Chapter - 1 Straight Lines: Distance Between Two Points

Chapter - 1
STRAIGHT LINES
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Let A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be two points. Then the distance between them is
AB = .
SECTION FORMULA
(i) Coordinates of the point R which divides the join of points and
internally in the ratio m : n, are
(ii) Coordinates of the point S which divides the join of points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)
externally in the ratio m : n, are
,mn
(iii) Coordinates of mid point of the line segment joining P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2), are
APPLICATION 1
Find the points which divide the join of points P(2, 5) and Q(-7, 4) in the ratio 1 : 2
(a) internally (b) externally
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2 AIEEE – 2005 : DLP Mathematics : Straight Line
SOLUTION
(a) Let R be the point which divides PQ internally in the ratio 1:2. Then coordinates of R
are
x=
y=
i.e. the required point is
(b) Let S be the point which divides PQ externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Then the coordinates
of S are
x=
y=
i.e. the required point is (11, 6)
(iv)Let A (x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the
vertices of ABC. Then coordinates of its
centroid are
Note: In any triangle, the orthocentre, centroid and circumc entre are collinear and
the centroid divides the join of orthocentre and circumcentre internally in the
ratio 2:1.
(v) Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the
vertices of ABC. Then the coordinates of its
incentre I are
where a = BC, b = CA and c = AB
(vi) Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the
vertices of ABC. Then coordinates of the
excentre I1 w.r.t. A are
APPLICATION 2
The co-ordinates of three vertices of a triangle are A(1, 2); B(2, 1) and C(2, 3). Find the
co-ordinates of orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre of the triangle. Also find the
equation of the line joining the incentre and the centroid.
SOLUTION
Since |AB| = |AC| = 2 and AB  BC, the triangle is a right-angled isosceles triangle.
Therefore the orthocentre is the point A(1, 2).
Circumcentre will lie on mid-point of BC and is (2, 2).
Since in an isosceles triangle, incentre lies on the line joining orthocentre, centroid and
circumcentre, the equation of line is, y = 2.
Co-ordinates of centroid is  .
AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of a ABC. Then the area of
ABC is || where  = = .
Collinearity of Three Points
Three points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are collinear iff =0
Alternately, three points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are collinear if slope of
AB = slope of AC
i.e.
SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Let l be a line, which is not parallel to y-axis. Let it makes an angle  (0  with the
positive direction of x-axis and in the anti-clock wise direction. Then tan is called the slope
of the line l. It is denoted by m.
Slope m of the straight line passing through points A(x1, y1)
and B(x2, y2) is given by
m= , where x1  x2
Note: If x1 = x2 the slope of AB is not defined.
APPLICATION 3
Using section formula find the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 3) to the
line joining the points (2, 0) and .
SOLUTION
Let A, B and C be the points (2, 3), (2, 0) and respectively.
Let the foot of perpendicular AD drawn to BC divides BC in the ratio  : 1- . Then the
coordinates of D are given by
x-coordinate = (8/13) + (1-)2 =
y-coordinate =
Slope of AD =
Slope of BC is = . Since AD  BC .
 i.e.  = 1 The coordinates of D are
STANDARD FORMS OF EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

(i) General equation of a straight line:
An equation of first degree viz. ax + by + c = 0, where a and b are not simultaneously zero,
represents a straight line. Its slope is –a/b.
(ii) Slope – intercept form:
y = mx + c, where m is the slope and c is y – intercept of the line.
Note: Equation of any line parallel to y – axis can not be expressed in this form.
(iii) Intercept form:
, where a  0 and b  0 are x – intercept and y – intercept respectively.
APPLICATION 4
Find the slope of the line 2x – 5y – 4 = 0. Also express the equation in intercept form.
SOLUTION
Slope of the line is = = .
Intercept form of the line 2x - 5y – 4 = 0 is
 2 is the x – intercept and –4/5 is the y-intercept made by the line

2x – 5y – 4 = 0 on the coordinate axes.
(iv)One point slope form:

Equation of the straight line passing through the point A(x1, y1) and whose slope is m is given
by
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Note: Equation of any straight line parallel to y – axis can not be expressed in this form.
(v) Two point form:

Equation of the straight line passing through points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) where x1  x2, is
given by
y – y1 =
(vi)Normal form (or perpendicular form):

xcos + y sin = p, where p is the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the line
and  is the angle (measured in anti-clockwise
direction) which the perpendicular drawn form
origin to the line makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
APPLICATION 5
Write the equation in normal form of the line 3x – 4y + 5 = 0.
SOLUTION
3x – 4y + 5 = 0  3x – 4y = -5  -3x + 4y = 5

Here cos = -3/5, sin = 4/5 and p =1
(vii) Symmetric Form or Distance Form

Equation of a straight line passing through the point A(x1, y1) and making an angle  with
the positive direction of x – axis is given by
(say) (is the distance form)
Here r is the directed distance between the points A(x1, y1) and P(x, y) and is taken
as positive if point lies on right side of (x1, y1) & negative if point lies on left side of (x1, y1)
(viii) Parametric form

Equations of the straight line passing through the point A(x1, y1) and making an angle 
with the positive direction of x – axis in parametric form is given by
x = x1 + r cos
y = y1 + r sin
Where r is a parameter and 0   < 2
ANGLE MADE BY WITH POSITIVE X-AXIS WHERE A & B

ARE GIVEN POINTS
Let A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be two points.

Let makes an angle  with the positive x-axis.
Then is given by
cos =
where d = = AB
also x2 = x1 + d cos y2 = y1 + d sin
APPLICATION 6
A line segment joining A(5, 0) and B(7, 2) is rotated about B in the anti-clockwise
direction through an angle of 15o. Find the equation of the line in the new position. Also
find the coordinates of the point at which the point A reaches after rotation.
SOLUTION
Let  be the angle which the ray makes with the positive direction of x-axis.
Then cos = and sin =
 = 225o is the angle which makes with the positive x-axis.
Let A (x, y) be the new position of A after rotation.
Then the angle, which the ray makes with the positive x – axis is
= 225 + 15 = 240
o o o
 x = 7 + AB cos240 = 7  2
and y = 2 + AB sin240 = 2  6.
POSITION OF TWO POINTS WITH RESPECT TO A STRAIGHT

LINE
Two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) lie on the same side or on the opposite side of the line
ax + by + c = 0 according as ax 1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c are of the same sign or opposite
signs respectively.
If the line ax + by + c = 0 divides the join of P & Q in the ratio m : n then,
APPLICATION 7
Are the points (3, 4) and (2, 6) on the same or opposite sides of the line 3x  4y = 8?
SOLUTION
Let L (x, y)  (3x  4y 8) = 0, points P(3, 4) and Q(2  6) on the opposite side to line L iff
L(P).L(Q) < 0. Since (3  3  4  4 8) (6 + 24  8) < 0, points P and Q are on opposite sides
to the given line.
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES
Let  be the acute angle between two straight lines whose slopes are m1 and m2.
tan = provided, m1m2  -1 .
(i) If m1m2 = -1, then the two lines are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) If one line is parallel to y – axis and slope of the other is m, then the acute angle
between the two is given by tan =
(iii) If m1= m2, then the two lines are parallel.
(iv) Any line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by +  = 0,   R.
(v) Any line perpendicular to the ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx  ay +  = 0,   R.
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES

