DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF VEHICEL TO

VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING LI-FI

TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JAYAKUMAR M (814314106010)

KALAIRAJ D (814314106011)

SATHYAMOORTHY G (814314106030)

SIVAKARTHICK M (814314106034)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

i
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF VEHICEL TO
VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING LI-FI
TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JAYKUMAR M (814314106010)

KALAIRAJ D (814314106011)

SATHYAMOORTHY G (814314106030)

SIVAKARTHICK M (814314106034)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

ii
 ABSTRACT

System to show the transmission data using visible light communication is

performed in vehicles. An input selectively through a multi way switch and a
speaker and an LCD or car dash board display are used as outputting device.
The medium which binds the transmitter end to the receiver end is an LED
source or the visible light communication.

This article, we present an implementation of the new digital communication,

technology that uses visible light, known as LI-FI (Light Fidelity) or VLC
(Visual Light Communication), and apply it for inter vehicle communication.
This communication may improve driver's safety allowing the vehicles to
communicate easily with each other (V2Vcommunication).

The first prototype of an unidirectional VLC communication was developed at

the laboratory of signals and images (LSI) USTOMB. The experimental results
are more than satisfactory.

iii
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSYTEM USING LI-FI
TECHNOLOGY” is the bonafide work of “ JAYAKUMAR.M
(814314106010),KALAIRAJ.D(814314106011),SATHYAMOORTHY.G(81
4314106030),SIVAKARTHICK.M (814314106034)” who carried out the
project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr.D.KARTHIKEYAN M.E.,(Ph.D) Mr.C.SATHISKUMARM.E.,(Ph.D)

Head of the Department , Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Communication Engineering,

Srinivasan Engineering College, Srinivasan Engineering College,

Perambalur-621212. Perambalur-621212.

Submitted to the Project Viva- Voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Before setting to give the chapter and verse for this project report, We
would like to thank the invisible superior powers for giving as the strength and
perseverance to do this project report.

We bow our head and thank to our almighty GOD for showering upon
the necessary wisdom and grace for accomplishing this project. We express our
gratitude to our PARENTS first for giving health as well as sound mind and
support for taking up this project.

Our gratitude is extended to the exemplary founder and chairman of

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Group of Institution, Shri.A.SRINIVASAN for his
kind encouragement.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to esteemed Vice

principal Dr.SELVAKUMAR, ME, Ph.D., for his unflinching devotion and
continuous encouragement to finish the project.

We also articulate our sincere thanks to the respected HOD

Mr.D.KATHIKEYAN, M.E.,(Ph.D) for his guidance and sincere cooperation.

We owe for our achievements to the inspiration and kind guidance from
the internal guide Mr.SATHISKUMAR, M.E.,(Ph.D) for her guidance
throughout the project work.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO
ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3

3. EXISTING SYSTEM 5

3.1 EXPLANATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM 5

3.2 DISADVANTAGE 6

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 6

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM 7

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED 8

SYSTEM
4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 8

5. WORKING AND PRINCIPLE 8

5.1 EXPLANATION 10

5.2 TRANSMITTER EXPLANATION 11

5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12

5.4 RECEIVER EXPLANATION 13

6. LI-FI TECHNOLOGY 14

6.1 OVERVIEW OF VLC 14

6.2 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION 15

6.3 LI-FI 16

vi
 6.4 TECHNOLOGY DETAILS 17

6.5 LI-FI CONSORTIUM 17

6.6 LI-FI CONSTRUCTION 18

6.7 LIGHT FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 18

6.8 WORK ON LIFI 19

6.9 PROCEDURE MAP OF LI-FI 19

7. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT 20

7.1 HARWARE REQUIREMENT 20

7.2 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 20

7.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 22

7.5 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODE 23

7.6 OTHER MODES OF OPERATION 24

7.7 WTV-SR MODULE 25

7.8 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION 26

7.8.1 AUDINO 26

7.8.2 PROTEUS 28

8. CONCLUSTION 30

9. REFERENCE 31

FIGURE NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE

vii
NO NO
3.1 RADIO FRQUENCY TRANSMISSION AND 6
RECEPTION
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 8

