September 2, 2021 

History 
 Has always been known as the study of the past 
 Derived from the greek word historia = “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”. 
 History as a discipline existed for around 2,400 years; as old as mathematics and
philosophy. 
 Became an important academic discipline
 But as any other academic disciplines, history progressed and opened up to the
possibility of valid historical sources, which were not limited to written documents,
like government records, chroniclers’ accounts, or personal letters. 
 More inclusive and started collaborating with other disciplines as its auxiliary disciplines.

Questions and issues in history 

 History as a discipline has already turned into a complex and dynamic inquiry. (e.g
rizal, shooting, GOMBURZA) 
 HISTORIOGRAPHY Is the history of history. (bakit nagkaroon nga ba ng kasaysayan?) 
o History and historiography should not be confused with each other. 
 The former’s objective study is the past, the events that happened in the
past, and the causes of such events. 
 The latter’s objective of study, on the other hand, is history itself (ie. how
was a certain in historica text written? Who wrote it? What was the
context of its publication? What particular historical method was
employed? What were the sources need?) historiography

Questions and Issues in History 

1. History has played various roles in the past. 
2. Lesson from the past can be used to make sense of the present 

As a narrative, any history that has been taught and written is always intended for a certain
group of audience. 

When american historians depicted the filipino people as uncivilized in their publications, they
intended that narrative for their follow american to justify their colonization of the islands. Can be
read at the 1904 world’s fair in St. Louis 

A. One of the problems confronted by history is the accusation that the history is
always written by victors. 
B. This connotes that the narrative of the past is always written from the bias of the
powerful and the more dominant player.

Douglas Mc Arthur - hero from the U.S.A during WW2. 

2 PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT 

 Positivism - emerged between the 18th and 19th century. This thought requires
empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge
is true. 
o With evidence
  Postcolonialism - emerged between the early 20th century when formerly colonized
nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their
societies against the shadows of their colonial past. 

History and the Historian 

1. History should be an objective discipline however it is usually subjective. 
2. Those questions have haunted historians for many generations. Indeed, an exact and
accurate account of the past is impossible for the very simple reason that we cannot go
back to the past. 
3. Therefore, it is the historians’ job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also
to interpret these facts. “Facts cannot speak for themselves’’. 
4. Historical methodology - comprises certain techniques and rules that historians
follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing
history. 
5. For example, if a historian chooses to use an oral account as his data in studying the
ethnic history of the ifugaos in the cordilleras during the American occupation, he needs
to validate the claims of his informant through comparing it with written sources. 
6. The ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY - school of history born in france that
challenged the canon of history. 
7. Annales thinks married history with their disciplines like geography, anthropology,
archaeology, and linguistics. 

Historical Sources 
1. The historian’s most important research tools are historical sources. 
 Primary sources 
o Produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied. 
o The same goes with other subjects of historical study. Archival
documents, artifacts, memorabilia, letters, census, and government
records, among others are the most common examples of primary. 
 Secondary sources 
o Those sources, which were produced by an author who used primary
sources to produce the material. 
o Examples: textbooks, reports, articles, biographies, books,
commentaries, encyclopedias, editorials
o Should be able to conduct an external and internal criticism of the
source. 

October 2, 2021 

External Criticism 

Internal Criticism 
1. Is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the
source and examines the circumstances of its production. 
 2. Internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking
at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge
which informed it, and its intended purpose, among others. 
3. Validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified, falsified,
and untruthful historical sources can lead to EQUALLY FALSE CONCLUSION.
Without thorough criticisms of historical evidences, historical deceptions and lies
will be highly probable. 
4. Internal rcriticism requires not just the act of establishing truthfulness and/or accuracy
but 

EXAMPLE: CODE OF KALANTIAW (hoax) 

 One of the most scandalous cases of deception in philippine history is the hoax code of
kalantiaw. The code was a set of rules contained in an epic, Maragtas, which was
allegedly written by a certain Datu Kalantiaw. 
 The document was sold to the national library and was regarded until 1968. When
american historian William Henry Scott

 The task of the historian is to look at the available historical sources and select the most
relevant and meaningful for history and for the subject matter thata he is studying. 
 History, like other academic discipline, has come a long way but still has a lot of
remaining taks to do it does not claim to render absolute and exact judgment because as
long as questions are continuously asked, and as long as time unfolds, the study of
history can never be complete. 
 The task of historian is to organize the past that is being created so that it can offer
lessons for nations, societies, and civilization. 
 It is the historian’s job to seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people
see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory. Membering, and historical
understanding for both the present and the future. 

October 9, 2021 

Philippine Historiography
1. It underwent several changes since the precolonial period until the present. Ancient
Filipinos narrated their history through communal songs and epics that they passed
orally from a generation to another. 
2. The perspective of historical writing and inquiry also shifted. The spanish colonizers
narrated the history of their colony in a bapartite view. They saw the age before
colonization as a dark period in the history of the islands, until they brought light
through western thought and Christianity. 
3. Early nationalist refuted this perspective and argued the tripartite view. They saw the
pre colonial society as luminous age that ended with darkness when the
colonizers captured their freedom. 

Pantayong Pananaw 
 Filipino historian ZEUS SALAZAR introduced new guiding philosophy for writing and
teaching history: 
o Pantayong pananaw (for us-fromus perspective) - it highlights the
importance of facilitating an internal and discourse among Filipinos about
our own history, using the language that is understood by everyone. 
o Primary sources that we are going to examine are Antonio Pigafetta’s first
voyage around the world, emilio jacinto’s “kartilya ng katipunan”, The 1898
Declaration of Philippine Independence, Political Cartoon’s Alfred McCoy’s
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the Americans Era (1900-1941),
and Corazon Aquino’s speech before the US Congress.