10 Definite Integrals

10.1 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and φ be an anti-derivative of
f, then
b

∫ f (x) dx = φ (b) – φ (a). (We assume it without proof)

a
In words, the above theorem tells us that
b

∫ f (x) dx = (value of an anti-derivative at b, the upper limit)

a
– (value of the same anti-derivative at a, the lower limit).

Remarks
1. We often write φ (b) – φ (a) as [ φ( x )]ba .
2. No matter which anti-derivative we take as φ, the value of the definite integral
comes out to be the same.

10.1.1 Evaluation of Definite Integrals

The fundamental theorem enables us to evaluate the definite integrals by making use of anti-
derivatives.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Evaluate the following :
1 5
dt
(i) ∫ (2 x3 + 3)2 dx (ii) ∫ 1 + 3t .
0 3

1 1
Solution. (i) ∫ (2 x3 + 3)2 dx = ∫ (4 x6 + 12 x3 + 9) dx
0 0
1 1
⎡ x7 x4 ⎤
= ⎡⎢ x 7 + 3x 4 + 9x ⎤⎥
4
= ⎢4. + 12. + 9x ⎥
⎣ 7 4 ⎦0 ⎣7 ⎦0

= ⎛ + 3 + 9⎞ – (0 + 0 + 0) =
4 88
.
⎝7 ⎠ 7
5 5
dt log|1 + 3 t |⎤
= ⎡⎢
1
(ii) ∫ 1 + 3t ⎣ 3 ⎥ = ⎦3
(log 16 – log 10)
3
3
1 16 1 8
= log = log .
3 10 3 5
A-484 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

Example 2. Evaluate the following :

π 2 π 2
(i) ∫ cos2 x dx (ii) ∫ cos4 x dx.
0 0

π 2 π 2
1 + cos 2 x sin 2 x ⎤ π 2
dx = ⎡⎢x +
1
Solution. (i) ∫ cos2 x dx = ∫ 2 2⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0
0 0
1 ⎡⎛ π 1
+ sin π⎞ – ⎛ 0 + sin 0⎞ ⎤⎥
1
= ⎢ ⎝
2⎣ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1 ⎡⎛ π 1 ⎞ 1 ⎤ π
= + .0 – .0 = .
2 ⎢⎣⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 ⎥⎦ 4
π 2 π 2 π 2 2
⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞
(ii) ∫ cos 4 x dx = ∫ (cos 2 x)2 dx = ∫ ⎜
⎝ 2
⎟ dx
⎠
0 0 0
π 2 π 2
1 1 ⎛ 1 + cos 4 x ⎞
=
4 ∫ (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos2 2 x) dx =
4 ∫ ⎜ 1 + 2 cos 2 x +
⎝ 2
⎟ dx
⎠
0 0
π 2
1 1⎡ sin 2 x sin 4 x ⎤ π 2
=
8 ∫ (3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x) dx = ⎢
8⎣
3x + 4 .
2
+
4 ⎥⎦ 0
0

⎡ ⎛π
1 ⎞ 1 ⎤
= ⎢⎣3 ⎝ 2 – 0⎠ + 2 (sin π – sin 0) + 4 (sin 2 π – sin 0)⎥⎦
8
1 3π 3π
= ⎡⎢ + 2 (0 – 0) + (0 – 0)⎤⎥ = .
1
8⎣ 2 4 ⎦ 16

Example 3. Evaluate the following :

π 2 π 2
(i) ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx (ii) ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx.
0 0

π 2 π 2 π 2
Solution. (i) ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx = 2 ∫ |cos x| dx
0 0 0
π 2
= 2 ∫ cos x dx
0
π
(As 0 ≤ x ≤ ⇒ cos x ≥ 0 ⇒ |cos x| = cos x)
2

[ ] π
π 2
= 2 sin x = 2 ⎡⎢sin – sin 0⎤⎥
0 ⎣ 2 ⎦
= 2 (1 – 0) = 2.
π 2 π 2 π 2
π π
(ii) ∫ 1 + sin 2 x dx = ∫ 1 + cos ⎛ – 2 x⎞ dx = ∫ 2 cos 2 ⎛ – x⎞ dx
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
0 0 0

π 2 π 2
π π
= 2 ∫ cos ⎛ – x⎞ dx = 2 ∫ cos ⎛ – x⎞ dx
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
0 0

