Learning Outcomes:

- To acquire knowledge in preparing personal and group equipment for

climb preparation; and – To show value when indulging oneself to a
mountaineering expedition in applying the Leave No Trace Principle.
This topic will discuss the items needed when planning a mountain climbing
expedition. The equipment is divided into two types – the personal
equipment and group equipment.

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT:

1. Backpack – Find a good quality backpack that is tested and trusted by

mountaineers which is large enough to contain all the gear and
provisions you will need for a certain trip.

2. Boots- As a mountaineer having a quality fair of boots is an

investment and important equipment that protect a hiker from any
injury of the foot during a trek.

3. Clothing – The type and amount of clothes a mountaineer should

bring and wear is determined through the period of stay and weather
condition in the wild. Outdoor clothing should provide protection
against the elements.

4. Wind Breaker – A light jacket without insulation which serves as

shield from wind and cold.

5. Earth Pad – From a simple rubber mat to the more high-tech

inflatable ones. This serves as a cushion between you and the ground
when sleeping.
6. Sleeping Bag – Should not be heavy and bulky. It is capable of
protecting the mountaineers from any elements in the wild.

7. Dog Tag and Whistle – The name tag is for personal identification
with your blood type and the whistle is for emergency signal.

8. First Aid Kit – In case of emergency; every mountaineers should

bring with him/her a first aid kit that has supplies enough to treat
illnesses. In addition put other materials use for personal care such as
alcohol, mosquito repellent etc. It is also advisable to bring an anti-
venom kit for snake bite. Always checked the kit before trekking and
put in in a safe container (water proof).

9. Survival Kit – The survival kit should be packed into a compact and
waterproofed container, which can be easily carried by a trekkers
during short hikes without a backpack. Contents include waterproofed
match, small knife, plastic tarp, surgical rubber tube and emergency
rations.

10. Candles – Serves as cheap alternative light source although not

effective during windy conditions and a fire hazards, Some climbers
bring special lanterns for this purpose.

11. Flash light- A small watertight flashlight with a bright bulb is a

must. Headlamps can also be handy.

12. Lighter and Matches – Should be waterproofed.

13. Folding knife – This is for protection and an essential tools in

the mountain. It is also better that a folding knife has other
accessories such as can opener, scissors, screwdriver etc.

14. Fuels for the Stove – Pressurized gas, kerosene, and lighter
fluid are standard camping stove fuels.
15. Water Containers – There are two kinds of water containers a
non-collapsible and a collapsible one. Made of sturdy plastic, usually
two separate 2-liter containers (total of 4 liters + trail water) should
be enough for an overnight climb. Always check for a possible leak.

16. Trail Water – For hiking consumption. Around a litter or so.

17. Mess Kit and Drinking Cup – Should be sturdy and light
weight. Cup should have a handle for easier use with hot drinks or
broth.

18. Note Book and Pencil – For taking down details and
information.

19. Plastic Bags and Trash Bags – For waterproofing clothes,

equipment, and other items.

20. Rain Gear/Poncho – Mainly used in camp for moving around.

Rarely for trekking unless in a very cold conditions.

21. Sun Protection – Sunblock lotion, caps, bandanna for sunny.

22. Rubber Bands/Garter – All around use e.g. sealing plastic

bags.

23. Tying Strings – For lashing tent and other purposes.

24. Repair Kit – should contain thread, needle, extra buckles, quick
acting glue, duct tape and other items for repair of different
equipment.
 25. Sandals/Slippers – For relaxing feet after the hike and
avoiding erosion in campsite.26. Packed Lunch – Usually your first
meal when climbing, something east to eat, digest and palatable e.g.
sandwiches and fruits.

26. Rice and Eggs – Not a necessity since some prefer pasta or
bread, however packing eggs individually wrapped in plastic with the
rice in a hard container is a good training for packing your bag.

27. Spoon and Fork – Preferably metal.

28. Toiletries – Contains toothbrush, small type of toothpaste, floss

which can be used as thread I repair kit, small comb or hair brush and
tissue paper.

GROUP EQUIPMENT:

1. Bolo
2. Cook set
3. Flag
4. Groundsheet
5. Map and Compass
6. Rope
7. Tent
8. Trowel
9. Stove

THE LEAVE- NO- TRACE PRINCIPLES

➢ Plan ahead and prepare.

• Consider your goals and the goals of the group.
• Gather information, expectation and getting technical skills, knowledge
in first aid and equipment.
• Pick an appropriate journey for your group and allow plenty of time to
travel and camp. Be prepared to sit tight or turn back if you sense
danger or sustain an injury.

