UNIT II

ainutes

3 3.1 Magnetic Materlals

TRANSFORMERS

The indlvldual atomic dipoles

randomly. Hence they do not show anv
Importance Points to Remember
effect.
The materials which can be magnetised and
attracted by the magnets are called rr .When subjected to
stronK magretic
materials. magnetic field
dipoles align and they get attracted
The region around the The examples
magnetised material of paramagnetic materials
where magnetic
properties
called magnetic field.
can be
experienced is potassium, tungsten, oxygen, rare
earthh
aluminium, platinum ete.
The examples of magnetic materials
are iron,
nickel, cobalt, alnico, nickel-iron iii) Ferromagnetic materlals:
steel etc. alloy, tungsten
.
The materials having relative
Q.1 Explain greater than
permeability mur
dlamagnetic, paramagnetic, and unity are called ferromagneti
ferromagnetic materials giving examples. materials.
The individual atoms have
large dipole momen:
and they are
Ans.: Magnetic materials aligned parallel to each other in
the relative
are
classified based on groups called domains.
permeability values as, These materials
i) can be easily magnetised.
Diamagnetic i) Paramagnetic ii) Ferromagnetic
The relative
i) Diamagnetic materials:
field strength
permeability depends on the magnet
.The materials applied to such materials.
having constant relative permeability .The examples of
slightly less than one are called ferromagnetic
cobalt, nickel, chromium etc.
materials are iron,
materials. diamagnetic
In such materials net
These materials are used in
permanent magnetic moment electronic equipments. variety of electrical and
of each atoth is zero.
The
dipoles in the permanent magnetic a.2 Define
moleçules
of such materials i) Magnetic flux i)
Magnetic flux
absent.
are
ii) Magnetic field density
strength iv)
and v) Permeability. Magnotomotive force
The examples of dia-magnetic materials are silver,
bismuth, mercury, gold, copper,
hydrogen etc
ii) Paramagnetic materials Ans.
1.
The materials having constant relative Magnetic flux : The total number of
lines of 1o
permeability existing in
slightly greater than one are called paramagnetic
a
particular magnetic field is caue
materials. flux. It is denoted as
4
2.
In such materials, there
Magnetic flux density: The flux per
exists a net magnetic a
plane rignt angles to the flux is unit are
moment for each atom. called
flux density. It is magne
denoted as B.

(3- 1)
 B A S E l e c t r i c a lE n g i n e e r i n g
3 2
* * * *
***
-*
Transforners
tic field strength: The force experienced .The B-H curve takes the following form, as shown
3. Magn

by unit
ole when placed at any point in a in the Fig: Q.3.1.
magnetic field is calle magnetic field strengthat
is denot H. It is also called
that
point. It as

magnetic field intensity.

4. tanetomotive force:The force which drives
Magnetomot CSaturation
magnet material is called Knee
the
flux rough a
Flux density
tomotive force. It is denoted as m.m.f. It is
in amper-turms (AT).
B(Wb/m
measured
Permeability: The ease with which the magnetic
AInstep
5. material forces the Field strength
magnetic flux through a
given H(AT/m)
medium is calle permeability. It is denoted as .

good magnetic material has high value of Flg. Q.3.1 B-H curve
A
permeability.
The graph can be analysed as below
It is the ratio of flux density B to magnetic field 1) Initial portion : Near the origin
strength H ie.
for low valuesof
H, the fux density does not increase
This is
rapidly.
B/H. represented by curve OA. The point A is
called as instep.
Permeability e is the product. of two permeabilities
for magnetic materials.
ii) Middle portion : In this portion as H increases,
Hn and the flux density B increases
is permeability of free space which is constant rapidly. This is
almost straight line curve. At
point 'C it starts
having value 4 nx 10-7. bending again. The point "C where this portion
bends is called knee
u. is the relative permeability which varies for as
point.
ii) Saturation portion : After the knee point, rate of
magnetic materials
o r increase in B' reduces
.
drastically. Finally the
curve becomes
w***

parallel to X axis indicating that

3.2 B-H Characteristics or Magnetization any increase in 'H hereafter is not going to cause
Curve any change in 'B'. The ring is said to be saturated
and region as saturation
region.
Q.3 Draw and explain B-H ****

characteristics for a
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magnetic material. 3.3 Hysteresis Loop of a Magnetic Material

Ans.:The Q.4 Draw the hysteresis loop. What is the

graph between the flux density (B) and meaning of saturation, coercive force and residual
the
magnetic field strength (H) for the magnetic magnetism ? Show them in diagram.
material is called its
Curve.
as
magnetization curve or B-H
Ans.: Instead of plotting B-H curve only for
LOnsider a
ring specimen with a coil wound for N increase in the current if plotted for one complete
Turns on it. For
the currernt
obtaining B-H curve of specimen, cycle of magnetization (increase in current) and
tlirough tine coil is varied.
As I demagnetization (decrease in current) then it is called
changes, the
filed strength Hnagnetic hysteresis curve or hysteresis loop.
alaiges, the flux
changes and hence B changes. Initially as current increases, flux density do not
Dot
Band H valhùes are
get B-H curve. mcasured and plotted to increase rapidly. But after the knee point, flux
density increases rapidly upto certain point. This
point is called point of saturation. There-after any
change in current do not have an effect on the flux
 3-3
Basic Electrical Engineering Transforaers
saturatdon. (Part after point D If this current is reduced to zero,
again core shows
density. This is called
Q41)
a
hysteresis property and does not get fully
in the Fig is again now current demagnetized. It shows same value of
After the
saturation point,
magnetism but with opposite direction. residual
field strength also
Due to this
reduced to zero.
that flux density If current is reversed
But it is observed again, then for
reduces to rero. a
certain
back but falls back as of
do not trae the
same curve magnitude field strength,
compared to previous magnetization curve. This
demagnetization of the core is possible. complete
faling back of flux density while
phenomenon of And if
is called hysteresis. increased further, then saturatiorn in
it is
demagnetization cycle the
becomes original direction is achieved completing one cyde
Hence due to this effect when current
of
there
some magnetism remains magnetization and demagnetization.
exactly zero,
associated with a coil and hence the flux densiy. The curve plotted for such one cycle turms out to be
current closed loop
This value of flux density when exciting a which is called
hysteresis loop. Its
is
through the coil and magnetic field strength nature is shown in the Fig Q4.1.
reduced to zero is called residual flux density or
remanent flux density. This is also called residual 3.4: Definition of Transformer
This property of the
magnetism of the core.

material is called retentivity. (Part OE in the Q.5 Define transformmer and state its use.
Fig. Q4.1)
If it is required to demagnetize the core entirely
Ans.: The transformer is a static piece of apparatus
then it is necessary to reverse the direction of the
by means of which an electrical power is transformed
Current through the coil. The value of magnetic
from one alternating current circuit to another with
field strength required to wipe out the residual flux
the desired change in voltage and current, without
density is called the coercive force. It is measured any change in the frequency.
interms of coercivity. (Part OF in the Fig. Q4.1)
Its use is to raise or lower the alternating voltages
f now this reversed current is increased, core wil
.as per the requirements in the different stages of
get saturated but in opposite direction. At this point
electrical network as generation, transmission,
flux density is maximum but with opposite
distribution and utilization.
direction.(Part after point G in the Fig Q41).

