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01
Basic Mathematics

Chapter Contents
1.1 Basic Mathematics
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2 — Mechanics - I

1.1 Basic Mathematics

The following formulae are frequently used in Physics. So, the students who have just gone in
class XI are advised to remember them first.

Logarithms
(i) e ≈ 2.7183
(iii) If 10 x = y, then x = log 10 y
(v) log ( ab) = log ( a ) + log ( b)
(vii) log a n = n log ( a )
(ii) If e x = y, then x = log e y = ln y
(iv) log 10 y = 0.4343 log e y = 0.4343 ln y
a
(vi) log   = log ( a ) − log ( b)
 b

Trigonometry
(i) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
(ii) 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
(iii) 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ
(iv) sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
(v) cos 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
(vi) sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
(vii) cos ( A ± B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
C + D C − D
(viii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
C − D C + D
(ix) sin C − sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
C +D C −D
(x) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
D −C C +D
(xi) cos C − cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan θ
(xii) tan 2 θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
tan A ± tan B
(xiii) tan ( A ± B ) =
1 + tan A tan B
(xiv) sin (90° + θ ) = cos θ
(xv) cos (90° + θ ) = − sin θ
(xvi) tan (90° + θ ) = − cot θ
(xvii) sin (90° − θ ) = cos θ (xviii) cos (90° − θ ) = sin θ
(xix) tan (90° − θ ) = cot θ
(xx) sin (180° − θ ) = sin θ
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Chapter 1 Basic Mathematics — 3

(xxi) cos (180° − θ ) = − cos θ

(xxii) tan (180° − θ ) = − tan θ
(xxiii) sin (180° + θ ) = − sin θ
(xxiv) cos (180° + θ ) = − cos θ
(xxv) tan (180° + θ ) = tan θ
(xxvi) sin ( − θ ) = − sin θ
(xxvii) cos ( − θ ) = cos θ
(xxviii) tan (− θ ) = − tan θ

Differentiation
d d
(i) (constant) = 0 (ii) ( x n ) = nx n −1
dx dx
d d 1 d
(iii) (log e x ) or (ln x ) = (iv) (sin x ) = cos x
dx dx x dx
d d
(v) (cos x ) = − sin x (vi) (tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx dx
d d
(vii) (cot x ) = − cosec x 2
(viii) (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d x
(ix) (cosec x ) = − cosec x cot x (x) (e ) = e x
dx dx
d d d
(xi) { f 1 ( x ) . f 2 ( x )} = f 1 ( x ) f 2 (x ) + f 2 (x ) f (x )
dx dx dx 1
d d
f 2 (x ) f 1 (x ) − f 1 (x ) f (x )
(xii)
d f 1 (x )
= dx dx 2
dx f 2 (x ) { f 2 (x )}2
d d
(xiii) f ( ax + b) = a f ( X ) , where X = ax + b
dx dx
Integration
x n +1 dx
(i) ∫ x n dx = + c ( n ≠ −1) (ii) ∫ = log e x + c or ln x + c
n +1 x
(iii) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c (iv) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
(v) ∫ e x dx = e x + c (vi) ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + c
(vii) ∫ cosec 2 x dx = − cot x + c (viii) ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
(ix) ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c
1
(x) ∫ f ( ax + b) dx =
a∫
f ( X ) dX , where X = ax + b

Here, c is constant of integration.

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4 — Mechanics - I

Graphs
Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently used in Physics.
(i) y = mx, represents a straight line passing through origin. Here, m = tan θ is also called the slope
of line, where θ is the angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn in
anticlockwise direction from the positive x-axis towards the line.
The two possible cases are shown in Fig. 1.1. In Fig. 1.1 (i), θ < 90° .Therefore, tan θ or slope of
line is positive. In Fig. 1.1 (ii), 90° < θ < 180° . Therefore, tan θ or slope of line is negative.
y y

θ x θ x

(i) (ii)
Fig. 1.1

Note That y = mx or y ∝ x also means that value of y becomes 2 times if x is doubled. Or it will remain 41 th if
1
x becomes 4
times.
(ii) y = mx + c, represents a straight line not passing through origin. Here, m is the slope of line as
discussed above and c the intercept on y-axis.
y y

c = +ve c = +ve θ
θ θ
x x x
c = –ve

(i) (ii) (iii)

Fig. 1.2

In figure (i) : slope and intercept both are positive.