⎡ π π π π π
⎢ As 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ 0 ≥ – x ≥ – 2 ⇒ 4 ≥ 4 – x ≥ – 4
⎣
π π π π π π
⇒– ≤ –x≤ ⇒ cos ⎛ – x⎞ > 0 ⇒ cos ⎛ – x⎞ = cos ⎛ – x⎞ ⎤⎥
4 4 4 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠⎦
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-485
π 2
⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ sin ⎝ 4 – x⎠ ⎥ π π⎤
= 2⎢ ⎥ = – 2 ⎡⎢sin ⎛ – ⎞ – sin
⎢ –1 ⎥ ⎣ ⎝ 4⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0

2 ⎡⎢ –
1 1 ⎤ 2
= – – = 2. = 2.
⎣ 2 2 ⎦⎥ 2

Example 4. Evaluate the following integrals :

π 4 3π 2
(i) ∫ 1 − sin 2 x dx (ii) ∫ 1 – cos 2x dx.
0 π

π 4 π 4 π 4
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
Solution. (i) ∫
0
1 − sin 2 x dx =
∫
0
1 − cos ⎜ − 2 x ⎟ dx =
⎝2 ⎠ ∫
0
2 sin 2 ⎜ − x ⎟ dx
⎝4 ⎠

π 4 π 4
π π
= 2 ∫ sin ⎛ − x⎞ dx = 2 ∫ sin ⎛ − x⎞ dx
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
0 0

⎡ π π π π
⎢ As 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ 0 ≥ – x ≥ – 4 ⇒ 4 ≥ 4 – x ≥ 0
⎣
π π π π π ⎤
⇒0≤ –x≤ ⇒ sin ⎛ − x⎞ ≥ 0 ⇒ sin ⎛ − x⎞ = sin ⎛ − x⎞ ⎥
4 4 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎦
π 4
⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ – cos ⎝ 4 – x⎠ ⎥ π
= 2⎢ ⎥ = 2 ⎡⎢cos 0 − cos ⎤⎥
⎢ –1 ⎥ ⎣ 4⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0

2 ⎛⎜ 1 –
1 ⎞
= ⎟ = 2 – 1.
⎝ 2⎠
3π 2 3π 2 3π 2
(ii) ∫ 1 – cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 sin 2 x dx = 2 ∫ |sin x| dx
π π π
3π 2
= 2 ∫ (– sin x) dx
π
⎡ 3π ⎤
⎢ As π ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ sin x ≤ 0 ⇒ |sin x| = – sin x ⎥
⎣ ⎦

[ 3π
]
3π 2
= – 2 – cos x = 2 (cos – cos π)
π 2
= 2 (0 – (– 1)) = 2.
Example 5. Evaluate the following integrals :
π 2 2π

∫
x
(i) ∫ 1 – sin 2x dx (ii) 1 + sin
2
dx .
π 4 0

π 2 π 2 π 2
π π
Solution. (i) ∫ 1 – sin 2x dx = ∫ 1 – cos ⎛ – 2 x⎞ dx = ∫ 2 sin 2 ⎛ − x⎞ dx
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
π 4 π 4 π 4
π 2 π 2
π ⎛ ⎛ π – x⎞ ⎞ dx
= 2 ∫ sin ⎛ – x⎞ dx = 2 ∫ ⎜ – sin ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝4 ⎠⎠
π 4 π 4
⎡ π π π π π π
⎢ As 4 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ – 4 ≥ – x ≥ – 2 ⇒ 0 ≥ 4 – x ≥ – 4
⎣
π π π π π
⇒– ≤ – x ≤ 0 ⇒ sin ⎛ – x⎞ ≤ 0 ⇒ sin ⎛ – x⎞ = – sin ⎛ – x⎞ ⎤⎥
4 4 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠⎦
A-486 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

π 2
⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ – cos ⎝ 4 – x⎠ ⎥ π
= – 2⎢ ⎥ = – 2 ⎛⎜ cos ⎛ – ⎞ − cos 0⎞⎟
⎢ –1 ⎥ ⎝ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎠
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ π 4

2 ⎛⎜ – 1⎞⎟ = 2 – 1 .
1
= –
⎝ 2 ⎠
2π 2π 2π
π x⎞ π x⎞
1 + cos ⎛ 2 cos 2 ⎛
x
(ii) ∫ 1 + sin
2
dx = ∫ –
⎝ 2 2⎠
dx = ∫ –
⎝ 4 4⎠
dx
0 0 0
2π 2π
π x π x⎞
= 2 ∫ cos ⎛ – ⎞ dx = 2 ∫ cos ⎛ – dx
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠
0 0
⎡ x π x π π π x π
⎢ As 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ 0 ≤ 4 ≤ 2 ⇒ 0 ≥ – 4 ≥ – 2 ⇒ 4 ≥ 4 – 4 ≥ – 4
⎣
π π π π x π x π x ⎤
⇒ cos ⎛ – ⎞ > 0 ⇒ cos ⎛ – ⎞ = cos ⎛ – ⎞ ⎥
x
⇒– ≤ – ≤
4 4 4 4 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠⎦

