Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Calape, Bohol

Human Computer Interaction | MIDTERM EXAM (Topic Covered: Introduction)

Name: Sarce, Lovely L. Instructor: Ms. Elrolen L. Asombrado

Program/Year/Section: BSCS 3A Date: April 22, 2022

MIDTERM EXAM
Topic Covered: Introduction

1. Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discussed several objections to his
proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry weight? Can you think of
new objections arising from developments since he wrote the paper? Describe the Turing test for
artificial intelligence and justify its validity from a modern standpoint. (15 pts)

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory
operational definition of intelligence. A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after
posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person
or from a computer.
The Turing Test is a deceptively simple method of determining whether a machine can
demonstrate human intelligence: If a machine can engage in a conversation with a human
without being detected as a machine, it has demonstrated human intelligence. The Turing Test
has become a fundamental motivator in the theory and development of artificial Intelligence (AI).
●The Turing Test judges the conversational skills of a bot.
●According to the test, a computer program can think if its responses can fool a human into
believing it, too, is human.
●Not everyone accepts the validity of the Turing Test, but passing it remains a major
challenge to developers of artificial intelligence.
The Turing Test Today
The Turing Test has its detractors, but it remains a measure of the success of
artificial intelligence projects.
An updated version of the Turing Test has more than one human judge
interrogating and chatting with both subjects. The project is considered a success if more
than 30% of the judges, after five minutes of conversation, conclude that the computer is
a human.
The Loebner Prize is an annual Turing Test competition that was launched in 1991
by Hugh Loebner, an American inventor and activist. Loebner created additional rules
requiring the human and the computer program to have 25-minute conversations with
each of four judges.
The winner is the computer whose program receives the most votes and the
highest ranking from the judges.
 Chatting with Eugene
Alan Turing predicted that a machine would pass the Turing Test by 2000.He was
close.
In 2014, Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading organized a Turing Test
competition to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing’s death. A computer chatbot
called Eugene Goostman, who had the persona of a 13-year-old boy, passed the Turing
Test in that event. He secured the votes of 33% of the judges who were convinced that
he was human.
The vote is, not surprisingly, controversial. Not everybody accepts Eugene
Goostman's achievement.
Critics of the Turing Test
Critics of the Turing Test argue that a computer can be built that has the ability to
think, but not to have a mind of its own. They believe that the complexity of the human
thought process cannot be coded.
Regardless of the differences in opinion, the Turing Test has arguably opened
doors for more innovation in the technology sphere.
In the paper, he discussed several objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for
intelligence namely:
(1) The Theological Objection,
(2) The ‘Heads in the Sand’ Objection,
(3) The Mathematical Objection,
(4) The Argument from Consciousness,
(5) Arguments from Various Disabilities,
(6) Lady Lovelace’s Objection,
(7) Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System,
(8) The Argument from Informality of Behaviour, and
(9) The Argument from Extra-Sensory Perception.
Objections of Turing carry some weight today also like theoretical objection and
theological objection because they are not real and it is programmed.

The other or new objections arising from developments since he wrote the paper are:
• The chimpanzee’s objection:
According to the first objection, the test is too conservative. Few would deny that
chimpanzees can think, yet no chimpanzee can pass the Turing test. If thinking animals
could fail, then presumably a thinking computer also can also fail the Turing test.
• The sense organs objection:
This test focused on the computer’s ability to make verbal responses. It doesn’t respond
to the objects that are seen and touched like a human does.
• Simulation objection:
Suppose a computer passes the Turing test. How can we say that it thinks? Success in
the test means only that it has shown simulation of thinking.
• The black box objection:
The black box is a device whose inner workings are allowed to be a mystery. The computer
involved is treated as a black box. The judgment of whether a computer thinks or not is
based on outward behaviour.
2. What are weak methods? What were the difficulties that led to the disillusion with AI in the early 1970s?
(5 pts)

The picture of problem solving that had arisen during the first decade of AI research was
of a general-purpose search mechanism trying to string together elementary reasoning steps to
find complete solutions. Such approaches have been called weak methods because, although
general, they do not scale up to large or difficult problem instances. The alternative to weak
methods is to use more powerful, domain-specific knowledge that allows larger reasoning steps
and can more easily handle typically occurring cases in narrow areas of expertise. One might
say that to solve a hard problem, you have to almost know the answer already.
By 1970, most govt. funding for AI projects was cancelled, since AI was still a relatively
new field, academic in nature, with few practical applications apart from playing games. At that
time, no AI system could manage real-world problems. Many of the problems attempted to solve
were too broad and too difficult.
Problems/difficulties:
1. Most early programs knew nothing of their subject matter.
2. Several problems that AI was attempting to solve were intractable – “combinatorial
explosion”
3. There were some fundamental limitations on the basic structure being used to generate
intelligent behavior.