In figure (ii) : slope is negative but intercept is positive and
In figure (iii) : slope is positive but intercept is negative.
Note That in y = mx + c , y does not become two times if x is doubled.
1 2
(iii) y ∝ or y = etc., represents a rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrants. The shape of
x x
rectangular hyperbola is shown in Fig. 1.3(i).
y y

x x

(i) (ii)
Fig. 1.3
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Chapter 1 Basic Mathematics — 5

From the graph we can see that y → 0 as x → ∞ or x → 0 as y → ∞.

4
Similarly, y = − represents a rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown in
x
Fig. 1.3(ii).
Note That in case of rectangular hyperbola if x is doubled y will become half.
(iv) y ∝ x 2 or y = 2x 2 , etc., represents a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig. 1.4( i).
y y

y∝x 2
x ∝ y2
x x

(i) (ii)
Fig. 1.4

Note That in the parabola y = 2 x or y ∝ x , if x is doubled, y will become four times.

2 2

Graph x ∝ y 2 or x = 4 y 2 is again a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig 1.4 (ii). In
this case if y is doubled, x will become four times.
(v) y = x 2 + 4 or x = y 2 − 6 will represent a parabola but not passing through origin. In the first
equation ( y = x 2 + 4), if x is doubled, y will not become four times.
(vi) y = Ae − Kx ; represents exponentially decreasing graph. Value of y decreases exponentially from
A to 0. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.5.
y

x
Fig. 1.5

From the graph and the equation, we can see that y = A at x = 0 and y → 0 as x → ∞.
(vii) y = A (1 − e − Kx ), represents an exponentially increasing graph. Value of y increases
exponentially from 0 to A. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.6.
y

x
Fig. 1.6
From the graph and the equation we can see that y = 0 at x = 0 and y → A as x → ∞.
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6 — Mechanics - I

Maxima and Minima

Suppose y is a function of x. Or y = f ( x ).
Then we can draw a graph between x and y. Let the graph is as shown in Fig. 1.7.
y
P
x

Q
Fig. 1.7
 dy 
Then from the graph we can see that at maximum or minimum value of y slope  or  to the graph is
zero.  dx 
dy
Thus, = 0 at maximum or minimum value of y.
dx
dy d2 y
By putting = 0 we will get different values of x. At these values of x, value of y is maximum if 2
dx dx
(double differentiation of y with respect to x) is negative at this value of x. Similarly y is minimum if
d2 y
is positive. Thus,
dx 2
d2 y
= −ve for maximum value of y
dx 2
d2 y
and = +ve for minimum value of y
dx 2
dy d2y
Note That at constant value of y also = 0 but in this case 2 is zero.
dx dx

V Example 1.1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x

x
(a) x3 + 5x 2 − 2 (b) x sin x (c) ( 2x + 3) 6 (d) (e) e (5 x + 2)
sin x
d 3 d 3 d 2 d
Solution (a) ( x + 5x 2 − 2) = (x ) + 5 (x ) − ( 2)
dx dx dx dx
= 3x 2 + 5( 2x ) − 0
= 3x 2 + 10x
d d d
(b) ( x sin x ) = x (sin x ) + sin x . (x )
dx dx dx
= x cos x + sin x (1)
= x cos x + sin x
d d
(c) ( 2x + 3) 6 = 2 ( X ) 6 , where X = 2x + 3
dx dX
= 2{6X 5 } = 12X 5 = 12( 2x + 3) 5
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Chapter 1 Basic Mathematics — 7

d d
sin x (x ) − x (sin x )
d  x  dx dx
(d)  =
dx  sin x (sin x ) 2
(sin x )(1) − x (cos x ) sin x − x cos x
= 2
=
sin x sin 2 x
d (5x + 2) d X
(e) e =5 e , where X = 5x + 2 = 5e X = 5e 5x + 2
dx dX