2π
⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
⎢ sin ⎝ 4 − 4 ⎠ ⎥ π π
= 2 ⎢ ⎥ = − 4 2 ⎛⎜ sin ⎛ – ⎞ − sin ⎞⎟
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎝ ⎝ 4⎠ 4⎠
–
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 0

= – 4 2 ⎛⎜ –
1 1 ⎞ 2
– ⎟ = 4 2⋅ = 8.
⎝ ⎠ 2 2 2

Example 6. Evaluate the following integrals :

π 4 π 4
1 – sin x
(i) ∫ sec x
1 + sin x
dx (ii) ∫ (tan x + cot x) –2 dx.
0 0

π 4 π 4
1 – sin x 1 − sin x 1 − sin x
Solution. (i) ∫ sec x
1 + sin x
dx = ∫ sec x ×
1 + sin x 1 – sin x
dx
0 0
π 4 π 4
(1 − sin x ) 2 1 − sin x
= ∫ sec x
cos 2 x
dx = ∫ sec x
cos x
dx
0 0
⎡ π 1 – sin x ⎤
⎢ As 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ cos x > 0, 1 – sin x > 0 ⇒ cos x > 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
π 4 π 4
1 – sin x
= ∫ sec x .
cos x
dx = ∫ sec x (sec x – tan x) dx
0 0
π 4

[ ]
π 4
= ∫ (sec2 x – sec x tan x) dx = tan x – sec x
0
0
π π
= ⎛ tan − sec ⎞ – (tan 0 – sec 0)
⎝ 4 4⎠
= (1 – 2 ) – (0 – 1) = 2 – 2.
π 4 π 4 –2 π 4 –2
⎛ sin x cos x ⎞ ⎛ sin 2 x + cos 2 x ⎞
(ii)
∫ (tan x + cot x) –2 dx = ∫ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ cos x sin x ⎠
dx = ∫ ⎜
⎝ sin x cos x ⎠
⎟
dx
0 0 0
π 4 –2 π 4
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin x cos x ⎠
dx = ∫ (sin x cos x)2 dx
0 0
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-487

π 4 π 4
1 1
=
4 ∫ (2 sin x cos x)2 dx =
4 ∫ sin 2 2 x dx
0 0
π 4
sin 4 x ⎤ π 4
dx = ⎡⎢x –
1 1 – cos 4 x 1
=
4 ∫ 2 8⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 0
0

1 ⎡⎛ π sin π ⎞ ⎛ sin 0 ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡⎛ π π
= ⎜ – ⎟ – ⎜0 – ⎟ = – 0⎞ – 0⎤⎥ = .
8 ⎢⎣⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 8 ⎢⎣⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎦ 32
Example 7. Evaluate the following integrals :
1 1
(sin –1 x) 2 x+1
(i) ∫ 1– x2
dx (ii) ∫ (x 2 + 2x + 3) 2
dx.
0 0

1 1
(sin –1 x ) 2 1
∫ ∫ (sin –1 x)2 . ∫ ( f ( x ))
n
Solution. (i) dx = dx f ′( x ) dx form
1– x2 1– x2
0 0
1
⎡ (sin –1 x ) 3 ⎤
= ⎢
⎣ 3 ⎦0
1 –1 3
[
⎥ = 3 (sin 1) – (sin 0)
–1 3
]
1 ⎡⎛ π ⎞ 3 ⎤ π3
= ⎢⎝ ⎠ – 0 3 ⎥ = .
3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥ 24
1 1
x+1 1
(ii) ∫ (x 2 + 2 x + 3) 2
dx =
2 ∫ (x2 + 2 x + 3)–2 (2 x + 2) dx
0 0

1 1
1 ⎡ ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) –1 ⎤ 1⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⋅ ⎥ = – 2 ⎢ x 2 + 2x + 3 ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ –1 ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦0
1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ = − 1 ⎛ 1 − 1⎞ = − 1 ⎛ – 1⎞ = 1 .
= – –
2 ⎢⎣ 1 + 2 + 3 0 + 0 + 3 ⎥⎦ 2 ⎝ 6 3⎠ 2 ⎝ 6⎠ 12