➢ Travel and camp on durable surfaces.

• Sticking to the tracks is best they are specially made for walking on.
• If there are no tracks, avoid non-durable ground such as soft plants,
stream edges, muddy sites, and fragile soil layers.

➢ Dispose of waste properly.

• “Pack it in pack out”. Any user of outdoors has a responsibility to

clean-up before he or she leaves. Inspect your campsite and rest areas
for rubbish or spoiled foods. Pack out all rubbish and kitchen waste
including left over food.
• Lead by example. Pick up any rubbish you see not just your own.
• Never miss an opportunity to use proper toilet facility and don’t
dispose your rubbish on them. If there are no toilets be prepared and
know how and where to dig a cat holes or when to carry them.

➢ Leave what you find.

• When we leave rocks, shells, plants, feathers, fossils, artefacts and

other objects of interest as we find them, we pass the gift of discovery
on to those who follow. Leaving what you find should OL be your first
thought when you find something interesting or attractive.
• There may be times and places when it is OK to collect something (for
example for a child to
• “collect some seashells or pretty rocks on a beach). But remember, we
humans are very good at taking without thinking and there should be
places where we show self-control. Mostly it is better to hold back and
leave what we find, rather than have a shelf full of lifeless and dusty
unvalued souvenirs.
• Particularly, never disturb culturally sensitive sites.

➢ Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire).

• Fires destroy important natural areas. Many of these fires are either
carelessly or accidentally set by uninformed campers and travellers.
Large uncontrolled wildfires set unintentionally can spread rapidly and
result in the critical loss of natural habitat, property and human life.
First check whether fires are permitted in the place you are going.
• Along with the destructive nature of fire, the natural appearance of
many areas has been compromised by the careless use of campfires
and the demand for firewood. Campfires are beautiful by night. But the
enormous rings of soot-scarred rocks – overflowing with ashes, partly
burned logs, food and rubbish – are unsightly. Surrounding areas have
been stripped of their natural beauty as every scrap of dry wood has
been torched.
• Leave No Trace educates people on whether a fire is appropriate, and
techniques that can be used to minimize the harm they cause.

➢ Respect wildlife.

• Encounters with wildlife inspire wonder. If wild animals are changing

their behavior because of our actions, we are too close and interfering
with their normal behavior.
• Never feed wildlife- human food is toxic to many of animals living in
the wild.

➢ Be considerate of other visitors.

 • Today, we must consider the rights of traditional land owners as well
as share the wilderness with people of all recreational persuasions.
There is simply not enough country for every category of enthusiast to
have exclusive use of land, wilderness, trails, bush, lakes, rivers, and
campgrounds. Consider others, and what they might be trying to get
out of their outdoor experience.
• Respect locals and their property. Pass quietly through farmland and
leave the gates as you found them. Share the huts you stay in and
welcome others who arrive after you. Leave huts Better than you
found them.

Lesson 2.3
(Climb Preparation: Planning)

Learning Outcomes:
• To apply acquired knowledge in climb preparation for a safe and
pleasant experience in the wilderness; and
• To show values gain in indulging oneself to a mountaineering activity
like improve level of fitness, self-discipline, courage, cooperation and
team spirit.

CLIMB PREPARATION

Neophyte or season mountaineers can’t ignore the importance of physical

fitness in preparing for a climb. Physical ability is a factor for safety and
pleasurable climb. To appreciate the beauty of nature and fellowship of the
group every mountaineers must be fit. Being unfit might result to a disaster
rather than an exciting journey to the wild.

Physical Fitness
➢ To develop cardio-vascular endurance one must train himself through
aerobic sports such as walking, jogging, running, biking and water
activity like swimming.
 ➢ To develop muscular strength and muscular endurance weight training
is ideal.

➢ The best exercise for hiking is hiking itself. Have a regular trip to the
mountain to maintain certain level of fitness.

➢ Be prepared to sit tight or turn your back if you sustain an injury or a

hiker becomes sick.

Planning a Climb

A certain group who is planning a trek to the mountain must submit a

document that covers their plan to climb to the official of an organization.
This protocol is an assurance that the climb is official. It is also important
that all members are well informed about the plan to climb prior to the day
of actual expedition.

The Pre- Climb

Pre-climb is a meeting held before the climb proper, during which

participants of the climb talk about the climb. Holding a pre-climb before the
actual climb is a requirement in many climbs organized by formal
organizations, and this practice has carried over even among independent
hikers.

