URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

College of Business Management and Accountancy
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

Historical Development of Art

REPORT PREPARED BY:

MEQUIN, MARYROSE
DOÑA, KRISTAL MAE
MOLINA, DIANNA LYN
NARVASA, AL
INTRODUCTION

History shows the intrinsic value of art as a language that narrates the
knowledge, belief, and experience of each generation of mankind, it shows the
foundation of civilization through art, where humanity from the past to the present
stipulates their desire for a better life.

The foundation of art history can be traced back tens of thousands of years to
when ancient civilizations used available techniques and media to depict culturally
significant subject matter. Since these early examples, a plethora of art movements
have followed, each bearing their own distinct styles and characteristics that reflect the
political and social influences of the period from which they emerged. Whether you’re an
aspiring collector or simply appreciate the work of history’s great artists, studying the
major movements of the art history timeline is a worthwhile place to start.

Learning Outcome

At the end of the module the students should be able to:

a. Identify the underlying history and philosophy of the era or movement.

b. Classify the various art movement and cite their characteristics such as
historical background, sociopolitical issues, influential persons, prevalent artists, art
forms and media.

c. Present the historical timeline of the arts through the various era and movement, and

d. Cite/recognize the distinct characteristics of an artwork in an era or movement.

Learning Contents

1. PREHISTORIC ART (cave art or parietal art)

2. EGYPTIAN & GREEK

3. ROMAN & MEDIEVAL

4. CHINESE & JAPANESE

5. RENAISSANCE & MANNERISM

6. BAROQUE AND ROCOCO

7. NEOCLASISM

8. ROMANTIC AND REALISM

9. IMPRESSIONISM

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

NEO-IMPRETIONISM
10. SYMBOLISM, ART NOUVEAU

11. FAUVISM &EXPRESSIONISM

12. CUBISM, FUTURISM

13. ABSTRACT OR NON-OBJECTIVE

DADAISM
SURREALISM
CONSTRUCTIVISM
DE STILL ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
OPTICAL ART
POP ART
MINIMALISM
CONCEPTUAL ART

14. PHOTO-REALISM

15. INSTALLATION ART

BODY ART
EARTH AND LAND
PERFORMANCE ART
Cave art

refers to the numerous paintings and engravings found in European caves and
shelters dating back to the Ice Age, approximately between 40,000 and 14,000 years
ago. The first painted cave acknowledged as being Paleolithic, meaning from the Stone
Age, was Altamira in Spain. Experts say that the art discovered there was the work of
modern humans (Homo sapiens). Cave art is generally considered to have a symbolic
or 1 religious function, sometimes both. The exact meanings of the images remain
unknown, but some experts think they may have been created within the framework of
shamanic beliefs and practices. One such practice involved going into a deep cave for a
ceremony during which a shaman would enter a trance state and send his or her soul
into the otherworld to make contact with the spirits and try to obtain their benevolence.
Most cave art consists of paintings made with either red or black pigment. The reds
were made with iron oxides (hematite), whereas manganese dioxide and charcoal were
used for the blacks. Engravings were made with fingers on soft walls or with flint tools
on hard surfaces in a number of other caves and shelters.

Cave paintings of Lascaux, France

is famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings, found in a complex of caves 1 in the
Dordogne region of southwestern France, because of their exceptional quality, size,
sophistication and antiquity.

EGYPTIAN ART

Ancient Egyptian art must be viewed from the standpoint of the ancient
Egyptians to understand it. The somewhat static, usually formal, strangely abstract, and
often blocky nature of much Egyptian imagery has, at times, led to unfavorable
comparisons with later, and much more 'naturalistic,' Greek or Renaissance art.
However, the art of the Egyptians 1 served a vastly different purpose than that of these
later cultures.

GREEK ART

The ancient Greeks lived in many lands around the Mediterranean Sea, from
Turkey to the south of France. They had close contacts with other 1 people such as the
Egyptians, Syrians and Persians. The Greeks lived in separate city-states, but shared
the same language and religious beliefs.