Example 8. Evaluate the following integrals :

b π 4
log x 2 cos 2x
(i) ∫
a
x
dx (I.S.C. 2000) (ii) ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx . (I.S.C. 2002)
0

b b
log x 1
Solution. (i) ∫ x
dx = ∫ (log x)1 .
x
dx ∫ ( f (x)n f ′(x) dx form
a a
b
⎡ (log x ) 2 ⎤ 1 2 2
= ⎢ ⎥ = [(log b) – (log a) ]
⎣ 2 ⎦a 2
1
= (log b + log a) (log b – log a)
2
log ab log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ .
1 b
=
2 ⎝ a⎠
d
(ii) As (1 + sin 2x) = 0 + cos 2x . 2 = 2 cos 2x,
dx
π 4

[log ] f ′( x)
2 cos 2 x π 4
∴ ∫ 1 + sin 2 x
dx = 1 + sin 2 x
0 ∫ f ( x)
dx form
0

π
= log |1 + sin | – log |1 + sin 0|
2
= log (1 + 1) – log (1 + 0) = log 2 – log 1
= log 2 – 0 = log 2.
A-488 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

Example 9. Evaluate the following :

1 π 2
x9
(i) ∫ 5 + x 10
dx (ii) ∫ x cos 2x dx.
0 0

1 1
x9 10. x 9 f ′( x )
∫ ∫
1
Solution. (i)
5 + x 10
dx =
10 5 + x 10
dx ∫ f (x)
dx form
0 0

=
1
10
[log|5 + x10 |]10 = 101 [log 6 – log 5] = 101 log 65 .
π 2 π 2
π 2
⎡ sin 2 x ⎤ sin 2 x
(ii) ∫
0
x cos 2x dx = ⎢ x .
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0
–
∫ 1.
0
2
dx (using integration by parts)

π 2 π 2
1⎛π 1⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎡ cos 2 x ⎤
sin π − 0⎞ −
1
=
2⎝2 ⎠ 2 ∫ sin 2 x dx = .0 −
2⎝2 ⎠ 2 ⎢⎣ −
2 ⎥⎦ 0
0
1 1 1
= (cos π – cos 0) = (– 1 – 1) = – .
4 4 2

Example 10. Evaluate the following :

π 2 1
(i) ∫ x sin2 x dx (ii) ∫ x2 ex dx.
0 0

π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2
1 – cos 2 x 1 1
Solution. (i) ∫ x sin2 x dx = ∫ x.
2
dx =
2 ∫ x dx –
2 ∫ x cos 2 x dx
0 0 0 0
π 2 ⎛ π 2 ⎞
π 2
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ sin 2 x ⎤ sin 2 x
= .⎢ ⎥
2 ⎣ 2 ⎦0
– ⎜ ⎢ x.
2 ⎜⎣
⎝
2 ⎥⎦ 0
–
∫0
1.
2
dx ⎟
⎟
⎠
π 2
1 ⎛ π2 ⎞ 1 π
– 0⎟ – ⎛⎜ sin π – 0⎞⎟ + ∫
1
= sin 2 x dx
4 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠ 4⎝2 ⎠ 4
0
π 2
π2 1 ⎛ π ⎞ 1 ⎡ – cos 2 x ⎤ π2
[ ]
1 π 2
= − ⎜ . 0⎟ + ⎢ ⎥ = − cos 2 x
16 4⎝2 ⎠ 4⎣ 2 ⎦0 16 8 0
π2 1 π2 1 π2 1
= – (cos π – cos 0) = – (– 1 – 1) = + .
16 8 16 8 16 4
1 1

∫ [ x 2 . e x ]0 – ∫
1
(ii) x2 e x dx = 2 x e x dx
0 0
1
⎛ 1
⎞
[ ]0
1
= (1 . e1 – 0) – 2 ∫ x e x dx = e – 2 ⎜ x e x
⎝
– ∫ 1.e x dx⎟
⎠
0 0
1

[ ]0
1
= e–2 (1 . e1 – 0) + 2 ∫ e x dx = e – 2 e + 2 e x
0
= – e + 2(e1 – e0) = – e + 2(e – 1) = e – 2.
Example 11. Evaluate the following integrals :
π 2 1
(i) ∫
π 4
cos 2x log sin x dx (ii) ∫ x tan–1 x dx .
0
(I.S.C. 2002)

π 2 π 2
Solution. (i) ∫ cos 2x log sin x dx = ∫ log sin x . cos 2x dx (integrate by parts)
π 4 π 4
π 2
π 2
= ⎡⎢log sin x .
sin 2 x ⎤ 1 sin 2 x
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ π 4
– ∫ sin x
. cos x .
2
dx
π 4
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-489

π 2
1⎡ 1 ⎤
∫
cos x 2 sin x cos x
= ⎢0 − log ⎥ − ⋅ dx
2⎣ 2⎦ sin x 2
π 4

π 2
1 1
= –
2
(log 1 –
2
log 2) – ∫ cos2 x dx
π 4

π 2
1 1 + cos 2 x
=
4
log 2 – ∫ 2
dx
π 4

sin 2 x ⎤ π 2
log 2 – ⎡⎢x +
1 1
=
4 2⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ π 4