Even though there are now modern means of communications, and

practically everybody can be reached by a simple text message, I believe
that it is still very important to hold a pre-climb for multi-day climbs, as well
as special day hikes.

The pre-climb is a reminder that the climb must be taken seriously. It goes
back to the basics, bringing to every participant’s consciousness that even if
hiking has become routine, hikers must still have to run through all the
details. The pre-climb is also an opportunity for all the participants to meet
before the climb itself. Hiking is a social activity, after all, and the people
you are climbing with can make or break the climb.

A. The Nature of the Climb

1. Training climbs: The objective of this type of mountaineering activity

is to have a neophyte hiker a chance to explore the wild. Regular
participation in this ascent to the mountain will help potential hikers
gain knowledge and be able to take part in different climbing activity
in the future.

2. Minor Climbs: This is considered as a day hikes or a fun trip to the

mountain. This type of climb is usually done for recreational purposes.
Hikers conduct this activity on the mountain that can be easily access
or near Metro Manila.

3. Clean-up Climbs: This is to protect and preserve highly impacted

mountain like Mt. Makiling, Mt. Makulot, and Mt. Arayat by bringing
down trash, planting trees and maintaining trails.

4. (Major Climbs: This is a much difficult ascents on mountains which

are commonly considered a very long hike. This is a trip to the
mountain which is hard to climb.

5. Guide ship Climbs: This is a trip to the wilderness in which a groups

hires a guide that will lead them from ascending and descending to the
mountain. A local residence or an experience hiker can be considered
as best guide which offers their service for a certain fee.

6. Exploratory Climbs: This is an expedition done for the first time. This
journey will be a very long hikes which need meticulous planning and
preparation.
 B. Route Planning

A careful planning must be considered in an attempt to climb a particular

mountain. The use of map is a good aid in looking for information concerning
the mountain to be climb. The map can give information about the existing
trail, distribution of vegetation and Lopressor steepness the of the

C. The Itinerary of the Climb

Preparing a program before the climb helps in the efficient use of time
during a journey to the mountain. In a particular climbs, the map is a basis
in formulating the itinerary. The established itinerary will determined how
long is the hike and the amount of equipment Needed in the climb.

D. Climb Organization

1. The Group Leader: The selection of a group leader may base on his
knowledge and experience in a particular mountain. He/she should
also possess leadership trait. As a group leader he/she has the power
in decision making but also accepts suggestions from his member.
2. The Medical Team: He/she may be medical practitioner, a doctor,
nurse or a rescuer.
3. The Scribe: He/she is responsible for documenting the details of the
climb.
4. The Tail man: He/she checks that no one in the group is being left
behind.

Prior the climb the group must choose a contact person which must be given
a copy of the itinerary and fully aware of the other details of the trip. In case
of emergency he/she is responsible to contact a group of rescuer to conduct
a search and rescue operation.
If needed the organization may sub-divide the large group into smaller
groups. The small group should also have a leader who is responsibility
includes managing his camp and each member.

E. Budgeting
Budgeting helps in determining the approximate cost of the climb that
includes transportation, meals and other expenses.

F. Meal Planning

The length of stay or numbers of days in the mountain will determine the
amount of food needed in particular expedition. The hikers should plan and
packed his/her meals before the climb. The following guidelines below
explain the kind of food to bring on a hiking trip.

1. Packed a lot of carbohydrates with protein and fat rich food. This will
help the hikers regain their energy lost wasted in a long trek.
2. Multi-day ascents require foods that will not spoil easily. Meals can be
preserved through drying, pickling, smoking, adobo, pre-cooking and
salting.
3. Food must not be limited to pre- package food or canned goods. A
climber who has knowledge in cooking can prepare delicious and
nutritious food in the wild.

TRAIL MEALS
Trail meals are types of food eaten while on a hiking trip. Having a meal to
eat during an expedition to the mountain helps the hikers eliminate hunger
and keep their energy level.

TRAIL MOVEMENT

A. Group Formation
• The duty of the lead man is to keep maintain the group’s pacing, while
the tail man check that no one in the group is left behind.
• Single files are necessary during a narrow trail. Avoid overtaking
during a hike to maintain standard interval between two climbers set
by the group.

B. Trail Signals

• The lead and tail man is the only person responsible to command a
stop or proceed.
• One long whistle blasts is a signal for stopping.
• Two short whistle blasts is a signal to commence trekking.
• Six (6) whistle blasts a minute is the international mountaineering
distress signals.
• Three (3) whistle blasts a minute if the aid is on the way.