Let ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + c = 0 be the parallel straight lines then perpendicular
distance between them is given by
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A STRAIGHT

LINE
Distance of a point (x1, y1) from the straight line ax + by + c = 0 is .
APPLICATION 8
If 'P' is the length of perpendicular from the origin to the line , then prove that
.
SOLUTION
The given line is bx + ay  ab = 0 (1)
P = length perpendicular from origin to the given by equation (1)
P= =
 =
SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE MAKING AN ANGLE  WITH A

GIVEN LINE
Let l be a straight line, making angle  with positive x-axis. Then there are two straight lines
making angle  with l.
The two lines make angles  -  and  +  with the positive x – axis.
 Their slopes are given by
tan( - ) = provided tantan  -1,
If tantan = -1, then the corresponding line is parallel to y – axis.
and tan( + ) = , provided tantan  1,
If tantan = 1, then again the corresponding line is parallel to y – axis.
APPLICATION 9
Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (2, 3) and inclined at
/4 radians to the line 2x + 3y = 5.
SOLUTION
Let the line 2x + 3y = 5 makes angle  with positive x-axis. Then tan = -2/3.
Now tan.tan(/4) =
Slopes of the required lines are
tan(+/4) = = and tan( - /4) = -5
 the equations of the required lines are

y–3= i.e. x – 5y + 13 = 0
y – 3 = -5(x – 2) 5x + y – 13 = 0
Note:
Let a line l makes an angle  with positive x–axis. Let the lines l1 and l2 are equally inclined to l
and having slopes m1 and m2 respectively, and are such that the value of tan lies between
m1 and m2. Then
APPLICATION 10
A ray of light travelling along the line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 after striking a plane mirror lying
along the line x + y = 2 gets reflected. Find the equation of the straight line containing the
reflected ray.
SOLUTION
The point of intersection of the lines 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 and x + y = 2 is (1/5, 9/5).
(1/5, 9/5) is the point of incidence.
Slope m of the normal to the mirror (i.e. normal to the line x + y = 2) is 1.
Now the incident ray and reflected ray both are equally inclined to the normal and are on
opposite side of it.
Slope of incident ray m1 = 2/3
Let the slope of the reflected ray be = m2
Then i.e.
m2 = 3/2, the equation of the straight line containing the reflected ray is
y- i.e. 3x – 2y + 3 = 0.
ANGLE BISECTORS
Let L1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 be two intersecting lines. Then the equations
of the lines bisecting the angles between L1 and L2 are given by
Inference 1
Let  be the angle between l1 and l2 which is bisected by one
of the bisectors say l3. Then angle between l1 and l3 is /2.
Now find |tan/2|
Three cases arise

(i) If < 1, then  <
Thus l3 will be bisecting the acute angle between l1 and l2
(ii) If > 1, then  >
Thus l3 will be bisecting the obtuse angle between l1 and l2.
(iii)If |tan /2| = 1, then  = /2. Thus l1 and l2 are perpendicular lines.
Inference 2
Equation of angle bisector which lies in the region that contains origin is found out as below:-
Make the coefficients c1 & c2 of equation a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 positive.
Then = (c1, c2 > 0),
will represent the bisector of the angle containing the origin.
Also if a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, then origin lies in the acute angle between the lines.
If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, then origin lies in the obtuse angle between the lines.
Inference 3
Equation of acute and obtuse angle bisector can
also be found out as follows:-
Take any point on either L1 or L2. Find out the
perpendicular distances of this point from the two
bisectors as shown.
If p < q then L3 will represent the acute angle
bisector & vice - versa.
APPLICATION 11
If the bisectors of two lines L 1 and 3x  4y = 0 are 2x  16y  5 = 0 and 64x + 8y + 35 = 0,
find the acute angle bisector among the two.
SOLUTION
By trial x = 4 & y = 3 is a point on line 3x  4y = 0.
Distance of (4, 3) from first bisector is = p(let)
Distance of (4, 3) from second bisector is = q(let)
Clearly p < q. Hence the equation 2x  16y  5 = 0 is the acute angle bisector.
APPLICATION 12
Find the bisector of acute angle between the lines 3x – 4y = 0 and 5x + 12y + 7 = 0.
SOLUTION
Equations of the bisectors are
i.e. 2x – 16y – 5 = 0 and 64x + 8y + 35 = 0

Now suppose  be the angle between the given lines which is bisected by the bisector
2x – 16y – 5 = 0.
The angle between 3x – 4y = 0 and 2x – 16 y – 5 = 0 is /2

 and so  <
Hence 2x – 16y – 5 = 0 is the required bisector.
FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINES

(i) If L1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are two straight lines (not parallel) then
L1 + L2 a1x + b1y + c1 + ( a2x + b2y + c2) = 0represents family of lines passing through the
point of intersection (say , )) of L1 = 0, L2 = 0 as (, ) lies on L1 + L2 = 0, for any   R.
Here  is a parameter.
In general the equation C1 + C2 = 0,   R, represents a family of curves passing through
the points of intersection of C1 = 0, C2 = 0.
(ii) Family of straight lines parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by
ax + by + k = 0, where k is a parameter.
(iii) Family of straight lines perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

bx - ay + k = 0, where k is a parameter.
Concurrency of lines:
The three lines arx + bry + cr = 0 (r = 1, 2, 3) are concurrent if
=0
APPLICATION 13
Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (2, 0) and through the
point of intersection of the lines x + 2y =3 and 2x – 3y = 4.
SOLUTION
Equation of any straight line passes through the intersection of the lines
x + 2y = 3 and 2x – 3y – 4 = 0 is
(x + 2y – 3) + (2x – 3y – 4) = 0 (1)
Since it passes through the point (2, 0)
 (2 + 0 – 3) + 
i.e. =0
Now substituting this value of  in (1) we get
2x - 3y – 4 = 0 as the equation of the required line.
LOCUS
(i) Definition
The path traced by a point moving under a given condition (or a given set of conditions)
is called its locus.
If an equation is satisfied by the coordinates of every point on the path and any point
whose coordinates satisfy the equation lies on the path, then the equation is called the
equation of the locus.
(ii) Equation of Locus
To find the equation of locus of a point under given condition(s), proceed as follows:
(a) Assign the coordinates (h, k) [or (x, y)] to the point whose locus is to be determined.
(b) Properly conceive the given geometrical condition(s), which the above point satisfy.
(c) Express the said condition(s) in an analytical relation in h and k (or in x and y).
Sometimes, one or more parameters have to be taken.
(d) Solve to eliminate the parameter(s) so that the resulting expression contains known
quantities and (h, k) or (x, y).
(e) Replace (h, k) by (x, y) if taken. The resulting equation will be the required locus.
APPLICATION 14
A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the lines
and meets the coordinate axes in A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint
of AB is the curve 2xy(a + b) = ab(x + y)
SOLUTION
Any line through the point of intersection of given lines is
This meets the x – axis at A 
And meets the y – axis at B 
Let mid point of AB be P(h, k) then
h= ,k=
 ,
 =
 2hk (a + b) = ab (h + k)
Locus of P(h, k) is 2xy(a + b) = ab (x + y)
GENERAL EQUATION OF 2ND DEGREE

The general equation of second degree ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines if  = = 0 and h2  ab.
 abc + 2fgh  af 2  bg  ch2 = 0 and h2  ab
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION OF 2ND DEGREE

