n  12 n  1  n n  1
2
n 2 1
10 28 12     
 40  6n  2n  12
2 28 12  20
21
 40  6.666  46.67 approx. If the M.D is 12, the value of S.D will be
17
5 5
If in a frequency distribution, the mean and Sol. We know that Q.D =  M .D  12  10
median are 20 and 21 respectively, then its 6 6
mode is approximately 3 3
Sol. mode = 3 median - 2 mean = 3 (21) -2(20) =23  S.D  Q.D  10  15
2 2
.
22
18. f in a moderately asymmetrical distribution The mean of five observations is 4 and their
the mode and the mean of the data are variance is 5.2. If three of these observations
6 and 9 , respectively, then the median is are 1, 2 and 6, then the other two
Sol. For a moderately skewed distribution, observations are
mode = 3median – 2 mean Sol. Let the two unknown items be x and y, then

7
 1 2  6  x  y 1
Mean = 4  4 1) 48 2) 82 3) 80 4) 50
5 2
 x  y  11 .....(1) and variance = 5.2 7. If the arithmetic and harmonic means of two
numbers are 4.5 and 4 respectively, then one
12  22  62  x 2  y 2
  mean  5.2 of the number is
2

5 1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 4
MEDIAN & MODE
41  x 2  y 2  5 5.2   4 


  8. If the mode of a data is 18 and the mean is

24, then median is
41  x  y  106
2 2
1) 18 2) 24 3) 21 4) 22
x 2  y 2  65 ......(2) 9. If the median of 21 observations is 40 and if
Solving (1) and (2) for x and y, we get the observations greater than the median are
x = 4, y = 7 or x = 7, y = 4. increased by 6 then the median of the new
data will be
EXERCISE - I 40 40
1) 40 2) 46 3) 46 + 4) 46 -
1. For overlapping classes 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 21 21
etc. Then the class mark of the class 10. Mode of the data 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6, 5, 3, 5, 2,
0-10 is 5 is
1) 0 2) 10 3) 5 4) 6 1) 6 2) 4 3) 3 4) 5
2. Which one of the following measures is the 11. Mode of the distribution
most suitable one of central location for Marks 4 5 6 7 8
computing intelligence of students? No.of students 3 5 10 61
1) Mode 2) A.M. 3). G.M. 4). Median 1) 6 2) 10 3) 8 4) 4
MEAN ( A.M, G.M, H.M) RANGE, Q.D, S.D AND VARIANCE
3. The mean of 20 observations is 15. On 12. The range of the following set of observations
checking it was found that two observations 2, 3, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 7, 4, 3 is
were wrongly copied as 3 and 6. If wrong 1) 11 2) 7 3) 5.5 4) 6
observations are replaced by correct values 13. The quartile deviation of daily wages (in Rs.)
8 and 4, then the correct mean is of 7 persons given below is 12, 7, 15, 10, 17,
1) 15 2) 15.15 3) 16.15 4) 17 17, 25 is
4. The mean weight of 9 items is 15. If one more 1) 14.5 2) 5 3) 3.5 4). 4.5
item is added to the series the mean becomes 14. If the standard deviation of 0,1,2,3…..9 is K,
16. The value of 10th item is then the standard deviation of 10,11,12,13….
1) 35 2) 30 3) 25 4) 20 19 is
5. When 15 was subtracted from each of the
1) K + 10 2) K 3) 10  K 4) 10 K
seven observations the following number
resulted : -3,0,-2,4,6,1,1. The mean of the 15. The variance of the first n natural numbers
distribution is is
1) 14 2) 15 3) 16 14) 17
n2 1 n2 1 n2 1 n2 1
6. Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered 1). 2) 3) 4)
that three items which should have been 60, 12 6 6 12
70, 80 were wrongly read as 40, 20, 50 16. The mean of four observations is 3. If the sum
respectively. The correct mean is. of the squares of these observations is 48 then
their standard deviation is
[EAMCET-2014]

