Level-I

Chapter 14

Environmental Chemistry

Solutions (Set-1)

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Define the term pollutant.

Sol. The substance which causes pollution and is harmful for environment.

2. What do you mean by the term classical smog?

Sol. Fog that contains smoke fog and sulphur dioxide is called classical smog. It is also known as reducing smog.

3. Write two sources of SO2 in atmosphere.

Sol. Sources of SO2 are

(i) Volcanic eruptions

(ii) Combustion of sulphur containing fuels

(iii) Metallurgy of sulphide ores

4. Define water pollution.

Sol. Any unwanted change which detiorate quality of water and makes it unfit for drinking.

5. Name constituents of acid rain.

Sol. Constituents of acid rain are :

H2CO3, H2SO4, HNO3.

6. What is the pH of acid rain?

Sol. 5.6

7. What should be the maximum limit of BOD for clean water?

Sol. 5 ppm.

8. Name the element which in excess in water damage kidney, liver and brain.

Sol. Lead (Pb).

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Environmental Chemistry 47
9. Why CO is poisonous in nature?
Sol. CO combines with haemoglobin to form 300 more times stable carboxyhaemoglobin which reduces oxygen
carrying capacity of blood hence it is poisonous in nature.
10. Which popular Indian historical monument can be most affected by acid rain?
Sol. Taj Mahal.

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Give reason for eutrophication in water bodies.
Sol. Fertilizers causes nutrient enrichment of water bodies which supports a dense plant population which results
in depleting oxygen level hence killing animals life. Hence, results in loss of biodiversity. In this way
eutrophication takes place.
12. Differentiate between primary pollutant and secondary pollutant.

Sol. Primary pollutant Secondary pollutant

Those pollutant which exist in the form in Those pollutant which is obtained on
which it is emitted in environment. change or reaction from another pollutant.

13. Differentiate between classical smog and photochemical smog.

Sol.
Classical smog Photochemical smog
1. Also known as London smog. 1. Also known as photochemical smog.
2. Occurs in cool humid climate. 2. Occurs in warm dry sunny climate.
3. It is a reducing smog. 3. It is a oxidising smog.
4. Contains smoke, fog, sulphur 4. Contains O3, PAN and NOx.
dioxide.

14. Give harmful effects of ozone layer depletion.

Sol. Harmful effects of ozone layer depletion.
(i) UV radiation damages DNA and mutation may occur.
(ii) It causes ageing to skin cells and various types of skin cancers.
(iii) It causes snow blindness.
(iv) It increases transpiration and decreases soil moisture.
(v) It damages paints and fibres and causing them to fade faster.
15. Enumerate the various sources of soil pollution.
Sol. Sources of soil pollution are
Pesticides : These are actually synthetic toxic chemicals with ecological repercussions. These are used in
killing pathogens, pests and unwanted growth in agriculture horticulture, forestry and water.
Herbicides : Nowadays we use herbicides in place of pesticides. These are generally metabolic inhibitors
which kill unwanted plants, for example sodium chlorate, sodium arsinite and many other.
16. Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutant.

Sol. Biodegradable pollutant Non-biodegradable pollutant

It includes wastes by cotton mills, food It includes gypsum from fertilizer
processing units, paper mills, textile industries, mud and tailings from metal
factories etc. industries, fly ash from thermal power
plants etc.