The homogeneous second degrees equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents a pair of straight
lines through the origin if h2  ab.
If the lines through the origin whose joint equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, are
y = m1x and y = m2x, then y2  (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2x2 = 0 and y2 + xy + x2 = 0 are
identical, so that m1 + m2 =  , m1m2 = .
If  be the angle between two lines, through the origin, then
tan =  = or, tan =
The lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0 and coincident if h 2 = ab and equally inclined to x axis
or y axis iff h = 0.
CONDITION FOR COINCIDENCE OF LINES
The lines will be coincident if . Taking the above ratios in pairs then the
conditions are h2  ab = 0, g2  ac = 0 and f 2  bc = 0.
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THE LINES

Point of intersection of the two lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is obtained by solving the equation
ax + hy + g = 0 and hx + by + f = 0.
It is also given by
or
It should be noted that the lines ax + hy + g = 0 and hx + by + f = 0 are not the lines
represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. These are the lines concurrent with the
lines represented by given equation.
APPLICATION 15
Show that the condition that two of the three lines represented by
ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 = 0 may be at right angles if a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0.
SOLUTION
The given equation being homogeneous of third degree represents three straight lines
through the origin. Since two of these lines are to be at right angles,
Let pair of these lines be (x2 + pxy  y2), p is constant and other factor is (ax  dy).
Hence ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 = (x2 + pxy  y2) (ax  dy)
Comparing the coefficients of similar terms, we get
b = ap  d (1)
c = pd  a (2)
Multiplying (1) by d & (2) by a and adding, we get
bd + ac = d2  a2
 a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0
APPLICATION 16
If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents two straight lines, prove
that the product of the perpendiculars drawn from the origin to these lines is
SOLUTION
We have ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (i)
Let lx + my + n = 0 (ii)
and l x + my + n = 0 (iii)
be the lines represented by the given equation. Then,
(lx + my + n) (lx + my + n)  ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
Comparing the coefficients of like terms, we obtain
ll = a, mm = b, lm + lm = 2h, ln + ln = 2g, mn + mn = 2f and nn = c.
Let p1 and p2 be the lengths of perpendicular from the origin on (ii) and (iii) respectively.
Then,
p1 = and p2 =  p1p2 =
= [ ll = a, mm = b and lm + lm = 2h]
APPLICATION 17
If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents two parallel straight lines, prove that
h2 = ab, bg2 = af2. Prove that the distance between them is .
SOLUTION
Let lx + my + n = 0 (i)
and lx + my + n = 0 (ii)
be two parallel lines represented by the equation
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 ax + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c  (lx + my + n) (lx + my + n)
2
Comparing the coefficients of like terms, we have

l2 = a, m2 = b, 2 lm = 2h, l(n + n) = 2g, m(n + n) = 2f and nn = c.
Now, (lm)2 = l2m2  h2 = ab [ lm = h, l2 = a and m2 = b]
and l(n +n) = 2g, m(n + n) = 2f  =
   [ l2 = a, m2 = b]
 af2 = bg2.
The distance between the parallel lines lx + my + n = 0 and lx + my + n = 0 is given by
d= = =
= =2
EQUATION OF THE BISECTORS

Equation of the bisector of the angles between the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is given by
(a) If a = b then the bisectors are x2 y2 = 0 i.e. x  y = 0 and x + y = 0.

(b) If h = 0 then xy = 0 that is x = 0, y = 0.
(c) As the coefficient of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0, the two bisectors are mutually perpendicular.
APPLICATION 18
Prove that the lines a2x2 + 2h(a + b)xy + b2y2 = 0 are equally inclined to the lines
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
SOLUTION
Given pair of lines are
a2x2 + 2h(a + b)xy + b2y2 = 0 (1)
and ax + 2hxy + by = 0
2 2
(2)
The two pairs will be equally inclined if the two pairs of straight lines have the same
bisectors.
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
= (1)
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by
a2x2 + 2h(a + b)xy + b2y2 = 0 is
= or (2)
Since equations (1) and (2), are same, therefore the pair of lines (1) are equally inclined to
pair of lines (2).
APPLICATION 19
If pairs of straight lines x 2  2pxy y2 = 0 and x2 2qxy  y2 = 0 be such that each pair
bisects the angle between the other pair, prove that pq = 1.
SOLUTION
According to question, the equation, of the bisectors of the angle between the lines given
by
x2  2qxy  y2 = 0 (1)
is x2  2pxy  y2 = 0 (2)
Now the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the pair of lines (1) is
or qx2  2xy + qy2 = 0 (3)
Since (2) and (3) represent the same pair of lines, hence comparing the coefficients, we
get
 pq = 1
JOINT EQUATION OF PAIR OF LINES JOINING THE ORIGIN

WITH THE POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF A CURVE AND A
LINE
If the line lx + my + n = 0, (n  0) (i.e. the line does
not pass through the origin) cuts the curve
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at two points A and
B, then the joint equation of the straight lines passing
through A and B and the origin is obtained by
homogenizing the equation of the curve by the
equation of the line i.e.
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + (2gx + 2fy) =0
is the equation of the lines OA and OB.
APPLICATION 20
Find the condition that the pair of straight lines joining the origin to the intersection of
the line y = mx + c and the circle x2 + y2 = a2 may be at right angles.
SOLUTION
The equation of the given straight line and the given curve are :
y = mx + c  =1 (i)
and x2 + y2 = a2 (ii)
The combined equation of the straight line joining the origin to the points of intersection
of (i) and (ii) is
x2 + y2 = .a2  x2(c2  a2m2) + 2a2 mxy + y2(c2  a2) = 0 (iii)
The lines given by (iii) are at right angles, if

Coeff. of x2 + Coeff. of y2 = 0  (c2  a2m2) + (c2  a2) = 0
 2c2 = a2 (1 + m2), which is the required condition.
APPLICATION 21
Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the straight line
hx + ky = 2hk and the curve (x  k)2 + (y  h)2 = c2 are at right angles if h2 + k2 = c2.
SOLUTION
Making the equation of the curve homogeneous with the help of the equation of line, we
get
x2 + h2  2(kx + hy) + (h2 + k2  c2) =0
Or 4h2k2x2 + 4h2k2y2  4hk2x(hx + ky)  4h2ky(hx + ky) + (h2 + k2  c2) (h2x2 + k2y2 + 2hxy) = 0.
This is the equation of the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of
the given line and the curve. They will be at right angles if coefficient of x2 + coefficient
of y2 = 0
 (h2 + k2) (h2 + k2  c2) = 0. Since h2 + k2  0, h2 + k2 = c2.
APPLICATION 22
Prove that the acute angle between the lines joining the origin to the points
of intersection of the line y = 3x + 2 with the curve x 2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 8y = 11 is
tan-1 .
SOLUTION
The equation of the given straight line is
y = 3x + 2  =1 (i)
The equation of the given curve is
x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 8y  11 = 0 (ii)
The combined equation of the straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection
of (i) and (ii) is a homogeneous equation of second degree obtained with the help of
(i) and (ii).
Making the equation (ii) homogeneous of the second degree in x and y with the help of
(i), we get
x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 8y  11 =0
 4x2 + 8xy + 12y2 + 2(8y2  12x2  20xy)  11(y2  6xy + 9x2) = 0

