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26th June Bio Tech
26th June Bio Tech
26th June Bio Tech
THE HINDU
SUNDAY, JUNE 26, 2022
DELHI
SNAPSHOTS
Aerosol study shows how SARS-CoV-2 spreads
The researchers studied air samples from hospital and residential zones and proximity to infected persons
Shubashree Desikan which a gel was spread was moves the mask,” he adds. conducting this study were
taken and worked in the tar to do with the location of the
The transmission of SARS get areas. After running the Sterilising rooms sampling. “The problem was
CoV2 through the air has machine for long durations The study further observes that people were not allow
Raising hopes been studied at various plac stretching to an hour or two, that in a closed space, physi ing us to sample in the hospi
An isolated population of 27 es around the world. Re samples collected from the cal distancing alone is not tals… [they were concerned
polar bears has been searchers led by those at filter were either used to car helpful, because the virus perhaps that] the personnel
discovered in southeast CSIRCentre for Cellular and ry out an RTPCR test to de borne on droplets can travel may get disturbed and leave.
Greenland, which is free of sea Molecular Biology (CCMB), termine the presence of the upto 2025 feet. “Thus, in a We then had to talk to people
ice for most part of the year. Hyderabad, and Tata insti virus, or were cultured by in hall where there is poor cir who were scientific and car
Polar bears typically need sea tute for Genetics and Society fecting vero cells in the lab. culation, and if some people ry out our sampling there.
ice to survive, so the discovery (TIGS), Bengaluru carried The latter was done to find are infected, you have to That is why in the paper, sev
is raising hopes that some out a study to get further in out if the collected virus sam keep the mask on even if you eral hospitals are listed in
polar bears might survive in sight into the transmission ples were infectious. are 610 feet away from that author affiliations,” says Dr.
the absence of ice. They have characteristics of the novel The researchers saw the person,” explains Dr. Mishra.
adapted to hunting on glacial coronavirus in air in hospital virus in samples collected Mishra. The second challenge was
mélange. settings and in residential from COVID19 wards. Out The study thus established in estimating the virus in the
areas and public places. The side, in the corridors and that a lot of the (SARSCoV2) filters, because it had not
study, published in Journal near the hospitals they did infection is due to the move been used for this purpose
of Aerosol Science, gives in not detect it, implying a dilu ment of the virus particles in earlier. The researchers had
sights that are quite in keep tion or removal of the virus. are isolation wards in hospi is spreading through air. It is fected person had used it. droplets through the air. It to modify the methods a bit,
ing with commonsensical “Having separate CO tals to keep persons with in not only with close proximi The study implies that when can hang for several hours, and they are writing about it
notions and underline the VID19 wards and negative fectious diseases. ty but also it can hang in the using public toilets, masks and go up to several metres. in a forthcoming paper.
importance of masks in com pressure rooms are good, be air for quite some time in the should not be removed, even Air cleaning and circulation Thirdly, there are a lot of
parison with mere physical cause infection does not Not mere proximity droplets,” says Dr. Mishra. if no one is present. in closed rooms is very im variations due to the dynam
distancing. spread very far,” says Dr. Ra The researchers detected the Samples taken from air “The virus can hang in the portant. Sterilisation filters ics of the air from which the
Tracking bugs kesh Mishra, Director, Tata virus even 2025 feet away from toilets also showed pre air for close to two hours af may be employed for air samples had to be collected,
The deoxyribonucleic acid Gauging virulence institute for Genetics and So from infected persons. “This sence of the virus. The group ter an infected person has conditioning. so the researchers had to re
(DNA) of more than 1,200 A machine, which sucks in ciety (TIGS), Bengaluru, who means it is in the air for quite detected the virus when they used the toilet. It is very risky peat measurements several
species of invertebrates were air, similar to a vacuum led the study. some time. That is why this sampled the air in the toilet if someone enters the toilet, Challenges in sampling times in order to not miss out
found on samples of tea and cleaner, fitted with a filter on Negative pressure rooms study confirms that this virus even two hours after an in sees no one there and re Some of the challenges in positives.
dried herbs. The traces of
environmental DNA, which
organisms shed as they walked
across, chewed on or
otherwise interacted with the
Every reinfection increases the risk to health Typhoid: S. Typhi is
leaves, can help understand
how insect populations have
changed.
The study highlights the importance of preventing reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 more drug-resistant
R. Prasad variant, the Omicron variant nated or boosted,” he adds.
A recent study has turned on
that first caused a wave in al
most all countries beginning Prevention is key
The antibiotic-resistant bacteria has
its head the notion that get lateDecember last year was Unlike what was believed spread globally nearly 200 times
ting naturally infected with perceived to be mild in peo early during the pandemic,
SARSCoV2 virus would pro ple who were fully vaccinat neither herd immunity using Press Trust of India fact that resistant strains of
vide more protection from ed and/or infected. the currently available vac S. Typhi have spread inter
future infections. The study The BA.5 Omicron subli cines nor eliminating the vi The bacteria causing ty nationally so many times al
has found the complete op neage that is currently rus seem possible. The phoid fever is becoming in so underscores the need to
posite — a previous infection spreading to many countries emergence of highly trans creasingly resistant to some view typhoid control, and
COP15 in Canada
makes the next infection(s) is more transmissive than missive variants endowed of the most important anti antibiotic resistance more
The United Nations (UN) has
worse. The study has bee the BA.1 sublineage and is with greater immune escape biotics for human health, generally, as a global rather
announced that a pivotal
summit to finalise a new
n posted as a preprint in Re- also causing more hospitali makes the task of preventing according to a study pu than local problem,” Mr. An
global agreement on search Square, which is yet Caution: A previous infection can make the next infection sations and even deaths in reinfections a challenge. blished in The Lancet drews said.
