IOSS ICE - Intro - OSS - Inst Slides - July2014

Introduction to Open Source
Software and Open Standards
© 2013 IBM Corporation

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© 2013 IBM Corporation Innovation Centre for Education
Agenda
1 Introduction to Open Source
2 History of Open Source

3 Open Source Communities and Development Process
4
Adoption of Open Source
5 Case Studies
6 Q&A
7
Assessment
© 2013 IBM Corporation 3 Innovation Centre for Education

Agenda
1 Introduction to Standards
2 Evolution of Standards
3 The Standards Setters
4
Adoption of Open Standards
5 Case Studies
6 Q&A
7
Assessment

Course Overview
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 Understand the Open Source Software and Open Standards

 To learn Open Standards & Open Source Software History,
 Evolution, & Adoption
 Understand the types of Standards
 Understand the Open source Communities and Development Process
 Case studies
COURSE OUTCOME
 Gain knowledge of Open Standards & Open Source Software

 Learn the Open Source Evolution along with case studies
COURSE PRE-REQUISITE
 Internet usage knowledge

Introduction to Open Source

What is Open Source?
Free Software
A website makes available a audio and video playing software and makes it
available for download to general public. You can download the executable file and
install it on your laptop.
Is this software Open Source Software?

Source Code
No it is not! As the source code is not available.

What if the source code is made available on the same website for download.
Is this software Open Source Software now?

Permission
No it is not! The software available with its source code does not mean that it is an
open source software.
Permission has to be granted to use this software.
It is given through license agreement.

License
Now it is made available for download with the source code under a license.
Is it open source software now?............Not Yet!
It can be an open source if the license grants certain rights.

Rights
The software should be made available for…
 Copying
 Modify
 Distribute
Any person should be able to Copy it Modify, and distribute

Restrictions
An open source software should not have any restriction on
 Technology
 Field
 Hardware
Any person should be able to Copy it Modify, and distribute

To Summarize
1. Free Redistribution : The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the
software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from
several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
2. Source Code : The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in
source code as well as compiled form. The source code must be the preferred form in which a
programmer would modify the program.
3. Derived Works : The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow
them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
5. No Discrimination against Persons or Groups : The license must not discriminate
against any person or group of persons.
6. No Discrimination against Fields of Endeavor : The license must not restrict anyone
from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict
the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

To Summarize Contd…
7. Distribution of License : The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the
program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those
parties.
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product : The rights attached to the program must not
depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is
extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's
license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those
that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software : The license must not place restrictions on
other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license
must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source
software.
10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral : No provision of the license may be predicated on
any individual technology or style of interface.


Closed Source
Closed Source can be defined as the software which are licensed product and has to be
bought to use, source code are not viewable by anyone and cannot be modified.
Use: Use of software is totally governed by the license agreement. There are multiple check
points to ensure user is limited for the bought license like product key, number of users
accessing the software .etc. License also restricts the use of functionality of the software.
View: Closed source software is compiled, meaning the actually human-readable version is not
visible. When a user buys closed source software they only buy the license to use them but not
actually have the source code..
Modify: As there is no access to source code, user will not be able to change the software
partially or wholly.
Share: Licenses categorically restricts redistribution of closed source software.

History of Open Source

 Open Source Movement
– Launched in 1998 By Eric S Raymond and others
– Free Software was too ambiguous
– Open Source Definition was Introduced
– OSI was formed
Genesis of GNU
In 1984, Stallman resigned from his
position in MIT to pursue to create what
he called “Free Software”. Stallman
began by outlining the objective and goals for his endeavor in providing free
software. This was called GNU Manifesto. GNU is a free operating system more like
UNIX but not UNIX. (More on this see http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html

Stallman was early to note this loophole and wrote General Public License (GPL) for
free (libre) software license. He defined something called “copyleft”, which is
everything copyright is not. Copyleft is more an extension to copyright to include
above mentioned 4 freedoms.
 Freedom 0: To use program for any purpose
 Freedom 1: To study how the program works and to modify it to suit your needs
 Freedom 2: To redistribute copies, either gratis or for a monetary fee.
 Freedom 3: To change and improve the program and to redistribute modified versions
of the program to the public so others can benefit from your improvements.

Richard Stallman
Founder of GNU Project and

Free Software Foundation

Richard Matthew Stallman
Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often known by his
initials, RMS, is an American software freedom activist and computer programmer.
He campaigns for software to be distributed in a manner, such that a user receiving
it, likewise receives with it the freedoms to use, study, distribute and modify that
software: software that ensures these freedoms (on receipt) is termed free software.
He is best known for launching the GNU Project, founding the Free Software
Foundation, developing the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and writing
the GNU General Public License.

Free software Foundation is a non-profitable organization founded in 1985 by
Richard Stallman. The primary motive is to promote freedom to use, modify and
distribute software. FSF management consist of, Richard Stallman as President,
John Sullivan, Executive Director and Ward Vandewege, Chief Technology Officer.
FSF has over 3,000 active members in 48 countries, representing a diverse
membership of computer users, artists, software engineers, hackers, students, and
activists.
The FSF sponsors the GNU project. The ongoing effort to provide a complete
operating system licensed as free software. FSF’s Free Software Licensing and
Compliance Lab has been an informal activity of the FSF since 1992 and was
formalized in December 2001. They handle all licensing-related issues for FSF.

Free Software Foundation of India
The Free Software Foundation of India is an Indian sister organization to the US-
based Free Software Foundation. FSFI was founded in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
in 2001. They have been working with many scientist and professionals to promote
Vision of FSF India (An extract from www.gnu.org.in)
 Promote awareness about free software among the general public and,
specifically, among programmers and students.
 Increase access to free software by users in India.
 Promote the development of local solutions to local problems by empowering local
programmers in the use of free platforms, tools and technologies.
 Provide support to free software by way of documentation, expert help or any other
means.
 Help organize training for programmers and users of free software platforms and
software.