ROMAN ART

The first Roman art can be dated back to 509 B.C.E., with the legendary
founding of the Roman Republic, and lasted until 330 C.E. (or much longer, if you
include Byzantine art). Roman art also encompasses a broad spectrum of media
including marble, painting, mosaic, gems, silver and bronze work, and terracotta’s, just
to name a few. The city of Rome was a melting pot, and the Romans had no qualms
about adapting artistic influences from the other Mediterranean cultures that surrounded
and preceded them. For this reason it is common to see Greek, Etruscan and Egyptian
influences throughout Roman art. This is not to say that all of Roman art is derivative,
though, and one of the challenges for specialists is to define what is "Roman" about
Roman art.

MEDIEVAL ART

The medieval period of art history spans from the fall of the Roman Empire in
300 AD to the beginning of the Renaissance in 1400 AD. Medieval art during the Middle
Ages saw many changes up to the emergence of the early Renaissance period. Early
art subjects were initially restricted to the production of Pietistic painting (religious art or
Christian art) in the form of illuminated manuscripts, mosaics and fresco paintings in
churches. There n were no portrait paintings in the art of the Middle Ages. The colors
were generally somewhat muted.

CHINESE PAINTING

The history of Chinese painting can be compared to a symphony. The styles and
traditions in figure, landscape, and bird-and-flower painting have formed themes that
continue to blend to this day into a single piece of music. Painters through the ages
have made up this "orchestra," composing and performing many movements and
variations within this tradition. It was from the Six Dynasties (222-589) to the Tang
dynasty (618- 907) that the foundations of figure painting were gradually established by
such major artists as Gu Kaizhi and Wu Daozi. Landscape painting started to become
popular in the Sui (581- 618) and Tang dynasties by the effort of Zhan Ziqian, Li Sixun,
and Wang Wei. Variations based on geographic o distinctions then took shape in the
Five Dynasties period (907-960). For example, Jing Hao and Guan Tong depicted the
drier and monumental peaks to the north while Dong Yuan and Juran represented the
lush and rolling hills to the south in Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River). In bird-and-
flower painting, the noble Tang court decorative manner was passed down in Sichuan
through Huang Quan's style, which contrasts with the more relaxed style of Xu Xi in the
Jiangnan area.

UKIYO-E (Japanese print)

Ukiyo-e, often translated as "pictures of the floating world," refers to Japanese

paintings and woodblock prints that originally depicted the cities' pleasure districts
during the Edo Period, when the sensual attributes of life were encouraged among a
tranquil existence under the peaceful rule of the Shoguns. These idyllic narratives not
only document the leisure activities and climate of the era, they also depict the
decidedly Japanese aesthetics of beauty, poetry, nature, spirituality, love, and sex. The
people and environments in which the higher classes emerged themselves became the
popular subjects for ukiyo-e works. This included sumo wrestlers, courtesans, the actors
of kabuki theatre, geishas and teahouse mistresses, warriors, and other characters from
the literature and folklore of the time. By combining uki for sadness and yo for life, the
word ukiyoe originally reflected the Buddhist concept of life as a transitory illusion,
involving a cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth. But ironically, during the early
Edo period, another ideograph which meant "to float," similarly pronounced as uki,
came into usage, and the term became associated with wafting on life's worldly
pleasures.

RENAISSANCE

means a "rebirth" suggesting that the 15th and 16th centuries marked an
awakening from the "dark ages". During this period, some of history's greatest
intellectuals, authors, statesmen, scientists, and artists flourished, as global discovery
opened up new places and civilizations to European trade. And in this period, the
classical arts of Greece and Rome and its classical standards of paintings, architecture,
and structures were revived.

The most famous person in this period is Leonardo da Vinci. He was an Italian
polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draftsman, engineer,
scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. He painted the Virgin and Child with Saint
John the Baptist. It depicts the Virgin Mary seated on the knees of her mother, Saint
Anne, while holding the Christ Child as Christ's young cousin, John the Baptist, stands
to the right. The figures are all shown with absolutely perfect ratios and proportions,
reflecting a Renaissance obsession with Classical ideas about beauty from symmetry.
Mary and St. Anne is idealized, but obviously very realistic, shown with incredible
emotion and natural poses.