Flux densityB
D
+Bm Saturation

Residual magnetism-

H
Magnetic field strength

G
Saturation
Coerclve force
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Fig. Q.4.1 Hysteresis loop

Baste E l e trical Engineering 3-4
Transformers
3.5:WorkingPrinclple of Transformer as shown dotted in the
Fig. Q6.1. Thus an alternating flux links with the
ac Explain the working principle of transformer.
secondary winding.
As the flux is
Ans.::. The transform works on the principle of
law of an
alternating, according to Faraday's
utual induction which states that when two coils induced
electromagnetic induction, mutually
e.m.f. gets
developed in the secondary
mutua

inductively coupled and if current in one coil is

are
mced uniformly then an e.m.f. gets induced in
winding.
chang This secondary induced e.m.f.
the other coil. drives the load.
Thus though there is no
In its elementary form, it consists of two inductive electrical contact between
oils which are electrically separated but linked the two windings, an
electrical energy gets
through a common magnetic circuit. The two coils transferred from prinary to the
secondary.
have high mutual inductance. The basic transformer
Q.7 What will happen if
is shown in the Fig. Q6.1. transformer primary is
excited by d.c. voltage ?
The coil to which supply is given is called primary
winding having N number of turns and the other
winding cornected to the load is called secondary
Ans. If the primary is excited by d.c., then he
winding having N2 number of turns. leakage reactance of primary
winding is zero as
frequency of d.c. is zero. The resistance of primary is
when primary winding is excited by an
alternating very small. Hence the primary current
roltage, i circulates an altermating current. (V/R\ ) will be
very very high than the rated primary current. The
iis Current produces
alternating flux () which
an transformer core will get saturated or transformer
completes its path through common mnagnetic core will burn due to excessive heat. There will not be
any

Secondary
Primary rimary winding
voltage winding

A.C.
SupDiy N N2 Loac
T

Laminated magnetic iron core

Secondaryy Flux()
voltage
Voltage
level changes
but frequency i.e. time
period T
remains same

- T-

**********. "*ooe*****"*** ** **a**"**

Flg. Q.6.1 Baslc transformor

 ******** * ******ss

****************
3 5 ***
*****

Core
**********************

Basic ElectncalEngineering
will not be
action and secondary voltage
transformer
terminals.
available at the

Side limb
3.6: Construction of Transformer
of neat sketches explain the
Q.8 With the help Centre limb Flux
and shell type
constructional detaile of
core
(a) Representation
transfomere.

H.V. winding LV. winding

Ans.: 1. Core type transformer:

circuit. The core is

I t has a single magnetic
rectangular having two limbs. The winding
endrcles the core. Core
The Fig Q8.1(a) shows the schematic

representation of the core type transformer while (b) Construction

the Fig Q8.1b) shows the view of actual
construction of the core type transformer.
Fig. Q8.2 Shell type transformer

Yoke
Both the windings are placed on the cental
Core The core encircles most part of the windings

The Fig Q.8.2 the (a)

schemat shows
representation while the Fig.Q8.2 (b) shows
actual construction of the shell type transformer

Limb- -Flux Q.9 Compare Core type and shell tpe

transformers.
(a) Representation

Core Ans.

Sr. No. Core type Shell type

LV. insulation .m.*** ***********s********-********
The winding encircles The core encircles
-LV. winding the core. most part of the
H.V. insulation
****** windings.
H.V. winding The cylindrical type of Generally,multilayer
coils are used. disc type or sandwidl
coils are used.
(b) Construction
****

******
As windings are As windings are
distributed, the natural surrounded by the
Fig. Q.8.1 Core type transformer cooling is more core, the natural
effective. cooling does not exs
Both the coils are placed on both the limbs. The **************** *********

The coils can be easily For

low voltage coil is placed inside near the core while removing any
removed from winding for the
high voltage coil surrounds the low voltage coil. maintenance point of maintenance, large
view. number of laminatio
2. Shcll typo transformer:
be
are required to
I t has a double magnetic circuit. The core has tlhree removed. This is

libs. *

******** ********
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 Electrical E n g i n e e r i n g
..
3-6 Transformers
..aus
* * * **
* * * ************* *** ** ********** ** .
********** *************************************************
******** .

.
p
The construction is The construction is f of the
used for very high
Frequency supply voltage
5. preferred for low
voltage transformers. voltage transformers. ERM.S. value of the primary induced
a single It has a double e.m.f.
* It has
magnetiC circuit magnetic ircuit.
E R.M.S. value of the secondary induced
In a single phasetype, In a single phase type, e.m.f.
7. has two the core has three
the c o r e
limbs. limbs From Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
the average e.m.f. induced in each turn is
proportional to the average rate of change of flux.
3.7: E.M.F. Equaton of Transformer
Average e.m.f. per turn = Average rate of change

the e.m.f. equation of a transformer.

10
Derive
offlux do
dt

Change in flux
Now, dt
When the primary winding is excited by an Time required for change in fluux
Ans.:
Ifermating voltage V1, it circulates alternating current, Consider the 1/4 cycle of the flux as shown in the
alternating flux .
an Fig. Q.10.1. Complete cycle gets completed in 1/
producing
The
maxim1 valu of this flux is as shown in seconds. In 1/4 time period, the change in lux is
the Fig. Q.10.1. from 0 to m
do n -4 f
dt Wb/sec
Flux

m msin wt
as dt for 1/4 timne period is 1/4f seconds
. A v e r a g e e.m.f. per turn = 4 f o volts

For sinusoidal quantity,

R.M. S. value
Form Factor = 1.11
Average value
-m
. R.MS. value = 1.11 x Average value

T R.M.S. value of induced e.m.f. per turn = 1.11 x 4 f

Pm4.44 f om
Fig. Q.10.1 Sinusoidal flux There are N number of primary turns hence the
The alternatirng flux o with the R.M.S. value of induced e.m.f. of primary deno
linking primary
as E is E = N1 x 4.44 f
winding itself induces an e.m.f. in it denoted as E.
m Volts.
The flux links with secondary winding through the
While as there are N2 number of secondary turms
common magnetic core. It produces induced e.m.f.
2 in the the R.M.S. value of induced e.m.f. of secondary
secondary winding. This is mutually
induced e.m.f. de
denoted E2 is
The various
quantities which affect the magnitude E2 =
N2 x ¢m volts.
4.44 f
of the induced e.m.f. are: The and
expressions of E1 are called e.m.f.