 119 x2  34 xy  17y2 = 0
 7x  2xy  y2 = 0
2
This is the required equation. Comparing this equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we
obtain
a = 7, b = 1 and h = 1.
Let  be the required angle. Then,
tan =
 tan = =
  = tan-1 .
SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1
The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the lines x + 3y = 4 and 6x  2y = 7.
Then PQRS must be a
(a) Rectangle (b) Square
(c) Cyclic quadrilateral (d) Rhombus
SOLUTION
d
Product of slopes of the diagonals = 1
i.e. diagonals are mutually perpendicular.
Hence PQRS is a rhombus,
Which is given in (d)
EXAMPLE 2
The equation of the straight line equally inclined to the axes and equidistant from the
points (1, 2) and (3, 4)is
(a) x + y + 1 = 0 (b) x + y + 2 = 0
(c) x  y  2 = 0 (d) x  y  1 = 0
SOLUTION
d
Middle point of the line joining points (1, 2) and (3, 4) is (2, 1) which lie on line x  y  1
=0 , which is equally inclined to the axes and is at equal distance from the given points.
Hence correct answer is (d).
EXAMPLE 3
If the lines 3y + 4x = 1, y = x + 5 and 5y + bx = 3 are concurrent, then the value of b is
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 0
SOLUTION c
Substituting the coordinates of the point of intersection of first two lines, i.e. (2, 3) in the
third equation, we have 5.3  2b = 3  b = 6.
Which is given in (c).
EXAMPLE 4
The equation of the line which passes through (a cos3, a sin3) and perpendicular to the
line
x sec + y cosec = a is
(a) x cos  + y sin  = 2a cos 2 (b) x sin   y cos  = 2a sin 2
(c) x sin  + y cos  = 2a sin 2 (d) None of these
SOLUTION
d
Slope of line x sec  + y cosec  = a
is sec /cosec  =  sin /cos 
 Slope of line  to this line = cos /sin 
 Equation of required line is
y  a sin3 = (cos /sin ) (x  a cos3)

or x cos   y sin  = a(cos4  sin4)
= a(cos2 + sin2) (cos2  sin2)
or x cos   y sin  = a cos 2
Hence correct answer is (d)
EXAMPLE 5
Let PQR be a right angled isosceles triangle, right angled at P(2, 1). If the equation of the
line QR is 2x + y = 3, then the equation representing the pair of lines PQ and PR is
(a) 3x2  3y2 + 8xy +20x + 10y + 25 = 0 (b) 3x2  3y2 + 8xy  20x  10y + 25 = 0
(c) 3x  3y + 8xy + 10x + 15y + 20 = 0
2 2
(d) 3x2  3y2  8xy  10x  15y  20 = 0
SOLUTION
b
If m is the slope of side PQ or PR, then
=  tan/4,  slope of QR is 2 and PQR = PRQ = 45°
 m = 3, 1/3
Equations of side PQ and PR are
3x y  5 = 0 and x + 3y  5 = 0
Their combined equation is
(3x  y  5) (x + 3y  5) = 0
i.e. 3x2  3y2 + 8xy  20x  10y + 25 = 0 which is given in (b)
EXAMPLE 6
The orthocentre of the triangle formed by (0, 0), (8, 0), (4, 6) is
(a) (4, 8/3) (b) (3, 4)
(c) (4, 3) (d) (3, 4)
SOLUTION
a
Let ABC be the given triangle and the vertices be A(0, 0), B(8, 0) and C(4, 6).
 slope of BC = (6, 0)/(4  8) = 3/2.
 Equation of line through A and  to BC is
y  0 = (2/ 3) (x  0) i.e. 2x  3y = 0 (1)
And slope of CA = (6  0)/(4  0) = 3/2
 Equation of line through B and  to CA is
y  0 = (2/3) (x  8)
i.e. 2x + 3y = 16. (2)
Solving (1) and (2), the orthocentre is (4, 8/3), Which is given in (a).
EXAMPLE 7
Equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 3x  4y + 7 = 0 and
12x + 5y  2 = 0 is
(a) 21x + 77y  101 = 0 (b) 21x  77y + 101 = 0
(c) 11x 3y + 9 = 0 (d) 11x + 3y  9 = 0
SOLUTION
c
The given equations can be rewritten as
3x  4y + 7 = 0 and 12x  5y + 2 = 0
(making constant terms positive)
Since a1a2 + b1b2 = 36 + 20 < 0,
 positive sign in equations of bisectors gives the bisector of acute angle. Hence acute
angle bisector is
= or 11x  3y + 9 = 0, which is given in (c).
EXAMPLE 8
Mixed term xy is to be removed from the general equation of second degree
ax2 + by2 + 2hxy+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, one should rotate the axes through an angle  given by
tan 2 equal to
(a) (a b)/2h (b) 2h/(a + b)
(c) (a + b)/2h (d) 2h/(a  b)
SOLUTION
d
Let (x, y ), be the coordinates on new axes, then, put
x = xcos   y sin ,
y = x  sin  + y cos , in the equation.
Then coefficient of x y  in transformed equation = 0, so,
2(b  a) sin  cos  + 2h cos 2 = 0
or tan 2 = 2h/(a  b), which is given in (d).
EXAMPLE 9
If one of the diagonals of a square is along the line x = 2y and one of its vertices is (3, 0),
then its sides through this vertex are given by the equations.
(a) y  3x + 9 = 0, 3y + x  3 = 0 (b) y + 3x + 9 = 0, 3y + x  3 = 0
(c) y  3x + 9 = 0, 3y  x + 3 = 0 (d) y  3x + 3 = 0, 3y + x + 9 = 0
SOLUTION
a
Diagonal of the square is along
x = 2y (1)
The point (3, 0) does not lie on (1).
Let the side through this vertex be
y 0 = m(x  3)
Angle between side (2) and diagonal (1) is 45°.
 tan-1 =  45°  m = 3, 1/3
 from (2), the required sides are y  3x + 9 = 0 and 3y + x  3 = 0
EXAMPLE 10
The equation x2y2  2xy2  3y2  4x2y + 8xy + 12y = 0 represents
(a) a pair of straight lines (b) a pair of straight lines and a circle
(c) a pair of straight lines and a parabola (d) a set of four lines forming a square
SOLUTION
d
x2y2  2xy2  3y2  4x2y + 8xy + 12y
= y2(x2 2x 3)  4y(x2  2x 3) = 0
 y(y 4)(x  3) (x + 1) = 0  y = 0, y = 4, x = 3, x = 1
Hence the equation represents four straight lines which evidently form a square.
Hence correct answer is (d).
EXAMPLE 11
The coordinates of two points A and B are (3, 4) and (5, 2) respectively and a point P is
such that AP = BP and PAB = 10. Then P is
(a) (7, 2) (b) (2, 7)
(c) (2, 0) (d) (4, 13)
SOLUTION
a
Let P be (x, y), then
(x 3)2 + (y 4)2 = (x 5)2 + (y + 2)2 (1)
or x  3y = 1
Also =  10 or 3x + y 13 =  10
i.e. 3x + y = 23 (2)
or 3x + y = 3 (3)
Solving (1), (2) and (1), (3), we get P as (7, 2) and (1, 0), which is given in (a).
EXAMPLE 12
Two roads are represented by the equations y  x = 6 and x + y = 8. An inspection
bungalow has to be so constructed that it is at a distance of 100 from each of the roads.
Possible location of the bungalow(in second quadrant) is given by
(a) (1002 + 1, 7) (b) (1  1002, 7)
(c) (1, 7 + 1002) (d) (1, 7  1002).
SOLUTION
b
Let required local be (h, k). Then
= = 100.
or h  k + 6 =  1002 and h + k  8 = 1002,

