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First Edition : 2022

 PREFACE
As the level of competition is increasing each and every day, students demand
for a better learning resource gets surged with each passing attempt. Junior
engineers recruited by Staff Selection commission abbreviated as SSC-JE has
raised their bar in terms of testing the students at various levels. Students need
to be well versed with fine details of technical as well as non-technical subjects
and same needs to be demonstrated before the examiner.
This book of RCC Design comprises every requisite detail in concise and lucid
manner to help students for forming a mindset required for exams. Further, it
goes on to bridge the knowledge gap of students by including each and every
topic relevant for the exam. It also goes without saying that students were in
need of a reliable content and IES Master has designed an optimized study
resource as postal study package of SSC-JE competitive exam.
IES Master has designed the postal study program for SSC-JE with a motto for
students that “learn only which you can reproduce”. The sole objective is to
create a companion for students which will help in solidifying their basic concepts
and make them able to create a ladder for themselves for strengthening each
and every concept.
This masterpiece from IES Master’s Research & Development Team ensures that
your level of preparedness matches exactly to that required for the actual SSC-
JE exam. Thus far, and no further, the content of this book leaves no stone
unturned in its easy-to-understand language, optimized with fonts and layout
that your eyes will surely relish.

IES Master Publication

CIVIL ENGINEEERING RCC 1

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENT

 Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement for different grades of steel, diameters of bars and the types
of stress in steel reinforcement are given in T able 22 of IS 456.

 Selective values of permissible stresses of steel of grade Fe 250 (mild steel) and Fe 415. (high yield
strength deformed bars) in tension (  st or  ss ) and compression in column (  sc ) are furnished in Table
below as a ready reference.
Permissible stress in steel reinforcement

Type of stress in steel Mild steel bars, Fe 250, High yield strength deformed
2 2
reinforcement (N/mm ) bars, Fe 415, (N/mm )

(i) Tension st or ss

(a) up to and including 20 mm 140 230

diameter

(b) over 20 mm diameter 130 230

(ii) Compression in column bars (sc) 130 190
(iii) Compression for beams and slabs (Stress in the surrounding (Stress in the surrounding
(sc) concrete) × 1.5 m or sc which concrete) × 1.5 m or sc which
ever is lower ever is lower

Note: 1. In case of steel reinforcement of small diameter. The stress will be uniform for direct
stress as well or for bending stress. Therefore in steel bars, the permissible stresses in
bending and direct stresses are higher for lower dia bars up to 20 mm. For more than 20
mm, permissibletensile stress is usually reduced.

2. The value of st is given at the centroid of tension reinforcement subjected to the condition
that when more than one layer of tensile reinforcement is provided, stress at the centroid
of outer most layer shall not exceed by more than 10% of that given in the above table.

M .y
P/A
+ I

T
(Bending stress) (Direct stress)

INCREASE IN PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

 Where stresses due to wind (or earthquake), temperature and shrinkage effects are combined with those

due to dead, live and impact load, the stresses in steel and concrete are increased by 33 1 % .
3
 Increasing the permissible stress will not compromise on the safety (FOS is still greater than 1) but
ensures economy because lesser area will remain in effective during the period when W.L or EQ loads
doesn’t exists.

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 2 RCC CIVIL ENGINEEERING

MODULAR RATIO (m)

 In the elastic theory, structure having different materials are made equivalent to one common material.
In the reinforced concrete structure, concrete and reinforcing steel are, therefore, converted into one
material. This is done by transformation using the modular ratio ‘m’ which is the ratio of modulus of
elasticity of steel and concrete. Thus, m = Es/Ec, where Es is the modulus of elasticity of steel and Ec =
modulus of elasticity of concrete.

 The short-term modulus of concrete Ec = 5000 fck in N/mm2, where fck is the characteristic strength
of concrete. However, the short-term modulus does not take into account the effects of creep, shrinkage
and other long-term effects. The creep and any long term effects goes on continuously deforming the
elements during the whole life of a RC structure and, in effect, lower the modulus of elasticity of
 280 
concrete. Accordingly, the modular ratio ‘m’ is not computed as m = Es/Ec, rather we use m =  3   .
 cbc 
This value of ‘m’ partially takes into account long term effect of and creep.