8
 1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7 20  15  3  6  8  4
3.
17. If x1 , x 2 ,....x n are n observations such that 20
9.15  x
 16  135  x  160  x  25
x x
n n
2
 400 and  80 then the least 4.
i i 10
i1 i1

value of n is [EAMCET-2014] 3  0  2  4  6  1
5. Mean = 1
1) 12 2) 15 3) 16 4) 18 7
18. The sum of 10 items is 12 and sum of their The mean of the original distribution=1+15=16
squares is 18, then standard deviation is
4900  40  20  50  60  70  80 5000
1) –3/5 2) 6/5 3) 4/5 4) 3/5 6.   50
100 100
19. The mean of two samples of sizes 200 and
300 were found to be 25, 10 respectively. ab 2ab
7.  4.5,  4, a b  9,
Their standard deviations were 3 and 4 2 ab
respectively. The variance of combined ab = 18  a = 6
sample of size 500 is 8. Mode = 3 median - 2 mean, 18 = 3 (median) -2
1) 64 2) 65.2 3) 67.2 4) 64.2
66
(24), Median =  22
KEY 3
1) 3 2) 4 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3 6) 4 9. upon change of axis median doesnot change so
7) 2 8) 4 9) 1 10) 4 11) 1 12) 2 the new median will be 40
13) 3 14) 2 15) 1 16) 2 17) 3 18) 4 10. 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6 mode = 5
19) 3
SOLUTIONS 11. The number having maximum frequency
1. 5 (mid value of the class) 12. 9 - 2 = 7 ( Range = max-min)
Q3  Q1
13. where Q1  10, Q3  17
2. most suitable one of central location for 2
computing intelligence of students is median 14. K
n2  1
3. given, 15.
12
n

X

1
16. x  3,  x i  48 ;   x i  (x)2
i 2 2 2
X  15 i 1
 15 n
20
n 1
 x 48  9  12  9  3 ;   3
X
i 1
i  20.15  300 4
n n
New mean ,  X i2  400,  X i  80
i 1 i 1
n 2
 n 2
X
n
i
300  3  6  8  4 303  X i2
  Xi 
i 1
    n
2 i 1
  i 1  0
20 20 20 n  n 
 
 
2
400  80  400 6400
    0  2
n  n  n n
 n  16

9
17. Given , 2 0 EXERCISE - II
18. x i  12,  xi2  18, n  10 MEAN (A.M, G.M, H.M)
1. The geometric mean of 10 observations on a
certain variable was calculated as 16.2. It was
x   xi
2
2
 later discovered that one of the observations
S .D  i
  
n  n  was wrongly recorded as 12.9; infact it was
2 21.9. The correct geometric mean is
18  12  180  144 6 3
S .D      
10 
2 1/10 1/10
10  10  10 5  (16.2)9  21.9   (16.2)10  21.9 
1)  
 2)  

n1 x1  n2 x2  12.9   12.9 
19. Combined mean x  n1  n2 ; d1  x1  x,
1/10 1/11
 (16.2)1012.9   (16.2)11  21.9 
d 2  x 2  x and use the formula Variance of 3)   4)  
21.9  12. 9 
n1  12  d12   n2  22  d 23     
combined data   
2

 n1  n2  2. The A.M. of the observations

1.3.5, 3.5.7, 5.7.9, ......., (2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)
n1  200, n 2  300 x1  25, x2  10 is   n  N 
 1  3,  2  4 1) 2n 3  6n 2  7 n  2 2) n 3  8n 2  7 n  2
200 X 25  300 X 10 50  30 3) 2n 3  5n 2  6n  1 4) 2n 3  8n 2  7 n  2
X 
500 5
3. The mean weight of 9 items is 15. If one more
200  9  81  300(16  36) item is added tot he series the mean becomes
 16 2 
500 16. The value of 10th item is
1) 35 2) 30 3) 25 4) 20
18000  15600 336
   67.5 4. The mean marks got by 300 students in the
500 5
subject of statistics was 45. The mean of the
top 100 of them was found to be 70 and the
mean of the last 100 was known to be 20, then
the mean of the remaining 100 students is
1) 45 2) 58 3) 68 4) 88
5. The average marks of boys in a class is 52
and that of girls is 42. The average marks
of boys and girls combined is 50. The
percentage of boys in the class is
[AIEEE - 2007]
1) 60 2) 40 3) 20 4) 80
6. Mean of ‘n’ items is x . If these n items are
successively increased by 2, 22, 23, ..... 2n, then
the new mean is