Taking ++, +, +, 
combinations, we can find 4 possible positions for the bungalow
which are given in (a), (b), (c) and (d). Hence option (b) is correct.
EXAMPLE 13
The coordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral are ( 2, 4), (1, 2), (1, 2) an (2, 4)
taken in order. The equation of the line passing through the vertex ( 1, 2) and dividing the
quadrilateral in the equal areas is
(a) x + 1 = 0 (b) x + y = 1
(c) x  y + 3= 0 (d) none of these
SOLUTION
c
The point A, B, C, D form trapezium whose line of symmetry is the y-axis
Let BE be the required line where ED = .

ar(ACE) = ar(ABCD)
 .(2 + ).2 = . (4 + 2).2   = 1

 the point E = (1, 4)
So, the required line BE is y - 2 = (x + 1)
EXAMPLE 14
If A(sin, 1/2) and B(1/2, cos),     , are two points on the same side of the line
x  y = 0 then  belongs to the interval
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these

SOLUTION
a
sin  > 0 and  cos > 0 or sin  < 0 and  cos< 0
(1)  sin > and cos  < 
(2)  sin < and cos > 
EXAMPLE 15
The equation of the line segment AB is y = x. If A and B lie on the same side of the line
mirror 2x  y = 1, the image of AB has the equation
(a) x + y = 2 (b) 8x + y = 9
(c) 7x  y = 6 (d) None of these
SOLUTION
c
The image of (0, 0) on y  x = 0 by the line 2x y = 1 is .
The point of intersection of y x = 0 and 2x y = 1 is (1, 1)
 the required line is the line joining the points (1, 1) and
EXAMPLE 16
The equation
x2y2  2xy2  3y2  4x2y + 8xy + 12y = 0, represents
(a) a pair of straight lines
(b) a pair of straight lines and a circle
(c) a pair of straight lines and a parabola
(d) a set of four lines forming a square
SOLUTION
d
x2y2  2xy2  3y2  4x2y + 8xy + 12y = 0 = y2(x2 2x 3)  4y(x2  2x 3) = 0
 y(y 4)(x  3) (x + 1) = 0  y = 0, y = 4, x = 3, x = 1
Hence the equation represents four straight lines which evidently form a square.
EXAMPLE 17
The lines represented by x2 + 2xy + 2y2 = 0 and the lines represented by
(1 + )x2  8xy + y2 = 0 are equally inclined, then  is
(a) any real number (b) greater than 2
(c)  2 (d) less than 2
SOLUTION
c
Both pair have same bisectors
i.e. = i.e. (x2  y2) + xy = 0
and = i.e 4(x2  y2) + xy = 0

represent the same pair
 or 2 = 4 or  =  2.
EXAMPLE 18
The combined equation of the images of the pair of lines represented by ax 2+ 2xy + by2 = 0
in the line mirror y = 0 is given by
(a) bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0 (b) ax2  2hxy + by2 = 0
(c) bx + 2hxy + ay = 0
2 2
(d) none of these
SOLUTION
b
Let y = mx be one of the lines of the pair
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 (1)
Then bm + 2hm + a = 0
2
Image of y = mx in the line y = 0

i.e. x  axis is y = mx
 b +a=0
i.e. ax2  2hxy + by2 = 0 (2)

is image of the pair of (1)
SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1
The straight lines 3x + 4y = 5 and 4x - 3y = 15 intersect at the point A. On these lines the
points B and C are chosen so that AB = AC. Find the possible equations of the line BC
passing through (1, 2).
SOLUTION
The two given straight lines are at right angles.
Since AB = AC, the triangle is an isosceles right angled triangle.
The required equation is of the form y - 2 = m(x - 1) (1)
1=
 m = -7, 1/7
Substitute the value of m in (1). We get the required equations.
EXAMPLE 2
Find the range of  in the interval (0, ) such that the points (3, 5) and (sin, cos) lie on
the same side of the line x + y - 1 = 0.
SOLUTION
3+5-1=7>0  sin + cos - 1 > 0
 sin(/4 + ) > 1/2
 /4 < /4 +  < 3/4
 0 <  < /2.
EXAMPLE 3
A straight line L through the origin meets the lines x + y = 1 and x + y = 3 at P and Q
respectively. Through P and Q two straight lines L 1 and L2 are drawn, parallel to2x y=
5 and 3x + y = 5 respectively. Lines L 1 and L2 intersect at R. Show that the locus of R, as L
varies, is a straight line.
SOLUTION
Let equation of straight line L be y = mx
P
Q
Now equation of L1: y  2x = -----(1)
equation of L2: y + 3x = -----(2)
By eliminating 'm' from equations (1) and (2) we get locus of R as x  3y + 5 = 0, which
represents a straight line.
EXAMPLE 4
A line through A(-5, -4) meets the lines x + 3y + 2 = 0, 2x + y + 4 = 0 and x – y – 5 = 0 at
the points B, C and D respectively. If find the equation of the
line.
SOLUTION
Let the line through A(-5, -4) makes an angle  with x – axis then the distance form of
equation is
(1)
If AB = r1, AC = r2, AD = r3 then for B
 B  (r1cos - 5, r1sin - 4)
For C,  C  (r2cos - 5, r2sin - 4)
And for D, = = r3  D  (r3cos - 5, r3sin - 4)
Given that B, C, D lie on lines x + 3y + 2 = 0, 2x + y + 4 = 0 and x – y – 5 = 0 respectively so

that
(r1cos - 5) + 3(r1sin - 4) + 2 = 0  (2)
2(r2cos - 5) + r2(sin - 4) + 4 = 0  (3)
and (r2cos - 5) – (r3sin - 4) – 5 = 0  (4)
From (2), (3) and (4)
 (cos + 3 sin)2 + (2cos + sin)2 = (cos - sin)2

or 4cos2 + 9 sin + 12sincos = 0
 (2cos + 3sin)2 = 0
 (say)
Putting cos = -3k, sin = 2k in (1), the required equation is 2x + 3y + 22 = 0
EXAMPLE 5
The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two opposite vertices of a rectangle. The other two vertices
lie on the line y = 2x + c. Find c and the remaining vertices.
SOLUTION
Let M be the middle point of the points A(1, 3) and C (5, 1). Then the coordinates of M are
(3, 2). Now M is also the middle point of the diagonal BD whose equation is y = 2x + c.
 2 = 2.3 + c or c = 4.
Hence the equation of the diagonal BD is y = 2x  4 (1)
Now let (p, q) be the coordinates of the
vertex B. Since BC is perpendicular to
AB, therefore
= 1
or p2 + q2  6p  4q + 8 = 0 (2)
But (p, q) lies on (1);  q = 2p  4. (3)
Eliminating q between (2) and (3), we get p2  6p + 8 = 0 or (p  4) (p  2) = 0
 p = 4 and hence q = 4
Also p = 2 and hence q = 0.
 The other vertices are (4, 4) and (2, 0).
EXAMPLE 6
The sides of a triangle are Lr  x cos r + y sin r  pr = 0, r = 1, 2, 3. Prove that the
orthocentre is given by L1 cos(2  3) = L2 cos(3  1) = L3 cos(1  2).
SOLUTION
The equation of any line through the intersection of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 is L1 + L2 = 0
or (cos 1 +  cos2)x + (sin 1 +  sin2)y  (p1 + p2) = 0
This will be perpendicular to L3 = 0 i.e. x cos 3 + y sin 3 = p3 if
  = 1
 cos 1 cos 3 + sin 1 sin 3

=  (cos 2 cos 3 + sin 2 sin 3)
=
Putting the value of  in L1 + L2 = 0, we get
L1  L2 = 0
 L1 cos(2  3)  L2 cos (3  1) = 0(i)
This is the equation of altitude through the vertex A of ABC.