4.4 V2V COMMUNICATION 9

5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12

6.1 MAP OF LIFI 19

7.1 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 20

7.2 PHOTO DIODE 22

7.3 I-V CHARACTERISTICS 23

7.4 SYMBOL OF PHOTO DIODE 24

7.7 WTV-SR MODULE 25

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VLC VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

OWC OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
MIMO MULTI INPUT MULTI OUTPUT
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
PD PHOTO DIODE
OOK ON OFF KEY
V2V VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
OFDM ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISTION
MUTIPLEXING
PCB PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
LI-FI LIGHT FIDELITY
LSI LABORATORY OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES
CM CHANNAL MODELING

ix
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The objective of ambient intelligence is to create an intelligent daily space,

which is immediately usable and integrated into our homes, our offices, our
roads, our cars, and everywhere. This new concept must be invisible; it must
blend in with our normal environment and must be present when we need it.

One of the applications of this concept consists of providing our cars and
roads with capabilities to make the road more secure (information about the
traffic, accidents, dangers, possible detours, weather, etc.) and to make our time
on the road more enjoyable (Internet access, network games, helping two people
follow each other on the road, chat, etc.).

These applications are typical examples of what we call an Intelligent

Transportation System (ITS) whose goal is to improve security, efficiency and
enjoyment in road transport through the use of new technologies for information
and communication (NTIC).

Traditional traffic management systems are based on centralized

infrastructures where cameras and sensors implemented along the road collect
information on density and traffic state and transmit this data to a central unit to
process it and make appropriate decisions.

This type of system is very costly in terms of deployment and is

characterized by a long reaction time for processing and information transfer in
a context where information transmission delay is vital and is extremely
important in this type of system.

In addition, these devices placed on roads require periodic and expensive

maintenance. Consequently, for large scale deployment of this type of system,
important investment is required in the communication and sensor

1
infrastructure. However, with the rapid development of wireless communication
technologies, location and sensors, a new decentralized (or semi-centralized)
architecture based on vehicle-to-vehicle communications (V2V) has created a
very real interest these last few years for car manufacturers, R&D community
and telecom operators.

This type of architecture relies on a distributed and autonomous system

and is made up of the vehicles themselves without the support of a fixed
infrastructure for data routing. In this case, we are talking about a vehicular ad
hoc network (VANET), which is no more than a specific application of
traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANET).

2
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Husain Fidvi ET. al have proposed vehicle to vehicle communication

system that does not require a tracking global positioning System or even a Wi-
Fi or 3G wireless connectivity. It was proposed to use Programmable Interface
Controller (PIC) sonar which sends 40 KHz short pulse of sound that is
undetectable by human ear. The echo of the signal will be detected by
microcontroller. The distance is calculated by the time required for echo signal
to be transmitted and received .

This technology is demonstrated in the figure below Several research

works have been attempted in literature for vehicle to vehicle communication
using an advantage of light. As light frequency spectrum is huge, it is beneficial
to be adopted in a short-range wireless communication . In this work, we aim to
develop a cost effective yet inexpensive mechanism for vehicle to vehicle.
Which is light. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.

It explains the details of the proposed system design. In section III, the
system diagram is explained. Section IV provides details about the results of the
system. Recently, light emitting diode (LED) based optical wireless
communication (OWC) systems have been developed. Especially, an OWC
technology using visible light communication (VLC), has been receiving much
attention.

The LED is suitable as an optical-signal-sending device because light

intensity of the LED can be modulated at high speed in comparison with
traditional lighting devices, such as incandescent bulbs and florescent lamps.
Furthermore, LEDs are inexpensive, already used for lighting and sign-ages,
and have high energy efficiency and long operating life. Moreover, basic

3
performances of LEDs are being improved constantly while achieving even
lower cost.

Zhenhua Yu, Arthur J. Redfern and G. Tong Zhou, discussed VLC relies
on white light emitting diodes (LEDs) to provide communication and
illumination simultaneously. Simple two-level on-off keying (OOK) and pulse
position modulation(PPM). Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing(OFDM) has been applied to VLC due to its high spectral
efficiency and ability to combat inter-symbol-interference.