MANNERISM

is derived from the Italian term maniera which means "style" or "manner" and it
emphasizes "self-conscious artifice above genuine portrayal". Mannerism was born as a
reaction to the harmonious classicism and naturalism of the Renaissance. Whereas
High Renaissance art emphasized proportion, balance and classical beauty, Mannerism
was inclined to exaggerate these qualities with paintings that present asymmetrical or
unnaturally elegant compositions.

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola, also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more
commonly, as Parmigianino is one of the artists in this period. He was an Italian
Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city
of Parma. He painted the Madonna with the Long Neck showing a beautiful scene of
intimate emotion between mother and child. But, this is pretty different from Leonardo's
artwork. For one, Mary is no longer shown in perfect classical proportions.

BAROQUE

is derived from the Portuguese ‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl or stone’. This
word refers to something that is detailed and sophisticated. This term was first applied
to arts in 15th century Italy, specifically from 1595 to 1750. This form of art is known to
have emerged as a reaction of the Catholic artists to the newly emerged Protestant
movement. Baroque art is often viewed as a form of art which depicts violence and
darkness.

One of the artists in this period is Johannes Vermeer. He painted the Girl with a
Pearl Earring, which represents a young woman in a dark shallow space, an intimate
setting that draws the viewer's attention exclusively on her. In this painting, Vermeer
used a technique known as camera obscura to create patterns of light and dark in this
painting.

ROCOCO

is derived from the Latin word shell. It was an 18th century artistic style and is
sometimes called the 'late Baroque style'. Rococo style is considered to be a revolt
against the dull and solemn Baroque designs of the royal courts of France in Versailles.
The Rococo style of art is always distinguished by its elegant refinement which involves
different materials like shells, to give away a delicate touch to art.

François Boucher is one of the artists of this period. He painted the Triumph of Venus.
This painting is a celebration of love and lust, the sensuous flesh of the figures rendered
in modulations of creams and pinks. It possesses all of the defining qualities of the
Rococo style of the eighteenth century, cool color palette, the energetic composition,
and the erotic mythological subject matter.

NEOCLASSICISM

is the 18th and 19th century movement that developed in Europe as a reaction
to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo. It is the movement sought to return to the
classical beauty and magnificence of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.

One of the artists of this period is Benjamin West. He painted the Death of General
Wolfe that shows the death of Major-General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham at
the Battle of Quebec in 1759 during the Seven Years' War, known in the United States
as the French and Indian War. A sense of drama is conveyed as the battle ends with a
singular heroic sacrifice.

ROMANTICISM

is a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century,
emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Romanticism is
in general words the opposite of Neoclassicism, it is romantic, passionate, sensitive,
emotional, imaginative, fantastic, and so on. It reflected the revolutionary spirit of the
times, favorite theme was nature as unpredictable and uncontrollable, emphasized
emotional restraint, purity of form and subjects that inspired morality, sought extremes
of emotion.

Example artwork in this period is the Liberty Leading the People by Eugene. It is a
painting usually associated with the July Revolution of 1830 in France. It represents the
struggle of the common people for freedom, but at the same time, she shows the
energy and excitement that was part of a revolution.
REALISM

is a movement begun in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and

History painting. It is a movement against the ideas of Romanticism. Realism wants to
represent things as they are, without artificial or imaginative items. It avoids idealistic,
exotic or paradisiacal places. For example, the painting Christina's World by Andrew
Wyeth, which depicts a woman sprawled in a field of withering grass. It belongs to a
genre of realism, as it portrays the countryside landscape in a realistic way, with
attention to detail.