F l u x and om = Maximum value of flux equations of a transformner.

N Number of primary winding turns E 4.44 f pnNi volts

N2 = Number of secondary winding turns Ea=4,44 f dm Na volts

and
 Basic Electrical Engineering
*******************

nportant Points is 8 volts determine primary ****************** .

to Remember and area of the core.
and secondary
The ratio of secondary induced e.nm.f. JNTU
induced e.m.f. is
to
primary B,- 1.2 T, E 250 V,
known as voltage Ans.:
transformation ratio denoted as K. E2-3000 y
f 50 Hz
Thus, K and E K E1 e.m.f./turn - 8 ie
T h e currents
are in
the
voltage transfomation ratioinverse ratio of the
N 31 and
N8
primary voltage V and
as the
product or N2 - 375
same as the primary current 1 15 E 4.44 f om Ni
product of
the
secondary current I2.secondary
Thus
voltage V2 and
V1 h -V2 l2 i.e. =
4.44 x 50 x
n
On
-K-
both sides primary and
rating remains same. This
secondary VA 8
expressed in kVA (kilo volt
rating is
generalily 4.44x50 4.44 x 50 0.0361
amperes rating). 36
kVA rating of a
transformery l2 B ie. a
m -0.03648
1000 1.2
.1000 to express in kVA" -0.03003 m
The full load
primary
indicate the safe
and
secondary currents Q.13 The number of turns
maximum values of currents on the primam
which transformer secondery windings of a
single phase trand.
load currents can windings can carry. The full are 350 and 35
respectively. If the
be obtained from the
kVA connected to priman
ay
rating as, 2.2 kV, a 50 H2
supply, detem
the secondary voltage.
4(FL) kVA rating x 1000
Ans. Ni =
350, N2 35,
=

E =
2.2 kV, f =
50 Hh
I2 (FL) =
*VA rating x 100o
V
Q:11
&W ?
Why transformers are rated in kVA instead of E2 N2 E
N 350
35
X 2.2 x
103 =0T
Ans. : The copper loss
(I*R) in
the transformer Q.14 Diferentiate between
ideal and practia
depends on the current T'
through the transformer.
the iron or core loss winding while
depends on the voltage 'V' as Ans.
frequency of operation is constant. None of these
losses depend on the Sr.
power factor (cos of the load.
No.
Ideal Practical
Hence losses decide the
temperature rise and hence ****
*
***** ******* ****** *
the rating of the transformer. As losses 1) It has no losses. as
depend on V It has iron losses
and I only, the rating of the transformer is well as copper lo8
specified
as a
product of these two parameters VxI. Thus the 2) The winding resistances The windings have
iransformer rating is in kVA and not in kW. are zero. finite resistances.

*********
3) The winding leakage The windings'have
Q.12 The maximum flux density in the core of reactances are zero. finite reactances.

250/3000 volts, 50 Hz single phase transformer is

. 2 webers, per square meter. If the e.m.f. per turn
BastC Electrical Engineering - ******************
3 8 Transfomers
* *****

The leakage flux is zero The leakage flux exists 2. An active

component I which supplies total
4) flux produced hence all the flux
and all under no load condition called power
losses
by primary
links with produced by primary component of no load current. This is also called
the secondary. does not link with
secondary. component or core loss component of Io
wattful
Zero current is required The finite magnetising .The total no load current Io is the vector addition of
5) establish the flux in current is required to n and I
to
the core. establish the flux.

The voltage drops are The V and Ej are .phasor addition

6 zero hene primary different due to various - - -

applied voltage V1 is drops present.

same as induced e.m.f.
The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. Q.16.1.
V
The secondary induced Due to secondary
7 e.m.f. E2 is same as voltage drops E2 is not Ic
load voltage V2- same as V2

What is an ideal transformer ?

a15 90 m

Ans.:A transtormer is said to be ideal if it satisfies

E
foliowing properties
losses.
I t has no
Fig. Q.16.1 Practical transformer on no load
) its windings have zero resistance.
In practical transformer, due to winding resistance,
i Leakage flux is zero i.e. 100 % flux
produced by
primary links with the secondary. no load current Io is no longer at 90° with
respect
V1. But it lags Vi by angle do which is less than
v) Permeability of core is so high that negligible
90. Thus cos ¢o is called no load power factor of
current is required to establish the flux init.
practical transformer.
It can be seen that the two of
3.8 Practical Transformer on No Load components lo are,

o sin o
Q.16 Draw and explain no load phasor diagram of
magnetizing component lagging ... (Q.12.1 )
transformer.
V1 exactly by 90°
****************************************** **********************************

Ans. When transformer is on no load, its C o s ¢o core loss component

secondary current is zero. But the primary current which is in phase with V, (Q.12.2)
under no load condition has to
supply the iron losses
hysteresis The magnitude of the load current is
e.
loss and eddy current loss and a snall no
given by,
amount of primary copper loss. This current is
denoted as Io oV+ . .. (Q.12.3)

he no load input current lo has two components The total power input on no load is denoted as Wo
1. A ud is given by,
purely reactive
component called *********** *****************************************a******************~*****a***********-**** *

magnetizing component o no load current W-V, l, cos o V, L-P (lron losses)

required to produce the flux. This is also called
wattless component. I t may be noted that the current lo is very small,
hence the primary copper loss is negligibly small.
Rese Eltrioul Enginoering 3-9

Hence power input Wo on no load always .The flux , momentarily

**** *******

reduces the main

frunstomers
A...

represents the iron lusses, as copper loss is due which the

negligibly small. The inon losses are denoted as P
to primary induced e.m.f. F.
E ass
reduces. Hence the vector difference
and are constant for all load conditions.
increases due to which draws more
primary draws more curen
a17 A S300220 V. 30 kVA, 1 phase transformer from the supply.
takesa no load cument of 1.5 A when the low
This additional current drawn by primary is
oltage winding is open. The liron loss component duoue to
is 0.4 A. Find the load hence called load component ofof pri
primar
No load input pouer. current denoted as I. This current
s
Magnetizing component. antiphase with I2.
) Power factor of no load current.
The current I2 sets up ts own tiux whi
opposes the flux o2 and neutralizes the f
Ans: l = l1.5 A. L =04 A, 3300/220 V Hence the net flux in
produced by l2. the core
again maintained at constant level.
os ie. 0.4 1.5 coso
Thus for any load condition, no load to full
lo
so 02667 lagging the flux in the core is practically constant.
Hen
the transfornmer is called constant flux machine
. No load p.f. .As the ampere turns are balanced we can
write.
sin 0.96378
Nah N ie. Na
I g sin d =1.5 x 0:96378
Thus when a transformer is loaded, the
= 1.4456 A
. Magnetising current prir
Current I has two components
Vo No load primary voltage = 3300 V
1. The no load current lo having two compon
PoVolocos =3300x1.5x0.2667 and I
2. The load component which is in
= 1320.165 W
. No load power I2 antipB
with I. And phase of is cecided
I2 by the load.
3.9 Transformer on Load Hence primary current I is vector sum
of I
********************w********

Q18 Why there is

inrush of primary current when
the transformer is
loaded ? Why transformer is
called constant flux machine ? * w * **
* ***
www.
ww.