2n1 2n 1 2
1) x  2) x  
n n n

10
 15. If mean deviation through median is 15 and
2n median is 450, then coefficient of mean
3) x  4) x  2n
n deviation is
7. The frequency distribution of discrete data 1) 1/30 2) 30 3) 15 4) 45
given below, the frequency x against value 0 16. The mean and S.D. of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is
is missing.
7 35 7 35
Variable x : 0 1 2 3 4 5 1) 3, 3 2) , 3) , 3 4)
2 12 2 12
Frequency f : x 20 40 40 20 4
If the mean is 2.5, then the missing frequency 17. I f the S.D. of n obser vations x 1, x2, ..., xn is 4
x will be____ and another set of n observations y1, y2, ....,
yn is 3 the S.D. of n observations x1-y1, x2-y2,
1) 0 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4
......., xn- yn is
8. The minimum value of ( x  6)2  ( x  3)2  1) 1 2) 2 / 3 3) 5 4) 7
( x  8)2  ( x  4)2  ( x  3) 2 is 18. The variance of first 10 multiples of 3 is
1) 64.25 2) 54.25 3) 70.25 4) 74.25
1) 114 2) 141 3) 104 4) 2
9. Product of n positive numbers is unity. The 1
sum of these numbers cannot be less than
2
19. Let r be the range and S 
n 1
 x i  x 2 .
1) 1 2) n 3) n2 4) 2 If S2  r 2 k then k is equal to
10. An automobile driver travels from plane to hill
station 100 km distance at an average speed 1 n n 1 1
of 30 km per hour. He then makes the return 1) 2) 3) 4) 2  n  1
n 1 n 1 2(n  1)
trip at average speed of 20 km per hour. What
is his average speed over the entire distance 20. The mean of the numbers a, b, 8, 5, 10 is 6
(200 km)? and the variance is 6.80, then which of the
1) 25 km/hr 2) 24.6 km/hr following gives possible values of a and b
3) 24 km/hr 4) 24.5 km/hr (AIEEE-2008)
11. If A.M. = 24.5, G.M. = 24.375 then H.M. = 1) a = 0, b = 7 2) a = 5, b = 2
1) 24 2) 24.125 3) 24.5 4) 24.25 3) a = 1, b = 6 4) a= 3, b = 4
MEDIAN & MODE 21. Suppose a population A has 100 observations
12. The minimum value of | x  6 |  | x  3 |  101, 102....., 200 and another population B
| x  8 |  | x  4 |  | x  3 | is has 100 observations 151, 152, ..... 250. If
1) 11 2) 21 3) 31 4) 42 VA and VB represent the variances of the
13. If in a frequency distribution, the mean and two populations, respectively, respectively,
median are 21 and 22 respectively, then its then VA / VB is
mode is approximately
1) 1 2) 9/4 3) 4/9 4) 2/3
1) 20.5 2) 22.0 3) 24.0 4) 25.5
M.D, S.D & VARIANCE 22. If the mean deviation about the median of the
14. Mean deviation of the series a, a+d, a + 2d,-- numbers a, 2a, ........, 50a is 50, then a equal
--------, a + 2nd from its mean is to
n  1d nd 1) 4 2) 5 3) 2 4) 3
1) 2)
2n  1 2n  1 23. The variance of first 50 even natural
numbers is
2n  1d n n  1d
3) 4)
n (n  1) 2n  1