IMPRESSIONISM

is an art movement that originated in France during the late 19th century as an
artistic reaction to the rapidly changing urban environment. It was an art style that
rejected conventional art styles such as realism and naturalism and introduced a new
form of painting to Europe. Impressionist artists painted contemporary landscapes and
scenes of modern life, especially of bourgeois leisure and recreation, instead of drawing
on past art or historical and mythological narrative for their inspiration. The name
impressionism comes from the title of Claude Monet’s painting Impression, Soleil levant
(Impression, Sunrise) which depicts the port of Le Havre, Monet's hometown.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

is an art movement that originated in the same century in France as a reaction to

impressionism. Accordingly, post-impressionists rejected impressionism’s concern with
the spontaneous and naturalistic portrayal of light and color. On the contrary, they
emphasized on the symbolical depiction of their subject’s emotions along with proper
order and structure of their painting styles.

One pioneering artist is Vincent van Gogh. He was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter
who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western
art history. He painted the Starry Night. It depicts the view from the east-facing window
of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of
an imaginary village. It is dominated by a night sky roiling with chromatic blue swirls, a
glowing yellow crescent moon, and stars rendered as radiating orbs.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Artists (both known and unknown) and their great work of arts.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM ARTISTS AND THEIR GREAT WORK OF ARTS

As in the impressionist movement, post-impressionism has well-known and

unknown artists. Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul
Gauguin, and Georges Seurat are some of them.

Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézanne was the father of post-Impressionism. He was born on January 19,
1839 and died of pneumonia on October 22, 1906, at the age of 67. He was a Post-
Impressionist painter from France whose work laid the foundation for the transition from
the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of
art in the 20th century. Cézanne is credited with bridging the gap between late 19th-
century Impressionism and Cubism, a new line of artistic inquiry that emerged in the
early 20th century. Cézanne artwork's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are
distinctive and easily recognizable. He used color planes and small brushstrokes to
create complex fields. Cezanne's paintings reflect his intense study of his subjects.

One of the artwork of Paul Cézanne is the Card Players. It is a series of oil paintings
by the French Post-Impressionist artist Paul Cézanne. Painted during his final period in
the early 1890s. It is one of his most ambitious projects that occupied him for several
years and is now regarded as an important contribution to modern art. There are five
versions in the series, each with a different content and size: one is in a private
collection, the others are in the Musee d'Orsay, the Courtauld Gallery, the Barnes
Foundation, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Each painting in Cezanne's series
depicts two or more Provencal peasants smoking pipes and playing cards in silence.
The subjects are all male and are shown playing cards studiously, eyes cast downward,
intent on the game at hand.

Vincent Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh is one of the most famous and influential figures in Western
art history. He has created about 2,100 landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits
that contributed to the foundations of modern art. He was born on March 30, 1853 and
killed himself by shooting himself in the chest with a revolver and died on July 29, 1890,
at the age of 37. He was a very famous post-impressionist painter who was known for
the beauty, emotion, and color in his work. He was known for evoking emotions in his
paintings and had the ability to make someone feel something with just one stroke of
the brush. He could elicit emotion from even the most emotionless soul. He used color
and lines to tell a story, and he made the canvas come alive.

One of the famous artwork of Vincent Van Gogh is the Starry Night. It is an oil-on-
canvas and painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his
asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an
imaginary village. It reflects his direct observations of the countryside from his window,
as well as the memories and emotions evoked by this view. It is dominated by a night
sky roiling with chromatic blue swirls, a glowing yellow crescent moon, and stars
rendered as radiating orbs. The Starry Night features short, painterly brushstrokes, an
artificial color palette, and a focus on luminescence.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa is one of the best-known post-Impressionist
painters and was known for immersing himself in Paris theater life in the late 19th-
century. He was born on November 24, 1864 and died from complications due to
alcoholism and syphilis on September 9, 1901, at the age of 36. He was a French
painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator who immersed himself in
the colorful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century, resulting in a collection of
enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the times' sometimes decadent affairs. His
drawings of Parisian nightlife in the 1880s inspired his innovative posters of cabaret
singers and entertainers, as well as his now-famous advertisements for the Moulin
Rouge. Their popularity greatly helped his artistic success. He was born into an
aristocratic family and broke both of his thigh bones in a childhood accident. Neither
grew back properly. His legs remained short as an adult, while his torso was normal.
Long periods of recuperation spent drawing led to his decision to become an artist after
moving to Paris and finishing his studies. He created drawings of the characters who
frequented the Montmartre cabarets after discovering them. He was fascinated by the
local prostitutes, spending weeks in brothels documenting their lives candidly. Paintings
and artwork by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec influenced the art world for decades after his
death.