M. Saadi, L. Wattisuttikulkij, Y. Zhao, P. Sangwongngam, described

Solid State Lighting (SSL) have triggered research in the domain of Visible
Light Communication (VLC) which enables us to use Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs) for illumination as well as low cost, high speed, power efficient and
secure data communication.

Liang-Bi Chen, Jui-Hsiang Chang, Chung-Heng Chuang, Chaio-Hsuan

Chuang, Yung-Chang Tseng, Chih-Lin, discussed Half-duplex VLC LED-to-
LED communication test bed (throughput of around one kilobit per second per
channel, distances in the order of meters, and distributed protocols) with
various applications. Cases. Compared to radio solutions like WLAN or
cellular, the potential benefits of VLC are the unrestricted use of device.

CHAPTER-3
EXISTING SYSTEM

4
 In a existing system RF signal based communication is used. So
antenna is used for transmitting and receiving is used. RF communication is
many standard like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc. In devices radiate the RF energy and
communicate to all devices. Modulation and demodulation are used.

It investigation of the uncoded IEEE 802.15.7 CSK PHY, referred to as

the TriLED (TLED) system because it uses three colour LEDs (Trichromatic
LEDs) as a source. The issues within the TLED CSK system related to the
detection process and symbol mapping have been addressed. A highly novel
four colour LEDs based CSK modulation, referred to as five colour LED
system, is presented which overcomes the issues within the TLED scheme and
provides a better performance using the available chromatic (or colour) and the
intensity (or signal) spaces efficiently.

3.1 EXPLANATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM

An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic

device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices.  This
wireless communication may be accomplished through optical
communication or through Radio Frequency (RF) communication. For many
applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight.
RF communications incorporate a transmitter and/or receiver. An RF transmitter
module is a small PCB sub-assembly capable of transmitting a radio wave
and modulating that wave to carry data.

Transmitter modules are usually implemented alongside a micro

controller which will provide data to the module which can be transmitted.

An RF Receiver module receives the modulated RF signal,

and demodulates it. There are two types of RF receiver modules: super
heterodyne receivers and super-regenerative receivers. Super-regenerative

5
modules are generally imprecise as their frequency of operation varies
considerably with temperature and power supply voltage. 

Super heterodyne receivers have a performance advantage over super-

regenerative; they offer increased accuracy and stability over a
large voltage and temperature range.

3.2 DISADVANTAGES

 Its hazard signal, Radiation affects all people.

 Small animal are severely affect, Interference is high.
 Its causes some disease like cancer and tumor.
 All electronic gadgets used this type of communication.

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.3.1 Radio Frequency Transmission And Reception

CHAPTER-4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

6
 The propose plan of action for our project is to initiate on optical wireless
communication model that gives high data rates (in the range of MHz to GHz)
and transmission distances is near about 1m. For data transmission from one
device to another device required LED. In this system at the transmitter section
input data give to the switching control system. Based on the data, the switching
control generates a stream of 1s and 0s thereby encoding the data in binary.

The output of this control is given to the array of LEDs which turn OFF
and ON at extremely high speeds. This ON-OFF modulation of the LED light
transmits the data. LED is the choice for light source since it consumes very less
power when compare to fluorescent lamp or a light bulb. It consumes less
power that is one-tenth power requirement as compared to conventional
methods for lightning. Also, the lifetime a typical LED bulb is several tens of
thousands of hours. LEDs are also fast switching with good visibility.

LEDs are ideal for use as the downlink transmitter. For the uplink
transmitters, Infrared (IR) can be chosen to be the uplink transmitter for user
convenience. This avoids fitting an LED light source on or next to the mobile
devices. The receive section consists of a photo diode, such as Infrared
germanium cylindrical detector and silicon photo detector.