3.10 Equivalent Resistance, Reactance

and Impedance
Ans. When the transformer is loaded, the
current
2flows through the secondary winding The Q.19 What is meant by
magnitude and phase of lh is determined by the load. equivalent resi.
referred to primary and secondary ?
There exists secondary m.m.f. N,l2 due to which
a

secondary current sets up its own flux

°2 Ans.: The resistances, reactances and impedan
This flux the two windings can be transferred to any on
opposes the main flux which is
either primary
produced in the core due to or secondary without affectin
magnetizing performance of the transformer.
component of no load current. Hence the m.m.f.
Ngly is called demagnetizing ampere-tums. The total resistance referred to primary
additior. of R and R, called equivalent r
of tansforner referred to primary and de
Re and given by,
 3 - 10
Dacic Electrical Engineering
Transforiners

RieR
+ R2 =

R, + 2
K
where K = N2
N R =

11+-
2

(0.5)2
= 92

resistance to secondary is the

referred
.The total
X1e X +X2
ddition
of R2 and R
called equivalent resistance
X
transformer
of
referred to secondary and denoted
X 3+ (0.5)2
8iven by,
as R2e
= 23 2

RR2e R++RiR, + K R, where K-2

N Ze- R - 923
Points to Remember
Important
24.6981 S2

gh voltage
side L o w current side > High resistance
side
R2eK Rie 2.25 2
Low resistance X2e K Xie = 5.75 Q
ow voltage side High current side
side
Similarly the reactances can be transferred as,
Z2eR +X2e
- ~**

Xie X1 + X2 =X1 + KZe= 6.1745 2

and 2 X2+ Xj = X2 + K* X 3.11: Phasor Diagram of Transformer

on Load
.The total impedance of primary winding is
Q.21 Draw and explain the full load phasor
diagrams of a single phase transformer for lagging.
.The total impedance of the secondary windingis
leading and unity power factor loads.

Z R +j X =
Total equivalent impedance Ans. Steps to draw the phasor diagram are,
referred to primary
1. Consider flux ¢ as reference
Z2eR2e*j Total equivalent impedance 2. E lags o by 90°. Reverse E to get - E.

referred to secondary
3. E and E2 are in phase.

Ze Z z2 =Z1 +

K*
4. Assume V2 in a particular direction.
5. Draw I2 depending on the laod factor. For unity
and Z2e Z2 Zi Z2 + -
+ K Z power factor it is in phase with V2 for lagging
lags V2 and for leading it leads V2:
Magnitudes, Z- R. +x and Z2- R2 +X2
6. Add I R2 and Ih X2 to V2 to get E
Q.20 A 220/110 V, 50 Hz, 1.5 kVA transformeer 7. Reverse I2 to get l2.
nas
I2
primary and secondary winding resistances of
and 2 Q 8. Add I and I2 to get I.
while reactances of 3 2 and 5 2
9. Add I, R| and I1 X1 to - E, to get V
Tespectively. Find the total resistance, equlvalent
reactance and equivalent impedance referred to
primary and secondary. I-Io+1h, Vi - E +IR *X
Ans.: R V2 E2 I : (Ra +j Xa)
12, R, =
2 2, X1 3 2, X2 = 5 Sa
=

K V2 =
110
0.5
1. Unity power factor
The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. Q.21.1
220

RieR+ R2
ECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"- DECODI
An up thrust for knowledge
 .a*************************** ********
3-11 *******
**
Basic Electrical Engineering *

90

E
- 1,22
90*

factor load
Flg. Q.21.1 Phasor dlagram for unlty power
Kemember that factor.
Angle between and I is and cos is primary power
V
direction by 90° and I,X, leads I, by 90° as current through inductance lags voltage actosa

by 90.

2. Lagging power factor

The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. Q21.2.

-1X

V;
-E

Direction of
E
R2

* * * * * * * * * * * " * " " * * * * * * * * * * * " " * * * * * * " * * * * * " * * * * * *

*********************************************************esstsbs*ean**** m * a** *****************

Fig. Q.21.2 Phasor diagram for lagging power factor load

As load power factor is lagging cos 2, the current I, lags Va by angle

 BasicElectrical Engineering 3 12
**
**
* ***
***********
Transformers
Accordingly directions of IR2
I2X2, l2, I1. I1R1 and 1X, will change. Remember that whatever
the power factor of load, 1,X2 leads I2 by 90° and 1X, leads I by 90°. may be

3.Leading power factor

.The phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. Q,21.3.

- 1,X
v
4R
2
E,Z=V,

R2
E

Direction of I2
---
Fig. Q.21.3 Phasor diagram for leading power factor load
As load power factor is
leading, the current h leads V2 by angle 2 Accordingly change the
directions of I2R2, l2X2, I2, lu IR1 and IX1 . All other steps remain same as before.

3.12 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer|

Q.22 Derive the equivalent circuit of a single phase two winding transformer.

Ans. For a single phase transformer, no load primary current Io has two components, the manetisi
component Im and coreloss component I. The current
Im is assumed to flow through reactance Xo called no lo
reactance. The current Ie is assumed to flow
through he resistanoe Ko
The equivalent circuit of load barnch is the
no
parallel combination of Ro and Xo, which is also called
exciting circuit.
When the load is connected to the transformer
then secondary current In flows. This cauSes voltage
drop across R2 and X2. Due to I primary draws an additional current I2 - l2 / K.
h e current is the
I
phasor addition of lo and I2. This I1 causes the voltage drop across primary
resistance R1 and reactance X1.
Hence the equivalent circuit can be shown as in the
Fig. Q.22.1.
u t in the equivalent circuit, windings are not shown and it is further simplified by transterring all
the values to the primary or
secondary.
 Basic Electrical Engineering
rsJomers
R2 K
R w w000T-
O000