Toulouse-Lautrec painted numerous portraits of the clowness Cha U Kao, who

became one of his favorite models. One of the more upbeat works included here was
"La Clownesse Cha-U-Ka-O im Moulin Rouge," also known as "The Clowness Cha-u-
Kao at the Moulin Rouge." The clowness in this composition stands directly in front of
us, leaning slightly to one side. She is dressed elaborately and whimsically, as seen in a
number of other portraits of her by Toulouse Lautrec. She has a yellow hair decoration
and a bright yellow frill around the top of her outfit. The rest is black, but with stylish
pleating that perfectly complements the character. Her posture is confident, and she is
also confident in the presence of the artist, as the two are well acquainted. An older
woman walks across the scene to the clown's right, followed by a swarm of other
figures. Toulouse Lautrec focuses on Cha u Kao in this piece, so the ground and
background are kept simple.He loved to capture her in different settings and in different
moods, both while working and also when resting between acts. Cha-U-Ka-O was an
entertainer in local Parisian cabaret clubs after her body was no longer able to
withstand the rigors of gymnastics. She was also as deeply ingrained in the late-night
Parisian community as her friend, Henri. They had many mutual friends built up over the
years of frequenting such establishments, so they had a lot in common in that regard. In
this scene, the artist employs his skills in depicting drapery as well as capturing the
glamorous lives of the performers. He would always capture what he saw, good or bad,
and several other portraits of the clowness cha u kao he created put her in a much more
solemn setting.

No artist has been as good as Toulouse Lautrec in bringing the Parisien theater
community to life through art, and much of his success was due to his own deep
immersion within this exciting group of people.

Paul Gauguin
Paul Gauguin was a Post-Impressionist artist from France. He was well-known
for his color experimentation and synthesized style. He was born on June 7, 1848, and
died in early May 1903, morally shaky and weakened by drug addiction and frequent
bouts with illness, at the age of 54, from the degenerative effects of syphilis. Gauguin's
experimental use of color and synthetist style, which were distinct from Impressionism,
were unappreciated until after his death. He spent ten years in French Polynesia near
the end of his life. Paintings from this time frame depict local people or landscapes. He
influenced the French avant-garde as well as many modern artists, including Pablo
Picasso and Henri Matisse, and he is well known for his friendship with Vincent and
Theo van Gogh. Gauguin's art gained popularity after his death, partially due to the
efforts of dealer Ambroise Vollard, who organized exhibitions of his work late in his
career and assisted in the organization of two major posthumous exhibitions in Paris. As
a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, Gauguin was a key figure in the
Symbolist movement. Under the influence of the cloisonnist style, his expression of the
inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings paved the way for Primitivism and the
return to the pastoral. He was also a well-known artist who used wood engraving and
woodcuts.