Open source Communities and Development Process
Open Source Initiative (OSI)

Eric S. Raymond paper “The Cathedral and the Bazaar” had a galvanizing effect
because it articulated a clear technical and behavioral logic with which the open
source community could identify. And his subsequent presentation at O'Reilly Perl
Conference which triggered Netscape the then popular web browser to release the
source code. OSI was jointly founded by Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens in late
February 1998.
The Open Source Definition was derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines.
Bruce Perens had initially drafted it and was refined using suggestions of the Debian
GNU/Linux Distribution developers.

Open Source Communities

Open Source Development Process

Adoption of Open source

“The Open Source Way”. Many fortune 500 companies chose open source path for
an instant financial benefit. The biggest benefits came down to innovation and
flexibility.
Many new popular concepts like…social networking, blogging, video sharing...etc.
are mainly using open source. YouTube was founded in February 2005 by former
PayPal employees. It is completely built on open source like Linux, MySQL,
Apache, and Python. Twitter is built on open source software, from backend-to-
frontend. Their engineers contribute to and release a lot of open source products.
These gestures only indicate that open source is here to stay and grow.


In India, open source code software will have to come and stay in a big way for the
benefit of our billion people
-- former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Open source has given hope for many under privileged towns and villages to have
access to computer today, which would not have been possible with proprietary
software. India is multilingualism country. Many state government run schools
teach in local language of that state. Open source software can be modified to
support these languages.

Drivers for Open Source
Some of the prominent drivers that enable the wide spread adoption of open source
in the world today is as below:
 Lower Cost of Ownership

 Quality
 Innovation reuse
 Technical assets

Benefits of Open Source
The most perceived advantage of open source is the notion of free software or low
cost. But there may be more software that might be free to download and use but
the distinguish feature of open source is “Freedom” as listed in 1.2. Below are non-
exhaustive list of impending benefits;
 Availability
 Lower Cost
 Flexibility
 Continuity
 Vendor lock-in
 Security

Benefits of Open Source
Video-File

Pros and Cons
 PROS  CONS
– Easier Bug Fixes – Easily access to Hackers
– Improved Security with – Some Software aren’t
Easy Fixes Compatible
– Flexible Choice for – Use At Own Risk
Vendors – No Product Support

TOP 10 OPEN-SOURCE APPS

Common Open Source Software
 Firefox
 VLC media player
 Thunderbird
 phBB bulletin boards
 Bittorrent
 Linux

Open Source and IBM
Why does IBM consider open source software (OSS) important?

 OSS can be a major source of innovation
– Innovation can happen any time, anywhere
– Development through “open communities” leads to potentially broad ideas and creativity
 OSS is a good approach for developing emerging standards

– Popular open source projects can become de facto / open standards
– Wide distribution deployment
 OSS is a source of competition in marketplace

– Office productivity applications (word processing, spreadsheets, presentation)
– Operating systems (Linux for servers, desktops)
– In some areas, perhaps only growing competitor to a single established vendor

Open Source and IBM
IBM’s History with open source software

Open Source and IBM
What does it mean to say that IBM supports open source?
 IBM has more than 800 developers working full time on open source projects,
especially Linux, Eclipse, and Apache projects.
 IBM has invested billions of US $$ on open source.
 IBM participates in and supports pro-open source organizations like the Linux
Foundation, the Software Freedom Law Center, and the Open Invention Network.
 IBM collaborates with many other companies and people around the world on
open source projects.
 However …
– IBM does not “bless” every open source project in the world.
– Some open source projects compete with our products and we compete against them.

Open Source and IBM
How does IBM use open source?
 To run our business

 In our hardware
 In our software
 As part of service engagements
 As an R&D collaboration vehicle
 As a way of influencing the direction of the IT industry
 As a way of leveling the playing field
 As a way of invigorating stagnant market categories

Open Source and IBM
What internal education does IBM do for open source?
 Enablement material for sales professionals

 Key topics in IBM’s general open source education
– Introduction to open source software
– Open source software strategic goals
– Common open source software risks
– Participating in open source software – IBM time, personal time
– Third party open source software – access, share, distribute rules
– Specific license agreements
– Open source software review and approval process
 Focused education sessions for open source software teams

 Regular refresh and recertification

Open Source and IBM

Open Source and IBM
Conclusion
 First and foremost, open source software is software.

 When it comes to business and especially enterprise use, open source
software should get no immediate free pass because it happens to be
open source.
 Conversely, proprietary software should also be measured on a level
playing field with open source, and get no special initial treatment.
 All those things that you worried about when choosing proprietary
software—security, performance, reliability, availability, interoperability,
support, maintenance—are also areas to investigate when considering

Industry Experts on Open Source
What it Takes to be an Open Source Expert
According to the 2013 Linux Jobs Report brought out by the Linux Foundation,
almost 90 per cent of employers are planning to hire open source experts in the
next few months. The report also indicates that there is a yawning gap between the
demand and supply of
FOSS professionals and open source talent is not easy to find. So, what goes into
the making of an open source expert?
The 3 Cs required to succeed

If you wish to flex your muscles in the open source circuits and become a pro, there
are three Cs that will help you in your endeavor—
 Curiosity,
 Commitment
 Community.

