Reading and Writing (CORE112)
Titles of works, company names, words
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Subject-Verb Agreement
 The subject and the verb must agree in
case (subject in person whether it is first,
second, or third) and in number(singular or
plural)
Rules to remember in Subject Verb Agreement
1. The verb should agree with the subject
and not a word that comes in between.
o It is important to recognize and
isolate the subject of the sentence
2. Most subjects joined by and are treated as
plural.
EXCEPTIONS:
o The subject is treated as singular if
the parts of the subject form a
single unit or when they refer to the
same person or thing.
o Subject is treated singular if there is
each or every before a compound
subject. However, if the compound
subject is followed by each, the verb
must be in plural form.
3. Subjects joined by or or nor (either/or,
neither/nor) agree with the part of the
subject that is closest to the verb.
4. Most indefinite pronouns should be
treated as singular.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS – refer to
unspecified or unidentified persons or
things.
a. Some indefinite pronouns like all,
any, none, some may be singular or
plural depending on the noun they
are referring to.
5. Treat collective nouns as singular unless
the meaning is clearly plural.
Occasionally, when there is some reason
to draw attention to the individual
members of a group, collective noun may
be treated as plural.
6. Make the verb agree with its subject even
when the subject is after the verb.
7. Make the verb agree with its subject, not
with a subject complement.
8. Who, which, and that take verbs that agree
with their antecedents.
9. Words such as athletics, economics,
mathematics, physics, politics, statistics,
measles, and news are usually singular,
despite their plural form. Ocassionally some
of these words, have plural meanings
10.
mentioned as words, and gerund phrases
are singular.
o Gerund phrases consists of an –ing
form followed by any objects,
complements, or modifiers.
Sentence Patterns
In grammar, most sentences follow these patterns:
 subject/verb (S-V)
S V
Emile sobbed.
 subject/ linking verb/complement (S-LV-C)
S LV SC
Last month’s temperatures were mild.
 subject/transitive verb/direct object (S-TV-
DO)
S TV DO
The mother helps the child.
 subject/transitive verb/indirect object/direct
object (S-TV-IO-DO)
S TV IO DO
Her mom brought her a glassful of
seashells.
 subject/transitive verb/direct object/object
complement (S-TV-DO-OC)
S TV DO OC
The kiln makes clay firm and strong.
CONCEPTS:
SUBJECT
a. The simple subject is always a noun or
pronoun.
 The devastating effects of famine can last
for many years.
b. The complete subject consists of the simple
subject and any words orword groups modifying the
simple subject.
 The devastating effects of famine can last
for many years.
VERB
a. A linking verb connects the subject to a word or
phrase that gives information about the subject.
b. A transitive verb takes a direct object, a word or
word group that names a receiver of the action.
INDIRECT OBJECT - is a noun or pronoun which
tells to whom or for whom the action of the
sentence is being done.
DIRECT OBJECT - is a word or word group that
names a receiver of the action.
COMPLEMENT
a. An object complement is a word or word group
that renames or describes the object.
b. A subject complement is a word or word group
that completes the meaning of the subject by
renaming or describing it.
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE: A
PARAGRAPH AND ITS TOPIC
SENTENCE AND SUPPORTING DETAILS
Paragraph - is a deliberately planned unit of
composition which consists of a cohesively Inverted Triangle
arranged group properly related sentences
developing a single topic effectively
- is a series of sentences arranged
Act as a bridge between
intentionally to attain a certain dominant effect
the introductory sentences
- trying to achieve a common purpose TS
and the specific supporting
PARTS: Diamond Pattern
information
1. Main Idea (Topic Sentence)
2. Supporting Details
that follows it; Diamond Pattern
 through examples or particular instances of
a general idea Summarize the thought
 through details, small items or pieces of of the entire discourse
information that contribute to the larger,
main idea
TS
 through facts or specific pieces of
information that can be verified as true and Triangle Pattern
accurate Hourglass
 through reasons, explanations, TS
justifications and causes, which often
answer the question why about the main
ideas Give emphasis and
 through incidents, events or happenings to implications of the thought.
illustrate a main idea
 through analysis by following certain steps
and time sequence
3. Clinching or Final Sentence (ends,
concludes, summarizes)
FUNCTIONS: TS
1. Develops a topic Outside the box
2. Introduces succeeding ideas
3. Connects paragraph with one another
4. Indicates main idea and sub-idea divisions Nowhere in the
TS
5. Concludes or summarizes the content of a paragraph
selection
What makes a good paragraph?
O - rder
C - oherence (if the sentences follow a certain
order)
U- nity (the entire paragraph should focus on one CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TOPIC
topic SENTENCE
E- mphasis (reiterate, repeat) 1. It should have an opinion on the topic
and a controlling idea.
 Chronological – chrono 2. It should have a limited scope that its
- time; first to last adequate development is sufficient to
 Logical – steps occupy the allotted space.