A Woman Holding a Fruit, also known as Eu haere ia oe, is a beautiful and critically
acclaimed painting by Paul Gauguin. The artwork was created in 1983 and the direct
translation of the original title is "Where are you going?". The artwork depicts a lush
vision of a South Seas maiden idealized. It also examines the colonial judgments that
the South Seas face. However, true to his nature, Paul Gauguin added some unique
elements to this painting style. The painting is done in a post-impressionist style, with a
flat space and a rhythmic repetition of lines, forms, and color areas. The artwork
appears to be straightforward. Critics, on the other hand, have discovered its complexity
by dissecting its contents and their meanings. A woman is holding fruit in the foreground
of the image. Three other female characters can be seen in the background, one of
whom is holding a baby. The women in the painting have distinct Tahitian features. Paul
Gauguin, a Tahitian artist, uses these contrasting allusions to create a contradiction in
Tahitian culture. Color and vegetation impressions are featured in the painting. It also
depicts the appearances and rituals of Tahitian natives, which Paul used as inspiration
for much of his artwork. "Woman Holding a Fruit," like most of Paul Gauguin's paintings,
was inspired by his time in Tahiti. This work exemplifies Gauguin's fondness for
eroticizing Oceania. Gauguin's first impression of the South Seas during his trip there is
reflected in the painting. Tahiti, according to Paul, embodied the primitive and unspoiled
life he had always imagined, as well as the natural harmony he desired.

Georges Seurat
Georges Seurat was a French post-Impressionist artist. He is known for inventing
the painting techniques of chromoluminarism and pointillism, and he used conté crayon
for rough-surfaced drawings on paper. He was born on December 2, 1859, and died on
March 29, 1891, at the age of 31, in Paris at his parents' home. The cause of his death
is uncertain but have been variously attributed to meningitis, pneumonia, infectious
angina, and diphtheria. Seurat's artistic personality combined sensitivity with a passion
for logical abstraction and mathematical precision. His innovative techniques relied on
the viewer's ability to blend the color spots into a wider range of tones.

Le Chahut is an 1890 oil on canvas painting by French Post-impressionist painter

Georges Seurat. Seurat was the first artist to employ pointillism in his work, and La
Chahut was created in this way. Seurat's deep interest in the connections between light,
physical form, and emotion is also explored in the work. A small troupe of dancers, two
males and two females, perform a high kick in the painting. The viewer is looking from
behind the orchestra's bass player. The conductor and other orchestra members can be
seen to the left of the painting, and several members of the audience can be seen in the
background. A man with pronounced features, reminiscent of a satyr, is shown in the
bottom right-hand corner. The scene is of a cabaret or music hall venue, rather than an
opera or ballet, making it a work that depicts working-class entertainment.

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
 Neo-impressionism is the name given to the post-impressionist work of Georges
Seurat, Paul Signac and their followers who, inspired by optical theory, painted using
tiny adjacent dabs of primary colour to create the effect of light

Neo-impressionism is characterised by the use of the divisionist technique (often

popularly but incorrectly called pointillism, a term Paul Signac repudiated). Divisionism
attempted to put impressionist painting of light and colour on a scientific basis by using
an optical mixture of colours. Instead of mixing colours on the palette, which reduces
intensity, the primary-colour components of each colour were placed separately on the
canvas in tiny dabs so they would mix in the spectator’s eye. Optically mixed colours
move towards white so this method gave greater luminosity.

This technique was based on the colour theories of M-E Chevreul, whose De la
loi du contraste simultanée des couleurs (On the law of the simultaneous contrast of
colours) was published in Paris in 1839 and had an increasing impact on French
painters from then on, particularly the impressionists and post-impressionists generally,
as well as the neo-impressionists.

SYMBOLISM

Symbolism initially developed as a French literary movement in the 1880s,

gaining popular credence with the publication in 1886 of Jean Moréas’ manifesto in Le
Figaro. Reacting against the rationalism and materialism that had come to dominate
Western European culture, Moréas proclaimed the validity of pure subjectivity and the
expression of an idea over a realistic description of the natural world.

ART NOUVEAU (1890–1910)

Art Nouveau, which translates to “New Art,” attempted to create an entirely

authentic movement free from any imitation of styles that preceded it. This movement
heavily influenced applied arts, graphics, and illustration. It focused on the natural world,
characterized by long, sinuous lines and curves.

Influential Art Nouveau artists worked in a variety of media, including

architecture, graphic and interior design, jewelry-making, and painting. Czechoslovakian
graphic designer Alphonse Mucha is best-known for his theatrical posters of French
actress Sarah Bernhardt. Spanish architect and sculptor Antoni Gaudi went beyond
focusing on lines to create curving, brightly-colored constructions like that of the Basilica
de la Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.