C. Pacing

• Always start with the warm-up pace then gradually change your pace
depending on the desire of the group.
• The pacing order of the group must be based on the movement of the
slowest member or a hiker carrying a much heavy load. Do not allow
anyone to be left behind. If there is an urgent need to stop then
inform the lead man or the tail man. Keeping a steady rhythm is
important in hiking.

D. Trail Techniques

• Sticking to the tracks is best they are specially made for walking on.
Avoid water line and ravine’s since they are the steepest route down
the mountain.
• When crossing a river or stream knees should be bend and face to the
direction diagonal to the flow of the current to prevent a strong one
from knocking you down. Unfasten your hip belt and sternum strap
 while crossing a river or stream .This will allow you to remove your
backpack quickly in case you lose your balance or fall into the water.
• Do not step an obstacles that may upset your balance. Learn to dig
first with your heel or the side of your foot to keep balance and
traction during descent.
• When there is a need to hold on vines or roots, make sure that they
are strong enough to carry your weight and they are free of thorns.

E. Rests

• The series of stops and rest while hiking in the wild may be
determined on how steep or difficult the climb is.
• When trekking on a flat ground, the suggested number of stop and
rest is set by the group.
Example: five (5) minutes rest for every hour of hiking.
• In ascents the suggested number of stop and rest is five (5) minutes
rest for every 30 minutes of hiking; on steep slopes a five (5) minutes
rests for every fifteen (15) minutes of hiking is needed.
• In descents like trekking on a flat ground, the number of stops and
rests may be set for five (5) minutes of rest for every hour of hiking.

Note: During stop and rest do not immediately sit or lie down, you may keep
on standing until your pulse slow down to normal level. Replace lost fluid by
drinking enough water until you don’t feel thirsty anymore. But never drink
too much because it will induce an abrupt lowering of your body
temperature.

F. Trail Signs

• Trail signs are important in order to maintain in contact with the group
or other groups on a trip to the mountain. To communicate effectively,
one should be familiar with these signs.
 G. Trail Regulations

• To avoid any unforeseen accidents and for mountaineers to have

enjoyable climb, the following regulations should strictly observed.
• Blocked the side of the trails not in use. Put a sign or closed the trail
using tree branches or blocks of rocks.
• If bushes, sharp thorns and poisonous plants are along the trail, try
eliminating them. It will make the trail safer for fellow climbers behind
you.
• Avoid littering. Carry all food scraps.
• Smoking is strictly prohibited on the trail or during short rest.
• The person behind you is responsible for informing or picking up
anything that you may drop during the hike.
• If you get separated with the group, don’t panic and assess the
situation, take the needed steps with patient until you find the way
back to the right trail.
Lesson 2.5 (Knot Tying)

Learning Outcomes:
To apply acquired knowledge in campsite selection, camp shelter and knot
tying for a successful trip in the mountain; and
To show values gained in indulging oneself to mountaineering activity like
enjoyment, appreciation, and being a responsible individual.

KNOT TYING

In mountaineering knot tying is one of the important skills that hikers need
to develop to have a successful climb. The trick is to know which knot is to
use and how to do it right. Remember that every knot should possess the
following qualities; is easy to tie, holds when tied correctly, and is easy to
untie.

A) Knots for Joining:

1. Square Knot: This type of double knot that is made symmetrically to

hold securely and to be easy to untie. Example is for tying bundles and
packages.
2. Fisherman’s Knot: The fisherman’s knot is a knot for joining two
lines with a symmetrical structure consisting of two overhand knots,
each tied around the standing part of the other.

3. Double Fisherman’s Knot: The double fisherman’s knot or grapevine

knot is a knot used to join two lengths of rope. This knot and the triple
fisherman’s knot are the variations used most often in climbing,
arboriculture, and search and rescue.

4. Sheet Bend: This knot used for temporarily fastening one rope
through the loop of another. It can also be used for tying ropes of
different sizes.
 B) Hitches:

A hitch is a type of knot used for binding rope to an object. Example a pole,
post or a ring.

1. Clove Hitch: It is a kind of knot by which a rope is secured by

passing it twice around a spar or another rope that it crosses at right
angles in such a way that both ends pass
Under the loop of rope at the front. This knot is commonly apply in
tent pitching or attaching rope to a peg.