Divyanshu Verma, Engineering Manager, Linux Engineering at Dell R&D, India,
“To become a FOSS expert, the first thing one needs is to be curious and
committed. FOSS allows everyone and anyone to learn and program, without
donning any corporate hat or a badge, and then, they subsequently contribute code
back to the community. FOSS experts are supposedly good at working in a virtual
world. They need to be self-motivated to comprehend problems and provide
solutions that are accepted by the open source community.
Given the wide acceptance of the open source paradigm, companies such as
Google, IBM, HP, Dell, Broadcom, Cisco, and Intel, now motivate their employees
to work on FOSS projects and contribute code freely to the community.”
Sankarshan Mukhopadhyay, an active member of the Chennai Linux Users Group,
voices similar views. “In his book‘Outliers’
(<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outliers_(book)>), Malcolm Gladwell proposed the
10,000 hour rule, claiming that the key to success in any field is, to a large extent, a
matter of practising a specific task for a total of around 10,000 hours. However, to
aspire to be an expert, one needs to take the first step towards that goal. So, it
requires that first step of contributing to an open source project and participating

Dr Pramod Varma, the chief architect of UIDAI’s Aadhaar project, shares, “This
means FOSS professionals now have varied opportunities to be a part of large
technology products or various large projects in almost all verticals.
Technology evolves rapidly, and it is essential that experts learn and apply common
design and architecture concepts from one to another and continue to be deeply
hands-on.”
Be an expert, legally!
Open source has gained traction in the last few years, but it comes with some legal
strings attached. Much legal activity in the open source area involves compliance
analysis – in other words, determining whether a company is complying with all the
relevant license conditions of its inbound open source licenses. This has given birth
to a new breed of professionals—the open source software legal expert. Becoming
a pro in this domain will help, believes Aahit Gaba, commercial and IP licensing
lawyer, a specialist in Open Source Licensing.
Of late, the software industry (proprietary and open source) is completely banking
on intellectual property rights with respect to the protection of the contributors. And
open source software adheres to the open source license, which is a legally binding
agreement. So, FOSS legal experts have immense scope in software organizations,
automotive firms, embedded systems, financial services, mobile telephony, etc.
Six handy tips to succeed in the open source world
*Focus on the fundamentals and learn the concepts well. Too often, the focus is on the ‘step
by step’ solution without much understanding of the what, why, and how behind the solution.
*Application of Mind (AoM). Learn how to apply the fundamentals (that you already know) to
solve problems. Experiment with your ideas and see what comes out of it.
*Make ‘new’ mistakes. Learn from your own and others’ mistakes and do not repeat them.
This can only happen when you experiment a lot and participate in many forums, especially
global ones, as well as being on mailing lists, blogs, etc. Do not be afraid of making
mistakes or be afraid of failure. Develop a thick skin and fearlessly ask your own questions.
*Keep updating your skills, based on the latest trends.
*Be humble. However much we know, it is insignificant in the larger scheme of things.
*Be patient. Success does not come about in a matter of weeks or even months.
By Arun Khan, FOSS enthusiast and an active member of the Chennai Linux Users Group

Future of Open Source Software
Future Of Open Source Software
What can you say about the future of Open Source Software which in itself is the
future of software world? Open Source has given all new directions to technology.
The best part about this technology is that any brain from any part the world can
contribute towards its enhancement, then how come that it would not be better than
a software written by a limited group of people sitting in a company. Open Source is
ought to be better than Closed Source as contributors from whole world are uniting
together to make it work which leads to more and more innovation.
Linux is one best example of open source software which has shattered the
monopoly of Microsoft. According to latest statistics 850,000 Android mobile phones
based on Linux are activated everyday as compared to only 30,000 Windows
mobile phones, 9 out of 10 world's super computers run Linux, software giants like
Google and other popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are all powered by
Linux.
Linux is the largest collaborative development project in the history of computing as
it is developed across the world.

Applications
Electronics
 Openmoko: a family of open-source mobile phones, including the hardware
specification and the operating system.
 OpenRISC: an open-source microprocessor family, with architecture specification
licensed under GNU GPL and implementation under LGPL.
 Sun Microsystems's OpenSPARC T1 Multicore processor. Sun has released it
under GPL.[27]
 GizmoSphere, an open source development platform for the embedded design
community; the site includes code downloads and hardware schematics along
with free user guides, spec sheets and other documentation.
 Simputer, an open hardware handheld computer, designed in India for use in
environments where computing devices such as personal computers are deemed
inappropriate.

Applications
Digital Content
 Open-content projects organized by the Wikimedia Foundation – Sites such as
Wikipedia and Wiktionary have embraced the open-content GFDL and Creative
Commons content licenses. These licenses were designed to adhere to principles
similar to various open-source software development licenses.
 Google Sketchups 3D Warehouse is an open source design community.

Applications
Medicine
 Pharmaceuticals – There have been several proposals for open-source
pharmaceutical development, which led to the establishment of the Tropical
Disease Initiative and the Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium.
 Genomics – The term "open-source genomics" refers to the combination of rapid
release of sequence data (especially raw reads) and crowdsourced analyses from
bioinformaticians around the world that characterized the analysis of the 2011 E.
coli O104:H4 outbreak.
 OpenEMR – OpenEMR is an ONC-ATB Ambulatory EHR 2011-2012 certified
electronic health records and medical practice management application. It
features fully integrated electronic health, records, practice management,
scheduling, electronic billing, and is the base for many EHR
programs. http://www.open-emr.org/

Applications
Fashion
 Eyewear – In June 2013, an open source eyewear brand, Botho, has started
trading under the UK based Open Optics Ltd company.

Project
Project Work – RAINMETER
Richa Sharma

Project
Copyright vs. Copyleft
Copyrights exist in order to protect authors of documentation or software from
unauthorized copying or selling of their work. A copyright infers that only with the
author's permission may such activities take place.
 A Copyleft, on the other hand, provides a method for software or documentation to
be modified, and distributed back to the community, provided it remains Libre.
 In the case of Libre Documentation, an author can place his or her copyright into
the document, and use distribution terms, such as those in the GNU Free
Documentation License, which gives everyone the rights to use, modify, and
redistribute the code, but only if those distribution terms remain unchanged. This
ensures that the source code and the freedoms are legally inseparable. This is
known as "copyleft".
 If a program or document was uncopyrighted and in the public domain, changes
could be made and the program or document could be re-distributed as a
proprietary product. The copyleft ensures that not only is the original source free,
but that all modifications must be made free, and permission is granted for all who
follow in modifying that same program or document, provided they abide by these
terms.