V Example 1.2 Integrate the following functions with respect to x

 2
∫ ( 5x + 3x − 2) dx ∫  4 sin x −  dx
2
(a) (b)
 x
dx
∫ 4x + 5 ∫ (6x + 2)
3
(c) (d) dx

∫ ( 5x + 3x − 2) dx = 5 ∫ x 2 dx + 3 ∫ x dx − 2 ∫ dx
2
Solution (a)

5x 3 3x 2
+= − 2x + c
3 2
 2 dx
(b) ∫  4 sin x −


x
dx = 4 ∫ sin x dx − 2 ∫
x
= − 4 cos x − 2 ln x + c
dx 1 dX
(c) ∫ 4x + 5 4 ∫ X
= , where X = 4x + 5

1 1
=
ln X + c1 = ln ( 4x + 5) + c 2
4 4
1
(d) ∫ ( 6x + 2) 3 dx = ∫ X 3 dX , where X = 6x + 2
6
1 X 4 ( 6x + 2) 4
=   + c1 = + c2
6 4  24

V Example 1.3 Draw straight lines corresponding to following equations

(a) y = 2x (b) y = − 6x (c) y = 4x + 2 (d) y = 6x – 4
Solution (a) In y = 2x, slope is 2 and intercept is zero. Hence, the graph is as shown below.
y

tan θ = slope = 2
θ
x

Fig. 1.8
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8 — Mechanics - I

(b) In y = − 6x, slope is − 6 and intercept is zero. Hence, the graph is as shown below.
y

θ tan θ = – 6
x

Fig. 1.9

(c) In y = 4x + 2, slope is + 4 and intercept is 2. The graph is as shown below.

y

tan θ = 4
θ
x

Fig. 1.10

(d) In y = 6x − 4, slope is + 6 and intercept is – 4. Hence, the graph is as shown below.

y

tan θ = 6
θ
x

–4

Fig. 1.11

V Example 1.4 Find maximum or minimum values of the functions

(a) y = 25x 2 + 5 − 10x (b) y = 9 − ( x − 3) 2
dy
Solution (a) For maximum and minimum value, we can put = 0.
dx
dy
or = 50x − 10 = 0
dx
1
∴ x=
5
d2 y
Further, = 50
dx 2
d2 y 1 1
or has positive value at x = . Therefore, y has minimum value at x = .
2
dx 5 5
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Chapter 1 Basic Mathematics — 9

1
Substituting x = in given equation, we get
5
2
 1  1
y min = 25   + 5 − 10   = 4
 5  5
(b) y = 9 − ( x − 3) 2 = 9 − x 2 − 9 + 6x
or y = 6x − x 2
dy
∴ = 6 − 2x
dx
dy
For minimum or maximum value of y we will substitute =0
dx
or 6 − 2x = 0 or x = 3
To check whether value of y is maximum or minimum at x = 3 we will have to check whether
d2 y
is positive or negative.
dx 2
d2 y
= −2
dx 2
d2 y
or is negative at x = 3. Hence, value of y is maximum. This maximum value of y is,
dx 2
y max = 9 − ( 3 − 3) 2 = 9
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Exercises
Subjective Questions
Trigonometry
1. Find the value of
(a) cos 120° (b) sin 240°
(c) tan (− 60° ) (d) cot 300°
(e) tan 330° (f) cos (− 60° )
(g) sin (− 150° ) (h) cos (− 120° )
2. Find the value of
(a) sec2 θ − tan 2 θ (b) cosec2 θ − cot2 θ − 1
(c) 2 sin 45° cos 15° (d) 2 sin 15° cos 45°