The photo detector extracts the incoming received signal based the
sequence of 1s and 0s. The demodulated signal is then sent to a filter destroy
unwanted noise. This filter signal is then amplify using signal amplification
mechanism. The filter and amplify signal is then given to an output device such
as an LCD display or speaker. The input signal is thus remotely transmitter and
receiver. Thus Li-Fi network is established.

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

7
 TRANSMITTER

CONVERTER& MICRO PULSE

DATA CONTROLLER LED
ENCODER GENERATOR

RECEIVER
MICRO PHOTO
SPEAKER CONVERTER DECODER CONTOLLER DETECTOR

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram OF Proposed System

4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTIRE

According to user input. Sender will send the message to micro controller
which convert normal message to ASCII then this ASCII message is given to
NPN switching circuit which is used to boost the signal.

Then this signal is given to PNP switching module which revert the
message which was inverted by NPN switching circuit. Then this reverted
message is given to syska LED which transfer ASCII message into LED
spectrum. Now at receiver side photo transistor will receiver message obtained
by LED.

Then photo transistor pass message to impedance matching circuit which

sensing data in proper format. This signal is given to TTL to USB circuit which
convert ASCII message into normal message. The functionality of the building
blocks of the system is described next. The data source e.g. (speed sensor) reads
the speed of the vehicle.

The speed data from the sensor is peak to peak AC voltage so it will be
converted to DC voltage to be readable by the microcontroller. Then the data
will be processed by microcontroller (e.g. to compare between the current and

8
previous speed). New processed data will then be transmitted to the LED driver.
LED driver will make the current constant to protect LED. Then, data will
transmit by the LED light.

The receiver part catches these flashes using a photodiode and amplifies the
signal and transmits to the controller so that the speed of the following vehicle
can be reduced which will be indicated in the LCD display present in the
receiver section.

Fig 4.4 V2V COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER-5

9
 WORKING AND PRINCIPLE

In the infrared sensor, a narrow band infrared beam is transmitted from the
LED. When the beam strikes an object it is reflected back towards the sensor.
IR distance sensor sense the information about the detected object and transfers
to the controller. Controller used here is Arduino promini which is a
microcontroller board based on ATMEGA 328 .It has 14 digital input and
output pins. In that it has 8 analog input pins,6 PWM(Pulse width modulation)
output pins. LCD display which is interfaced to controller pins(12,11,5,4,3,2)
gives the information and it is displayed in LCD. Simultaneously the motor
speed is reduced by the controller. In case of emergency situation or any break
failure the buzzer sound is produced. These information are transmitted to the
Li-Fi transmitter.

Receives the information from the controller and it modulates the data to
light signal and transmits to the receiver section. The transmitter part modulates
the input signal with the required time period and transmits the data in the form
of 1‟s and 0‟s using a LED bulb. These 1‟s and 0‟s are nothing but the flashes
of the bulb.In the receiver section ,it receives the modulated information from
the transmitter section and demodulates the signal in order to recover the
original data. . The receiver part catches these flashes using a photodiode and
amplifies the signal and transmits to the controller so that the speed of the
following vehicle can be reduced which will be indicated in the LCD display
present in the receiver section.

5.1 EXPLANATION

All type of input is converted into binary form and encoded for
transmission. That data as a pulse generated by micro controller. The
transmission device as LED. The receiving device is photo detector that
receives the data. Data is decoded and converted into original form.

10
 Visible light communication is Very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit
a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off
very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data.” So what you
require at all are some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs.
We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s flicker depending upon the
data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like
using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red,
green and blue LEDs to alter the light’s frequency with each frequency
encoding a different data channel.
Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning you
can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. This invisible on-off
activity enables a kind of data transmission using binary codes: switching on an
LED is a logical '1', switching it off is a logical '0'. Information can therefore be
encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to
give different strings of 1s and 0s.
This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information
wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC),
though it’s potential to compete with conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the
popular characterization Li-Fi.
5.2 TRANSMITTER EXPLANATION

A 4X3 matrix keypad is taken that transmits numeric data from 0-9,*, #. It
is interfaced with keypad driver IC 91214 b which is also known as DTMF tone
generator. Each key has a different frequency that is made up of two frequencies
one from low tone group from 697 Hz-941 Hz, and the other from high tone
group from 1209 Hz-1477 Hz. The tone generated is a DTMF frequency which
is converted from digital to analog form by this IC. The output of this IC is fed
to the op amp 741c to prevent signal losses. This IC is further connected to push
pull amplifiers. A two way switch is provided to select keypad or a microphone.