Similarly, the equation of the altitude through the vertex B is
L2 cos(3  1)  L3 cos (1  2) = 0 (ii)
The point of intersection of (i) and (ii), is the orthocentre of triangle ABC. Hence, the
orthocentre is given by
L1cos(2  3) = L2cos(3  1) = L3 cos(1  2).
EXAMPLE 7
Prove that all lines represented by the equation
(2cos + 3sin)x + (3cos - 5sin)y = 5cos - 2sin (1)
pass through a fixed point for all . What are the coordinates of this fixed point and its
reflection in the line x + y = ? Prove that all lines through reflection point can be
represented by equation
(2cos + 3sin) x + (3cos - 5sin) y = (2  1)(5cos  2sin) (2)
SOLUTION
The equation (1) can be expressed as
(2x + 3y – 5)cos + (3x – 5y + 2)sin = 0
or (2x + 3y – 5) + tan(3x – 5y + 2) = 0
It is clear that these lines will pass through the point of intersection of the lines
2x + 3y – 5 = 0 (3)
3x – 5y + 2 = 0 (4)
For all values of . Solving equations (3) and (4) we get the coordinates of the required
fixed points as P(1, 1).
Let Q(, ) be the reflection of P(1, 1) in the line x + y = . The line PQ is perpendicular
to the line x + y = and the mid point of segment PQ lies on the line x + y = . Thus
 =
and  == -1
Hence coordinates of the reflection Q of P in the line x + y = are

Q
If the required family of lines is
(2cos + 3sin)x + (3cos - 5sin)y = 
In order that each member of the family passes through Q we have
= =
Hence equation of required family is
(2cos + 3sinx + (3cos - 5sin)y = (2 1) [5cos - 2sin]
EXAMPLE 8
One diagonal of a square is the intercept of the line between the axes. Find the
coordinates of other two vertices and hence prove that if two opposite vertices of a
square move on two perpendicular lines, the other two vertices also move on
perpendicular lines.
SOLUTION
The coordinates of centre E are
Slope of AC =
 Slope of DB =
 tan =
 sin = ,
cos =
Length AE = EC = EB = ED= =
Using distance form for DB
 x= , y=
The coordinates of other two vertices are thus
B and D .
Now given that A and C move on perpendicular lines (axes). For coordinates
, we have the locus x = y and for the locus is x = -y. These are
also perpendicular lines.
EXAMPLE 9
The end A, B of a straight line segment of constant length c slide upon the fixed
rectangular axes OX, OY respectively. If the rectangle OAPB is completed, then show
that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P to AB is x 2/3 + y2/3 = c2/3.
SOLUTION
Let OA = a and OB = b. Then, the coordinates of A and B
are (a, 0) and (0, b) respectively. The coordinates of P are
(a, b). Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P on
AB and let the coordinates of Q be (h, k). Here a and b
are the variables and we have to find the locus of Q.
Now, AB = c
 AB2 = c2
 OA2 + OB2 = c2  a2 + b2 = c2 (i)
Now, PQ  AB  (Slope of PQ)  (Slope of AB) = 1
 = 1
 bk  b2 = ah  a2
 ah  bk = a2  b2 (ii)
The equation of line AB is = 1. Since Q lies on AB,
+ = 1  bh + ak = ab (iii)
Solving (ii) and (iii) for h and k, we get
= =  = = [Using (i)]
 hc2 = a3 and kc2 = b3

 a = (hc2)1/3 and b = (kc2)1/3
Substituting the values of a and b in a2 + b2 = c2, we get
(hc2)2/3 + (kc2)2/3 = c2
 h2/3 + k2/3 = c2/3
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is x2/3 + y2/3 = c2/3.
EXAMPLE 10
A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8, 2) and cuts the positive
coordinate axes at points P and Q. Find the absolute minimum value of OP + OQ, as L
varies, where O is the origin.
SOLUTION
L : (y  2) = m(x  8), m < 0.
The points P and Q are and (0, 2  8m) respectively.
Then OP + OQ = + (2  8m)
= 10 +
A.M.  G.M.  2 (as and 8m are positive numbers)
 8
 10   10 + 8
 OP + OQ  18
 minimum value of OP + OQ is 18,
which occurs only when 8m = 2/m i.e. m = 1/2 (as m < 0).
Objective Problems
1. P is a point on either of the two lines y – Ö3 |x| = 2 at a distance of 5 units from their
point of intersection. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from P on the
bisector of the angle between them are
(a) or depending upon choice of point P
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. If the sum of the distances of a point from two perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its
locus is
(a) square (b) circle
(c) straight line (d) two intersecting lines
3. The points , (1, 3), (32, 30) are vertices of
(a) an obtuse angled triangle (b) an acute angled triangle

(c) a right angled triangle (d) an isosceles triangle
4. The straight lines x + y - 4 = 0, 3x + y + 7 = 0 and x + 3y - 10 = 0 form a triangle which is

(a) Isosceles (b) Right angled
(c) Equilateral (d) None of these.
5. The equation + = 1 represents a

(a) pair of lines (b) a line segment
(c) parabola (d) none of these
6. The points (1, -2), (3, 0), (1, 2) and (-1, 0) are vertices of a
(a) parallelogram (b) rectangle
(c) square (d) cyclic quadrilateral
7. If the area of a triangle with vertices (4, 0), (1, 1) and (3, a) be 2, then a is equal to
(a) –1 or 5/3 (b) 5/3 or 1
(c) 2 or -1 (d) 3 or 5/3
8. If a, b, c are in A.P. then ax + by +c = 0 represents

(a) a single line (b) a family of concurrent lines
(c) a family of parallel lines (d) none of these
9. If 3a + 4b + 5c =0 then ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed point

(a) (4/5, 3/5) (b) (5/4, 5/3)
(c) (3/5, 4/5) (d) none of these
10. The equation of a straight line passing through the point (-5, 4) and which cuts off an
intercept of units between the lines x + y + 1 = 0 and x + y – 1 = 0 is
(a) x – 2y + 13 = 0 (b) 2x – y + 14 = 0
(c) x – y + 9 = 0 (d) x – y + 10 = 0
11. If the point (2, a) lies between the lines x + y = 1 and 2(x + y) = 5 then a lies in
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
12. The incentre of the triangle formed by the axes and the line = 1 is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
13. A point moves in the x-y plane such that the sum of its distances from two mutually
perpendicular lines is always equal to 3. The area enclosed by the locus of the point in
square units is
(a) 18 (b)
(c) 9 (d) none of these
14. If p and p¢ are the perpendiculars from the origin upon the lines xsec q + ycosec q = a and
xcos q - ysin q = acos 2q respectively then
(a) 4p2 + p¢2 = a2 (b) p2 + 4p¢2 = a2
(c) p + p¢ = a
2 2 2
(d) none of these
15. A line passing through the point (2, 2) and the axes enclose an area l. The intercepts on
the axes made by the line are given by the two roots of
(a) x2 - 2l x + l = 0 (b) x2 + lx + 2l = 0
(c) x2 - l x + 2l = 0 (d) none of these
16. A point P(x, y) moves in such a way that the area of the triangle formed with A(1, -1) and
B(5, 2) is of magnitude 5 units, then locus of P is

