▪ Plays a big part in the industry especially in the
field of food and beverages. (e.g., alcohol
MICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION
● MICROORGANISM
1. ACELLULAR (no true cell membrane)
a. Viruses
b. Viroids
c. Prions
2. CELLULAR (with cell membrane)
● A. PROKARYOTES (unicellular)
a. Archaea
b. Cyanobacteria
● B. EUKARYOTES (multicellular)
a. Algae
b. Fungi
c. Protozoa
“Microbes, microbes are everywhere…”
▪ Estimated population size of 2.4x1028
cells having 2-3 billion species in the whole
planet
▪ Our body is composed of 90% microbial
cells or equivalent to 100 trillion microbes.
▪ Microbiota are “friendly” microbes that
inhabit our body, they inhibit the growth of
pathogens.
- Except for people who is
immunocompromised
▪ Only 3% of known microbes are
pathogenic – pathogens
- Organism that can cause diseases
“Microbes, the planed and humans are interrelated”
▪ 50% of oxygen production is attributed to
photosynthetic microorganisms (algae &
cyanobacteria)
▪ They are directly involved in decomposition
and nutrient recycling in nature.
▪ Forms symbiotic relationship to their host
cells and the surrounding environment
AGRESAN
drinks)
▪ Booming roles in the field of
bioremediation (use of microorganism to solve
environmental problems e.g., Oil spills),
biotechnology (for industrial purposes e.g.,
Vaccines), and bioengineering.
WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
● Science that deals with the study of very small
or minute organisms “it includes the study of
certain non-living entities as well as certain
living entities” – Engelkirk et al, 2019
● “Microbiology is one of the largest and most
complex of biological sciences because it
integrates subject matters from many diverse
discipline” – Talaro, 2008
SCOPE/FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. Bacteriology – bacteria
2. Virology – virus
3. Mycology – fungi
4. Phycology/Algology – algae and
microalgae
5. Protozoology – protozoans
6. Microbial Morphology – detailed
structure of microbes
7. Microbial Physiology – metabolism and
function
8. Microbial Genetics – function of genetic
materials
9. Microbial Taxonomy – classification,
nomenclature and identification
10. Microbial Ecology – interrelationship
between microbes and environment
Two Basic Themes of Microbiology
1. Basic Biology Science
- Provides tools for probing the
processes of life (the understanding
of the chemical and physical basis
of life)
2. Applied biological Science
- Deals with practical problems in
medicine, agriculture, industry and
energy production.
-
Goal of Microbiologist:
“understand how the microorganisms works and devise
ways in which the benefits of microorganism can be
increased and its harmful effect will be curtailed”
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MICROBIOLOGIST
● Astrobiology
● Food & Industrial Microbiology
● Environmental Microbiology
● Immunology
● Microbial Biotechnology
● Public Health Microbiology &
Epidemiology
● Medical Microbiology
● Clinical & Diagnostic Microbiology
● Aquatic & Marine Microbiology
● Agricultural Microbiology
Historical Perspectives In Medical Microbiology
“I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the
said matter there where may very little living
animalcules, very prettily moving”
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
To See is to Believe
Zacharias Janssen
● Introduced two the concepts of microscopy
with the use of two convex lenses that were
put together. (16th century)
Robert Hooke
● Published the book Micrographia in 1665
containing description and hand drawn
illustration of the first microorganism from
bread mold
○ Coin the term “cell”
○ First described the yeast
○
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1623-1723)
● Single biconvex lens microscope
(50-300x)
● “wee animalcules” – protozoa
● Also described algae, yeast and fungi
● Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, and
Protozoology
● A textile merchant. First use the
microscope to observe raindrop out of
curiosity
Ernst Karl Abbe
● Introduced the oil immersion objective (to
enhance the magnification)
● Invented the system of lenses and mirror
which concentrates light on objects being viewed
● Abbe Condenser Paul
AGRESAN
Erlich - 1890
● Improved visualization of bacteria through
the use of stains
○ Methylene blue
Hans Christian Gram – 1884
● Developed staining technique which
divided the bacteria into two groups
● Gram staining (4 processes)
● Gram Positive (blue to violet) and Gram
Negative (orange to red)
#No to Spontaneous Generation (formation of living
organism could rise from dead living things)
Microorganisms as Living Entities
Louis Pasteur – 1859
● Published a refutation of spontaneous
generation
● Microscopic examination
○ Wine contained yeast cells
○ ‘sick’ (sour) wine contained
bacteria and yeast
● Pasteur recommended the use of heat to
control bacterial contamination
○ Pasteurization (63-65C for 30 mins.