m
V Ro3 E E2 V2 Load z

Fig. Q.22.1

X1 R R2
0

m Load

Fig. Q.22.2 Exact equivalent circult referred to primary

Thus the exact equivalent circuit referred to shows an approximate equivalent circuit refferred
primary is as shown in the Fig. Q,22.2. to primary.
Practically for simplifying the equivalent circuit, the
Referring all the quantities to the secondary side, an
no load branch is shifted across the
primary voltage approximate equivalent circuit referred to
and the resistances R and
R2
are combined to give can be obtained.
secondary
Rie while the reactances X and X2 are combined
te give Xie Q.23 What is an
approximate equivalent circuit ?
Such What is an error because of
an
equivalent circuit is called
approximate approiximate
equivalent circuit ?
equivalent circuit as in this circuit the drop aross
R1 and X, due to lo is neglected. The Fig. Q223
Ans. To get approximate
equivalent circuit, the no
Rie load branch containing Ro and
Xg is shifted to the let
ww-OO00- of R and X1. By doing this we are
creating an error
that the drop across Ri and X^ due to is
Zie I neglected.
Load 3.13 Voltage Regulation of
V
o whwatvesa Transformer
***** ******wMwww w waAve-a a wwm

Q.24 Define regulation of

trausformex. State its
expression. How t depends on the load powes
factor ? Sketch the regulation
Draw phasor diagrans. characteristics
Fig. Q.22.3 Approximate equlvalent circuit rofsrred to
primaiy
 Electrical Engineering 3 14
load the transformer increases, the I.tnsfermers
Ans.: decreases from its no load value.
secondar y voltage
decrease in the secondary terminal voltage
E2
I2
This
xpressed as a fraction of the secondary terminal
as

voltage i s cali called regulation of a transformer.

oulation is defined as the change in the
T h e regulation isd o
nitude of the secondary terminal voltage whern
m a g n i t

r a t e d
load at specified power factor is reducedto 12
no load, w i t with primary voltage maintained constant
Flg. Q.24.2 (a)
as the percentage of the rated teminal
1220
expressed

C
voltage

.et ESecondary ferminal voltage on no load

D
voltage terminal
V-Secondary given load on

nathematically voltage regulation at given load

14R2
hen
as,
2 2
be expressed
can

%Voltage regulation 2 100

. . Flg. Q.24.2 (b)
Important Points to Remember
The ratio (E2 V2V2) is called per unit The voltage regulation of transformer can be
regulation. expressed as,
. The secondary terminal voltage does not depend
%R 2K2e COs l2X2 Sin o
the magnitude of the load current but also V2
only on ******************************

red on the nature of the power factor of the load. where, h = Secondary current on load,

in case of lagging power factor V2 < E2 and we get V2 Secondary voltage on load
an positive voltage regulation, while for leading power R2e Equivalent resistance referred to secondary
ary factor E2 < V2 and we get negative voltage Xze = Equivalent reactance referred to secondary
regulation.
cos Load power factor
? The Fig. Q,24.1 shows the regulation characteristics
te sign for lagging power factors while sign
of transformer at different load power factors.
for leading power factor loads
for
The Fig. Q,24.2 (a) shows phasor diagram The regulation can be expressed interms of I,
no lagging p.f. load and Fig. Q,24.2 (b) shows phasor V Rie and X1e aS,
eft diagram for leading p.f. load. %R Rie cOs 1Xesin o 100

d *************************************** *********

Secondary
voltage V2t
V2E2, leading p.f. load, -Ve regulation

V2= Ea Ideally should remain constant

No load voltage
V2E2. lagging p.f load, +Ve regulation
Load current
***srwwt********* sesan t h m * *

* * * * * " * * * * * * * * * *

ha
** nan *********** "
"************* ARaa*s**p*onnota

characterlstlcs at dlfferent power factors

Fig. Q.24.1 Regulatlon
 3- 15
Rasic Electrical Engincering * ****

1. Core or Iron losses

Transfonmers
The voltage drop- l2 [R20 cos ot N sin ¢]
.Due to alternating flux set up in the
Rcos t Kisin o
of the
magnetic core
transformer, it
undergoes a cycle of
.Use 'sign for lagging power factors while-sign magnetisation and demagnetisation.
for leading power factor loads. Due to hysteresis effect there is loss of
this process which is called hysteresis loss.energy in
Q.25 A 10 kVA, 1-phase traneforn. with
2000/400 V at no load, hos resistance and lenkage
reactance of, primary winding of 5.5 Q and 12 Q
It is given by, Hysteresis loss -
K, B fv wats
respectively, the comesponding values of secondary
and 0.45 2. Determine the K Hysteresis constant depernds material and
winding being 0.2 on

value of secondary voltage at full load, 0.8 power B Maximum flux density
factor lagging, when the primary applied voltage ls
2000 V. f
Frequency and v= Volume of the core.
The induced e.m.f. in the core tries to set
Ans. up eddv
currents in the core and hence responsible for
R = 55 , X1 = 12 9, R2 = 0.2 2, X2 = 0.45 Q, the
eddy current losses. The eddy current loss is given
K 400/2000 0.2 by,
FL) VA 10 x103 = 5 A
Eddy currènt loss
=

2000 Bf#*wattsAunit vohume

Full load current where Ke Eddy current constant
ReR =10.5 0, X1e =X += 2325 2, and t Thickness of the core.
The flux in the core is constant as
% R - Ke COS + Xje Ssin o] supply voltage
V 100 V at rated frequency f is always constant. Hence,
the flux density
B,m in the core and hence both
.
cos = 0.8 lag hysteresis and eddy current losses are constant
R 0.S x O.8 + 23.25 x 0.6 losses at all the loads.
2000 x 100 =
+ 5.5875 %
.The iron losses minimized by
are
Full load voltage drop -

l1 |Re cos
core material like silicon steel using high grade
+
Xje sin Ù| having very low
22.35 V
hysteresis loop and by manufacturing the core in
the form of
laminations.
2 on full load =
E, -

drop =
400-2235 =
377.65 V. 2. Copper losses
The copper losses are due
3.14 to the power wasted in
Losses in Transïormer the form of IR loss
due to the resistances of the
0.26 Explain the varlous primary and
secondary windings.
losses in a transformer. The copper loss
In which
part these losses occur ? How to
depends on the magritude of the
minimize them ? On whicli Currents flowing
íactors they depend ? through the windings and the
winding resistances.
Total Cu loss
Ans.
i R+ R, =1} (R +R,)
a
transformer, there exists two types of
losses
i) Core losses As the current in the
or iron losses and
i) winding depends on the load,
Copper losses. the copper losses also
vary with the load. Thus
copper losses are called variadle losses.
 hysie tetrieal Lnginrrring 16 ansformer