TRANSFORMED SECTION

 In working stress method of design, stress-strain relation is linear and hence elastic theory is applicable.
 But formula applicable to elastic theory cannot be directly applied to the section because section is not
homogeneous.
 The equivalent homogeneous section or transformed section is obtained by replacing the steel area by an
equivalent area of same modulus of elasticity as concrete.
 The equivalent area should :
b

x
d

Ast
(i) be located at the centroid of steel
(ii) develop the same strain as steel area
(iii) develop the same force as in steel

If fst = Stress in steel (Actual) ; fe = Stress in equivalent area

As = Steel area (Actual) ; Ae = Equivalent area
m = Modular ratio
From the equality of strain in steel
fe fs
Ec
= E
s

fs fs
 fe = E /E  m
s c

fs
fe 
m

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CIVIL ENGINEEERING RCC 3

From equality of forces

As.fs = Ae.fe
fs
 Ae = As . f  mAs
e

Ae  mAs

 In flexural design, it is assumed that concrete in tension is in effective in the cracked section analysis.
Hence the beam is transformed as follows.
b b

d N A Transformed to d N A

mAs

 Note that the effective transformed area is composed of concrete area in compression and a concrete
area of mAst located at the centroid of steel area.

 280 
 Modular ratio m  m  3  is applicable for tension reinforcement only. For compression reinforcement
 cbc 
modular ratio is taken as m  1.5 m

 This is because long term effect of creep and shrinkage of concrete and non-linearity at higher strains
in concrete, results in much larger compressive stress in compression steel than those indicated by linear
elastic theory using normally specified value of m.

Note :  In tension steel, shrinkage reduces the tensile stress and creep produces additional tensile
stresses.
 In compression steel, both shrinkage and creep causes more compressive stress.

Thus, the transformed section for doubly reinforced section is as shown below :
b b
mAsc (m – 1) Asc
d

d Transformed to

mAst mAst

The values of m and m  for various grades of concrete are as given below.

Grade of
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
concrete
2
cbc  N / mm  5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 14.5 16
m 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 6.44 5.83
m 28 20 16.47 14 12.17 10.77 9.66 8.75

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 4 RCC CIVIL ENGINEEERING

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Three types of problems may arise while analysing and designing beams of rectangular cross-section without
compression reinforcement (singly reinforced section).
(a) To determine moment of resistance (Mu) when cross-section of a beam is known;
(b) To determine steel area in tension when concrete cross-section and applied moment are known; and
(c) To design a cross-section for a bending moment.

(a) To Determine Moment of Resistance (Mu) When Cross-section of a Beam is Known

 First of all the depth of neutral axis (xu) is calculated assuming that, the strain in outermost compression
fy
fibre of concrete has reached a value of 0.0035 and strain in tensile steel is not less than 0.002  .
1.15Es

 In other words, the maximum stress in concrete at the top most fibre is 0.45 fck and the stress in tensile
fy
st eel is = 0.87 fy
1.15

 From equilibrium of horizontal forces on a section

Total compressive force (C) = Total tensile force (T)
fy
or 0.36fck xub = A  0.87fy Ast
1.15 st
0.87 fy Ast
or xu = ... (1)
0.36fckb

 For analysis purposes, it is convenient to express xu in non-dimensional form as follows:

xu 0.87fy Ast
= ... (2)
d 0.36fckbd
xu xu, lim
If  , section is under reinforced
d d
xu xu , lim
If  , section is balanced
d d
xu xu , lim
If  , section is over reinforced.
d d
xu xu,lim
(i) If = , (the limiting value) the limiting value of moment of resistance may then be deduced
d d
as given below: Referring Figure below. 0.0035 0.45 fck b

Mu, lim = Max. compressive force × Lever arm 0.42 xu,lim

xu,lim C
= 0.36fckxu, lim b(d – 0.42 xu, lim)

xu,lim  xu,lim  d
 1  0.42  bd2fck  Ru,limbd2 z
Mu,lim  0.36
d  d 
 
T fy
Alternatively,
Mu, lim = Maximum tensile force×Lever arm Ast st = fy /1.15 Es + 0.002
Cross section Strain diagram Stress diagram
fy Fig. 2.8 (a)
Mu, lim = Ast  (d  0.42 xu,lim )
1.15