11
If the switch is on, microphone is selected else the keypad is selected. A
variable resistance is provided to adjust the amplification and sound of the
speaker. At the output of the transistors a torch is connected to convert analog
signals into light form. While on the other hand microphone converts sound to
analog form.

5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.4 RECEIVER EXPLANATION

12
 The signal received in the light form is detected by the photodiode which
converts the light signal to analog form. The photodiode is connected to the op-
amp to reduce distortion losses. The output of the op-amp is connected to the IC
MT8870 which a DTMF receiver. Also the output of op-amp is connected to the
speaker to convert output analog signal to sound form. IC MT 8870 converts the
analog signal to digital form and understands the frequency received and
converts it into 4-bit BCD form for displaying on 16x2 LCD. Microcontroller
AT89c51 is used to interface LCD and DTMF receiver. AT89c51 takes the
BCD input from the DTMF receiver and displays it on the 16x2 LCD. IC 7805
is used, which is a voltage regulator that steps down 8V supply to 5V for the
working of circuit..

CHAPTER-6

13
 LIFI TECHNOLOGY

A 5G technology as they say, LIFI is coined as a massive

MIMO visible light communication network which uses LEDs. A future
technology that guarantees to replace the 2G, 2.5G, 3G and the latest 4G
systems of communication. The current technologies which employ WIFI
define it as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based
on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11
standards”. LIFI is thought of as an alternative or an exchange to the currently
used WIFI. With an exhausted and congested network, it was necessary to
articulate our minds into a technology which not only is ubiquitous but also a
resourceful quantity. Professor Harald Haas during his TED global talk
rightfully coined LIFI as the future upcoming technology.

Quiet significant amounts of advantages make LIFI a potent technology.

Visible light is defined as having a wavelength in range of 400 nanometers to
700 nanometers, which pros to have 10,000 times broader spectrum than the
radio wave spectrum employed in WIFI. This technology further has the
quintessential advantage of not needing any base stations and primarily
requiring unlicensed services. Very high data rates can be achieved due to low
interference, high device bandwidths and high intensity optical output.
Moreover, it is non-hazardous and a safe technology which can even be
employed in riverbeds and is cost effective. These pros of LIFI outshine it from
other technologies.

6.1 OVER VIEW OF VLC

The history of Visible Light Communications (VLC) dates back to the

1880s in Washington, D.C. when the Scottish-born scientist Alexander Graham
Bell invented the photo phone, which transmitted speech on modulated sunlight
over several hundred meters. This pre-dates the transmission of speech by radio.

14
In 2006, researchers from CICTR at Penn State proposed a combination
of power line communication (PLC) and white light LED to provide broadband
access for indoor applications. This research suggested that VLC could be
deployed as a perfect last-mile solution in the future. The VLC standardization
process is conducted within IEEE Wireless Personal Area Networks working
group (802.15).

In December 2010 St. Cloud, Minnesota, signed a contract with LVX

Minnesota and became the first to commercially deploy this technology. In July
2011 a live demonstration of high-definition video being transmitted from a
standard LED lamp was shown at TED Global. Recently, VLC-based indoor
positioning system has become an attractive topic. ABI research  forecasts that
it could be a key solution to unlocking the $5 billion "indoor location market".
Publications have been coming from Nakagawa Laboratory, COWA at Penn
State and other researchers around the world.

Another recent application is in the world of toys, thanks to cost-efficient

and low-complexity implementation, which only requires one microcontroller
and one LED as optical front-end. VLCs can be used for providing
security. They are especially useful in body sensor networks and personal area
networks. Recently Organic LEDs (OLED) have been used as optical
transceivers to build up VLC communication links up to 10 Mbps. In October
2014, Axrtek launched a commercial bidirectional RGB LED VLC system
called MOMO that transmits down and up at speeds of 300 Mbps and with a
range of 25 feet.