2. Two Half Hitches: The two half-hitches is a type of knot, specifically

a binding knot or hitch knot. It consists of an overhand knot tied
around a post, followed by a half hitch. Equivalently, it consists of a
half-turn around a post followed by a clove hitch of the running end
around the standing part.

3. Taut Line Hitch: The taut-line hitch is an adjustable loop knot for use
on lines under tension. It is useful when the length of a line will need
to be periodically adjusted in order to maintain tension. It is made by
tying a rolling hitch around the standing part after passing around an
anchor object. This type of knot is applied in tying a tent guy line. In
order to tighten or loosen the lines push the hitch downward or
upward.
4. Timber Hitch: This knot is used to attach a rope to a log or spar. In
the mountain it is use to raise logs, drag them over the ground or
push them through water. .

5. Constrictor Knot: The constrictor knot is one of the most effective

binding knots. Simple and secure, it is a harsh knot that can be
difficult or impossible to untie once tightened. It is made similarly to a
clove hitch but with one end passed under Or the other, forming an
overhand knot under a riding turn.
 C) Knots for Loops:

In reference to knots, loop may refer to: One of the fundamental structures
used to tie knots. Specifically, it is a U-form narrower than a bight. A type of
knot used to create a closed circle in a line.

1. Slip Knot. It is running knot that can be undone by a pull. This type of
knot is applied for tying pieces of firewood, bundling up a rolled
sleeping bag or tent.

2. Bowline: This is an ancient simple knot use to form a fixed loop at the
end of the rope or loop that will not close. It has the virtues of being
both easy to tie and untie; most notably, it is easy to untie after being
subjected to a load. The bowline is sometimes referred as King of the
knots because of its importance. It is also called the rescue knot.

3. Bowline casting method. If synthetic rope is used to tie this knot, it

will be less reliable. It is a good idea to secure the end with extra half
hitch, or tuck it and trap it beneath one of the rope strands.
4. Figure -of-Eight knot: The figure-eight knot or figure-of-eight knot is
a type of stopper knot. It is very important in both sailing and rock
climbing as a method of stopping ropes from running out of retaining
devices.

5. Threaded Figure-of-Eight knot: The threaded figure-of-eight knot

are applied to help anchor an inexperience climbers. This is a most
common way of attaching a rope to the harness.
ROPEMANSHIP

Ropes are essential in climbing. Small ones have variety of uses: from
securing a tent to making a clothesline. Larger one can provide safety to the
climbers.

Only Kernmantle ropes can be static or dynamic. A static rope has low
stretchability, some don’t even stretch at all. A dynamic rope has the ability
to stretch and is more elastic than a static rope; this kind of rope is often
used in rock climbing.

Types of Rope

1. Laid Rope: This type of rope can be natural or synthetic; fibers are
twisted into yarns, the yarns are twisted into strands, and the strands
are twisted into rope. Laid or Hawser rope with a diameter of around
11 mm and made of strong nylon make an excellent general
mountaineering rope. It is ideal for river crossing as a safety line.

2. Kernmantle Rope: It came from German kern, meaning core and

mantle, meaning sheath. This construction and special materials give
the rope a high tensile strength, superior protection for abrasion, and
comparative freedom from twisting. The kern mantle rope is available
in a number of diameters ranging from 5mm (accessory cords) to
11mm. Due to its ability to stretch, it is best for rock craft.
Lesson 2.7 (Campsite Selection and Camp Shelter)

CAMPSITE SELECTION

• After a whole day trek, find a safe and comfortable place to spend your
night. Here are the criteria in establishing a campsite.

• The site should have sufficient water drainage.

• The site should have protection from strong winds.

• The ground should be covered with grass or dead leaves to provide a

cushioning effect for a comfortable night rest.

• The site should have a water source at a reasonable distance

• A panoramic view of the area could be taken into consideration when

selecting a campsite to appreciate the beauty of the nature.
 • Avoid camping in an area that is prone to landslide. The site should be
also being free from poisonous plant and dangerous animals.

NOTE: The probability of finding all the above is quite remote, but
the more of them you can get in one site the better.

CAMP SHELTER

Mountaineer’s life depends on the shelter. It is a common practice to all

mountaineers to bring their own shelter in a trip to the mountain. A tent is a
good investment for your protection outdoors.

Characteristics of a Good Tent

1. Roomy

You first have to consider how many people the tent is going to hold. You
don’t want a tiny, uncomfortable tent if it’s going to be for two or more
people. That will make the whole camping experience unpleasant. Even
though some tents say they can fit four people, they don’t always do it
comfortably, so you should be sure before buying.