1 π π π 1
log 2 – ⎡⎢⎛⎝ − ⎞⎠ + (0 − 1)⎤⎥ = log 2 – + .
1 1 1
=
4 2⎣ 2 4 2 ⎦ 4 8 4
1 1
(ii) ∫ x tan–1 x dx = ∫ tan–1 x . x dx (integrate by parts)
0 0

1 1
⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 x2
= ⎢tan –1 x . ⎥ – ∫ ⋅ dx
⎣ 2 ⎦0 1 + x2 2
0

1
x2
=
1
2
[
tan –1 1 – 0 –
1
2
] ∫ 1 + x2
dx
0

1
1 π 1 ⎛ 1 – 1 ⎞ dx
= ⋅ –
2 4 2 ∫ ⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠
0

π 1 π 1
− [ x − tan –1 x]0 = − [(1 – tan–1 1) – (0 – tan–1 0)]
1
=
8 2 8 2
π 1 ⎡⎛ π π 1
= − 1 – ⎞ – 0⎤⎥ = − .
8 2 ⎣⎢⎝ 4⎠ ⎦ 4 2

Example 12. Evaluate the following :

π/2 5
cos x log x
(i) ∫ 1 + cos x + sin x
dx (ii) ∫ (x + 1) 2 dx.
0 1

π/2 π/2
x x
cos x cos 2 − sin 2
Solution. (i) ∫ 1 + cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ 2 cos 2 x
2
x
2
+ 2 sin cos
x
dx
0 0
2 2 2
π/2
x x π/2
cos − sin
2 dx = 1 ⎛ x⎞
= ∫ 2
2 cos
x 2 ∫ ⎜ 1 − tan ⎟ dx
⎝ 2⎠
0 0
2
π/2
⎡ x ⎤
⎢ log cos ⎥
1 2 ⎥
= ⎢x +
2⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0

⎡⎛ π
1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ − 0⎟ + 2 ⎜ log − log 1⎟ ⎥
⎝2
⎢⎣ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
π π 1
= + log 1 – log 2 = − log 2.
4 4 2
A-490 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

5 5
log x
(ii) ∫ ( x + 1) 2
dx = ∫ log x . (x + 1)–2 dx (integrate by parts)
1 1
5 5
⎡ ( x + 1) – 1 ⎤ 1 ( x + 1) – 1
= ⎢ log x .
⎢⎣ − 1 ⎥⎦
⎥
1
− ∫ x
.
−1
dx
1
5 5
⎡ log x ⎤ dx
=–⎢ ⎥ +
⎣ x + 1⎦1
∫ x ( x + 1)
1
5
⎛ log 5 log 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
=–⎜
⎝ 6
−
2 ⎠
⎟+ ∫ ⎜⎝ x − x + 1 ⎟⎠ dx (by partial fractions)
1

⎛ log 5 ⎞
− 0⎟ + [ log| x | − log| x + 1|]
5
=–⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠ 1

1
=– log 5 + (log 5 – log 6) – (log 1 – log 2)
6
5 5
= log 5 – (log 6 – log 2) = log 5 – log 3.
6 6
Example 13. Evaluate the following :
2 2
2
(i) ∫ 2 – x 2 dx (ii) ∫ 4x 2 – 1
dx.
0 1

2 2

∫ ∫ ( 2 ) – x dx
2
Solution. (i) 2 – x 2 dx = 2

0 0

2
⎡
= ⎢
x 2 – x2
+
( 2 )2 sin –1 ⎤
x ⎥
⎢ 2 2 2⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0

⎛ 2 .0 ⎞ ⎛0 2 ⎞
= ⎜ + sin –1 1⎟ – ⎜ + sin –1 0⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π π
= ⎛ 0 + ⎞ – ( 0 + 0) = .
⎝ 2⎠ 2
2
2 2 ⎡ x−
1 ⎤ 2
2 1 dx 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ 1⎡ 2x–1 ⎤
∫ 4x 2 − 1 ∫
dx = 2. 2
(ii) = .
1 ⎢
log ⎥ = 2 ⎢log 2 x + 1 ⎥⎦ 1
4 1 2 2 1 ⎣
1 1 x2 – ⎛ ⎞ 2. ⎢
2 ⎣
x+ ⎥
⎦1
⎝ 2⎠ 2

