Linear and nonlinear dust ion acoustic solitary waves in a quantum dusty electron-

positron-ion plasma
E. Emadi and H. Zahed

Citation: Physics of Plasmas 23, 083706 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4960560

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4960560
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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 23, 083706 (2016)

Linear and nonlinear dust ion acoustic solitary waves in a quantum dusty
electron-positron-ion plasma
E. Emadi and H. Zahed
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sahand University of Technology, 51335–1996 Tabriz, Iran
(Received 12 April 2016; accepted 23 July 2016; published online 16 August 2016)
The behavior of linear and nonlinear dust ion acoustic (DIA) solitary waves in an unmagnetized
quantum dusty plasma, including inertialess electrons and positrons, ions, and mobile negative dust
grains, are studied. Reductive perturbation and Sagdeev pseudopotential methods are employed for
small and large amplitude DIA solitary waves, respectively. A minimum value of the Mach
number obtained for the existence of solitary waves using the analytical expression of the Sagdeev
potential. It is observed that the variation on the values of the plasma parameters such as different
values of Mach number M, ion to electron Fermi temperature ratio r, and quantum diffraction
parameter H can lead to the creation of compressive solitary waves. Published by AIP Publishing.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4960560]

I. INTRODUCTION
An interesting aspect among plasma physics is that the
de Broglie wavelength of the charge carriers
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi plasma systems. Rouhani et al.18 studied arbitrary amplitude
(kB ¼ 2pmKB Te , where h is the Planck constant, Te is the
system temperature, m is the mass of charged particle, and
KB is the Boltzmann constant) becomes comparable to the
dimensions of the system (such as inter-particle distances);
therefore, the plasma behaves like a Fermi gas and the quan-
tum effects start playing an important role in plasma behav-
ior. Since the de Broglie wavelength depends upon the mass
of charge particle, and since the electron mass is less than
that of ions, the electrons most importantly become quantum
degenerate. This occurs in many dense astrophysical plas-
mas,1 particularly in the interior of the giant planets such as
Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune,2–5 neutron stars,6 brown or
white dwarf stars,7 and also in the laboratory plasmas such
as ultra small electronic devices,8 and laser plasmas.9 The
known mathematical methods such as Schrodinger-Poison
and Wigner-Poison were widely used for quantum plasmas.
The quantum hydrodynamics model (QHD) is a reduced
model that allows direct investigation of collective dynamics
without challenging of complexities in Schrodinger-Poison
and Wigner-Poison models. Using the standard definition of
averaging macroscopic quantities, both Schrodinger-Poison
and Wigner-Poison models can lead to the same equations
known as QHD model. Pines10 was the first one to study the
properties of plasmons in quantum plasmas. Manfredi and
Haas11 applied the Wigner-Poisson and the Schrodinger-
Poisson systems in a quantum plasma. It is well known that
Shukla and Silin12 were the first ones to investigate DIA
waves theoretically in an unmagnetized collisionless dusty
plasma (particularly in the F-ring of Saturn) and then DIA
waves have been observed in laboratory.13,14 After that
many researchers investigated the role of quantum correc-
tions on DIA waves. For instance, Khan and Mushtaq15 stud-
ied linear and nonlinear properties of these waves in an
ultracold quantum dusty plasma. Ali and Shukla16 derived a
generalized dielectric constant for an unmagnetized quantum
dusty plasma. Masood et al.17 studied the linear and nonlin-
ear DIA waves by using two fluid quantum hydrodynamic
model and found that dust particles have fundamental role in
DIA solitary waves in a quantum dusty plasma, including
inertialess quantum electrons and positrons, classical ions,
and stationary dust particles. They showed that increasing
the dust density leads to the decrease in the existence
domain of compressive solitons. Additionally, they studied
the effect of quantum diffraction parameter (H), dust density
(nd), and Mach number (M) on the amplitude and width of
DIA solitary waves. This paper aims to study the linear and
nonlinear structure of DIA solitary waves in a quantum
dusty plasma consisting of inertialess electrons and posi-
trons, ions, and mobile negative dust grains by employing
the QHD model. The paper is organized as follows: In
Section II, the basic equations for DIA solitons in a four
component quantum plasma are presented. In Section III,
the linear behavior of DIA solitons are investigated. In
Sections IV and V, KdV equation and Sagdeev potential are
derived, respectively, for nonlinear structure. The results are
summarized in Sec. VI.
II. BASIC EQUATIONS
We consider an unmagnetized plasma composed of iner-
tialess quantum electrons and positrons, cold ions, and
mobile negative dust grains and then assume that the plasma
particles in a zero-temperature Fermi gas obey the pressure
mj V 2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2KB TFj
law pj ¼ 3nj0Fj n3j , where VFj ¼ mj is Fermi speed and nj0
is the equilibrium number density of the jth species
ðj ¼ e; i; p; dÞ. Plasma components’ neutrality condition is
1 þ p ¼ e þ d, where p ¼ np0 =n0 , e ¼ ne0 =ni0 , and
d ¼ Zd0 nd0 =ni0 . The dynamic of DIA wave in this plasma
model is governed by the following normalized QHD
equations:
@nd @ ðnd ud Þ
þ ¼ 0; (1)
@t @x