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48 Environmental Chemistry Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

17. How ozone is formed in stratosphere?

Sol. Molecular oxygen split into free oxygen atom by UV radiations which combine with molecular oxygen to form
ozone.
UV
O2(g)   O(g) + O(g)
UV

O(g) + O2(g) 
 O3(g)
as ozone is thermodynamically unstable hence there exist dynamic equilibrium between its decomposition and
formation.
18. Give causes of acid rain.
Sol. Causes of acid rain are :
Oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon are acidic in nature and dissolve in water and causes acid rain.
H2O + CO2  H2CO3

1
SO2 + O + H2O  H2SO4
2 2
1 1
NO2 + O + H O  HNO3
2 2 2 2
When these acids come to earth surface alongwith rain then it is called acid rain.
19. Write effects of global warming.
Sol. Effects of global warming are :
(i) It increases transpiration hence decreases soil moisture.
(ii) It increases infectious diseases like dengue, malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness etc.
20. How photochemical smog is formed?
Sol. On burning fossils hydrocarbons and nitric oxide are emitted. NO converts into NO2 in presence of sunlight
gives NO and free oxygen. This free oxygen forms O3 and O2 and this O3 gives NO2 with NO.
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)
h
NO2(g)  NO(g) + O(g)

O(g) + O2(g)  O3(g)

NO(g) + O3(g)  NO(g) + O2(g)
Strong oxidising agents NO2 and O3 reacts with unburnt hydrocarbons to form formaldehyde, acrolein and
peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
21. Explain why acidic rain is harmful for plants.
Sol. Acid rain causes chlorosis, necrosis, defoliation and dieback on growing points and cause foliage. Thus it
reduces agricultural productivity.
22. How pollution through automobiles can be controlled?
Sol. Pollution through automobile can be controlled
(i) by using catalytic converter in automobiles
(ii) using unleaded petrol
(iii) using eco friendly fuels.

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Environmental Chemistry 49
23. What are the harmful effects of oxides of nitrogen?
Sol. Harmful effects of oxides of nitrogen are :
(i) These produce pulmonary oedema, dilation of arteries, eye irritation,
(ii) These cause heart problems, injury to liver and kidneys and also causes acid rain.
24. Differentiate between dry deposition and wet deposition.
Sol.
Wet deposition Dry deposition
Wet deposition occurs through rain, snow When acidic gases and particles blown
and fog. with wind settle over tree articles and soil
then it is called dry deposition.

25. What is the pH of acid rain? Name few acids in acid rain and give its harmful effect.
Sol. pH of acid rain is less than 5.6. Few acids in acid rain are : H2CO3, H2SO4, HNO3 etc.
Harmful effects are :
(i) It causes chlorosis, necrosis, defoliation and die back on growing points and cause foliage.
(ii) It damages railways, bridges, statues, monuments, buildings etc.
(iii) It threatens human and aquatic life and destroys forest by reducing agricultural productivity.
26. Differentiate between viable and non-viable pollutant.
Sol.
Viable pollutant Non-viable pollutant
These are living organisms like bacteria, These are non-living substances like
fungi, moulds, algae etc. smoke, dust, mist and fumes.

27. Give three methods to control photochemical smog.

Sol. Methods to control photochemical smog
(i) By controlling primary precursors of photochemical smog such as NO2 and hydrocarbons.
(ii) By controlling secondary precursors such as ozone as PAN.
(iii) By plants which metabolise nitrogen oxide e.g., Pinus, Juniparus, Quercus, Pyrus and Vitis.
(iv) By catalytic converter which prevent release of nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon.
28. Give three achievements of green chemistry in daily life.
Sol. Achievements of green chemistry are :
(i) Catalytic dehydrogenation of diethanolamine to give a herbicide which is environment friendly.
(ii) Preparation of ibuprofen without producing waste and using large amount of solvent and also with 99%
yield.
(iii) Preparation of ethanol by one step oxidation of ethene in presence of ionic catalyst in aqueous medium
with 90% yield.
29. What are the harmful effects of oxides of sulphur?
Sol. Harmful effects of oxides of sulphur
(i) SO2 in low concentration causes respiratory diseases e.g., asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, irritation of
eyes.
(ii) High concentration of SO2 causes to stiffness to flowers.
(iii) SO3 causes acid rain which causes yellowing of Taj Mahal and other monuments.
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50 Environmental Chemistry Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

30. What do you mean by point sources or non-point sources of water pollution?

Sol. Point sources of water pollution : It involves discharge from identifiable points.