1 ⎛
log − log ⎞ = log ⎛ × ⎞ = log .
3 1 1 3 3 1 9
=
2 ⎝ 5 3⎠ 2 ⎝ 5 1⎠ 2 5

Example 14. Evaluate the following integrals :

1 5 1
x ex log x –1 ⎛ 2x ⎞
(i) ∫
0
(x + 1) 2
dx (I.S.C. 2011) (ii) ∫
1
(x + 1) 2
dx (iii) ∫ sin
0
⎜ ⎟ dx.
⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠

1 1
x ex ( x + 1) − 1 x
Solution. (i) ∫ ( x + 1) 2
dx = ∫ ( x + 1) 2
e dx
0 0
1 1
1 1
= ∫ x+1
. e x dx − ∫ ( x + 1) 2
ex dx
0 0
1
(evaluate the first integral by parts, taking as the first function)
x+1
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-491

1 1 1
= ⎡⎢ . e x ⎤⎥ – ∫ (– 1) ( x + 1) –2 . e x dx – ∫
1 1
ex dx
⎣x + 1 ⎦0 ( x + 1) 2
0 0

1 1
= ⎛ . e1 – 1 . e 0 ⎞ + ∫
1 1 1 1
⎝2 ⎠ ( x + 1) 2
e x dx – ∫ ( x + 1) 2
ex dx = e – 1.
2
0 0

5 5
log x
(ii) ∫ (x + 1)2 dx = ∫ log x . (x + 1)–2 dx (by parts)
1 1

5 5
⎡ ( x + 1) –1 ⎤ 1 ( x + 1) –1
= ⎢log x .
⎣ – 1 ⎥⎦ 1
− ∫ x
⋅
–1
dx
1

5 5
= – ⎡⎢ ⎤
log x 1
⎣ x + 1 ⎥⎦ 1 ∫ x( x + 1)
+ dx
1
5
= – ⎡⎢
log 5 log 1 ⎤ ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞ dx
⎣ 6
–
2 ⎥⎦
+ ∫ ⎝ x x + 1⎠
1

= – ⎛⎜
log 5
– 0⎞⎟ + log | x | – log | x + 1| [ ]
5
⎝ 6 ⎠ 1

log 5
= – + (log 5 – log 6) – (log 1 – log 2)
6
5 5
= log 5 – (log 6 – log 2) = log 5 – log 3.
6 6
1 1 1
sin – 1 ⎛⎜
2x ⎞
(iii) ∫ ⎟ dx =
⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠ ∫ 2 tan–1 x dx = 2 ∫ tan–1 x . 1 dx (integrate by parts)
0 0 0
⎡ 1 ⎤
= 2 ⎢[ tan – 1 x . x ] −
1 1
⎢ 0 ∫ 1 + x2
. x dx ⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
1
2x
= 2 (tan–1 1 – 0) – ∫ 1 + x2
dx
0
π
= 2 ⎛⎜ − 0⎞⎟ − log (1 + x 2 ) [ ]
1
⎝4 ⎠ 0
π π
= – (log 2 – log 1) = – (log 2 – 0)
2 2
π
= – log 2.
2
Example 15. Evaluate the following :
1/2 3
dx x3 + 1
(i) ∫ x – x2
(ii) ∫ x (x – 1)
dx.
1/4 2

1/2 1/2 1/2

dx dx dx
Solution. (i) ∫ = ∫ 1 ⎛ 2
= ∫
– x –x+ ⎞
1/4
x – x2 1/4
1
1/4
2
⎛ 1⎞ – ⎛ x – 1⎞
2

4 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

12
⎡ ⎛ x − 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ 2 ⎟⎥
= ⎢sin –1 ⎜⎜ = [sin –1 (2 x − 1)]
12
1 ⎟⎥ 14
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦1 4

π π
= sin–1 0 – sin–1 ⎛ – ⎞ = 0 – ⎛ – ⎞ = .
1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ 6
A-492 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

3 3
x3 + 1 ⎛ x+1 ⎞
(ii) ∫ x ( x – 1)
dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + 1 + x (x – 1) ⎟⎠ dx (by division)
2 2

x+1 A B
Let = + ⇒ x + 1 = A (x – 1) + B x.
x ( x – 1) x x–1
On putting x = 0 and x = 1, we get
1 = – A and 2 = B ⇒ A = – 1 and B = 2.
3 3
x3 + 1 ⎛ 1 2 ⎞
∴ ∫ x ( x – 1)
dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + 1 – x + x – 1⎟⎠ dx
2 2
3
⎡ x2 ⎤
= ⎢ + x – log| x |+ 2 log| x – 1|⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦2

= ⎛ + 3 – log 3 + 2 log 2⎞ – (2 + 2 – log 2 – 2 log 1)

9
⎝2 ⎠
15 7
= – log 3 + 2 log 2 – 4 + log 2 – 2.0 = + 3 log 2 – log 3.
2 2

π/2
3 sin θ + 4 cos θ 7π
Example 16. Prove that : ∫
0
sin θ + cos θ
dθ =
4
. (I.S.C. 2005)

Solution. Let 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ = l (sin θ + cos θ) + m (cos θ – sin θ).

