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 Introduction

Variations and Contrast in

Climate

Monsoon and Its Mechanism

X
Introduction
The Climate of a country is mainly based on the study
of its:

● Temperature
● Rainfall
● Atmosphere
● Pressure and
● Direction of Winds
The Climate of India is greatly influenced by
2 factors:
1. Tropic of Cancer dividing the country into 2 halves
● North Temperate Zone
● South Tropical Zone

2. Great Himalayan Ranges

● Separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest
of Asia.
● Prevent the bitter cold winds from the central
Asia.
● North -South extent of India - 8° N to 37° N

● Covers a distance of about 3200 km.

● North to South - Unique climate contrasts

● Monsoons unifies the climate of India.

● Climate of India: Tropical Monsoon Type

Variations and Contrast in
Climate
 Temperature
Conditions

Factors
Rainfall Affecting the
Temperature
 Temperature Conditions During
Summer

North of the Tropic of Cancer experience continental

type of climate - Very hot during summer and very
cold during winter.

Example: 50 °C in Rajasthan during summer and -40°

C in Dras near Kargil during winter.
● The Places to the South of the Tropic of Cancer,
remain hot with average temperature of 25 °C to
27 °C.

● The Places on the vast east-west coastline

experience an equable maritime or oceanic type
of climate.

● Places in the interior north have an annual range

of temperature upto 20°C.
 Rainfall

❖ Annual rainfall varies from about 1187 cm at

Mawsynram (Cherrapunji in Meghalaya- highest in
the world) to 25 cm in Thar desert in Rajasthan.

❖ Erratic nature of monsoon have unprecedented

rainfall.

❖ Western coast gets heaviest rainfall in June and

eastern coast remains comparatively dry (it get
maximum rainfall during winter).
❖ Himalayan regions at higher altitude get heavy
snowfall.

❖ But places in south India even at higher altitude

never experience snowfall being near to the
equator.
 Factors Affecting the Temperature

Location:
❖ Tropic of cancer divides India into temperate or
subtropical North and tropical south.

❖ Northernmost part of India - Occupied by high

mountains - Continental type of Climate.

❖ Southern peninsula enclosed on three sides by the

Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal with
coastal regions experiencing equable climate.
 Influence of the Himalayas
❖ The Great Himalayan Range obstructs the bitter
cold winds.

❖ Interrupts the rain-bearing southwest monsoon

winds, focusing them to shed their moisture,
resulting in heavy rainfall in the North-East and
Indo-Gangetic Plain.
❖ Altitude: Temperature decreases with
increasing altitude at the rate of 1°for every 166
m.

❖ Distance from the sea: The places situated in

the interior have an extreme continental type
of climate, whereas places situated near the
sea have equable climate.
 Western Disturbances and tropical
cyclones
● During winter, there is an inflow of low pressure
depressions called western disturbances in
north-west India.

● During summer, the whole of the East Coastal of

India comes under the influence of tropical
depression.
 The Upper Air Currents or Jet Streams
Determine the onset and departure of the monsoon.
Monsoon and Its Mechanism
❖ The word ‘Monsoon’ has been derived from the
Arabic word ‘Mausam’ which means season.

❖ Used by Arabian navigators several centuries ago

to describe a system of seasonal reversal of winds.

❖ To describe a system of seasonal reversal of winds

along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially
over the Arabian sea.

❖ In other words, “monsoon are periodic (seasonal)

winds.
 Origin of the Monsoon
❖ Monsoons are basically land and sea breezes on a large
-scale.

❖ The sun shines overhead the Tropic of Cancer from March to

May.

❖ End of May: The differential heating of the land and sea

brings about a seasonal low pressure trough centred between
Thar Desert and Chota Nagpur Plateau.

❖ A high pressure gradient builds up between the hot north

India with intense low pressure and cooler water bodies
surrounding it with high pressure.
● The low pressure area attracts the South-East
Trade winds blowing in the Southern Hemisphere.

● After crossing Equator these winds are deflected

towards the Indian subcontinent as South-West
Monsoon winds.

● They pick up moisture from the Arabian Sea.

● They are named as South-West Monsoon as they

blow from South-West to North-East.
 Q. Which one of the following
places receives the highest rainfall
in the world?

A. Silchar

B. Mawsynram

C. Assam

D. Guwahati
Reach out to me at :
ankana.kumari@vedantu.com