(a) 3x -4y + 3 = 0 (b) 3x - 4y +17 = 0
(c) 4x + 3y + 3 = 0 (d) 4x + 3y - 17 = 0
17. If the two pairs of lines x 2 -2mxy -y2 = 0 and x2 - 2nxy -y2 = 0 are such that one of them
represents the bisectors of the angles between the other, then
(a) mn + 1 = 0 (b) mn - 1 = 0
(c) 1/m + 1/n = 0 (d) 1/m - 1/n = 0
18. If three distinct lines px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and rx + py + q = 0 are concurrent then

(a) p + q + r = 0 (b) p2 + q2 + r2 = pq + qr + rp
(c) p + q + r = 3pqr
3 3 3
(d) none of these
19. The point (4, 1) undergoes the following three transformations successively.
(i) reflection about the line y = x
(ii) translation through a distance of 2 units along the positive direction of the x - axis
(iii) rotation through an angle (/4) about the origin in the anticlockwise sense.
The final position of the point is given by
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
20. The point (a2, a + 1) is a point in the angle between the lines 3x – y + 1= 0 and
x + 2y – 5 = 0 containing the origin if
(a) a ³ 1 or a £ -3 (b) a Î (0, 1)
(c) a Î (-3, 0)È (d) none of these
21. The set of values of , if point (sin , 0) and (1, 2) lie on the same side of the line
x  2y 3 = 0 is
(a) (, ) (b) (, 0)
(c) (0, ) (d) none of these
22. Let A = (1, 2), B = (3, 4) and let C = (x, y) be a point such that
(x - 1) (x -3) + (y -2) (y -4) = 0. If ar (DABC) = 1 then maximum number of positions of C
in the x-y plane is
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) none of these
23. The foot of the perpendicular on the line 3x + y = l drawn from the origin is C. If the line
cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively then BC:CA is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 9 (d) 9 : 1
24. If a vertex of an equilateral triangle is the origin and the side opposite to it has the
equations x + y = 1 then the orthocentre of the triangle is
(a) (b)
(c) (d) none of these
25. ABC is an equilateral triangle such that the vertices B and C lie on two parallel lines at a
distance 6. If A lies between the parallel lines at a distance 4 from one of them the length
of a side of the equilateral triangle is
(a) 8 (b)
26. From a point A(1, 1) straight lines AL and AM are drawn at right angles to the pair of
straight lines 3x2 + 7xy - 2y2 = -0, then the equations of straight line AL and AM are
(a) 2x2 + 7xy - 3y2 - 11x -y + 6 = 0 (b) 2x2 - 7xy - 3y2 - 11x -y + 6 = 0
(c) 2x + 7xy + 3y - 11x - y + 6 = 0
2 2
(d) 2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 - 11x + y - 6 = 0
27. The equation x2 - 3xy + ly2 + 3x - 5y + 2 = 0, when l is a real number, represents a pair of
straight lines. If q is the angle between the lines, then cosec2q =
(a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 10 (d) 100
28. The line which is parallel to x-axis and crosses the curve y = Öx at an angle of 45° is
(a) x = 1/4 (b) y = 1/4
(c) y = 1/2 (d) y = 1
29. 6x2 + 2hxy + 12y2 + 22x + 31y + 20 = 0 represents pair of straight lines if h =
(a) 8, 17/2 (b) 8, -17/2
(c) -8, 17/2 (d) none of these
30. If the equation hxy + gx + fy + c = 0, (h ¹ 0) represent two straight lines, then

(a) 2fgh = c2 (b) 2fg = ch
(c) fgh = c 2
(d) fg = ch
31. The angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
line xÖ3 + y = 2 and the curve y2 + x2 = 4 is
(a) p/6 (b) p/4
(c) p/3 (d) p/2
32. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the line xy = 0 and x + y = 1 is

(a) (1/2, 1/2) (b) (1/3, 1/3)
(c) (0, 0) (d) (1/4, 1/4)
33. Consider the lines 2x + 3y = 7, 2x + 3y = 12 and point A(3, -5). Then

(a) A lies between the lines
(b) sum of perpendicular distance from A to the lines = 5Ö(13)
(c) distance between lines is 19/Ö(13)
(d) none of these
34. For all values of a and b the line (a + b)x + (a - b)y = 2a + 3b passes through the fixed
point
(a) No such point (b) (5/2, 1/2)
(c) (5/2, -1/2) (d) none of these
35. P(3, 1), Q(6, 5) and R(x, y) are three points such that the angle PRQ is a right angle and the
area of DRPQ = 7, then the number of such point R is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4
36. If a straight line passes through (x 1, y1) and its segment between the axes is bisected at
this point, then its equation is given by
(a) x/x1 + y/y1 = 2 (b) 2(xy1 + x1y) = x1y1
(c) xy1 + yx1 = x1y1 (d) none of these
37. From a point A(1, 1) straight lines AL and AM are drawn at right angles to the pair of
straight lines 3x2 + 7xy - 2y2 = 0, then the equations of straight line AL and AM are
(a) 2x2 + 7xy - 3y2 - 11x -y + 6 = 0 (b) 2x2 - 7xy - 3y2 - 11x -y + 6 = 0
(c) 2x + 7xy + 3y - 11x - y + 6 = 0
2 2
(d) 2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 - 11x + y - 6 = 0
38. The equation x2 - 3xy + ly2 + 3x - 5y + 2 = 0, when l is a real number, represents a pair of
straight lines. If q is the angle between the lines, then cosec2q is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 10 (d) 100
39. If m1 and m2 are the slopes o the lines represented by the equation
ax2 +2hxy + by2 =0, then the value of (m1 + m2), is
(a) 2h/b (b) 2h/b
(c) 2h/a (d) 2h/a
40. 6x2 + 2hxy + 12y2 + 22x + 31y + 20 = 0 represents pair of straight lines if h equals
(a) 8, 17/2 (b) 8, -17/2
(c) -8, 17/2 (d) none of these
41. If the equation hxy + gx + fy + c = 0, (h ¹ 0) represent two straight lines, then