Project
Libre Documentation and Libre Software Defined
 What most people define as free software is not necessarily really free because it
may be restricted, in that the user may not have access to the source code. The
term "free" with respect to software and documentation is often misinterpreted to
mean "gratis", or free of cost.
 In an open source community, this is not an accurate representation of free
software, so instead, the term Libre is used. In Spanish and French, Libre, as
opposed to Gratis, indicates liberty or freedom rather than price.
 In order for a software application to be considered Libre, these following
conditions need to be met:
 The user has the liberty or freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
 The user has the liberty to understand how the program works and adapt it to his
or her needs. This means the source code of the program is available to view and
edit.

Project
Libre Documentation and Libre Software Defined
 The user has the liberty to make improvements to the software and release those
improvements to the public, for the benefit of the entire community.
 The user has the liberty to redistribute copies or modified copies of the program.
 Likewise, for Libre Documentation, the same definition applies. Libre
Documentation is documentation that one can copy or enhance as long as these
inherent freedoms are met. In addition, for documentation to be classified as
Libre, we need to consider the following:
 Documents should come with a human readable and editable source (html, txt,
xml are ok, pdf dvi or ps are not, since they cannot be edited without proprietary
software)
 They should be copylefted so that new versions can be created from the exisiting
base, just like a software fork

Case Studies
1. Mozilla
2. Linux

Kernel
In computing, the kernel is a computer program that manages input/output requests
from software and translates them into data processing instructions for the central
processing unit and other electronic components of a computer.
 A kernel is the central part of an operating system. It manages the tasks of the
computer and the hardware - most notably memory and CPU time.
 There are two types of kernels:
 A microkernel, which only contains basic functionality;
 A monolithic kernel, which contains many drivers.
 A computer user never interacts directly with the kernel. It runs behind the scenes
and cannot be seen, except for the text logs that it prints

End of Topic 1
Thank You

Negative
Ernie Ball
Ernie Ball is one of the world's leading manufacturers of electric guitar strings and accessories. They
used to run their business with predominately proprietary software. They hit the headlines in the music
industries more often for their amazing guitar products. Due to their daring move from proprietary
software to open source, they also hit the IT headlines.
Ball’s IT department looked every possible way to replace most of the proprietary software with open
source, Red Hat's version of Linux, the OpenOffice office suite, Mozilla's Web browser.
With this exodus from proprietary to open source software Ernie Ball had immediate gratification of
$80,000. This does not stop there; they continued to save every time when they added a new desktop to
their IT inventory.

Negative
IT@School
IT@School project was initiated by Government of Kerala in 2001. During the initial years teachers
empowerment programs consist of proprietary software for the lessons. They also realized the
importance of Information technology knowledge and extend it to students. They made it a compulsory
subject for higher classes. As they gained more insight into the Information technology and also assessed
the money spent on their desktop computer and the proprietary applications they realized the importance
of open source software.
Their first open source initiative was development of a platform independent Operating system called
IT@School GNU\Linux. Below are some of their other initiatives
• Application software like Open office, GIMP, Dr. Geo, Rasmol, KEduca, Klab etc.
• Examination software – to conduct IT practical examination to more than16 lakh students
• Handbook for GNU\Linux – prepared as a user manual for working in IT@School GNU\Linux
• Training modules in GNU\Linux – to train teachers in open source
• Textbook for standard 8th 9th and 10th – Prepared in association with SCERT
• ANTS(Animation training for students) – This is designed to provide animation training entirely based
Open Source Software such as KToon, Gimp, OpenShot Video Editor and Audacity.

Negative
LIC
Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). LIC is one among the largest insurance company in India.
Customer service was a daunting task as everything had to be done manually, be it address change on
the insurance policy or buying a new policy. LIC learnt that IT could help them enhance their service.
During mid-90’s they started computerization of their process and services. This helped for a better
customer experience. Every division, every office within LIC were now connected electronically. This
means, any insurance data is now clicks away.
Each branch office, divisional and zonal office had desktops for POS (point of service) and servers
hosting insurance applications. With this scale of computerization it was a sight for sore eyes for all the
proprietary companies. But, with monumental financial saving open source can provide, it was too good
to ignore. LIC has migrated all its servers to Linux, and uses Linux on close to 60 per cent of its desktop
base of over 30,000. Total saving is approximately USD 8.75 Million.

Open
Negative
Source Communities
Developers: They are responsible for coding of different modules of the open
source software
Builder: They work on these modules to build a new version of the software
Testers: They take the software build and test the software functionality. In case
of a failure they report back to the developers
Release Management: They package the final version of the software along with
necessary documents.
Apache web server
Web Server: A web server is a computer that stores websites on the Internet and
delivers web pages to the requester.

Introduction to Standards

What is a Standard?
 An agreed way of doing something

 Can be formally published, or an informal unwritten procedure
 A voluntary code – not a regulation

The etymology of the word “Standard” is flag and from old Frankish means
“standard” which literally means “stand hard”, “stand firm”. Probably this was called
so because the flag pole was stuck to the ground with upright position. Standard
also means unit of measurement. In the olden days kings used to be authoritative in
setting standard weight and measures across there realm.
Standards help us, as consumers, to understand what we’re buying – whether

something is going to be fit for the purpose for which we buy it, and whether it is
going to be of suitable quality.

Why Standards?

How do Standards help industry?