Non-point sources of water pollution : It involves discharge from unidentifiable points.

Long Answer Type Questions :

31. What is water pollution? Write its two causes and two methods for its prevention.

Sol. Water pollution : Any unwanted change which detiorate quality of water and make it unfit for drinking. Two
causes are :

(i) Organic matter : Leaves, grass, trash etc. as well as excessive phytoplankton growth in water causes
water pollution.

(ii) Pathogens : Disease causing agents such as bacteria, protozoa, helminthes, algae etc. also causes
water pollution.

Two methods of prevention of water pollution :

(i) Not dumping waste into a household or industrial drain, which can enter directly to any water body.

(ii) By using compost instead of using chemical fertilizers.

32. (i) How can you distinguish clean water and highly polluted water on the basis of BOD?

(ii) Explain how organic matter causes water pollution.

Sol. (i) BOD is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to breakdown organic matter present in a certain
volume of a sample of water.

For clean water BOD is less than 5 ppm whereas in highly polluted water BOD is more than 17 ppm.

(ii) Organic matter such as leaves, trash, phytoplankton decompose through microbial activity which requires
oxygen, hence amount of oxygen decreases in water.

33. (i) Explain formation of ozone with the help of chemical reaction.

(ii) Explain breakdown of ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbon with the help of chemical reactions.

Sol. (i) Formation of ozone :

UV
O2(g)   O(g) + O(g)
UV

O(g) + O2(g) 
 O3(g)

Molecular oxygen split into free oxygen atom by UV radiations which combine with molecular oxygen to
form ozone. As this ozone is thermodynamically unstable hence there exist dynamic equilibrium between
its decomposition and formation.
 
UV
(ii) CF2Cl2   CF2Cl  Cl
 
Cl  O3 
 ClO  O2
 
2ClO  O2 
 2Cl  2O2
Ultraviolet radiations dissociate chlorofluorocarbon to give chlorine free radical which combine with ozone
to form chlorine monoxide radicals which combines with free oxygen to form more chlorine free radicals.
These chlorine free radicals deplete ozone layer.

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Environmental Chemistry 51
34. Explain water pollution due to
(i) Pathogens
(ii) Organic pollutants
Sol. (i) Pathogens : Disease causing agents are called pathogens e.g., viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminthes,
algae etc. Human excreta contains E.coli and streptococcus faecalis bacteria which cause gastrointestinal
diseases.
(ii) Organic pollutant : It constitute pesticides, petroleum pollutants, pesticides, PCBs, detergents, fertilizers,
etc. PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) are carcinogenic and phosphatic fertilizers which increases algae
growth. Acidic water is harmful for aquatic life as well as for drinking.
35. (i) What do you mean by soil pollution?
(ii) Give any two disadvantages of organochlorine.
(iii) Why herbicides are preferred over pesticides?
Sol. (i) Soil pollution : It is unfavourable alteration of soil by addition or removal of substances and factors which
decrease soil productivity, quality of plants and ground water is called soil pollution.
(ii) (a) Organochlorines are persistent insecticides which show biological magnification. They are water
insoluble and non-biodegradable. Hence, get transferred from level to higher level in food chain.
(b) These are nerve-toxins.
(c) Herbicides are generally metabolic inhibitors which kill plants. These decompose in few months and
not very much persistent.
36. (i) What is industrial waste?
(ii) Define its two types.
(iii) How can we prevent industrial pollution?
Sol. (i) Industrial waste : Industrial wastes are both solid and liquid and are dumped over the soil. These contain
toxic chemicals like mercury, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, cyanides, acids, alkalies etc.
(ii) Two types :
(a) Biodegradable : Includes wastes by cotton mills, food processing units, paper mills, textile factories,
etc.
(b) Non-biodegradable : Gypsum from fertilizer industries, mud and tailings from metal industries, slag
from steel industries, fly ash from thermal power plants etc.
(iii) Prevention :
(a) Cement industry can utilize fly ash and slag.
(b) Small quantity toxic waste can be removed by burning in open bins and large quantity by controlled
incineration.
37. (i) Write principles of green chemistry.
(ii) Give two examples to show green chemistry help in minimising water pollution.
Sol. (i) Principles of green chemistry :
Green chemistry is a way of thinking and is about utilizing the existing knowledge and principles of
chemistry and other sciences to reduce the adverse impact on environment.
Green chemistry is focused on processes and products that minimise the generation and use of hazardous
waste.
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52 Environmental Chemistry Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