Calculus
3. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x
(a) x4 + 3x2 − 2x (b) x2 cos x
(c) (6x + 7)4 (d) ex x5
(1 + x)
(e)
ex
4. Integrate the following functions with respect to t
∫ (3t − 2t ) dt ∫ (4 cos t + t
2 2
(a) (b) ) dt
−4 dt
(c) ∫ (2t − 4) dt (d) ∫ (6t − 1)
5. Integrate the following functions
2 π /3
(a) ∫0 2t dt (b) ∫π / 6 sin x dx
10 dx π
(c) ∫4 x
(d) ∫0 cos x dx
2
(e) ∫1(2t − 4) dt
6. Find maximum/minimum value of y in the functions given below
(a) y = 5 − (x − 1)2 (b) y = 4x2 − 4x + 7
(c) y = x3 − 3x (d) y = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 15
π π
(e) y = (sin 2x − x), where − ≤x≤
2 2

Graphs
7. Draw the graphs corresponding to the equations
(a) y = 4x (b) y = − 6x
(c) y = x + 4 (d) y = − 2x + 4
(e) y = 2x − 4 (f) y = − 4x − 6
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Chapter 1 Basic Mathematics — 11

8. For the graphs given below, write down their x-y equations
y y y y

4 135°
45° 30°
x x x x
30° 2

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9. For the equations given below, tell the nature of graphs.

(a) y = 2x2 (b) y = − 4x2 + 6
(c) y = 6e−4x (d) y = 4(1 − e−2x )
4 2
(e) y = (f) y = −
x x
10. Value of y decreases exponentially from y = 10 to y = 6. Plot a x-y graph.
11. Value of y increases exponentially from y = − 4 to y = + 4. Plot a x-y graph.
12. The graph shown in figure is exponential. Write down the equation corresponding to the graph.
y
12

4
x

13. The graph shown in figure is exponential. Write down the equation corresponding to the
graph.
y

x
–4

Answers
Subjective Questions
1 3 1 1 1 1 1
1. (a) − (b) − (c) − 3 (d) − (e) − (f) (g) − (h) −
2 2 3 3 2 2 2
 3 + 1  3 − 1
2. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c)   (d)  
 2   2 
  
3. (a) 4x3 + 6x − 2 (b) 2x cos x − x 2 sin x (c) 24 (6x + 7)3 (d) 5e x x 4 + e x x 5 (e) − xe − x
t3 1 1
4. (a) t 3 − t 2 + C (b) 4 sin t + +C (c) − +C (d) ln (6t − 1) + C
3 6 (2t − 4)3 6
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12 — Mechanics - I

( 3 − 1)
5. (a) 4 (b) (c) ln (5 /2) (d) Zero (e) − 1
2
6. (a) ymax = 5 at x = 1 (b) ymin = 6 at x = 1 /2 (c) ymin = − 2 at x = 1 and ymax = 2 at x = − 1
 3 π
(d) ymin = 15 at x = 3 and ymax = 19 at x = 1 (e) ymin = −  −  at x = − π / 6 and
 2 6 
 3 π
ymax =  −  at x = π /6
 2 6
7. y y
y y

x x x x

(a) (b) (c) (d)

y y

x x

(e) (f)

x x
8. (a) y = x (b) y = − (c) y = + 4 (d) y = − x + 2
3 3
9. (a) parabola passing through origin
(b) parabola not passing through origin
(c) exponentially decreasing graph
(d) exponentially increasing graph
(e) Rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrant
(f) Rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrant

y y
10

10. 11. 4
6
x
x
–4

12. y = 4 + 8e − Kx Here, K is a positive constant

13. y = − 4 + 10 (1 − e − Kx ) Here, K is positive constant