6.2 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

Visible light communication (VLC) is a data communications medium

using visible light between 400 and 800 THz (780–375 nm). Using visible light
is less dangerous for high-power applications because humans can perceive it
and act to protect their eyes from damage. VLC is a subset at the optical
15
wireless communications technologies. The technology uses fluorescent
lamps (ordinary lamps, not special communications devices) to transmit signals
at 10 kbps, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbps. Low rate data transmissions at 1 and 2
kilometers (0.6 and 1.2 mi) were demonstrated.

Specially designed electronic devices generally containing

a photodiode receive signals from light sources, although in some cases a cell
phone camera or a digital camera will be sufficient. The image sensor used in
these devices is in fact an array of photodiodes (pixels) and in some applications
its use may be preferred over a single photodiode. Such a sensor may provide
either multi-channel communication (down to 1 pixel = 1 channel) or a spatial
awareness of multiple light sources.VLC can be used as a communications
medium for ubiquitous computing, because light-producing devices such as
indoor/outdoor lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays,
car headlights/taillights, etc.

6.3 LI-FI

Li-Fi, as coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk, is
bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communications,
like Wi-Fi, using light. Li-Fi is a subset of optical wireless
communications (OWC) and can be a complement to RF communication (Wi-
Fi or Cellular network), or a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting.

It is wireless and uses visible light communication or infra-red and near

ultraviolet (instead of radio frequency waves), part of Optical wireless
communications technology, which carries much more information, and has
been proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations. A complete
solution includes an industry led standardization process.

16
6.4 TECHNOLOGY DETAILS

It is an OWC system that uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a

medium to deliver networked, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar
manner as Wi-Fi. Li-Fi could lead to the Internet of Things, which is everything
electronic being connected to the internet, with the LED lights on the
electronics being used as Li-Fi internet access points. Visible light
communications (VLC) works by switching bulbs on and off
within nanoseconds, which is too quickly to be noticed by the human eye.
Although Li-Fi bulbs would have to be kept on to transmit data, the bulbs could
be dimmed to the point that they were not visible to humans and yet still
functional. The light waves cannot penetrate walls which makes a much shorter
range, though more secure from hacking, relative to Wi-Fi. 

Direct line of sight isn't necessary for Li-Fi to transmit a signal; light
reflected off the walls can achieve 70 Mbps. Li-Fi has the advantage of being
useful in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as in aircraft cabins, hospitals and
nuclear power plants without causing electromagnetic interference. Both Wi-Fi
and Li-Fi transmit data over the electromagnetic spectrum, but whereas Wi-Fi
utilises radio waves, Li-Fi uses visible light.

While the US Federal Communications Commission has warned of a

potential spectrum crisis because Wi-Fi is close to full capacity, Li-Fi has
almost no limitations on capacity. The visible light spectrum is 10,000 times lar
ger than the entire radio frequency spectrum. Researchers have reached data
rates of over 10 Gbps, which is more than 250 times faster than
superfast broadband. Li-Fi is expected to be ten times cheaper than Wi-Fi.

6.5 LI-FI CONSORTIUM

The Li-Fi Consortium is an international platform focusing on

optical wireless technologies. It was founded by four technology-based
17
organizations in October 2011. The goal of Li-Fi Consortium is to foster the
development and distribution of (Li-Fi) optical wireless technologies such as
communication, navigation, natural user interfaces and others. As of
2012 the Li-Fi Consortium outlined a roadmap for different types of optical
communication such as gigabit-class communication as well as a full
featured Li-Fi cloud which includes many more besides wireless infrared and
visible light communication.

6.6 LI FI CONSTRUCTION

The Li-Fi product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

 Bulb
 RF Power Amplifier Circuit (PA)
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
 Enclosure

The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the

contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma
generates an intense source of light. The PCB controls the electrical inputs and
outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller used to manage different
lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state
PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. All of these
subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure.