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 083706-2 E. Emadi and H. Zahed Phys. Plasmas 23, 083706 (2016)

@ni @ ðni ui Þ
þ ¼ 0; (2)
@t @x
@2u
¼ ld ð1  dÞne þ dnd  ni þ ð1  ld Þð1  d Þnp ; (3)
@x2
@ud @ud @u
þ ud ¼l ; (4)
@t @x @x
@ui @ui @u @ni
þ ui ¼  rni ; (5)
@t @x @x @x
0 1
@ 2 pffiffiffiffiffi
@u @ne H 2 @ B @@x2
ne C
A ¼ 0;
 ne þ pffiffiffiffiffi (6)
@x @x 2 @x ne
0 1
@ 2 pffiffiffiffiffi FIG. 2. The second order derivative against M for fixed values: d ¼ 0.5,
@u @np H 2 @ B @@x2
np C
A ¼ 0: r ¼ 0:1; l ¼ 103 ; ld ¼ 5, and H ¼ 0.446.
  cnp þ pffiffiffiffiffi (7)
@x @x 2 @x np
IV. THE NONLINEAR DIA SOLITARY WAVES—LIMIT
The normalization has been made by the following non- AND SMALL AMPLITUDE
dimensional variables: t ! txpi ; x ! x=kd ; uj ! uj =Csi ;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi We employ the reductive perturbation method to Eqs.
nj ! nj =nj0 ; u ! eu=ð2kb TFi Þ, where xpi ¼ 4pe2 ni0 =mi
is the ion plasma frequency, and kd ¼ sqrt2kb TFe =ð4pe2 nio Þ (1)–(6) to obtain the nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)
equation for one-dimensional DIA solitary waves (Fig. 2).
and Csi ¼ sqrt2kb TFe =mi is Debye length and ion acoustic
For this purpose, the plasma parameters can be expanded in
speed, respectively. Further, l ¼ Zd0 mi =md ; ld ¼ 1 þ P=ð1
powers of  as
dÞ, r ¼ TFi =TFe ; c ¼ TFp =TFe , and H ¼ sqrth2 x2pi =me mi C2si
are dimensionless quantum parameters. nj ¼ 1 þ nj1 þ 2 nj2 þ :::; (9)