 Support innovation
 Getting ideas from one country to be adopted internationally
 Balancing the needs of producer and user

Types of Standards
Types of Standards
Broadly standards are classified into 2 types namely;
 De facto standard – By Industries ( Rail Guage)
 De jure Standard – Ex – (ISI, British Standards)
Click each Logo to learn more

Types of Standards
Open Standards Closed Standards

Closed Standards
Closed Standard
Closed standards generally are not developed by consortiums but mostly by single
company.
 Closed in Development
 Closed in Implementation
 Closed in Use

Closed Standards
Closed in Development
Closed development is contrast to openness. All the development process and specification is
not available for others to review and change. A completely closed development process
also has no transparency, Meeting proceedings, minutes, and intra-company electronic
discussions are not published and do not become part of a public record.
Closed in Implementation
The closed developed product is not available for others to implement. If it’s an intellectual
property then all the rights are reserved. This ceases interoperability.
Closed in Use
Customers are locked into a single vendor and many a times they end up buying other
peripheral products from the same vendor. Also, it is not economically viable.

Examples of Closed Standards
 DOC – Microsoft Word word processing documents

 XLS – Microsoft Excel spreadsheets
 PPT – Microsoft PowerPoint presentations
 WMA – Windows Media Audio
 Real Audio

Types of Standards
Open Standard
In this context, Open means, non-secretive. Which means it’s available for public
knowledge. Standards are developed to make things work as the same way even
though they are made by different manufactures.
Open Standards are “publicly available documents that contain implementable
specifications” (Wikipedia).

What is Open Standards?
 An open standard is developed and maintained by independent group of people

from multiple organizations.
 No one product provider dictates the standard, makes rules that the standard
must conform to his or her products, nor “plays the system” so that his or her
products will be the only implementations.
 An open standard is freely available to and implementable by anyone.
 This includes those creating open source software, if the standard relates to
software interoperability.

Attributes of Open Standards
 Openness in Development
Anyone can participate in developing the Open standard and without regard to any
external influences like government, credentials..Etc.
 Openness in Implementation
Once the open standard is developed with all the specification it should be made
available to all, including vendor and general public.
 Openness in Use
To take the full advantage of openness, the implementation should be interoperable
between multiple vendors.

Attributes of Open Standards
 Accessibility
 Open Standard should be available for everyone.
 No Royalty Fee
 No royalty charges to use the open standard specification to build a product.
 Unbiased
 Not biased to a particular implementer

Examples of Open Standards
 HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language

 PDF – Portable Document Format
 ODF – OpenDocument Format
 PNG – Portable Network Graphics
 OGG – A container for several open audio and video formats

Types of Standards
Video-File

Evolution of Standards
Evolution of Standards
JP Knight for the Traffic signal - London in 1868 near the Houses of Parliament.

Lifecycle of Standards

Life Cycle of Standards
The standards follow a life cycle where they constantly mature adapting to the
changes in the environment or fade away when no longer in use.
As described in the above figure, a standard goes through different phases in the life cycle.

Emerge – When a new standard is under development or review, it is known to be

in the emerge phase. These standards are pending evaluations by the accredited
bodies and are not in use by the companies.
Example: Aero-Trains, A team of Japanese researchers have built a prototype of an

Aero-train which levitates on a cushion of air.
Current - When the emerging standards are accredited and approved and are in
use in the industry are known to be in the Current phase.
Example: Electric trains – Which runs on electricity

Obsolete – When the standards are not in use by the industry because of the
changing environment, they are known to be Obsolete. The standards that do not
change are likely to fade away with the passing of time. Such standards are
generally replaced with the new standards.
Example: Railway steam locomotives

Revision - The standards evolve with the changes in the industries and attain a
different level of maturity. They move through maturation driven by efficiency and
value. These are successors of the existing standard with the upgraded
characteristics which when adopted becomes current.
Example: Originally the rail tracks were connected using wood or concrete, which
has been upgraded to use Ballast-less track.

Importance of Standards
Standards play a key role in the world today. In the battle of power and dominance,
where each company wants to establish supremacy over the other, standards help
to achieve co-existence.
Reusability
Better
Economical
Service
Inter
operability
Increases
Efficiency

Why are organizations adopting Open Standards

Open standards are available free of cost and address a common problem. We see
that Information Technology industries are the early adopters of Open standard as
apposed to the other industries which relatively slower. The following are the
reasons for Organizations which are adopting Open standards;
 Rapid adoption - gain access to high quality implementation of the open
standard and accelerate the industry adoption
 Business Strategy decision – business model based on the use of open
standards
 Building relationships – participation in the open community enhances
relationships with the other players in the industry

Video-File

Benefits of Open Standards
Many Organizations are embracing Open Standards as it offers flexibility and

vendor independence. Some of the compelling benefits of open standards are as
follows:
Interoperability
Prevents vendor lock-in
Collaborative innovation
Lower cost
Freedom of action
Click each benefit to know more

The Standards Setters

Standard setters
Click each standard to learn more

International Organization for Standardization
International Organization for Standardization popularly known as ISO, is not an
abbreviation, it’s a short name derived from Greek “isos”, meaning “equal”.
 Founded on February 23, 1947.
 Headquarters based in Geneva, Switzerland.
 ISO is a non-governmental organization.
 ISO is a group of worldwide federations of national standards bodies from 162
countries.
 Each country will have one ISO member.

Development of Standard
When any industry sector learns an
impending need for a standard, it will
communicate the need to the National
member body. Every member country will
have one ISO representative.
National body will extend the need of a
standard across all the members.
Once the need for a new standard in the
sector is recognized and agreed,
Particular technical committee will start its
first step
1. By defining the technical scope.
2. Members will negotiate detailed
specification for the standard.
3. In the final phase the specification will
have a formal approval.
The approval is based on 75% of the voting
member accepting the specification.