Or 73 – 75 C for 15 seconds)
● Chemist dedicated to examining these
microorganisms because his 2
daughters died from microbial disease,
and died at the age of 66 due to stroke
● Discover tuberculosis which is the
oldest deadly disease
Other contribution of Pasteur:
○
Fermentation process by bacteria
○
Introduced the aerobe and
anaerobes. Significant
contribution to the germ theory of
the disease (specific agent to a
disease)
○ Changes hospital practices to
minimize nosocomial infection
○ Discovered Bacillus anthracis and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
○ Vaccines: cholera, anthrax and
rabies
John Tyndall – 1877
▪ Final blow to spontaneous generation
theory
▪ Dust carries germs
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 ▪ Evidence for the existence heat-resistant form
of bacteria
▪ Tyndallization – sterilization
Ferdinand Cohn – 1876
● Discovered endospores
Rise of Germ Theory of Disease
Ignaz Semmelweis – 1847
● Discovered that “childhood Fever” or puerperal
fever is caused by physicians.
● He is an obstetrician, and noticed that newborn
babies and mothers die when the medical
students touch them, and not die when the
nurse and caregivers take care of them. It is
believed that it is because Med Students touch
fresh cadavers and not practicing sanitization
and causes the transfer of microorganisms to
the people.
● First introduce handwashing (chlorinated
Water)
John Snow – 1854
● Father of Epidemiology
● Investigated the cholera outbreak in Soho district,
London and concluded that cholera is a
water-borne disease
John Lister – 1865
● He introduced the use of antiseptics and the
importance of sterilization in all medical and
surgical equipment
Robert Koch – 1876-1877
▪ A German, studied Tuberculosis in India
▪ First direct demonstration of the role of
bacteria in causing disease
▪ Bacillus anhracis causes anthrax
● Studied sheep and cattle
▪ Also isolated the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis
▪ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
● Use gelatin and potatoes in
isolating microbes
Koch’s postulates
● Adopted as a guide for relating specific
microbes to specific diseases
1. The same microbes are present in every
case of the disease
2. The microbes are isolated from the tissues
of a dead, and a pure culture is prepared
AGRESAN
3. Microbes from the pure culture are
inoculated into a healthy animal. The
disease is produced
4. The identical microbes are isolated and
recultivated from the tissue specimens of
the experimental animal
Other contribution of Koch
▪ Germ theory of the disease (Jacob Henle)
▪ Develop the use of solid culture media
with the use of agar (Walther Hesse & Fannie
Eilshemius)
▪ The use of petri dishes (Julius Petri)
▪ Fixing, staining, and photographing
bacteria
▪ Discovered Vibrio cholera and spores of
Bacillus anthracis
▪ Tuberculin (skin test for TB)
Prevention is Better than Cure
Edward Jenner
▪ Invented the vaccine for smallpox
▪ The term vaccination was derived from “vacca”
= cow
▪ Sarah Nelmes, infected with cowpox
▪ James Philip is inoculated with cowpox puss
from Nelmes, and develop an immunity and
when introduced with smallpox, Phipps is
unaffected
▪ Variolation
Reign of Antimicrobials
● Production of Antimicrobial substance
Alexander Fleming – 1920’s
● Discovered the “miracle drug” penicillin from
Penicillium
● Accidentally discovered penicillin when he left
his cultured bacteria on his workplace and later
found a fungi and around it has no microbial
growth. During WW2, Antibiotic Resistance
developed due to the rampant use and less
information on how to use antibiotics.
Selman Waksman
▪ Discovered streptomycin from a mold-like
bacillus Streptomyces.
END OF TRANSCRIPTION
REFERENCES
● Sr. Bagas PowerPoint Presentation
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