III. LINEAR DIA SOLITARY WAVES—DISPERSION uj ¼ uj1 þ 2 uj2 þ :::; (10)

RELATION
u ¼ u1 þ 2 u2 þ :::; (11)
To study the properties of linear DIA solitary waves,
Fourier transforming the first order perturbed quantities of where  is a small parameter characterizing the strength of
Eqs. (1)–(6), we obtain the dispersion relation in the form of nonlinearity.17 We also introduce the following independent
variables scaled as n ¼ 1=2 ðx  kÞ and s ¼ 3=2 t. Substituting
x4  Ax2 þ B ¼ 0; (8) Eq. (11) into Eqs. (1)–(7) and equating the coefficients of
equal powers of , we obtain the following KdV equation:
where A ¼ k2 ðr þ Hi2 k2 =4Þ þ Sð1 þ ldÞ; B ¼ ldk2 Sðr þ
2 2 2
Hi2 k2 =4Þ and S ¼ ð1dÞð2lk ð1þH k =4Þ
. Note that, we @u1 @u @ 3 u1
þ A2 u1 1 þ A3
2 2 2
d 1Þþk ð1þH k =4Þ A1 ¼ 0; (12)
assume the Fermi temperature of electron and positron to be @s @n @n3
equal (r ¼ c). In Fig. 1, the dispersion relation of DIA soli-
tary waves is plotted. with the coefficients

2ld 2k
A1 ¼  ; (13)
k3 ðk2  rÞ2
ð1ld Þð1d Þ 2l2 4 3k2 þr
A2 ¼ ld ð1d Þ  þ k  : (14)
c2 d ðk2 rÞ3
ld ð1d ÞH 2 ð1ld Þð1dÞH 2 Hi2
A3 ¼  þ 2
1: (15)
4 4c2 4ðk2 rÞ
By imposing boundary conditions u1 ! 0; @u1 @n !
0; @ 2 u1 =@n2 ! 0 at n ! 61, the possible stationary solu-
tion of Eq. (10) can be read as u1 ¼ u0 sec h2 ðn=DsÞ, where
u0 ¼ 3A1 u0 =A2 and Ds ¼ sqrt4A3 =ðA1 u0 Þ. The variation of
the electrostatic potential u1 as a function of g is plotted in
Figs. 3(a)–6(a). Figures 3(a) and 6(a) indicate that an increase
in u0 and l can lead to the increases in electrostatic potential
FIG. 1. Plot of linear dispersion relation DIA solitons for fixed values: amplitude. Figure 4(a) shows that a decrease in r increases
d ¼ 0.5, r ¼ 0:001; l ¼ 103 ; ld ¼ 5, and H ¼ 0.446. the electrostatic potential amplitude. In Fig. 5(a), we could

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 083706-3 E. Emadi and H. Zahed Phys. Plasmas 23, 083706 (2016)

FIG. 3. The effect of (a) u0 on the

electrostatic potential and (b) M on the
Sagdeev potential curve for fixed values:
d ¼ 0.5, r ¼ 0:1; l ¼ 103 ; ld ¼ 5,
and H ¼ 0.446.

observe that an increase in H decreases the width of electro- 1

nd ¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; (18)
static potential, while the amplitude will be unaffected. 2lu
1þ 2
M
V. ARBITRARY AMPLITUDE DIA SOLITARY WAVES pffiffiffi !12
mþ d 2u
In order to investigate the properties of arbitrary ampli- ni ¼ pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi12
tude DIA solitary waves, we consider that dependent varia- 2 d mþ d
bles in Eqs. (2)–(7) depend only on a single variable pffiffiffi !12
n ¼ x  Ms, where n is normalized by kD and M is the Mach m d 2u
 pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi12 : (19)
number. It can be shown that Eqs. (2)–(7) yield the normal- 2 d m d
ized densities, given by
" #12 Substituting Eqs. (16)–(18) into the Poisson’s equation, we
@ 2 can obtain the energy integral of this system as
ne ¼ 1 þ 2u þ H 2 ð1 þ 2uÞ1=4 ð1 þ 2uÞ ; (16)
@n2  
1 du 2
" þ V ðuÞ ¼ 0; (20)
    #12 2 dn
2u H 2 2u 1=4 @ 2 2u 1=4
np ¼ 1  þ 1 1 ; (17)
c c c @n2 c where the Sagdeev quasipotential reads