FAUVISM (1900–1935)

Led by Henri Matisse, Fauvism built upon examples from Vincent van Gogh and
George Seurat. As the first avant-garde, 20th-century movement, this style was
characterized by expressive use of intense color, line, and brushwork, a bold sense of
surface design, and flat composition.
 As seen in many of the works of Matisse himself, the separation of color from its
descriptive, representational purpose was one of the core elements that shaped this
movement. Fauvism was an important precursor of Cubism and Expressionism.

EXPRESSIONISM (1905–1920)

Expressionism emerged as a response to increasingly conflicted world views and

the loss of spirituality. Expressionist art sought to draw from within the artist, using a
distortion of form and strong colors to display anxieties and raw emotions. Expressionist
painters, in a quest for authenticity, looked for inspiration beyond that of Western art
and frequented ethnographic museums to revisit native folk traditions and tribal art.

The roots of Expressionism can be traced to Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch,
and James Ensor. Prominent groups including Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue
Reiter (The Blue Rider) formed so artists could publish works and express their ideals
collectively.

CUBISM (1907–1914)

Cubism was established by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who rejected
the concept that art should copy nature. They moved away from traditional techniques
and perspectives; instead, they created radically fragmented objects through
abstraction. Many Cubist painters’ works are marked by flat, two-dimensional surfaces,
geometric forms or “cubes” of objects, and multiple vantage points. Often, their subjects
weren’t even discernible.

FUTURISM

Futurism was a modern art movement which started in Italy in the early 20th
century. Futurism celebrated technology, progress, and dynamism of the modern life.
The founder of Futurism was Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876 – 1944) who
announced the birth of the movement in his Futurist Manifesto published in 1909.
Futurist painters called for art that would capture dynamism, change, and energy of the
modern world.

ABSTRACT OR NON-OBJECTIVE

existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete

existence. is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual
reality but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

Abstract and non-objective art have existed as long as art itself. Cave paintings
like those from Lascaux, France are abstract. These flat, simplified animal shapes
would inspire artist thousand of years later, during the twentieth century. The
abstraction lies in the earliest and oldest forms of art are works of abstraction.
 To understand abstract and non-objective art, one must first consider
representational art attempts to copy the natural experience of seeing. In the early
twentieth century, abstract art was a response to representational art. Abstraction us
changing the natural way of seeing something. Distorted proportions, unnatural colors
and the simplification of shapes are just a few ways an artist might change how a
certain subject is depicted.

DADAISM

It is A movement in art and literature founded on deliberate irrationality and

rejection of traditional artistic values. Dadaism as a movement began during the early
hours of the 1910s. The word “Dada” in dadaism  is a colloquial French word which
means “hobby-horse. Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in
Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war.

SURREALISM

It is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War

I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow
the unconscious mind to express itself.

Surrealism defies logic. Dreams and the working of the subconscious mind
inspire surrealistic (French for “super-realism”) filled with the strange image andbizarre
juxtapositions. Creative thinkers have always toyed with reality but in the early 20 th
century surrealism as a philosophic and cultural movement.

Features of Surrealistic Art

• Dream-like scenes and symbolic images.

• Unexpected, illogical juxtapositions.
• Bizarre assemblages of ordinary objects.
• Automatism and a spirit of spontaneity
• Games and technical to create ramdom effects.
• Personal iconography
• Visual puns
• Distorted figures and biomorphic shapes
• Uninhibited sexuality and taboo subjects
• Primitive or child—like designs

CONSTRUCTIVISM
was a Russian avant-garde art movement that used geometric shapes and
industrial materials. The movement emphasized building and science, rather than
artistic expression, and its goals went far beyond the realm of art. The
Constructivists sought to influence architecture, design, fashion, and all mass-
produced objects.