protecting the environment to be peerreviewed. worse. THE HINDU
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Portugal, which has a very Currently available vaccines Microbe journal. In the new study, the re
will go ahead in December this Compared with vaccina high percentage of the popu cannot protect against The largest genome ana searchers performed whole
year, after a two-year delay tion, first infection with preprint. reinfection exhibited in lation fully vaccinated and reinfection. lysis of Salmonella Typhi (S. genome sequencing on
due to COVID-19 pandemic. SARSCoV2 virus is associat The study was based on creased risk of sequelae — even boosted. “The totality of evidence Typhi) also shows that resis 3,489 S. Typhi isolates ob
The 15th Conference of the ed with increased risk of ad national health care databas cardiovascular disorders “There was a popular nar suggests that prevention tant strains — almost all orig tained from blood samples
Parties to the United Nations verse health outcomes in es of the United States De (HR 2.36), hematologic dis rative that after surviving strategies of reinfection inating in South Asia — have collected between 2014 and
Convention on Biological pulmonary and extrapul partment of Veterans Affairs orders (HR 2.22), fatigue (HR COVID19, the next infection might benefit people regard spread to other countries 2019 from people in Bangla
Diversity, will move from monary organ systems, hos that included people with no 2.4), gastrointestinal disor will be milder. Anecdotal ex less of prior history of infec nearly 200 times since 1990. desh, India, Nepal, and Pa
Kunming in China to Montreal, pitalisation and even death. infection (53,96,855), with ders (HR 1.69), kidney disor perience had however tion and vaccination status,” The researchers noted kistan with confirmed cases
Canada. And reinfection contributes one infection (2,57,427), and ders (HR 1.70), diabetes (HR shown that’s not the case. they write. that typhoid fever is a global of typhoid fever. A collec
to additional risk of deaths two or more reinfections 1.62), musculoskeletal disor Many people have said that “Although it is true that public health concern, caus tion of 4,169 S. Typhi sam
and adverse health out (38,926). ders (HR 1.29), and neurolog their second bout was the chance of severe out ing 11 million infections and ples isolated from more
comes in the pulmonary and Among those with reinfec ic disorders (HR 1.39). worse, while others have comes is smaller among more than 1,00,000 deaths than 70 countries between
several extrapulmonary or tion, 36,417 (12.29%) people said it was mild,” Dr. Rajeev those with prior immune per year. 1905 and 2018 was also in
gan systems, the study had two infections, 2,263 Cumulative risk Jayadevan, CoChairman, memory either from vacci Antibiotics can be used to cluded in the analysis.
found. (0.76%) people had three in “The risks were most pro National IMA COVID Task nation or past infection, successfully treat typhoid The authors traced the
fections, and 246 (0.08%) nounced in the acute phase, Force tells The Hindu. when a large number of peo fever infections, but their ef presence of genes confer
Persistence of risks people had four or more but persisted in the post “Now, this study has con ple undergo frequent rein fectiveness is threatened by ring resistance to macro
“The risks were evident in infections. acute phase of reinfection, firmed that with every subse fections, it can be expected the emergence of resistant lides and quinolones, which
those who were unvaccinat The study found that com and risks for most sequelae quent bout of COVID19, that several of them will have S. Typhi strains. are among the most critical
Gentler sonar ed, had one shot, or two or pared with those with first were still evident at six there are additional and bad outcomes,” Dr. Jayade “The speed at which ly important antibiotics for
Scientists at the Defense
more shots prior to the se infection, people with rein months,” they write. “Com cumulative health problems. van says. highlyresistant strains of S. human health. The analysis
Advanced Research Projects
cond infection; the risks fection had an elevated risk pared to noninfected con In other words, it is not ne The SARSCoV2 virus is Typhi have emerged and shows resistant S. Typhi
Agency in the United States
were most pronounced in (hazard ratio or HR 2.14) of trols, assessment of the cum cessarily going to be a com here to stay and the threat spread in recent years is a strains have spread between
are working to replace
whale-harming sonar with the
the acute phase, but persist allcause mortality. There ulative risks of repeated mon cold the next time posed by the virus will re real cause for concern, and countries at least 197 times
ambient sounds made by ed in the postacute phase of was also increased risk of infection showed that the around. The SARSCoV2 vi main for years. Public health highlights the need to ur since 1990. While these
aquatic creatures. The reinfection, and most were hospitalisation (HR 2.98) and risk and burden of allcause rus is not a common cold vi measures, particularly non gently expand prevention strains most often occurred
low-frequency booms of giant still evident at six months af at least one sequela of SARS mortality and the prespeci rus, it can repeatedly affect pharmaceutical interven measures, particularly in within South Asia and from
goliath groupers (Epinephelus ter reinfection,” a three CoV2 infection (HR 1.82) fied health outcomes in organs such as blood vessels, tions such as mask wearing, countries at greatest risk,” South Asia to Southeast Asia
itajara) and the super-loud member team led by Dr. Zi among people with a creased in a graded fashion immune system, heart, brain better ventilation, and use of said study lead author, Jason and Southern Africa, they
snaps of pistol shrimp are yad AlAly from the Washing reinfection. according to the number of and the lungs. It has shown air filters to name a few need Andrews, from Stanford Un have also been reported in
among the sounds being ton University School of Compared to those with infections.” that it can infect people who to be embraced to reduce iversity, United States. the U.K., the U.S., and Cana
considered. Medicine, U.S., says in the first infection, those with Compared with the Delta were unvaccinated, vacci the risk of virus spread. “At the same time, the da, the researchers said.
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