2. Lightweight and easy to set-up

People often associate lightweight with cheapness, but that’s simply not
true. Newer technologies allow for more durable and lightweight material
that’s more efficient than some of the older stuff. A good light tent is
important to have, especially if your campsite is far down a trail. You also
want to make sure it’s not that difficult to set-up because there could be
times when you’re racing against the clock to get the tent up before
sundown.
 3. Durable

If you’re someone who goes camping often, avoid the cheap temporary fixes
to your tent problem. Buy a tent for quality and durability over cheap and
easy. A good tent should last more than a couple years, even when it’s
exposed to the harshest conditions.

4. Warm or Cool

People who are buying tents for the first time might assume their sleeping
bags will do the bulk of the work when it comes to warming themselves up,
but you should consider the times you go camping most. If you’re only a
summer camper, you don’t need to get one built for four seasons, but if
you’re thinking about going camping in the winter or colder weather, get a
warm tent.

6. Waterproof

No matter what season you go camping in, you sometimes find yourself
caught in a rainstorm, which is why you need to make sure your tent can
withstand water. The worst thing that could happen is your tent lets in too
much water and everything gets soaked. You also want to make sure there
is proper airflow, so there’s not too much condensation inside.

Types of Tents

A not free standing tents need to be pegged to the ground in order to

support itself. Example is a classic A – Type.
A free standing tents need not to be pegged in order to maintain its
structure. They can also be moved around after being pitch. Examples are A
– Frames and Domes.
1. The classic triangular A – Type body is stretched and staked to the
ground tightly with guy lines and is supported by two (2) vertical poles
at each end.

2. The A – Frame is an innovation of A-type classic. The body is

supported by intersecting poles on each end with the central horizontal
pole to keep the whole tent taut.

3. The tunnel shaped tent is supported by looped frames usually

tapering on one end. This has an edged since it is aerodynamics, but
more cramped than other tent.
 4. The Dome is supported by arching poles forming a Dome frame.
Normally the dome has three (3) poles, forming a hexagonal floor but
the more poles a Dome has, the more it can “withstand strong winds.

Note: Usually, the lower the tent, the more stable it is on a high
winds, but it is less spacious inside.

A) Tent Pitching

Practice setting up your tent before you goes camping:

• Select a location free of debris for your campsite. Also consider a flat
area and free of sharp objects. Once you’ve found a good area to set
up camp, it’s time to unpack your things. Unpack the tent and all of its
parts.

• Unfold the tent and lay it in the respective area. Lay down your
footprint or ground cloth. This layer of plastic provides waterproofing
and protects the tent body from sharp stones and sticks.

• Position the tent over the footprint with the doors facing away from
the wind for optimal ventilation.

• Insert your tent poles through the frame, raise the tent, and hammer
in your tent pegs. . In case of hard rock soil, screw the peg instead of
 hammering it with the rock. On loose soil, place a heavy rock on top of
each peg. Always hold the pegs or stuff them in a pocket while
pitching the tent to avoid losing them and set up the rain-fly.

• Move your things into the tent. In case of strong winds; attach extra
guy lines. Make sure it can be seen especially at night so people won’t
trip over them.

• When it comes to pitching down, clean the tent; then reverse the
procedure mentioned for pitching. Put the tent body into its bag before
storing. Clean-up the campsite; replace rocks and fluff up the grass
cogon. Make the area as if no one has been there.

NOTE: In large a group, the team leader decides where the tent
would be pitched, especially in a campsite with limited spaces.

B) Improvised Shelter

It is a must to a mountaineer to have knowledge in making an improvised

tent, although different types of tents are available in the market, but
sometimes things happen like broken tent. As mountaineers, we are obliged
to raise a temporary shelter.

1. If there are two adjacent trees present you can make an A-Type tent
as your improvised shelter; tie a line connecting the trees. Fold the
ground sheet into two along its length and hang it on the line. Tie the
corners to the ground using strings and pegs.
If there are no available trees, you may improvise poles from strong
branches. Drive these two at opposite end of the groundsheet. You may
attach the groundsheet. At the ends of the poles or connect the tips with the
line.
2. If you have a good weather a Lean-to improvised tent is an ideal
shelter for hikers. Using two improvise poles or two adjacent trees;
attach the two corners of the groundsheet to the poles or trees and
peg the remaining two corners. It is a major factor t that you note the
wind direction when using the Lean to improvised tent; the exposed
side of the groundsheet should be facing where the wind is coming
from.