11
 833 437 9. A.M.  G.M
1) 2) 833 3) 437 4)
4 4
x1  x2  x3  ........  xn n
24. All the students of a class performed poorly  x1 x2 ........xn ,
n
in Mathematics. The teacher decided to give
x1  x2  .......xn n
grace marks of 10 to each of the students.  1   xi  n
Which of the following statistical measures n i 1

will not change even after the grace marks 2VV 2  30  20

V  Average   1 2
  24 km / hr
were given? [JEE 10. V1  V2 30  20
MAIN-2013]
11. G 2  A.H
1) mode 2) variance 3) mean 4) median
12. Minimum value obtained at median of
KEY -4, -3, 3, 6, 8
13. Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
1) 2 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 4 6) 2
7) 4 8) 1 9) 2 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 14. Mean x  a  nd
13) 3 14) 4 15) 1 16) 2 17) 3 18) 4 1 n  n  1
19) 2 20) 4 21) 1 22) 1 23) 2 24) 2 M .D. 
 2n  1  xi  x 
 2n  1
d

SOLUTIONS M .D
15.
1
Median
 16.2 10  21.9  10

1. 
12.9

  x ,i  n2  1  2
16. x  
2
  d
n  12 
  2n  1 2n  1 2n  3   4n  1  2n  3
2

2.
n

n 17. V  aX  bY   a2V  X   b2V Y 

  8n3  12n 2  2n  3  n2  1  2
18.   
2
  d where n = 10, d = 3
n  12 
 2 n 3  8n 2  7 n  2 19. range ' r ' and variance related by,  2  r 2
3. 15 x 9 = 135
 
2
16 x 10 = 160  xi  x
 
2

10th item is 160 - 135 = 25   2   xi  x  n 2 ,

n
5. no. of boys = b, no. of girls = g
a  b  8  5  10
 b  52    g  42    b  g  50  b : g  4 :1 20.  6 ab  7
5
2  2n  1 2n 1 2 now use verification for variance
6. X  X 
n n n 21. VB  x   VA  X  50   VA  X 

fx i i
 2.5 22. M.D 
 xi  M
,M 
51a
and n  50  a  4
7.
f i n 2
8. Minimum value obtained at the mean of
6, -3, 8, -4, 3

12
23. X 
x i

2  4  ...100
 51
n 50 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
1
 
2
variance =
n
 x12  x
1.
1 2

50
 2  4 2  ...  100 2    51  833


24. Median will go up by 2 and S.D. will remain same.

2.

(1) 3.2 (2) 3.0 (3) 2.5 (4) 2.8

3.

(1) 9/4 (2) 7/2 (3) 8/3 (4) 7/3

13
4..The mean and variance of 8 observations are 10 (1) –5 (2) 10 (3) –20 (4) –10
and 13.5,respectively. If 6 of these observations are
5, 7, 10, 12, 14,15, then the absolute difference of 9.. The mean and variance of 20 observations are
the remaining twoobservations is : found tobe 10 and 4, respectively. On rechecking, it
was foundthat an observation 9 was incorrect and the
(1) 9 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 7
correctobservation was 11. Then the correct variance
is:
5.
1) 3.99 (2) 4.01 (3) 4.02 (4) 3.98

10 .If the variance of the first n natural numbers is 10

and thevariance of the first m even natural numbers is
16, thenm + n is equal to

11. If the mean and variance of eight numbers 3, 7, 9,

12, 13,20, x and y be 10 and 25 respectively, then
6. x .y is equal to
_________.

KEY

1) 6 2) 4 3) 4 4) 4 5) 4 6) 3

7) 3 8) 3 9) 1 10) 18 11) 52

(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 6 (4) 2

7. If the variance of the terms in an increasing A.P.,

b1,b2 b3, b4, , , , ....., is 90, then the common
difference ofthis A.P. is ___________

8.
The mean and the standard deviation (s.d.) of 10
observations are 20 and 2 respectively. Each of these 10
observations is multiplied by p and then reduced by q,
where p ¹ 0 and q ¹ 0. If the new mean and new s.d.
become half of their original values, then q is equal to:

14
 SOLUTIONS 3.

1.

4.

2.

15
 7.
5.

6.

9.

16
 11.

8.

10.

17