Chemical Bonding

Why do atoms bond?

 Because in so doing they attain a stable configuration

Therefore then . . .

 Chemical bond is the force of attraction that hold atoms or ions in a compound
 Interaction of atoms with each other is dictated by the electron configuration
 Minimization of energy is one of the driving forces that cause chemical
bond/reaction to occur
 Minimization refers to the lowering of the potential energy resulting from the
attraction and repulsion among charged particles in the structure of the
compound

Types of chemical bonds

 Depending on how electrons interact with each other, two types of bonding
occurs:

1) Ionic bonding – is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from
one atom or group of atoms to another
– as a result, it forms (+) and (-) ions
– usually from metal and non-metal and are held by
electrostatic attraction

2) Covalent bonding – formed when two atoms share one or more electron
pairs between them
– usually among non-metal atoms
Ionic Bond

 Made up of ions, thus called ionic compounds

 Electron loss and electron gain are not isolated processes; if one occurs so must
the other
 The electron lost is always equal to electron gained

Covalent Bond
 Made up of molecules

Polarity of Covalent Bond

 Most chemical bonds are not 100% ionic nor 100% covalent
 Most bonds have characteristic of both types
 Polarity results when two or more atoms of different electronegativity share
their electrons to form the compound
1) Polar covalent
2) Nonpolar covalent

Degree of electronegativity
Electronegativity difference Type of bond
zero Nonpolar
Greater than zero but less than 1.7 Polar
1.7 and greater Ionic

 The polarity of molecules also describes whether the electron clouds that make
up the various bonds are equally distributed or not

Assignment:
1) What is coordinate covalent bond?
2) What are resonance structures?
3) What are hybrid orbitals?
Multiple bonds
1) Single bond
2) Double bond
3) Triple bond

Lewis Structures (Electron Dot Formula)

 In many compounds, there are eight electrons or four (4) pairs of electrons
around each atom just as in a noble gas
 Therefore, the formation of a complete octet or a noble gas electron
configuration seems to be the strong driving force