PHYSICS ACTIVITY

11.9 HEAT TRANSFER

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Blackbody Radiation
 Greenhouse Effect

Conduction
The process in which heat flows from objects with higher temperature
to objects with lower temperature.
Conduction Equation
Q = [K.A.(Thot - Tcold)] / d
Where ,

 Q is the transfer of heat per unit time

 K is the thermal conductivity of the body
 A is the area of heat transfer
 Thot is the temperature of the hot region
 Tcold is the temperature of the cold region
 d is the thickness of the body

Conduction Examples
Following are the examples of conduction:

 Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is

conducted from the iron to the clothes.
  Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting
of an ice cube when held in hands.

Convection

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to

lower temperature regions.

Convection Equation
Q = hc . A . (TS – Tf)

Where,

 Q is the heat transferred per unit time

 Hc is the coefficient of convective heat transfer
 A is the area of heat transfer
 Ts is the surface temperature
 Tf is the fluid temperature

Convection Examples
Examples of convection include:

 Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser move at the

bottom while the molecules which are less dense move upwards
resulting in the circular motion of the molecules so that water
gets heated.
  Warm water around the equator moves towards the poles while
cooler water at the poles moves towards the equator.

Radiation
Radiation The process of heat transmission in the form electromagnetic
waves, is called radiation. Radiation do not require any medium for
propagation. It propagates without heating the intervening medium.

Radiation Equation
P = e ∙ σ ∙ A· (Tr – Tc)4
Where,

 P is the net power of radiation

 A is the area of radiation
 Tr is the radiator temperature
 Tc is the surrounding temperature
 e is emissivity and σ is Stefan’s constant

Radiation Example
Following are the examples of radiation:

 Microwave radiation emitted in the oven is an example of

radiation.
 UV rays coming from the sun is an example of radiation.
Black Body Radiation
Blackbody radiation is radiation produced by heated objects,
particularly from a blackbody. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all
radiation (visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, etc.) that falls on
it. This also means that it will also radiate at all frequencies that heat
energy produces in it

Black Body Radiation Example

Some examples of blackbody radiators that emit visible light or whose
radiation is used for other processes include the electric heaters,
incandescent light bulbs, stoves, the sun, the stars, night vision
equipment, burglar alarms, warm-blooded animals, etc.

Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse effect refers to the phenomenon of increase in the
temperature of the planet on account of emission of gases. This is a
natural process which warms the earth. The radiations coming from the
sun are reflected back by the earth's surface and some of them are
absorbed and re-radiated

Greenhouse Effect Examples

Example of the greenhouse effect that most of us experience in
everyday life is the warming of a car's interior when the vehicle is left
out in the sun. You've probably noticed that your car is always much
hotter inside than the outside temperature if it's been sitting there for a
while.