"  32 #1

ld ð1  d ÞH 2 3 ð 1  l Þ ð 1  d Þ H 2
2u
V ðuÞ ¼ 1 þ ð1 þ 2uÞ2  d
1
4 4c2 c
 1
l d ð1  d Þ 3=2 ld ð1  d Þ ð1  ld Þð1  dÞc M2 d 2lu 2 M2 d
 ð1 þ 2uÞ   þ 1þ 2 
3 3 3 l M l
 pffiffiffi3 !32  pffiffiffi3  pffiffiffi3 !32  pffiffiffi3 1
mþ d 2u mþ d m d 2u m d A
þ pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi2  pffiffiffi  pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi2 þ pffiffiffi : (21)
6 d mþ d 6 d 6 d m d 6 d

Note that according to stationary soliton solutions, it is
assumed that at n ! 61, the potential and its first and sec-
ond order derivatives are vanished, and for simplicity, the
small value of quantum diffraction parameter are considered.
The necessary conditions for the existence of solitary wave
solutions are (i) VðuÞ ¼ 0 at u ¼ 0 and um , (ii) dVðuÞ
du ¼ 0 and
d2 VðuÞ
du 2  0 at u ¼ 0, (iii) VðuÞ  0 when 0  u  uþ
m and
 þ 
0  u  um , where um ¼ c=2 and um ¼ 1=2. These con-
ditions lead to a lower limit for Mach number, as we could
see in Fig. 2.
VI. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The pseudo potential VðuÞ plays an important role in
the formation of solitary waves, so that it is necessary to
investigate the dynamics of solitons as a function of plasma
parameters ðM; r; H; and lÞ. To realize the following figures,
we have first calculated the minimum value of M and then
the Sagdeev potential is plotted for several different values
of M above this minimum value. It can be seen from Figs.
3–6 that both rarefactive and compressive solitons are

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 083706-4 E. Emadi and H. Zahed
created. Figures 3 and 4 show the plot of VðuÞ against u for
different values of M and r, respectively. It is found that rar-
efactive solitons are created, but compressive solitons tend
to exist, and the amplitude of rarefactive solitons increases
as M and r increase. Figure 4 shows the plot of VðuÞ against
u for different values of r. It is found that the rarefactive sol-
itons are created. As r increases, the amplitude of the soli-
tary waves will increase and the compressive solitons tend to
exist. Figure 5 shows the effect of quantum diffraction
parameter (H) on the Sagdeev potential. It is seen that the
depth of Sagdeev potential will increase as H increases, and
for compressive solitons, as H decreases, the width of the
solitary wave increases. As shown in Fig. 6, the variation of
l has a small effect on the amplitude of solitons. We could
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Phys. Plasmas 23, 083706 (2016)
FIG. 4. The effect of r on (a) the elec-
trostatic potential and (b) the Sagdeev
potential curve for fixed values:
d ¼ 0.5, M ¼ 0.6; l ¼ 103 ; ld ¼ 5,
and H ¼ 0.446.
FIG. 5. The effect of H on (a) the elec-
trostatic potential and (b) the Sagdeev
potential curve for fixed values:
d ¼ 0.5, M ¼ 0.6, r ¼ 0:1; l ¼ 103 ;
and ld ¼ 5.
also find that if l decreases, the amplitude of solitons will
increase and the compressive solitons are created.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper by employing the QHD model, the properties
of linear and nonlinear DIA solitary waves are investigated.
For small and arbitrary amplitude nonlinear waves, KdV equa-
tion and Sagdeev potential are derived, respectively. The varia-
tion of the normalized electrostatic potential u1 is plotted as a
function of g. It has been observed that an increase in u0 and l
and a decrease in r lead to the increase in the amplitude of
electrostatic potential. It is also found that the increase in H
decreases the width of electrostatic potential, while its
FIG. 6. The effect of l on (a) the elec-
trostatic potential and (b) the Sagdeev
potential curve for fixed values:
d ¼ 0.5, M ¼ 0.6; r ¼ 0:1; ld ¼ 5, and
H ¼ 0.446.
 083706-5 E. Emadi and H. Zahed Phys. Plasmas 23, 083706 (2016)

3
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