(ii) (a) Catalytic dehydrogenation of diethanolamine to give a herbicide which in environment friendly.
(b) Preparation of ethanol by one step oxidation of ethene in presence of ionic catalyst in aqueous
medium with 90% yield.
38. (i) Give three wastes that are recycled into manufacturing of new material as raw material.
(ii) Why it is important to collect garbage properly?
Sol. (i) Scrap iron, broken glass, clothes, plastic waste etc. are recycled into manufacturing new material from them.
(ii) It is important to collect garbage properly so that non-biodegradable can be separated from biodegradable.
Biodegradable garbage is mixed with water and cultured for bacterial species which produce methane
produce electricity.
39. How organochlorines are different from carbamates and organophosphates? Give example of four organochlorines.
Sol. Organochlorines are more persistent and less biodegradable than carbamates and organophosphates.
Carbamates and organophosphates are nerve-toxins.
Four organochlorines are :
(i) DDT (ii) BHC (iii) Aldrin (iv) Endrin
40. (i) Why CO2 is considered as greenhouse gas?
(ii) Give two major sources of CO2.
Sol. (i) Solar radiation is absorbed by earth surface and remaining is reflected back some of which are absorbed
by CO2 gas which increases temperature of atmosphere is called green house effect.
(ii) Two major sources of CO2 are :
(a) Respiration
(b) Combustion of fossil fuel
41. Write international standards for drinking water.
Sol. S.No. Chemical Tolerable limit Effects
1. Nitrates 50 ppm In excess, causes blue baby syndrome.
2. Fluoride 1 ppm In excess, harmful for bones and teeth.
3. Sulphates 500 ppm In excess, causes laxative effect.
4. Lead 50 ppb In excess, damages kidney liver and brain.
5. pH between 5.5 to 9.5 Buffer system of body gets disturbed.

42. (i) Name most effective greenhouse gases.

(ii) Name four disease caused by greenhouse gases.
(iii) Name the scientists who discovered greenhouse effect and who gave term greenhouse effect.
Sol. (i) Most effective greenhouse gas is CFCs. These are 1000 times more effective than CO2.
(ii) Four disease caused by greenhouse gases are :
(a) Dengue
(b) Malaria
(c) Yellow fever
(d) Sleeping sickness
(iii) Greenhouse effect was discovered by Fourier, Term greenhouse effect was coined by Arrhenius.

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Environmental Chemistry 53
43. (i) Name four non-viable pollutant.

(ii) Give few sources of each.

Sol. (a) Smoke : from fossil fuel combustion

from garbage combustion.
(b) Dust : from sand blasting
from wood works
(c) Fumes : by condensation of vapours
(d) Mist : Condensation of vapours of spray liquids.
44. (i) Why there exist dynamic equilibrium between decomposition and formation of ozone?
(ii) Name three radicals formed during depletion of ozone layer with CFC.
Sol. (i) There exist dynamic equilibrium between its decomposition and formation because ozone is
thermodynamically unstable.
(ii) Three radicals are :

(a) CF2Cl

(b) ClO

(c) Cl

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 Level-I
Chapter 14

Environmental Chemistry

Solutions (Set-2)

1. The layer of atmosphere which extends upto 10 km from sea level is called

(1) Troposphere (2) Stratosphere (3) Ionosphere (4) Mesosphere

Sol. Answer (1)