(a) 2fgh = c2 (b) 2fg = ch
(c) fgh = c 2
(d) fg = ch
42. The angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
line xÖ3 + y = 2 and the curve y2 + x2 = 4, is
(a) p/6 (b) p/4
(c) p/3 (d) p/2
43. The orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by the lines x2  y2 = 0 and x + 2y = 1
is
(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 0)
(c) (0, 1) (d) (0, 0)
44. If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines, then
(a) (b)
45. The equation of the image of the pair of rays y = |x| by the line x = 1 is
(a) |y| = x + 2 (b) |y| + 2 = x
(c) y = |x  2| (d) none of these
46. A straight line passing through (0, 0) meets the lines 2x + y = 2 and 2y  x = 2 in the points
A and B. Locus of the middle point of AB is given by
(a) x2  3xy  y2 + x + 3y = 0 (b) 2x2  3xy  2y2 + x + 3y = 0
(c) 2x  3xy  2y + 3x + y = 0
2 2
(d) none of these
Subjective Problems
1. A straight line cuts intercepts from the axes of co-ordinates the sum of the reciprocals of
which is a constant. Show that it always passes through a fixed point.
2. A ray of light is sent along the x -2y + 5 = 0. Upon reaching the line 3x + 2y + 7 = 0 the
ray is reflected from it. Find the equation of the line containing the reflected ray.
3. The distance between two parallel lines is unity. A point P lies between the lines at a
distance 'a' from one of them. Find the length of a side of an equilateral triangle PQR,
vertex Q of which lies on one of the parallel lines and vertex R lies on the other line.
4. Prove that the area of a triangle is four times the area of a triangle formed by joining the
midpoint of its sides.
5. Show that the point (3,-5) lies between the parallel lines 2x+3y=7 and 2x+3y+12=0 and
find the equation of lines through (3,-5) intersecting the above lines at an angle of 45°.
6. A ray of light is sent along the line x  6y = 8. After refracting across the line x + y = 1 it
enters the opposite side after turning by 15° away from the line x + y = 1 find the equation
of the line along which the refracted ray travels.
7. One side of a square makes an angle a with x-axis (square being anticlockwise to this
side) and one vertex of the square is at the origin. Prove that the equations of its
diagonals are
y(cosa – sina ) = x(sin a + cos a ) and y(sina + cosa) + x(cosa – sina) = a,
where a is one side of the square.
8. Through the origin O, a straight line is drawn to cut the lines y = m1x + c1 and y= m2x + c2
at Q and R respectively. Find the locus of the point P on this variable line, such that OP is
the geometric mean between OQ and OR.
9. Show that all chords of the curve 3x2  y2  2x + 4y = 0 which subtend a right angle at the
origin pass through a fixed point. Find that point.
10. Show that the lines joining the origin to the other two points of intersection of the curves
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx = 0 will be at right angles to one
another if g(a + b) = g(a + b).
11. The equation of two sides of a triangle are 3x  2y + 6 =0 and 4x + 5y =20 and the
orthocentre is (1, 1). Find the equation of the third side.
12. Two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0. If the equation

of one diagonal is 11x + 7y = 9, find the equation of the other diagonal.
13. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. If D is the mid point of BC, E the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from D to AC and F is the mid point of DE, prove that AF is
perpendicular to BE.
14. If pairs of straight line x2  2pxy  y2 = 0 and x2  2qxy  y2 = 0 be such that each bisects the
angles between the other pair, prove that pq = 1.
15. Lines L1 º ax + by + c = 0 and L2 º lx + my + n = 0 intersect at the point P and make an

angle q with each other. Find the equation of a line different from L 2 which passes
through P and makes the same angle q with L1.
16. Find the condition that the real lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0

are concurrent.
17. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 7x - y + 3 = 0 and x + y -3 = 0

and its third side passes through the point (1, -10). Determine the equation of the third
side.
18. If p, x1, x2,….,xi, ….. and q, y1, y2, … , yi… form two infinite arithmetic sequences with
common difference a and b respectively, then find the locus of the point (a, b), where
a=
19. If the slope of one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 be  times the other,
prove that = .
20. If the slope of one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 be the square of the
other, prove that + = 6.
ANSWERS
Objective
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. d
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. c
11. c 12. d 13. a 14. a 15. c
16. a 17. a 18. c 19. c 20. c
21. d 22. b 23. d 24. a 25. c
26. a 27. c 28. c 29. d 30. d
31. c 32. c 33. d 34. c 35. c
36. a 37. a 38. c 39. b 40. d
41. d 42. c 43. d 44. a 45. c
46. b
Subjective
2. 19x  22y + 79 = 0 3.
5. x  5y  28 = 0, 5x + y 10 = 0 6. (70  373)x  13y  127  743 = 0

8. (y  m1x) (y m2x) = c1c2
9. (1, 2) 11. 26x  122y  1675 = 0
12. y=x
15. 2(al + bm) (ax + by + c)  (a2 + b2) (lx + my + n) = 0
16. a+b+c=0 17. 3x + y + 7 = 0, x  3y  31 = 0
18. bx  ay + aq  bp = 0

Chapter - 1 Straight Lines: Distance Between Two Points

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Chapter - 1 Straight Lines: Distance Between Two Points

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Chapter - 1

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

i.e. the required point is

where a = BC, b = CA and c = AB

ABC is || where  = = .

Collinearity of Three Points

SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Note: If x1 = x2 the slope of AB is not defined.

line joining the points (2, 0) and .

Let A, B and C be the points (2, 3), (2, 0) and respectively.

 i.e.  = 1 The coordinates of D are

STANDARD FORMS OF EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Intercept form of the line 2x - 5y – 4 = 0 is

 2 is the x – intercept and –4/5 is the y-intercept made by the line

(iv)One point slope form:

(v) Two point form:

(vi)Normal form (or perpendicular form):

(vii) Symmetric Form or Distance Form

(say) (is the distance form)

(viii) Parametric form

ANGLE MADE BY WITH POSITIVE X-AXIS WHERE A & B

Let A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be two points.

also x2 = x1 + d cos y2 = y1 + d sin

Then cos = and sin =

POSITION OF TWO POINTS WITH RESPECT TO A STRAIGHT

If the line ax + by + c = 0 divides the join of P & Q in the ratio m : n then,

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES

tan = provided, m1m2  -1 .

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES

distance between them is given by

PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A STRAIGHT

Distance of a point (x1, y1) from the straight line ax + by + c = 0 is .

SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE MAKING AN ANGLE  WITH A

tan(+/4) = = and tan( - /4) = -5

 the equations of the required lines are

Three cases arise

Then = (c1, c2 > 0),

will represent the bisector of the angle containing the origin.

Distance of (4, 3) from second bisector is = q(let)

i.e. 2x – 16y – 5 = 0 and 64x + 8y + 35 = 0

FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINES

(iii) Family of straight lines perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

This meets the x – axis at A 

And meets the y – axis at B 

Let mid point of AB be P(h, k) then

GENERAL EQUATION OF 2ND DEGREE

straight lines if  = = 0 and h2  ab.

 abc + 2fgh  af 2  bg  ch2 = 0 and h2  ab

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION OF 2ND DEGREE

identical, so that m1 + m2 =  , m1m2 = .

If  be the angle between two lines, through the origin, then

tan =  = or, tan =

CONDITION FOR COINCIDENCE OF LINES

conditions are h2  ab = 0, g2  ac = 0 and f 2  bc = 0.

POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THE LINES

= [ ll = a, mm = b and lm + lm = 2h]

h2 = ab, bg2 = af2. Prove that the distance between them is .

Comparing the coefficients of like terms, we have

and l(n +n) = 2g, m(n + n) = 2f  =

EQUATION OF THE BISECTORS

(a) If a = b then the bisectors are x2 y2 = 0 i.e. x  y = 0 and x + y = 0.

or qx2  2xy + qy2 = 0 (3)