of a transfotmer I f the transforrner is subjected to fractional load

Thus
,
then using the appropriate values of various
Iron osss CoppeT losn
Tolalos quantities, the efficiency c a n be obtained.
losses are kept minimum by designing Letn-Praction by which load is differentthan full load
.rhe Copper Actual load
he windirngo with low resistance valuen
h Full load
o.27 Why the copper losse are more n a
tranetorna ?
.For example, if transformer is subjected to half load
then,
Ans.
T h e iron lotss in a transformer are constant
n
Half load(y2)0.5
Full load
wesand kept to minimum by proper design and 1
of igh 8rade material The eddy currents are .When load changes, the load current changes by
slosmall causing low eddy current losses. But Same proportion.
et losses are proportional to the square of the
New l2 nl2)F.L.
urr in the windings. The winding currents are
Similarly the output V2 l2 cos also reduces by the
decided by the load and are high. Hence the copper
in a transformer. same fraction. Thus fraction of VA rating is
are more
ossecs
available at the output
i.e. nx [VA rating] cos .
3.15: EffMclency of Transformer
Similarly as copper losses are proportional to
a.28 Dcfine eflclency of a transformer. How to square of current then,
obtain it at different loada ?
New Pcu = n (Pcu) FL. .Copper losses on
new load
Ans. The efficiency of a transformer is defined as
The copper losses get reduced by n while iron
the ratio of the power output to power input.
losses remain same.
Power output Power output
T Power input Power output + Total losses
I n general for any fractional load the efficiency is
given by,
Power output
Power output +
P; + Pcu %n
n(VA rating) cos x 100
n (VA rating) cos+ Pi +n^(Pa)F.L.
where Iron losses and PC
-

Copper losses
f
where n= Fraction by which load is less than
transformer is supplying full load then full load
full load
power output is,
Q.29 Derive the condition for the maximum
Full load power output V2 l2[FL] cos efflciency for a transformer.
where cos o is load power factor

uCopper losses on ful load

Ans.: The load current at which the efficiency
attains maximum value is denoted as 12m and
1 R2 or -1 Re
V 12[FL] cos d2 maximum efficiency is denoted as
nmax
VI|FL) cos2 +P,+ Pcu The efficiency is a function of load ie. load current
but 2 assuming cos 2 constant The secondary
Va hlFL.J- [ VA rating | terminal voltage V2 is also assumed constant.

(VA rating) cOsYx 100. Full load

S o for maximum efficiency,
(VA rating)x cos V2 I2 cos2
+P +PCu efficiency d-
dl
0 while n= V2l2 cos2 + P +l2 R2
 3 -17
Basic Electrical Enginecring * * * * [ransformiers
0.5x 25x 10 x0.8
VI2 cos2 =0 100
dn 0.5x 25x 10 x 0.8+ 200+ [0.52 x
400]
d aV l, cos +,+} Rze
= 97.08 %

(l cos +P, + R2) (, coso2)- (V% 1, cos) 200

+21, R2e)0
i) kVA at
nma-kVAS FL \400
( cos both the terms we get,
.Cancelling (V cos) from
17.677 kVA
P+ R2e-V% h coso2 -21 R2e=0 VA fornmaxX COS
cose+ iii) o MmaxVA formmax Xcos + 2 P
100

ie P- R2e0
..Pcu P, for nmax
17.677x 103x 0.8
x08 x100 97.25 %
17.677x 10 x 08+ {2x 200}
So condition to achieve
maximum efficiency is that,

Copper losses
=
Iron losses ie. P c Q.31 The efficiency of a 400 kVA, single phase
transformer % at fulí load 0.8 powen
is 98.77
Important Points to Remember factor and 99.13 % at
half full load unity power
losses ii) Cu losses at ful
at maimum efficiency is given factor. Find : i) Iron
Load current I2m and half full loads.
by,
P 98.77 %, cos ¢- 0.8,
|0FLeE i.e. n for T max
VPcu F.L. Ans.: 400 kVA, nFL
99.13 %, cos = 1
HL
kVA supplied at maximum efficiency is given VAcos *
100
20FL VAcOS +P +Pe (F.L.
(kVA rating) 400x10 x0.8
kVA at nmax VPcuF.L. 0.9877
400x10 x0.8+P +Peu (F.L.)
Substituting condition for nmax in the expression
of efficiency, we can write expression for max P+PauFL.) =3985.01569 Q.31.1)
as, n VA cos ¢
100
2m Cos
%HL nVA cos +P+ n^ Pu (F.L.)
x

Yo
Tmax y, Im -x 100 as PcuP
cos Ùt ZFi where n =0.5

Q.30 In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the 0.5x 400x10 x1

0.9913
iron and copper losses are 200 W and 400 W 0.5x 400x103 x1+P; +(0.5) PF.L.)
respectively at full load. Calculate i) Efficiency
at half load and 0.8 p.f. lagging ) kVA for 1755.27085 .Q31.2)
0 2 5 Pu (F.L) =

maximum efficiency ii) Maximum efficiency at 0.8

p.f. Subiracting equation (Q.31.2) from (Q.31.1)

0.75 Pau (F.L) = 2229.74483 i.e. Pau (F.L)

Ans.:P200 W, Peu(FL) =400 W, 25 kVA = 2972.9931 W

i) cos o= 0.8, half load i.e. n =0.5 P= 1012.0225 W

n VA cos o
full load and half load
1HL n VA coso+ Pi +[n Peu (FL)I
-x 100
1ron losses remain same on

which are P =10120225 W

Basic Electrical Engineering **
3 18
Transfurmer
Copper lusses
on uil l0ad =
Pa (rL A.s
I 5A -
1,(FL), ziven pper iosses represent
i
2972.9931 W full load copper loss.

Copper
losses on half load -
(0.5) P (F.L) Pu (FL)-500 W
i)
= 743.2482 W n VAcoso
100
nVA Cos y- Yi +n' Feu (FL)
a.32 The maximnum efficiency of a 100 kVA
ransformer is 98.40 % and operates at 90 % full i) 25% load, n 0.25, cos - 0.8
factor. Calculate the efficiency of
load unity power 0.25 50 103 0.8
at unity power factor at full load. 100
transformer
a
0.25x 50x10 x0.8 + 1200+ [0.252x500

Ans. 100 kVA, nmax98.4

%, kVA for n, max 90 % =

89.037 %
offuli icad while cos o=1 ii) 50% load, n 0.5, cos 0.8
(VA) for Tmax x COSx100 ie.
i.e. 0.984 0.5x 50x 103 x0.8
max (VA) for nma +2 PX %n 100
0.5x 50x103 x0.8 + 1200 [0.52 x 500]
0.9x 100x103x1
0.9x100x 10 x1+2 P = 93.797%

ii) 100% load, n = 1, cos = 0.8

P =
731.7073 W
50x103 x0.8
At nmax Copper losses Iron losses % n 50x103 x0.8 + 1200+ [12 x 500]
-x100
Pu 731.7073 W at 0.9 of full load i.e. n =
0.9.
= 95.923%
Now PcuI« (VA)2
(Peu
euL FL=-(VA) FL 1 3.16: Autotransformer
ie.
Peu o9 VA)FL J Q.34 What is autotransformer ? Explain its
working. State its applications.
(Pcu)FL 731.7073 x 903.3423 W