2. Those pollutants which are readily degradable by natural process are called
(1) Biodegradable pollutant (2) Non-biodegradable pollutant

(3) Primary pollutant (4) Secondary pollutant

Sol. Answer (1)

3. Troposphere pollutant contains

(1) Dust (2) Water vapours (3) Mist (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

4. Which one of the following is a secondary pollutant?

(1) CO (2) O3 (3) Pb (4) CH4

Sol. Answer (2)

5. Which one of the following pollutants causes irritation in eye?

(1) CO2 (2) SO2 (3) NO2 (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (2)

6. A primary pollutant is

(1) CO (2) DDT (3) CO2 (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2) Environmental Chemistry 55
7. Which one of the following is colourless and highly toxic gas which reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
(1) SO2 (2) CO (3) NO (4) SO3
Sol. Answer (2)

8. Which one of the following affects chlorophyll?

(1) Sulphur dioxide (2) Nitrogen oxides (3) Carbon monoxide (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (1)

9. Which one of the following oxides produces brown air or reddish brown haze?

(1) Oxides of sulphur (2) Oxides of nitrogen (3) Oxides of carbon (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (2)

10. Which one of the following gaseous pollutants is carcinogenic?

(1) Oxides of sulphur (2) Oxides of nitrogen (3) Arsenic (4) Oxides of carbon
Sol. Answer (3)

11. Greenhouse gases cause

(1) Trap UV rays (2) Increase in temperature of atmosphere

(3) Prevents global warming (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (2)

12. Greenhouse gas other than CO2 is

(1) H2 (2) N2O (3) O2 (4) SO2

Sol. Answer (2)

13. Photochemical smog involves

(1) O3 (2) NO (3) NO2 (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

14. One of the greenhouse gases is

(1) CO (2) O2 (3) H2 (4) CFCs

Sol. Answer (4)

15. pH of acid rain is approximately

(1) 5.6 (2) 6.2 (3) 6.7 (4) 7

Sol. Answer (1)

16. Which is not a cause of acid rain?

(1) NO2 (2) CH4 (3) SO2 (4) CO2

Sol. Answer (2)

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56 Environmental Chemistry Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2)

17. Acid rain causes

(1) Chlorosis (2) Increasing acidity of soil

(3) Corroding bridges (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

18. Interference in development and maturation of RBC is caused by

(1) Hg pollution (2) Pb pollution (3) S pollution (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (2)

19. Select viable pollutant.

(1) Smoke (2) Moulds (3) Mist (4) Fumes

Sol. Answer (2)

20. Which one of the following is not a property of classical smog?

(1) Occurs at low temperature (2) It is a mixture of smoke, fog and SO2

(3) It is oxidising smog (4) It is reducing smog

Sol. Answer (3)

21. Photochemical smog always contains

(1) SO2 (2) O3 (3) HNO3 (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (2)

22. Photochemical smog is actually a cause of pollution of

(1) Soil (2) Air (3) Noise (4) Water

Sol. Answer (2)

23. Photochemical smog includes the reduction of

(1) SO2 (2) NO (3) Cl2 (4) NO2

Sol. Answer (4)

24. Earth is protected from UV rays by

(1) N2 (2) O2 (3) O3 (4) SO3

Sol. Answer (3)

25. Months in which ozone hole appears over poles is

(1) June-July (2) August-September (3) October-November (4) December-January

Sol. Answer (2)

26. Depletion of ozone layer cannot cause

(1) Damage of DNA (2) Skin cancer (3) Cataract (4) Rickets
Sol. Answer (4)
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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2) Environmental Chemistry 57
27. Which one of the following gases is known as chemical weed in troposphere?