6.7 LIGHT FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 Light has been around us for millions of years

 It has created us, has created life and has created all stuffs of life.
 Light is part of electromagnetic spectrum
 There are 40 billion light box already installed

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6.8 WORKS ON LI FI

On one end all the data on the internet will be streamed to a lamp driver.
When the LED is turned on the microchip converts this digital data in the form
of light. On the other end this light is detected by photo sensitive devices. Next
this light is amplified and processed and then fed to the device.

6.9 PROCEDURE MAP OF LIFI

Procedure Map Of LiFi

Fig.6.1 MAP OF LIFI

CHAPTER-7
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

7.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 Keypad
 ARDUINO UNO R3
 LED
 Photo detector
 LCD

7.2 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It

is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated.  When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine

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with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Fig. 7.1 Light Emitting Diode

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. Appearing as practical
electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared
light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-
control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer
electronics.

The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red.
Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often
used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent
bulbs.

They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent

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developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task
lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching.

Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation

lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals,
and camera flashes.

However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively
expensive, and require more precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. LEDs have allowed
new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high
switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.

7.3 PHOTO DIODE

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The

current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small
amount of current is also produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may
contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.
Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases.
The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a
large area photodiode.

Fig.7.2 PHOTO DIODE

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 Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they
may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a
window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of
the device.

Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN

junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response. A
photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.

7.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

A photodiode is a p–n junction or PIN structure. When a photon of

sufficient energy strikes the diode, it creates an electron-hole pair. This
mechanism is also known as the inner photoelectric effect.

If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion

length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in
electric field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and
electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.

The total current through the photodiode is the sum of the dark current
(current that is generated in the absence of light) and the photocurrent, so the
dark current must be minimized to maximize the sensitivity of the device.

7.5 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODE

When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent

out of the device is restricted and a voltage builds up. This mode exploits
the photovoltaic effect, which is the basis for solar cells – a traditional solar cell
is just a large area photodiode.

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 Fig.7.3 I-V CHARACTERSTICS

Photoconductive mode diode is often reverse biased (with the cathode

driven positive with respect to the anode). This reduces the response time
because the additional reverse bias increases the width of the depletion layer,
which decreases the junction's capacitance.

The reverse bias also increases the dark current without much change in the
photocurrent. For a given spectral distribution, the photocurrent is linearly
proportional to the luminance (and to the irradiance). Although this mode is
faster, the photoconductive mode tends to exhibit more electronic noise. 

The leakage current of a good PIN diode is so low (<1 nA) that the Johnson–
Nyquist noise of the load resistance in a typical circuit often dominates .

7.6 OTHER MODES OF OPERATION

Avalanche photodiodes have a similar structure to regular photodiodes,

but they are operated with much higher reverse bias. This allows each photo-
generated carrier to be multiplied by avalanche breakdown, resulting in internal

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gain within the photodiode, which increases the effective responsively of the
device.

Fig.7.4 SYMBOL OF PHOTO DIODE/PHOTO

7.7 WTV-SR MODULE

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 Fig7.7 wtv-sr module

WTV-SR module can record as well as fixed voice playback, recording content

uploaded and a variety of control modes can be chosen. It can be changed
different control modes by setting I/O, which on the bottom of this module. It is
provided with mp3 mode, Key control one by one, parallel interface, one-line
serial interface, three-line serial interface. 
FEATURES

• Operating voltage: 3.3v DC 

• Recording Time: 12 minutes 
• 8-level adjustable volume 
• Support MIC & LINE-IN recording
APPLICATIONS

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• Telephone recording systems 
• Industrial control toys.

7.8 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

7.8.1 AURDINO IDE

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project,

and user community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by
anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as
do-it-yourself kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and
controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional
compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. The Arduino
project started in 2005 as a program for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for
novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for
beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.

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A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a
compiler that produces binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel
provides a development environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio
and the newer Atmel Studio. The Arduino project provides the Arduino
integrated development environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform
application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the
IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with
features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-
click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board.