(VA) cos ¢
Ans.: An autotransformer is a special type of
oTFL(VA) coso+P +
(Peu)FL 100 transformer such that a part of the winding is
common to both primary as well as secondary. It has
100x10 x1 x 100 only winding wound on a laminated magnetic «
100x10x1+ 731.7073 +903.3423 With the help of autotransformer the voltage can be
= 98.3912 %
stepped down or can be stepped up also, to any
desired value.
Q.33 A 50 kVA, 1000/10000 V, 50 Hz single
phase transformer has iron loss of 1200 W. The The Fig. Q34.1 (a) shows the step down
copper loss with 5A in the high voltage autotransformer. AB acts as a primary winding
winding is 500 W. Calculate the efficicency at while part of the primary winding BC acts as a

i) 25 % ii) 50 % iii) 100 % of normal load at

secondary winding
power factor of 0.8.
The position of C called as % tapping point, can be
Ans.: 50 kVA, Pi = 1200 W, Peu= 500 W with selected as per the requirement of the secondary

2 5 A voltage.
autotransformer
Fig. Q.34.1 (b) shows the step up
I(FL) VA50x
=V 103
10000 5 A where QS acts as a primary winding while PS acts
as a secondary winding.
 3-19
Transformers Rasic Electrical Engineering
3-20
Basic Electrical Engineering TransformETS
Differentlate between two winding transformer and autotransformer.
a.36 JNTU : Part B, Marks 51

IT Ans. 3

Sr.No.
It has two
Two winding transformer

It has single irineiDg

Auto transformer

windings.
N There is electric isolation between primary and There is no eiectric isolation betweem primary and
secondary secondary
The copper required is more.
(D) Step up 3. There is substantial saving in coPPer
( s t e p down
4 Eficiency is less compared to autotranstormer. Eficiency is high compare totwo winding transformer.
Flg. Q.34.1 Autotransfomer
The size and cost is high The size and cost is iess.
5.
Ans.: Saving of copper.: to
Voltage regulation is superior compared to two winding
of the autotransformer is 6. Voltage regulation is poor compared
The operating prindple the croSS-section of
winding is
autotranstorner
transtormer.

transformer. For any winding

same as that of two winding and total length is
proportional to the currentI
The resistance and leakagë reactance values are The resistance and leakage reactance values-are less.
CB ie secondary, in case
to the number of turns
N.
The current in the portion is the vector proportional ore
down auto transformer
of step losses a r e less.
while the current in the NI 8. CoPper losses are more COPper
11 Weight of copper
o
difference of I2 and
QS ie. primary, up in case of step The power transteT IS by induction as well as conduction.
portion
autotransformer is the vector diference of I andl
For two winding transformer, 9.The power rarnster 1s fuly by induction.
The kVA rating is mere than the corresponding two
the of copper of primary «
Nl1 10. The kVA rating is less than the corresponding
reactance and Weight winding version.
Neglecting the losses, the leakage auto transformer versioni.
we can Write the
Current N2I2
magnetisung
transformation ratio of the autotransformer as Weight of copper of secondary 11. 1 t can not be used as variac
It can be used as variac

Total weight of copper « N1l1 +Nal2

-
Transformmer Connections
to Consider step down autotransformer as shown 3.17: Three Phase
Due to the use single winding compared
of the Fig. Q.34.1.
normal two winding transformer, for the
same
Q.37 What are the advântages of. 3-phase transformers ?
and voltage ratio, there is substantial Weight of copper of part AC «(N1-N2)1
capacity Ans. :
saving in copper, in autotranstormer.
Weight of copper of part BC o« N22 -1) less space for same rating compared to a bank of three single phase
The appiictions of autotransformer are, A three phase tran1sformer occupies
transformers.
1) For interconnecting systems which are operatin Total weigh of copper o (N1 -N2) 1 +N202 *l)
2 It weighs less.
roughly at same voltage. TW Weight of copper of 2 winding transtorme 3.
autotransformer
Its cost is less.
machines like induction WAT Weight of copper of for the operator.
Por starting rotating it
2)
Only one unit is required to be handled which easy makes
motors, synchronous motors.

To small boost to a distribution cable to

N+Nh lt
can be transported easily. is less.
3) give a for the core

correct for the voltage drop.

coe will be
e
of smaller size and the material required
4) As fumace transformer for getting required
WTW Nh+KN, 1K
N+KNG/K)-2KN,1 1
7.
8.
>ingle three phase unit is more efficient.
n six terminals a e required
to be brought out while in
case of one three

Sup y voltage. casg of three single phase units, out:

- (1-K)WTW required to be brought
5 Asa variac, to vary the voltage to the load, .WA
Thus, there is
Pase unit, only three terminals are

and installation of single three phase

unit is simpler
smoothly from zero to the rated
value. Such saving copper OVerall busbar structure, switchgear
Wrw-WAT which is WTw -(1-K)WTw = KWTW are u s e a .
commonly used for dimming the transformers ? State where they
vanacs are w h a t are the possible connections of three phase
variacs are also Thus, in autotransformer there is saving in cop
lights in cinema halls. Hence the
which isK times total
called dimmerstats. weight of copper Ans,n e various possible connections of three phase transtormers are,
nd
winding transformer for step down ype
.35 What ls savlng of copper ín autofransformer ? a connected in star as
are
times Sor step primary and secondary windings
autotransform

p type connection: In this, both the

Niow Star
in the Fig. Q.38.1
Fasic Elkoii Exineenng
3-20 Transfomen Rusie Electrncar Lngineering
J-22
Transfomers

R
ph

aR
0000
N Yo
y
8
Secondary sido
Primary sldo Seconday side
Pnimary side

Fig. Q.38.4
connection
Fig. Q.38.1 Star-Star
. t can be seen that there is phase difference of 30 nds of each winding are designated by subsaript
transtormers as pnase voltage is 13 timas line voltages. This
between primary and secondary numbers 1, 2
nis particular connection for small high voltage
is used
or Insulation
and the quanuty required is used
for large hgh voltage step down
at ot line voltage, the number of turns per phase I f the voltage induced in HV. phase B,B, is in the
transtormers.