Equating coefficients of sin θ and cos θ on both sides, we get
3 = l – m and 4 = l + m.
7 1
Solving these for l and m, we get l = and m = .
2 2

π/2 π/2 7 1
(sin θ + cos θ) + (cos θ − sin θ)
3 sin θ + 4 cos θ
∴ ∫0
sin θ + cos θ
dθ = ∫0
2 2
sin θ + cos θ
dθ

π/2
⎛ 7 1 cos θ − sin θ ⎞
= ∫0
⎜ + . ⎟ dθ
⎝ 2 2 sin θ + cos θ ⎠

=
7
2
[
[θ]0π/2 + 21 log|sin θ + cos θ| 0
π/2
]
7 ⎡π 7π
− 0 ⎤⎥ + [ ]
1
= log 1 − log 1 = .
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 4

EXERCISE 10.1
Evaluate the following (1 to 21) definite integrals :
8 1
⎛ x2 ⎞ 1
1. (i) ∫ ⎜ 8x −
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎟ dx (ii) ∫ 2x – 3
dx.
0 0
−1 π/4
1
2. (i) ∫ x
dx (ii) ∫ cosec x dx.
−4 π /6
1 1
dx
3. (i) ∫ 5 x + 4 dx (ii) ∫ 1+ x + x
.
0 0
π 1
dx dx
4. (i) ∫ 1 + sin x
(ii) ∫ 1 – x2
.
0 0
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-493

1 π 2
1–x cos x
5. (i) ∫ 1+ x
dx (ii) ∫ 5 + 4 sin x
dx.
0 0
3 2
3x
6. (i) ∫ (x2 + e x) (x3 + 3 ex + 4) dx (ii) ∫ 9 x2 – 1
dx.
1 1
π 4 π 2
7. (i) ∫ tan3 x sec2 x dx (ii) ∫
0
sin4 x dx.
0
π 2 π 4
8. (i) ∫ 1 – cos 2 x dx (ii) ∫ 1 + sin 2 x dx.
0 0
π 2 π 2
sin 2 x sin θ
9. (i) ∫ (1 + cos x ) 2
dx (ii) ∫ 1 + cos θ
dθ .
0 0

π 4 π 2
10. (i) ∫ sin 2 x sin 3 x dx (ii) ∫ (a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x) dx.
0 0
π 4 π 4
tan 3 x
11. (i) ∫ 2 tan3 x dx (ii) ∫ 1 + cos 2 x
dx.
0 0

π 4 π 4
sin x
12. (i) ∫ cos 3 x + 3 cos x
dx (ii) ∫ (tan x + cot x)2 dx
0 π 3

π 4
(iii) ∫ (tan x + cot x)–1 dx. (I.S.C. 2003)
0
4 a
dx dx
13. (i) ∫ x2 + 2x + 3
(ii) ∫ ax – x 2
.
0 0
1 1
tan –1 x x5
14. (i) ∫ 1 + x2
dx (ii) ∫ 1 + x6
dx.
0 0
1 2
x+3
15. (i) ∫ x e x dx (ii) ∫ x ( x + 2)
dx.
0 1
π 2 a

∫
a–x
16. (i) ∫ x2 cos 2 x dx (ii)
a+x
dx.
0 –a

3 2
dx dx
17. (i) ∫ 2
x ( x + 1)
(ii) ∫ 2
( x + 1) ( x – 7 x + 12 )
.
1 1
2 2
1 dx
18. (i) ∫ 3 + 2x − x2
dx (ii) ∫ 4 + x – x2
.
0 0
1 1
19. (i) ∫ sin–1 x dx (ii) ∫ tan–1 x dx.
0 0
2 π/2
⎛1 1 ⎞ x + sin x
20. (i) ∫ e x ⎜⎝ x − x 2 ⎟⎠ dx (ii) ∫ 1 + cos x
dx.
1 0
A-494 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

π 2 π
⎛ 1 − sin x ⎞
21. (i) ∫ e x(log (sin x) + cot x) dx (ii) ∫ ex ⎜ ⎟ dx.
⎝ 1 − cos x ⎠
π 4 π/2
a
22. If ∫
0
3x2 dx = 8, find the value of a.