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
 It is often characterized by gestural brushstrokes or mark-making, and the
impression of spontaneity. It Monumental in scale and ambition, Abstract Expressionist
painting evokes the distinctly American spirit of rugged individualism. Valuing freedom,
spontaneity and personal expression, the movement naturally produced a variety of
technical and aesthetic innovations.

Leo Tolstoy is called a father of abstract expressionism and the expressionist

movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.

OPTICAL ART

The word optical is used to describe things that relate to how we see. Artists use
shapes, colours and patterns in special ways to create images that look as if they are
moving or blurring.

It help you to make your brain sharper. They make you think hard about how a
certain thing is possible, lead you to understand the working of a human brain, and how
interesting it is.

• Op Art exists to fool the eye. ... 

• Op Art is not meant to represent reality. ... 
• Op Art is not created by chance. ... 
• Op Art relies on two specific techniques. ... 
• Op Art typically does not include the blending of colors. ... 
• Op Art embraces negative space

POP ART
art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical
or ironic comment on traditional fine art values. It calls pop art In reference to its
intended popular appeal and its engagement with popular culture, it was called Pop art.
The three (3) characteristics of it are “appropriating image from mass media elevating
the ordinary, repetition”.

THE FIVE FAMOUS POP ARTIST

1. Andy Warhol\
2. Roy Lichtenstein
3. James Rosenquist
4. Claes Oldenburg
5. Ed Ruscha

MINIMALISM
It is an extreme type of abstract art that usually is depicted through simplistic
shapes and hard edges, all while exposing the essence of the forms and materials
used. It focuses in geometry, line, and color. Minimalist artwork uses precise, hard-
edged forms, often squares and rectangles, to create nonhierarchical, mathematically
regular compositions.

Describe movements in carious forms of art and design, especially visual art and
music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental form. It is identifies with
development in post World War II Western Art. Most strongly with American visual arts
in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s
CONCEPTUAL ART

is an art for which the idea (or concept) behind the work is more important than
the finished art object. It emerged as an art movement in the 1960s and the term usually
refers to art made from the mid 1960s to the mid-1970s. It is characterized by its use of
text, as well as imagery, along with a variety of ephemeral, typically everyday materials
and "found objects.

Conceptual art is a movement that prizes ideas over the formal or visual
components of artworks. An amalgam of various tendencies rather than a tightly
cohesive movement, Conceptualism took myriad forms, such as performances,
happenings, and ephemera.

In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspects of the work.
When artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and
decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. That planning
is, essentially, a set of strategies.

PHOTO REALISM

is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other graphic media, in
which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as
realistically as possible in another medium. Also an artwork so realistic that the
boundaries between reality and imagination. Although the term can be used broadly to
describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer specifically to a group
of paintings and painters of the American art movement that began in the late 1960’s
and early 70’s.

INSTALLATION ART

It is a mode of production and display of artwork rather than a movement or style.

Typically characterized by three-dimensional (3D) objects, the art movement known as
installation art includes everything from life-size sculptures made of recycled materials
and room-sized displays to light and sound experiences inside an art gallery. Installation
Art can comprise traditional and non-traditional Media, such as Painting, Sculpture,
Ready-mades, Found Objects, Drawing and Text.

• BODY ART

The installation involving body painting is a meeting point of different art

directions and visual aspects. It could be a combination of assemblage art, land art,
fashion, stage design, costumes, props, objects, sculptures, plants, performance,
and painted bodies.

• EARTH AND LAND ART

Land art is made directly in the landscape by sculpting the land itself or by
making structures in the landscape with natural materials. Land art, also known as
earth art, was part of the wider conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s.

Types of Earth and land art

  Environmental art. Environmental art is art that addresses social and
political issues relating to the natural and urban environment.
 Conceptual art.
 Psychogeography. Psychogeography describes the effect of a
geographical location on the emotions and behaviour of individuals.
 Landscape.
• PERFORMANCE ART
Artworks that are created through actions performed by the artist or other
participants, which may be live or recorded, spontaneous or scripted.
Performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical
theatre, magic, illusion, mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus arts,
professional wrestling and performance art.