minimum. direction of B, to B., at a given instant then the

are connected in delta 4. Delta-Star connection
2. Delta-Delta connection: In this, both the primary and secondary windings as induced emí. in the corresponding LV. phase at
primary is connected in delta fashion
shown in the Fig. Q.3s.2 In this, the he same instant wil be trom b to b.
is connected in star fashion as
while the secondary The polyphase transformers are given some
R shown in the Fig. Q.38.4.
symbols to show the type of phase connection and
On secondary side, neutral is available, due to the angle of advance tumed through, in passing
which it can be used for 3 phase, 4 wire supply from the vector represening the H.V. e.nmf. to that
VRY VR system. Large unbalanced loads can be handled representing the LV. em.i. at the corresponding
without any difficulty. terminal
0000 The angle ot advance can be represented by a
3.18: Three Phase Transformer clockface hour figure. The HV. side phasor is
Phasor Groups
considered as minute hand which is always set at
Primary side Secondary side 12 Ocdock (zero) position and the corresponding
a.39 What is meant by three phase transformer
LV. side phasor is shown with the hour hand.
groups ? What is significance of these groups?
Fig. Q.38.2 Delta-Delta connection
For example, if the connection is written as "Dy11"
There is no phase shift between prîmary and secondary voltages. It is used for large low voltage then it represents H.V. side delta connected while
In polyphase transformers, polarity alone is
transformers. Ans.: L.V. side star connected 3 phase transformer. The
insufficient to, represent a definite relation between
L.V. emf. vector in 1 given phase combination is at
3. Star-Deta connection: In this,, the primay is connected in star fashion while the secondary is the high voltage and lowvoltage windings. 11 Odock position ie. + 30° in advance of the 12
connected in delta fashion
as shown in the Fig.038.3. Thus vector
diagramns are used to represent angular O'cdock position of the H.V. em.f. posiion. This is
R
phase displacement between the high voltage and represented in the Fig. Q.39.1.
low voltage
windings and the time order of phase
sequence.
H.V. phasor (fixed al 12 O'cdock)
VaY VBR Ihe transformer terminals are brought out in rows Minute hand
N or witn
high voltage winding on one side while low V ohas

OO00-
oltae winding on the other side. They are letered
trom left to
right facing the H.V. side.
ob
The HV. terminals are represented with capital
Primary sde eters e.g.
Secondary slde A, B, C and the L.V. terminals are
presented with small letter e.g. a, b, c. The two Fig. Q.39.1
Fig. Q.38.3
 3-23
Basic Electrical Enginering
primary and
secondary windi
ansjoma BasicElectrical
Engineering 3-24
lhe groups into which all possible three
phase
Q.42 The
transformer a r e
coupler to
ndings
each
of c low current, high impedance side Transformers
ranstormer
connections are classifñed are caleu othe d none of the above 100
three phase transformer phasor groups. îhese are aelectrically 98
given below magnetically 0.50 The voltage regulation of a
transformer is zero
Qs8 The
electrically and magnetically or load. advantage of autotransformer is
Group 1:Zero phase displacement (Y0, D40, Dzô)
alagging agives highly stable voltuge
Group 2: 180° phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz5)
dnone of these
resistive b copper saving
both sides
Cinductive dcapactive
Q.43 The on of a ficiency is 100 %
Group 3: 30 lag phase displacement (Dy1, Ydl, Yzl) remains s a m e .
transfoma os1 If the transformer regulation is
dnone these
positive, Q59 For transformer if the full load copper loss
load is connected to the transformer.
a
Group 4: 30° lead
phase displacement (Dy11, Yd11, voltage 6 current are A and iron loss are
B, then the load at
Yz11)
power impedanea acapacitive Dinductive which these two losses would be
equal is
Group 1 indicates that there is
phase difference
no
is used for
Cresistive dnone of these given by.
between HV side and LV. side e.mf. vectors Q.44 Generally laminations of full load x A/B
transformer core. a.52 Losses which do not Occur in transformer are
Group 2 indicates that there is phase difference ot
180 between HV side and LV. side emf. vectors. ahigh grade ilicon steel [bl copper full load x B/A
a copper losses b magnetic losses
Group 3 indicates that the LV. emf. vector in a ciron dmanganin friction losses dnone of these full load x
given phase combination as at 1 Ocdock position ie. Q45 The core provides path to the fu
l a g position with respect to the 12 O'dock Q.53 The losses which vary with load in a power
produced.
position of the H.V. e.mí vector postion. transformer are . faull load x
Group 4 indicates that the emf. vector
a low resistance b low reluctna
LV. in a afriction and windage losses Q.60 When a transformer is loaded, the secondary
given phase combination as at 11 'dock position
ie 30 lead position with respect to the 12 Ocdock
clowvoltage dnone of these copper losses terminal voltage drops. That means power
factor i
posion of the H.V. emi vector
postion
Q.46 In a core type transformer Ceddy currentlosses
.The vector diagrams of the primary and secondary a t h ecore endircles the winding dhysteresis losses azero 6leading
emfs are useful to describe the characteristics, unity lagging
bthe winding encirdes the core Q54 A transformer has, maximum eficiency at full
advantages and disadvantages of a given type of c the limb encirdes the yoke load when iron losses are 1600 W then its half
FIll In the Blanks for
connection load copper losses are
anone of the above Mid Term Exam

Q.47 The turns ratio is . to current ratio.

a1600 W b400Ww Q.61 The frequency of secondary voltage
Multiple Cholce Questions 6400 Ww dnone of these that of the primary voltage.
for Mid Term Exam
directly proportional equal Q.55 Regulation and efficiency of a transformer Q.62 The core of the transformer is laminated to
Q.40 In a transformer electrical power 5 inversely proportional none of these should be respectively reduce
transformed from one iftuit to other without Q63 The vertical portior on which coils are wourd
change in the,
Q48 The transformer rating is expressed in a
higb high high, low in a transformer is called
because low, high d low, low
construction has a double magnetic
voltage bcurrent aon both sides it is constant Q56 For maximum
Q.64
circuit.
frequency dnone of these
blosses are independent 6f load power
efficiency
transtormer is
a copper losses > iron losses Q.65 The ave.
ge emi per rurn in a

Q.41 A transformer works on the prinaple of factor

- -

Cthe frequency is constant on the load su b] copper losses < iron losses
Q.66 For 50 Hz trarsformer, the primary ums
Ccopper losses iron losses
aFaraday's law mutual dthe flux in the core remains constan are 100 and mainum tlux in the core

induction dcopper losses must be zero 0.08 Wo then the primary induced e.mí s
Q49 A low voltage side is
Cselfinduction dsuperposition 7 On no load efficiency of the transtormer 1sS
Q.67 For a 10 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the
a low current, low impedance side 70.
half load secondary current is .
b high current, low impedance side