10.1.2 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Evaluate the following :
1 1
x
(i) ∫ x2 ex3 dx (ii) ∫ 1 + x4
dx.
0 0

1
Solution. (i) Put x3 = t ⇒ 3 x2 dx = dt ⇒ x2 dx = dt.
3
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 13 = 1.
1 1
dt = [e t ]0
1 1
∫ ∫
1
∴
3
x2 ex dx = et
3 3
0 0

1 1 1
[e – e0] = =
(e – 1).
3 3
1
(ii) Put x2 = t ⇒ 2 x dx = dt ⇒ x dx = dt.
2
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 1.
1 1
1 1 t 1
⋅ dt = ⋅ ⎡⎢tan –1 ⎤⎥
x 1 1
∴ ∫ 1 + x4
dx = ∫ 1+t 2 2 2 1⎣ 1⎦0
0 0

1 π π
[tan–1 1 – tan–1 0] = ⎡⎢ – 0⎤⎥ = .
1
=
2 2 ⎣4 ⎦ 8

Example 2. Evaluate the following :

1 π 2 π /4
ex sin x sin 2 x cos 2 x
(i) ∫ 1 + e 2x
dx (ii) ∫ 1 + cos 2 x
dx (iii) ∫ (sin 3 x + cos 3 x ) 2
dx.
0 0 0

Solution. (i) Put ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt.

When x = 0, t = e0 = 1 and when x = 1, t = e1 = e.
1 e
ex t e
= ⎡⎢tan –1 ⎤⎥
dt 1
∴ ∫ 1 + e 2x
dx = ∫ 1+t 2 1⎣ 1 ⎦1
0 1

π
= tan–1 e – tan–1 1 = tan–1 e – .
4
(ii) Put cos x = t ⇒ – sin x dx = dt ⇒ sin x dx = – dt.
π π
When x = 0, t = cos 0 = 1 and when x = , t = cos = 0.
2 2
π 2 0
– dt t 0
= – ⎡⎢tan –1 ⎤⎥
sin x 1
∴ ∫ 1 + cos 2 x
dx = ∫ 1+t 2 1⎣ 1 ⎦1
0 1
π π
= – [tan–1 0 – tan–1 1] = – ⎛ 0 – ⎞ = .
⎝ 4⎠ 4
DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-531

1 π
15. (i) 1 (ii) log 6. 16. (i) – (ii) a π.
2 4
2 2 2 3
17. (i) + log (ii) log 2 – log 3.
3 3 5 20
π 1 ⎛ 21 + 5 17 ⎞
18. (i) (ii) log ⎜ ⎟.
3 17 ⎝ 4 ⎠
π π 1 1 2 π
19. (i) –1 (ii) – log 2. 20. (i) e –e (ii) .
2 4 2 2 2
1 π/4
21. (i) e log 2 (ii) e π/2. 22. 2.
2

EXERCISE 10.2
1 1 π 8
1. (i) (e – 1) (ii) tan–1 e2 – . 2. (i) 2( 2 – 1) (ii) .
2 2 2 21
log 2
3. (i) tan–1 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1
(ii) tan–1 . 4. (i) sin (log 3) (ii) .
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 1 + log 2
16 132 3 π
5. (i) (2 + 2) (ii) 4. 6. (i) 1 – log 2 (ii) – 1.
15 7 2
4 4 π 2e − 1
7. (i) log (ii) log . 8. (i) (ii) log .
3 3 8 e
3 π π π
9. (i) π a4 (ii) . 10. – log 2 (ii) – log 2.
16 2 ab 2 2
π2 π 1 2
11. (i) − + log 2 (ii) e – .
16 4 2 log 2
2 1 1 ⎛ 5 + 1⎞
12. (i) tan–1 (ii) log ⎜ ⎟.
3 3 5 ⎝ 5 – 1⎠
π π 1 1
13. (i) (ii) . 14. (i) log 3 (ii) .
3 35 2 24
π π
15. (i) (ii) .
4 2

EXERCISE 10.3
13 25
1. (i) (ii) 34 (iii) .
2 2
2. (i) 2 – 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 1.
2
3. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (e – 1) (iii) 2 – .
e
4. (i) 0 (ii) 4. 5. 37. 6. 47.
7. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0.
π 3π
8. (i) (ii) (iii) 0 (iv) 0.
2 8
9. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 0.
1 4 144 16 9 2
10. (i) (ii) (iii) 3 (iv) a .
42 63 35 315
π π π π
11. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
4 4 4 4
π π π π
12. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
4 4 4 4
π2 2π π π
13. (i) (ii) . 14. (i) (ii) log ( 2 + 1).
4 3 5 2 2