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CIVIL ENGINEEERING RCC 5

 xu,lim 
Mu,lim  0.87 fy Ast,lim  d  1  0.42 
 d 
 
Substituting xu = xu, lim in equation (2)
xu,lim 0.87 fy Ast,lim
=
d 0.36 fckbd

 0.42  0.87 fy Ast,lim 

Mu, lim = 0.87 f A
y st, lim
d  1  
  0.36 fckbd 
 
 Ast,lim fy 
Mu,lim  0.87 fy Ast d  1  
 bdfck 
 
Thus limiting moment of resistance (Mu,lim) of a given singly reinforced section is corresponding to

Ast = Ast lim & xu  xu, lim

Limiting percentage tensile reinforcement

0.36 fck . bxu, lim
Ast lim = 0.87 fy
Ast lim
 100 = Pt lim = % limiting tensile reinforcement
bd
0.36 fck  xu lim  f  xu lim 
Pt,lim = 0.87 f    100  41.38 ck  
 d  fy  d 
y  

f x 
Pt lim  41.38  ck   ulim 
 fy  d 
  

 If Pt < Pt lim, section is under reinforced

 If Pt = Pt lim, section is balanced

 If Pt > Pt lim, section is over reinforced

Mu lim
 Value of Pt lim and for singly reinforced rectangular beam section for various grades of steel and
bd2
concrete is given as under.

(xu lim /d) Mu lim Pt, lim

Ru,lim  2
bd
Fe 250 0.53 0.148 fck 0.088 fck
Fe 415 0.48 0.138 fck 0.048 fck
Fe 500 0.46 0.133 fck 0.038 fck

Note:  The gain in ultimate moment of resistance with increase in Pt follows a nearly linear relationship
almost upto balanced point.
 Gain in ultimate moment of resistance with higher grade of concrete is marginal for low value
of pt and becomes pronounced only beyond Pt = Pt lim

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 6 RCC CIVIL ENGINEEERING

xu xu,lim
(ii) If <
d d
Moment of resistance, Mu, for the given section will be less than Mu, lim which can be calculated as
follows: Referring Figure
b 0.0035 0.45 fck

0.42 x u

xu,lim xu
C
d

Ast z

T fy

st  fy/1.15 Es + 0.002

Cross section Strain diagram Stress diagram

Fig 2.8(b) : Strain-stress diagram for cross-section when xu/d < xu, lim/d.

Mu = Compressive force × Lever arm = C × z

= 0.36 fck xub(d – 0.42 xu)

 x 
Mu  0.36 fck xu bd  1  0.42 u 
 d 

xu
Substituting above from (Eq. 2)
d
 0.87 fy Ast 
Mu = 0.36 fck xubd  1  0.42  0.36 f bd 
 ck 
xu  Ast fy 
Mu  0.36 1   bd2 fck
d  bdfck 
 
Alternatively, Mu = T × z
fy
Mu  Ast (d  0.42 xu )
1.15
 x 
Mu  0.87 fy Ast d  1  0.42 u 
 d 

xu
Substituting from (Equation 2)
d
 Ast fy 
Mu  0.87 fy Ast d  1  
 bdfck 
 
 However, if the shear stress is very high, precautions to avoid the diagonal compression failure also have
to be taken.

 The diagonal tension and compression near the support are shown in fig. The shear cracks are shown in
fig.

Note : Shear span is defined as the zone where shear force is constant.

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CIVIL ENGINEEERING RCC 7

diagonal compression diagonal

 tension

  

A B
C
 diagonal compression
diagonal tension
(a) Small element (b) Shear cracks in R.C.C. beam (c) Small element near support B
near support A

(ii) When bending stress (  ) is maximum, shear stress is zero (i.e.  = 0), we get,

1 = 2 = 

and  = 90° i.e. principal plane is perpendicular to the beam axis.