Development Stages of Standard

Review of International Standards
All the Published international standards are reviewed at least once in 3 years and
every 5 years after the first review.
During the review, the Technical Committee will decide whether an international
standard should be confirmed, revised or withdrawn.

Global Standard setting Organizations
International Electrotechnical Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is one of the three global sister organizations (IEC,
ISO, ITU) that develop International Standards for the world. IEC was founded in 1906; they prepare and
publish International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
International Telecommunication Union

After many months of negotiation between countries the first International Telegraph Convention was
signed and the International Telegraph Union (ITU) was established. Post Second World War, ITU and
United nations (UN) signed an agreement and ITU became UN’s specialized agency.
ITU has three main areas of activity as below;

 ITU-R – Radio communication sector works with mainly Radio communication services and also radio-
frequency spectrum and satellite orbits.
 ITU-T – Telecommunication standardization sector primarily operate in Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT)
 ITU-D – Telecommunication development sector helps people have access to information and
communication technologies without social and economic barrier.

Regional Standard setting Organizations
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded on 8th August 1967 with 5
country leaders, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. As of today
ASEAN consists of 10 member states.
The aim of ASEAN is to
Fasten social and economic growth among all the member countries. This encouraged
ASEAN to have a common effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme. This scheme
enabled ASEAN member to reduce intra-regional tariffs.
During 2009 ASEAN comprehensive Investment agreement (ACIA) was signed.
This agreement
 Promotes free flow of investments.
 Attracting more foreign investment into ASEAN and increasing intra-ASEAN investment.

National Standard setting Organization
Bureau of Indian Standards
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is a national standards body engaged in developing,
implementing and certifying standards in India. BIS came into existence through an Act of
Indian Parliament on 1 April 1987. BIS is engaged in formulation of Indian Standards for the
following sectors;
Production & General Mechanical Engineering Petroleum Coal and Related Products
Engineering
Chemicals Management and Systems Transport Engineering
Civil Engineering Medical Equipment and Hospital Textile

Planning
Electronics and Information Metallurgical Engineering Water Resources
Technology
Electrotechnical
Food and Agriculture
Hallmarking of Gold jewelries was started in 2000 on voluntary basis and later in 2008
Hallmarking was made mandatory, which measures the purity of Gold.

De Facto Standard Setters
De facto Standards are those that have been widely used in the industry.
Unlike de jure standards, de facto standards do not have any governing
bodies like ISO, IEC...etc.
To complement Infrared, Bluetooth was developed by Ericsson engineers in
1994. Later a group of companies agreed to work together on Bluetooth
technology. They formed a group known as,” Bluetooth Special Interest
Group” (SIG). The SIG oversees all the development activity on Bluetooth
today.
A company which choses to adopt Bluetooth technology into their product
should become a member of SIG.
There are three levels of membership with each level having various benefits.
 Promoter: These are the core members who take part in strategy building with each
representing one seat for board of Directors. The promoter members are mainly
representatives from their respective industries.
 Associate: Associate members have access to draft specifications. In addition,

Associate members have the ability to review specifications prior to their public
availability. An annual fee depends on company’s Annual revenue.
 Adopter: Adopter members are entitled to use published Bluetooth wireless

specifications in their product Adopter members do not have the opportunity to
influence or gain early access to unpublished Bluetooth specifications.

USB Implementers Forum
Universal Serial Bus, popularly known as USB has been most widely used to
connect devices to computer. The development of USB was started by a
group of seven companies - Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and
Nortel in mid 90’s. The first USB 1.0 was released in 1996
One can become a member to exercise the benefits mentioned below;
 Eligibility to participate in free USB-IF sponsored quarterly Compliance Workshops
 Free Vendor ID (if one has not been previously assigned)
 Opportunities to participate in USB-IF marketing programs and events, such as retail
newsletters, store endcaps, featured products, Etc.
 A company listing in the USB key contacts list
 Eligibility for inclusion in the USB current products list on the usb.org web site and in
periodic USB-IF retail newsletters
 A waived logo administration fee when joining the USB-IF logo program
 Discounts on Developer Conferences, products in the e-store, etc
 Eligibility to participate in Device Working Groups
 Free CDs of the specifications and the ability to request 2 hardcopy spec books to new
members of the USB-IF

Testing and certification
To develop and maintain standards there is operational cost for the office space, hire experts,
equipment’s…etc. A portion of the operational cost is met by membership fee, sales of
standards, test and certifications.
Specifications are created for standards and they are made accessible to implementer.
Organizations that test the standards normally known as the certifying body validate the
conformance of the standard developed by the vendors or product manufacturers against the
standard specifications.
After the product is tested and certified from the standard setting organizations the product
developers are allowed to display certain logo to indicate to their customers that they are
certified by the testing organization.

Standards Development Hierarchy

Summary
The below figure depicts the relationships between the various standards. It should
be noted that De facto standard can be both Open and closed. However a De Jure
standard can only be Open.
Examples
As described in the beginning of this chapter, the rail road gauge and QWERTY keyboard layout are classic examples of an
Open – De facto standard.
Microsoft word is one of the best known Closed – De facto standard for word processors.
Power supplied to homes are regulated by local Government and specifications are available for the implementers which is an
Open – De jure Standard
A De jure standard is developed by groups and their specifications are available for vendors to implement. This cannot be a
closed standard.

Adoption Of Open Standards

Adoption of Open Standards
In this chapter, we will learn few of the drivers that have enabled the adoption of
open standards, the adoption process and some real life examples of open
standard adoption by the businesses and Governments.