It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. A program written with
the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the development
computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-
1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE
supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many
common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic

27
functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled
and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive
program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.The
Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into
a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a
loader program in the board's firmware.A minimal Arduino C/C++ sketch, as
seen by the Arduino IDE programmer, consist of only two functions:
setup:
This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset.
It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries
needed in the sketch.

loop:
After setup has been called, function loop is executed repeatedly in the
main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.
Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a load resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many
tests and program functions.

7.8.2 PROTEUS

The microcontroller can understand a program written in assembly

language, it must be compiled into a language of zeros and ones. Assembly
language and Assembler do not have the same meaning. The first one refers to
the set of rules used for writing program for the microcontroller, while the later
refers to a program on a personal computer used to translate assembly language
statements into the language of zeros and ones. A compiled program is also
called Machine Code.In machine code, the same command is represented by a
14-bit array of zeros and ones understandable by the microcontroller. All
assembly language commands are similarly compiled into the corresponding

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array of zeros and ones. A data file used for storing compiled program is called
an "executive file", i.e. "HEX data file". The name comes from the hexadecimal
presentation of a data file and has a suffix of "hex" as well, for example
"probe.hex".
After has been generated, the data file is loaded into the microcontroller
using a programmer. Assembly language programs may be written in any
program for text processing (editor) able to create ASCII data files on a hard
disc or in a specialized work environment such as MPLAB described later.
During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were
developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no
mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used
to check correct execution of the program. Some ‘very fortunate’ developers
had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and were not quite
reliable as well. Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be
downloaded to the microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to run.
Embedded compilers give access to all resources which is not provided in
compilers for desktop computer

CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSTION

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 We have presented a VLC system consisting of an Li-Fi transmitter and
receiver that is targeted at V2V applications, and introduced its characteristics
and capabilities .In traffic signals, Li-Fi can be used which will communicate
with the LED lights of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased. Li-fi is
ideal for high density coverage in a confined region .It is believed that the
technology can yield a speed more than 10 Gbps . It is the fastest and cheapest
wireless communication systems which is suitable for long distance
communication .Li-Fi will make all lives more technology driven in the near
future. This System we achieved to show the transmission data using VLC is
performed in vehicles. The medium which binds the transmitter end to the
receiver end is an LED source or the visible light communication. It is the
wireless transmission of data between motor vehicles to prevent the accident by
allowing vehicles in transit to send position and speed By receiving a warning
message should there be a risk of an accident or the vehicle itself may take
preemptive actions such as actions such as braking to slow down.

CHAPTER-9
REFERENCE

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[1] Dounia Bourzig, 'communication entre vehicules par LIFT Master en
Electronique, option RTVM, 2014, universite USTO MB.
[2] Taguchi T., "the Light for the 21st Century" National Project Based
on White Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting Technology, IEICE C,
Vol. J84-C, No.ll, pp. I 040-1049 (2001).
[3] Haruyama S., "Visible Light Communication", IEICE Trans.
Commun., Vol. J86-A, No.12, pp.1284-1291(2003).
[4] Elgala H., Mesleh R., and Haas H., "Indoor optical wireless
communication: potential and state-of-the-art", Communications
Magazine, IEEE, 49(9), 56-62, (2011).
[5] Renu M. Patil, Dattatraya S. Shitole, "Boon to Optical Wireless
Technology- Li Fi, International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (UERT), Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015.
[6] Z. Yu, R. J. Baxley, and G. T. Zhou, “Brightness control in Dynamic
Range Constrained Visible Light OFDM Systems,” accepted by Proc.
IEEE WOCC, Newark, NJ, May 2014.
[7] H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “An LED Model for Intensity-
Modulated Optical Communication Systems,” vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 835-22,
2010
[8] L. Grobe, A. Paraskevopoulos, J. Hilt, D. Schulz, F. Lassak, F.
Hartlieb, K. D.Langer, “High-speed visible light communication
systems,” vol.51, no. 12, pp. 60-66, 2013
[9] Z. Yu, R. J. Baxley, and G. T. Zhou, “Achievable Data Rate analysis
of Clipped Flip-OFDM in Optical Wireless Communication,” in IEEE
Globecom Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications,2012.

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