3. Define expert systems. What is the main difference between weak methods and the expert system
technology? (5 pts)

EXPERT SYSTEMS
Expert Systems resulted from the failure of weak methods to solve broad and difficult
problems through general methods. Expert Systems somehow inverted what weak methods did
by narrowing the problem to be solved and making large reasoning steps.
Expert systems solve problems by reasoning through a body of knowledge (“expertise”).
In expert systems, researchers usually team up with an expert like in the case of DENDRAL
project where Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce Buchanan (a computer scientist) and Joshua
Lederberg (a Nobel prize winner in genetics) formed a team.
The development of expert/knowledge systems was in early 70s with more powerful,
domain-specific knowledge. The Domain for intelligent machines had to be sufficiently restricted;
have to narrow areas of expertise to deliver practical results.
4. What were the common characteristics of early expert systems such as DENDRAL, MYCIN, and
PROSPECTOR? (5 pts)

The common characteristics of early expert systems such as DENDRAL, MYCIN, and
PROSPECTOR are the following:
• They have high-performance levels
• They are easy to understand
• They are completely reliable
• They are highly responsive

5. To what extent are the following computer systems instances of artificial intelligence: (12 pts)
a. Supermarket bar code scanners

This is not AI because, while it can read bar codes, it is not capable of machine learning.
They can simply scan and display the code. Therefore, it is not an instance of AI.

b. Web search engines

These are AI because they are capable of machine learning, such as being able to tailor search
results. They are also capable of natural language processing and are able to understand what
users are asking for and fix spelling errors. It constantly optimises searches for quick retrieval
of information on the internet.

c. Voice-activated telephone menus

These are not AI because they are incapable of adapting to new inputs, even though it is capable
of natural language processing. It can only interact in a particular way and does not understand
if something occurs out of its rule book.

d. Internet routing algorithms that respond dynamically to the state of the network.

These are AI because they are capable of adapting to new situations. It is an instance of AI as
it has made decisions based on the state of network.
6. Examine the current AI literature to discover whether the following tasks can currently be solved by
computers: (3 pts each)
a. Playing a decent game of table tennis (Ping-pong).

Yes. A reasonable level of proficiency was achieved by Andersson’s robot (Andersson,1988).

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b. Driving in the center of Cairo, Egypt.

It is currently being solved by various companies such as waymo, uber, tesla and so on which
have introduced autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles use various hardware sensors to
capture the information of environment which is analysed using AI technology by the software
to implement certain action. Driving in the center of Cairo Egypt using computers or AI could be
possible but it takes time before it could happen since the process of creating and allowing a
self-driving car to the public roads would not be easy and requires so much tests.

c. Driving in IT Park, Cebu City.

If the study of the creation of autonomous vehicles would be successful and be approved to be
in the public roads someday, then it could be possible but we know the fact that it will take so
much time before that would happen.

d. Buying a week’s worth of grocery at the market.

As of now, no robot can currently put together the tasks of moving in a crowded environment,
using vision to identify a wide variety of objects, and grasping the objects (including squishable
vegetables) without damaging them. The component pieces are nearly able to handle the
individual tasks, but it would take a major integration effort to put it all together.

e. Buying a week’s worth of grocery on the Web.

Yes. Software robots are capable of handling such tasks, particularly if the design of the web
grocery shopping site does not change radically overtime.

f. Playing a decent game of bridge at a competitive level.

Yes, it is possible for AI software to play bridge at competitive level, if it is trained with a good
number of datasets. We have seen AI softwares beat the best players in other games like GO,
chess and so on. Programs such as GIB now play at a solid level.

g. Discovering and proving new mathematical theorems.

It is possible for AI to solve theorems but discovering new theorems and proving them is not
possible.
 h. Writing an intentionally funny story.

No. It may be possible for the AI to generate random stories based on a data set it is trained on
but cannot intentionally generate a funny story because it might not know what might be
considered funny.

i. Giving competent legal advice in a specialized area of law.

It is possible for the AI to assist a legal advisor by generating probable set of options that may
be helpful for the case but cannot give competent legal advice because AI cannot understand
every aspect of case.

j. Translating spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time.

Yes, it is possible for ai to translate languages and lot of companies like Apple and Google have
done advances in this area.

k. Performing a complex surgical operation.

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of verticals.

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For the currently infeasible tasks, identify what are the difficulties and have proposed solutions on how
these can be solved.

Performing any type of surgical operations is kind of impossible task as it involves

1.) AI can come to wrong conclusions when identifying the issue with the patient’s health
2.) If there is any kind of misstep, AI may not be able to rectify the misstep immediately.
3.) The AI can not be held vulnerable or liable if it did wrong in an operation or malpractice.
This can be solved by really not allowing AI to perform any type of surgical operations.
References:
Russel, S. J., and Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach.
Frankenfield, J. (2022). Turing Test. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/turing-
test.asp#:~:text=The%20Turing%20Test%20judges%20the,to%20developers%20of%20artifi
cial%20intelligence.
Turing, A. M. (1950). I.—Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
Negnevitsky, (2005). Artificial Intelligence.
Rosos J. M. (2018). Creating Intelligence. Retrieved from
https://creatingintelligence.net/2018/08/31/weak-methods-and-expert-systems-prelude-to-
ai/#:~:text=Expert%20Systems%20resulted%20from%20the,and%20making%20large%20reasoning%
20steps.