Drivers for Adoption
The open standard adoption is gaining momentum either because of organizations

given access to the high quality implementation of the open standard, or
organizations have their business strategy decision defined to use open standard or
because of building relationships with the open community.
There are some vital drivers that are accelerating the open standard adoption. They
are:
Click the graphic to learn more

Adoption Methods and Process
Methods
When a national standard adopts an international standard, the identification of the
international standard has to be clearly stated. Whenever there are amendments to
the international standard, these changes should be adopted as well. There are two
methods of adoptions:
1. Endorsement Method: When a NSB (National Standards Body) declares an
international standard as national, an “endorsement notice” may be issued. The
notice reference the international standard that is being adopted. This method is
applicable for identical adoptions only.
2. Republication Method: There are three ways of republication namely –
Reprinting, Translation and Redrafting. Regardless of which method of republication
is used, the national identifier of the organization adopting the standard will be
mentioned on the cover and remaining pages.
Whenever there are few minor changes involved, reprinting the full text is the
recommended method of adoption.

Process
 Identify
 Review
 Approve
 Maintenance

Review

Adoption Barriers
There are no constraints on the human mind, no walls around the human
spirit, no barriers to our progress except those we ourselves erect.

IBM on Open Standards

IBM for Standards?
All around the world, businesses, governments and
institutions are investing to reduce costs, drive
innovation and transform their infrastructure. The
economic downturn has intensified this trend, as
leaders seek not simply to repair what is broken, but
to prepare for a 21st Century economy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Because IBM understands open standards better & bring value to
your business

The IBM Standards Policy
IBM supports the consistent and fair application of
standards development practices for all stakeholders,
whether they be consumer, governmental, commercial, or
open source, in emerging and mature economies alike. IBM
does now, and will continue, to adhere to the following
principles, informing IBM's participation in the standards
community with integrity, innovation and good faith.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because IBM's standards participation policy is grounded in a set of
principles:
Encourage emerging and developed economies to both adopt open global
standards and to participate in the creation of those standards.
Advance governance rules within standards bodies that ensure technology
decisions, votes, and dispute resolutions are made fairly by independent
participants, protected from undue influence.
Collaborate with standards bodies and developer communities to ensure that
open software interoperability standards are freely available and
implementable.
Participate in standards bodies based on the quality and openness of their
processes, membership rules, and intellectual property policies.

According to Robert LeBlanc, Senior Vice President, Middle Software, IBM, many
customers fear greatly being locked to one technology platform.
“Open standards are the fundamental requirements to deliver services in any

industry”, says LeBlanc, and because of synergies between innovation and system
optimization, such standards significantly speed up and simplify managing
enterprises clouds.
Customers will no longer be locked to one vendor but can choose the best platform,
based on the best set of capabilities that meet their needs.

IBM is a leader in cloud open standards
Cloud open standards and open source are the key
to achieving true interoperability and eliminating
vendor lock-in across the industry. IBM builds its cloud
offerings on open standards to ensure interoperability
and accelerate clients' success with cloud. As an
active member of several standards development
organizations, IBM pursues standards that are
1.User-driven, based on real client pain points.
IBM helped found the Cloud Standards Customer Council to provide a
space for customer-led recommendations for cloud standards.
2.Proven in practice through implementation, not based on
theory.
As a Platinum member of the OpenStack Foundation , IBM actively
encourages the adoption of standards in the open source community.
3.Set within a standard architecture.
Based on real-world cloud implementations, IBM contributed the
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture to The Open Group as the
basis of an industry-wide cloud architecture.

IBM Supports and Exploits Many Open Standards
Industry-Specific Global
Banking
SMB
Financial
Markets
Horizontal Chemicals &
Petroleum
Industry
Insurance Finance Human Aerospace
Open Networks Resources
Risk/Compliance
Payments Defense
IP
Energy & HTML
Linux Open
Utilities
Open OS
XHTML Publishing
Accounting Automotive
Marketing
Tele-
communications
Technology Grid STANDARDS Autonomic Standards Electronics
Pervasive
& Wireless
Open Product
Media & Web Life Cycle
Entertainment Information Interchange XML Open Data Relationship
Management Services Management
J2EE Consumer
Education Products
Open Programming
Government Customer Retail
Procurement
Support
US Federal Standards Travel &
Transport
Healthcare
Trading Partner
Life Collaboration
Sciences Standards

IBM Supports and Exploits Many Open Standards

Negative
ISI Negative
BSI
ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial British Standards are the standards produced
products in India. The mark certifies that a by BSI Group which is incorporated under a
product conforms to the Indian Standard, Royal Charter. The BSI Group produces
mentioned as IS:xxxx on top of the mark, British Standards under the authority of the
developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards Charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's
(BIS), the national standards body of India. objectives to:
The ISI mark is by far the most recognized
certification mark in the Indian Subcontinent. Set up standards of quality for goods and
The name ISI is an abbreviation of Indian services, and prepare and promote the
Standards Institute, the former name of the general adoption of British Standards and
Bureau of Indian Standards. schedules in connection therewith and from
time to time to revise, alter and amend such
standards and schedules as experience and
circumstances require
Back to slide