 Climactic – climax
- discuss based on the
3. It should have a clear focus, not a
importance TS vague idea.
At the beginning of the
 Topical - topic paragraph to prepare the
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN
reader or listener for TEXT (UNITY AND ORGANIZATION)
information that follows
UNITY – quality of sticking to one idea from the  INFORMAL- set of ideas which you jot
beginning up to the end down
- all ideas contained within a given - scratch outline
paragraph “hang together”  FORMAL OUTLINE
ORGANIZATION – ideas are organized logically o TOPIC OUTLINE – presented in a
 By using transitional devices form of word, phrase or clause
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER – e.g. first, o SENTENCE OUTLINE – ideas are
second, third, eventually, meanwhile, then, written in complete sentences
etc.
SPATIAL ORDER – e.g. above, ahead, SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE USED:
beneath, around, etc.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ORDER  ALPHANUMERIC DECIMAL SYSTEM
– e.g. likewise, the same, also, both, etc. (ALPHABET AND e.g.
LOGICAL ORDER- e.g. accordingly, NUMBERS) TOPIC SENTENCE
additionally, therefore, thus, etc. E.G. 1._______________
- everything sticks together(topic TOPIC SENTENCE 1.1. ____________
sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding I. ___________________ 1.2. ____________
sentences) A. ____________ 1.2.1__________
MECHANICS IN WRITING – refers to the rules on B. ____________ 1.2.2.__________
how are you going to write a sentence, paragraph, 1. __________ 2._______________
or an essay 2. __________ 2.1______________
 Punctuation a. ________ 2.2._____________
 Capitalization a1. ______ 2.3._____________
 Spelling 2.3.1___________
 Grammar 2.3.1.1._________
 Indention
 Margin
 Justify NOTE TAKING STYLES:
REMEMBER: PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING
 Observe parallelism  Falls under post-writing
 Consistency with the verb tense PARAPHASING – putting a short passage from
 Observe verb consistency another author into your own style (synonyms and
PREWRITING AS A STAGE OF WRITING structure
Why is it necessary? STEPS:
- help you come up with a more effective 1. Read and understand.
paragraph 2. Look for any different words
PREWRITING – is a mode of discovery 3. Rewrite each sentence
- first step in writing which involves o Restructure
generating ideas through: o Change the words
 Brainstorming CRITERIA:
 Creating life maps  Simplified
 Deciding on form, audience, voice, and  Structure
purpose  Change in words
 Reading literature  length
 Developing word banks SUMMARIZING – takes a long passage or whole
WRITING – stage wherein the ideas document written by someone else and reduces it
conceptualized in the prewriting would be written in to main points in your own style.
a more organized, united, coherent series of STEPS:
sentences or paragraph 1. Read and identify the main ideas/events
POST WRITING – stage wherein the written 2. Retell the ideas in your own words, in a
paragraph would undergo proofreading and logical way.
editing. 3. Paraphrase and condense the information.
OUTLINE – skeletal framework of a piece of writing Remember to put citations which includes
TYPES: the name of the author, page number, or
the year.
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING o INCITING MOMENT – brings the
INFORMATION/S USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZER change or the conflict
STAGES OF READING o RISING ACTION – the conflict and
Before reading the characters are developed
 Brainstorming o CLIMAX – highest point: major
 Questioning event are confronted
 Unlocking difficult terms o FALLING ACTION – events
During reading immediately following the climax
 Annotating the text which lead to the closure of the
 Questioning conflict
o RESOLUTION – conclusion or
After reading closure of the story
 Using graphic organizers  SERIES OF EVENTS CHAIN – show the
 Brainstorming logical sequence of events
 Questioning  FISHBONE MAP – better understand the
 Outlining causal relationship of a complex
phenomenon
 Summarizing
- Shows the factors that causes
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS – visual representations
specific event or problem, and the
(something that you can see)
details of each.
 Allows you to conceptualize and map out
- Also called relationship map
the ideas you’ve read
 PERSUASION MAP – map out arguments
TYPES
and evidence that prove a viewpoint.
 VENN DIAGRAM – compare and contrast
- Useful when processing persuasive
ideas/events
or argumentative texts
- Two or more overlapping circles
to show similarities and differences.
 NETWORK TREE – represent hierarchy,
branching and classification
- Showing relationships of family
trees, lineages, and categories
 SPIDER MAP/SEMANTIC MAP -
investigate and enumerate aspects of a
central idea which could be a concept,
theme or topic.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION MAP – nature of
the problem and its solution
 TIMELINE – used to show events
occurred chronologically
- A long bar labeled with dates and
specific events
o LINEAR – shows events
happened within one period.
o COMPARATIVE – two sets
of event that happen within
the same period.
 CYCLE – describes how a series of events
interact to produce a set of results
repeatedly.
 PLOT DIAGRAM- used to map out events
in a story
- Analyze the major parts of a plot
o EXPOSITION – initial part where the
character, settings, and relationships
are established