This means that principal tensile stress acts in horizontal direction and cracks will be vertical as shown in
Fig. below

 

90°

Pure flexure
Thus at mid-section, where bending stresses are predominant, the cracks will start developing vertically. These
cracks are called flexural cracks.

Note : The surface width of the cracks should not in general exceed 0.3 mm where cracking is not
harmful to reinforcing steel, 0.2 mm where structure exposed to moist weather, soil or ground
water, 0.1 mm in aggressive environment
From above discussion, it is clear that between the two limits, the cracks will change from a vertical direction
at a point of zero shear to a direction inclined at an angle of 45° at a point where bending stress is zero.

y b

C 45
N.A.

45°

a
x
D L A
B

Diagonal tension cracks in a beam

Crack
From the above discussion, different modes of failure are:

1. Diagonal Tension failure: It occurs under large shear force and less bending
moment. Such cracks or normally at 45° with horizontal. The chance of Fig. 3.5
diagonal tension crack in RCC member reduces when axial compression and
shear force acts simultaneously.

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 8 RCC CIVIL ENGINEEERING

2. Flexural shear failure: It occurs under large bending moment and less
shear force. Which occurs normally at closer to 90° with horizontal. When
flexural crack occurs in combination with a diagonal tension crack (as in Crack
usually the case), the crack is some times called flexural shear crack. 90°

 It should be noted that it is the flexure crack that usually forms Ist and
due to increased shear stress at the tip of the crack this flexural crack
extends into diagonal tension crack.
3. Diagonal compression failure: Which occurs under large shear force. It is
chatacterized by the crushing of concrete. Normally it occurs in beams
which are reinforced against heavily shear.

Note: 1. For deep beam and thin walled sections subjected to large concentrated loads, maximum
tensile stress is located near N.A, resulting in crack which generally starts at N.A and
propagate to support. This crack is also called web shear crack or diagonal tension crack.
2. A deep beam is one whose l/d ratio is less 2.0 for simply supported beam and 2.5 for
continuous beam.
3. In case of deep beams shear deformations are more important when compare to flexure
alone.

(a) Initiation of flexural crack

(b) Growth of flexural cracks and formation of flexure shear

and web shear cracks.

Web shear Flexure Flexural Flexural Web shear

cracks shear cracks shear cracks
cracks cracks
(c) Cracks before failure

Formation of cracks in a reinforced concrete beam

Such type of failure occurs when area of shear reinforcement exceeds a certain limit such that concrete
section becomes stronger in diagonal tension compared to diagonal compression.
Thus diagonal compression failure may occur even before the shear reinforcement has yielded.

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CIVIL ENGINEEERING RCC DESIGN 9

MECHANISM OF SHEAR RESISTANCE

Vcz = shear resistance by uncracked portion of concrete

VS shear resisted by shear reinforcement.

Va
a
Vay vertical component of aggregate interlock force

Vd dowel force in tension reinforcement.

Vu

Vu = Vcz + Vs + Vay + Vd
(1)+ (2) + (3) = Shear resisted by concrete

20 – 40% 33 – 50% 20 – 40%

(1) (2) (3)
The relative proportion of various mechanism depends in the loading stage, the extent of cracking and material
and geometrical proportion.

 Prior to flexural crack  All shear resisted by Vcz

 At the commencement of crack  Va and Vd develops.

 At the diagonal tension cracking  Vs develops (all the four mechanism exist at this stage)

 Increase in longitudinal reinforcement not only increases Vd but also controls the propagation of flexural
crack and contribute to increase the depth of N.A and thereby the depth of uncracked concrete.

 Due to increased % tensile reinforcement crack formed are smaller which improves the aggregate interlocking.

SHEAR STRESS
Distribution of shear stress in reinforced concrete is shown as below.

parabolic straight line

v

N A

shear stress distribution
(elastic stage)
Nominal
shear stress distribution
shear stress distribution
(ultimate stage)
according to IS code

However for simplification we use nominal shear stress as the design stress for shear

Vu
Nominal shear stress =  v For uniform effective depth.
bd
Vu = shear force due to design load
b = breadth of member (which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of web bw)
d = effective depth

IES MASTER Publication