Negative Interoperability
In the networked environment, it is imperative that we build end to end solutions where products
developed by different vendors work together seamlessly facilitating interoperability. Therefore,
organizations are under constant pressure to develop products that are interoperable.
European Union (EU) is formed by many European countries. These countries became borderless in
the sense it allows free movement of people, goods and services which enabled cross-border
transportation. In continuation with train illustration, interoperability is the key for the cross-border
railway system to work efficiently. This requires standardization of gauge, electrification systems,
administrative procedures etc., For example, Thales trains running between Paris, Brussels, Cologne
and Amsterdam have to be equipped with seven different types of train control systems. This
challenge can be negated with use of interoperability.
In IT industry, open standards form the framework that provides interoperability regardless of whether
the open standard implementation is done using open software or a proprietary software. A good
example that highlights the importance of interoperability involves e-government services. Indian
government has formed NeGP (National e-Governance Plan) which aims to deliver Government
services via electronic media like, Passport seva Kendra, Pension, Insurance etc. For e-government
to work efficiently it is important for the e-government services be interoperable, and open standards
are crucial in allowing such services to work together within enterprise systems.
Back to slide
NegativePrevents vendor lock-in
One of the challenges that the organizations face using the proprietary or closed standard is the
dependency on the single vendor. Even though the total cost of ownership is less during the initial
procurement of the product, it increases exponentially when customizations are required to be
implemented to the product.
Also, when the organizations chose to expand or acquire business, the solution which is built using a
single vendor product may not support the expansion or may not be compatible with the products
developed by other vendors or may prove to be highly costly to implement. This poses financial risks
to the organizations.
Back to slide
NegativeCollaborative Innovation
Problems that are too complex to be solved by an individual organization can be addressed through
collaboration. And, collaboration can lead to more and better product ideas in shorter time. Open
standards drives innovation. This also maximizes the interoperability.
Back to slide
Negative Lower cost
Adopting open standards decreases cost, promotes reuse and prevents vendor lock-in and increases
competition. There is no cost involved in development of the standard and maintenance as it is built
by an open community. Also, organizations using single vendor products were forced to upgrade their
solutions/infrastructure whenever the vendor released an upgraded version of a product because of
lack of warranty support for the older version of the product. Organizations had to bear the huge cost
associated with the upgrade even though their businesses did not dictate the change.
Back to slide
Negative Freedom of action
Adopting open standards avoids risk of dominance and control of technology by a single company. No
more dependency on a single company to lead but is driven by open community.
Back to slide
Negative
De Jure Standard Setters
These standards are developed by bodies which authorize
the standards. These bodies can be local government,
consortium, accreditation or other sources.
Broadly standard organizations are classified as follows;
Global standards Organizations – Standard setting

organizations under this category are the developers of
International standards. There are many worldwide standard
organizations, to name a few well-known ones, International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electro
technical Commission (IEC) and International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). These Organizations are
market driven.
Regional Standards Organizations - these Organizations

are formed mostly by a group of countries. ASEAN
Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality consist
most of the Asian countries, European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) for Europe and so on.
National Standards Organizations – Each country has

their own standard bodies like Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS), Standardization Administration of China (SAC)...Etc.
Back to slide
Negative
De facto Standards are those that have been widely used
in the industry. Unlike de jure standards, de facto
standards do not have any governing bodies like ISO,
IEC...etc. A de facto standard is formed when a set of
people or companies sharing the same purpose come
together. Generally these groups do not have any
membership fee. Also, they do not have any obligation
with the Government.
In certain cases, the product specifications of a dominant

supplier in the market may become a de facto standard.
Therefore, De facto standards can be either open or
closed. Sometimes a standard becomes de facto because
it’s been intrinsic part of the already popular de facto
standard like, Audio format Windows media player (WMA)
is part of already popular Microsoft Windows operating
system.
Back to slide
Network
Negative
effects
In Economics, the term network effect is the effect that one user of a goods or service has on the value of
that product to other people. When the network effects are present, the value of the goods or service
increases as the number of users grows. It is sometimes referred to as Network ``Externalities or
Metcalfe’s law.
The classic example of the network effect is telephone, Internet, Facebook etc., the more people own
telephones, the more valuable telephone to each other. Similarly, the more users come online on
Facebook, the network becomes more valuable as the user can communicate with more people.
Negative
Lowers cost
One of the challenges that most organizations face today is the procurement and maintenance costs of
the single vendor products. Because open standards prevents vendor lock-in by making the specifications
available at a nominal prices, more vendors come forward and bid for projects offering competitive prices.
The buyer organizations will have increased bargaining power resulting in products being available for
lower costs.
Negative
Impending benefits
The compelling benefits of adopting open standards are numerous. Primarily, the interoperability between
discrete systems and preventing vendor lock-in attracts the businesses and governments to adopt open
standards. The other benefits include flexibility, freedom of action and collaborative innovation which have
been discussed in detail in section 4 “Benefits of Open Standards” of Chapter 2.
Back to slide
Case Studies
1. Transfer Account Procedure (TAP)
2. Open Document format (ODF)

Thank You

Next Open Source

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Introduction to Open Source

Software and Open Standards

© 2013 IBM Corporation

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The following terms are trademarks of other companies:

1 Introduction to Open Source

2 History of Open Source

© 2013 IBM Corporation 3 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 4 Innovation Centre for Education

 Understand the Open Source Software and Open Standards

 Gain knowledge of Open Standards & Open Source Software

 Internet usage knowledge

© 2013 IBM Corporation 6 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 7 Innovation Centre for Education

Is this software Open Source Software?

© 2013 IBM Corporation 8 Innovation Centre for Education

No it is not! As the source code is not available.

Is this software Open Source Software now?

© 2013 IBM Corporation 9 Innovation Centre for Education

Permission has to be granted to use this software.

It is given through license agreement.

© 2013 IBM Corporation 10 Innovation Centre for Education

Is it open source software now?............Not Yet!

It can be an open source if the license grants certain rights.

© 2013 IBM Corporation 11 Innovation Centre for Education

The software should be made available for…

Any person should be able to Copy it Modify, and distribute

© 2013 IBM Corporation 12 Innovation Centre for Education

An open source software should not have any restriction on

Any person should be able to Copy it Modify, and distribute

© 2013 IBM Corporation 13 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 14 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 15 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 16 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 17 Innovation Centre for Education

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– Free Software was too ambiguous

– Open Source Definition was Introduced

– OSI was formed

© 2013 IBM Corporation 19 Innovation Centre for Education

© 2013 IBM Corporation 20 Innovation Centre for Education

Founder of GNU Project and