(1) C2H6 (2) SO2 (3) O3 (4) NO2

Sol. Answer (3)

28. Depletion of ozone layer causes

(1) Increased transpiration (2) Damages paints and fibres

(3) Causes aging of skin (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

29. Which causes water pollution?

(1) Jet planes (2) Herbicides

(3) Smoke (4) Combustion of fossils

Sol. Answer (2)

30. Most common and commercial water pollutant is

(1) Industrial waste (2) Fertilizers (3) Detergents (4) PCB’s

Sol. Answer (1)

31. For clean water BOD is less than

(1) 17 ppm (2) 12.2 ppm (3) 7 ppm (4) 5 ppm

Sol. Answer (4)

32. Cause of eutrophication is

(1) Nutrient enrichment of water bodies (2) Increase of oxygen in water bodies

(3) Increase in number of aquatic organisms (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (1)

33. Inorganic pollutant can damage

(1) Central nervous system (2) Liver

(3) Kidneys (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

34. Decomposition of organic matter through microbial activity is known as

(1) Eutrophication (2) Stratification (3) Putrescibility (4) BOD

Sol. Answer (3)

35. Permissible level of nitrate ions in the drinking water is

(1) 40 ppm (2) 50 ppm (3) 60 ppm (4) 70 ppm

Sol. Answer (2)

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58 Environmental Chemistry Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2)

36. Tooth decay is caused by deficiency of

(1) Fluorides (2) Lead (3) Sulphates (4) Nitrates

Sol. Answer (1)

37. Laxative effect is caused by

(1) Nitrates (2) Sulphates (3) Lead (4) Fluoride

Sol. Answer (2)

38. Soil pollution can result in decreased

(1) Soil productivity (2) Quality of plants

(3) Purity of ground water (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

39. Which one of the following is not an organochlorine?

(1) Parathion (2) DDT (3) BHC (4) Aldrin

Sol. Answer (1)

40. Which one of the following is least persistent insecticide?

(1) Aldrin (2) Dieldrin (3) BHC (4) Carbamates

Sol. Answer (4)

41. Which one of the following is a herbicide?

(1) Organochlorines (2) Organophosphates (3) Carbamates (4) Sodium arsinite

Sol. Answer (4)

42. Non-biodegradable industrial waste that can be utilized by cement industry is

(1) Fly ash (2) Slag (3) Gypsum (4) Both (1) & (2)

Sol. Answer (4)

43. Small quantity of industrial toxic waste is removed by

(1) Burning in open bins (2) Controlled incineration

(3) Burning in closed bins (4) Both (1) & (2)

Sol. Answer (1)

44. Select non-biodegradable industrial waste

(1) Waste from cotton mills (2) Waste from paper mills

(3) Fly ash from thermal power plants (4) Waste from food processing units

Sol. Answer (3)

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2) Environmental Chemistry 59
45. Which one of the following is not a non-biodegradable industrial waste?
(1) Gypsum from fertilizer industries (2) Mud and tailings from metal industries

(3) Slag from steel industries (4) Waste from textile industries
Sol. Answer (4)

46. Biodegradable wastes are mixed with water and cultured from bacterial species which produces a gas called

(1) Methane gas (2) Ethane gas (3) Propane gas (4) Butane gas
Sol. Answer (1)

47. Sewage sludge does not contain

(1) Nitrogen (2) Phosphorus (3) Potassium (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (3)

48. Green chemistry emphasizes on

(1) Reaction that takes place in non-aqueous medium
(2) Utilization of sciences to reduce adverse impact on environment
(3) Use of condensation polymers

(4) Minimise the use of non-hazardous waste

Sol. Answer (2)

49. In place of tetrachloroethene in dry-cleaning we use

(1) Sodium lauryl sulphate (2) Sodium stearate

(3) Hydrogen peroxid (4) Sodium bisulphite

Sol. Answer (3)

50. Chauvin, Grubbs and Schrock won 2005 Nobel prize for the development of
(1) Dumas method (2) Kjeldahl’s method
(3) Metathesis method (4) Carius method
Sol. Answer (3)

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