APL 106: Fluid Mechanics (3-1-0)

Lecture time: 11 am-12 pm, T Th F; Slot-F (LH 310)

Tutorial time: TBD
Prof. Sanjeev Sanghi (Block 4, 241)
Prof. Prateek Gupta (Block 4, 342B)

COURSE CONTENTS (Lectures)

1. INTRODUCTION TO FLUIDS
Lecture 1: Definition, Newton’s law for a system of particles, rigid bodies covered in APL100, Deformable bodies,
continuum hypothesis, strain rate of fluids, rheological diagram

VISCOSITY
Lecture 2: Viscosity, molecular view of viscosity, review of basic thermodynamics,

SURFACE FORCES, STRESS, TENSORS

Lecture 3: Stress measures, tensors, Index notation, tensor calculus and algebra using index notation
Normal and tangential forces, 2 nd order tensor – combining 2 vectors retaining their identity, summation, free index,
dummy index \delta_{ij}, \epsilon_{ijk}

2. FLUID KINEMATICS
Lecture4: Kinematics, Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions, streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, Lagrangian and Eulerian,
steady and unsteady, 1D and 2D flows

Lecture 5: Material derivatives, deformation of a fluid element, velocity gradient tensor substantial derivative, convective
derivative as a directional derivative along the streamlines, deformation of a fluid element

Lecture 6: Physical picture of deformation considering 2D element, rotation and deformation rate, Intensive and Extensive
properties, Reynolds Transport Theorem, Control volume,

3. DYNAMICAL LAWS OF MOTION

Lecture 7: Leibniz rule, integral - differential governing equations for mass and momentum Reynolds Transport Theorem
(in connection with Leibniz rule)

Lecture 8: Momentum equation, surface forces and body forces, Cauchy stress tensor, gravitational body force

Lecture 9: Conservation equation of vorticity, Bernoulli’s equation from momentum equation

Lecture 10: Total rate of work done in fluids, Energy equation (integral and differential forms)

Lecture 11: Bernoulli’s equation from the energy equation, Newtonian assumption and Stokes’ assumption

Lecture 12: Navier-Stokes equations, fluid statics (with no flow and rigid body motion)

HYDRODSTATICS AS A SPECIAL CASE

Lecture 13: Bodies submerged in fluids, forces and stability.

4. INTEGRAL ANALYSIS
Lecture 14: integral analysis problems (mass conservation and momentum conservation)

Lecture 15: integral analysis of energy equation, integral derivation of Bernoulli’s equation from energy equation

Lecture 16: integral analysis problems involving all three equations (combined analysis)

Lecture 17: integral analysis problems involving all three equations (combined analysis)
 5. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
Lecture 18: Integral and differential analysis. Boundary conditions in viscous flows. Assumptions for analytical solutions
of laminar viscous flows.

Lecture 19: Differential analysis, Laminar Poisuelle + Couette flow (combined), Laminar Taylor-Couette flow

Lecture 20: Laminar cylindrical flows. One example of porous boundary condition

6. SCALING AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Lecture 21: Dimensional analysis & Non-dimensionalization of governing equations

Lecture 22: Dimensionless numbers – physical and practical significance in experiments and testing and various
dimensionless numbers along with their physical significance. Lift and drag coefficients

Lecture 23: Buckingham-Pi theorem. Determining dimensionless numbers/groups from dependent parameter knowledge
only

Lecture 24: Problems in non-dimensionlization of governing equations. Analytical solutions using dimensionless equations
(pipe flow).

PIPE FLOW
Lecture 25: Pressure drop in a fully developed laminar pipe flow, generalized Bernoulli’s equation from energy equation,
engineering applications including losses in fittings

7. POTENTIAL FLOW
Lecture 26: Velocity potential, stream function, vorticity and circulation

Lecture 27: Harmonic equations potential and stream function. Basic potential flows: - source, sink, uniform flow, ideal
vortex

Lecture 28: Superimposing sources, sinks. Doublets and flow past a cylinder

Lecture 29: Ideal vortex, determining strength of vortex using circulation theorem, lift on a rotating cylinder in a uniform
flow, no drag paradox

8. LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOWS

Lecture 30: Viscous drag. Characteristic regimes of flow past a sphere, Low Reynolds number flows.

Lecture 31: Scaling analysis. Simplification of Navier Stokes equations based on O() analysis

9. BOUNDARY LAYERS
Lecture 32: Flow at higher Reynolds numbers, Boundary layer motivation, Boundary layer equations

Lecture 33: Momentum integral equation, displacement thickness, momentum thickness

Lecture 34: Pohlhaussen method, Self-similarity, Blasius equation

10. INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

Lecture 35: Governing equations, closure via equation to state, review of thermodynamics

Lecture 36: Moving bodies in a compressible medium, physics of compressible flows, Mach Cone

Lecture 37: Shock waves, Rankine-Hugoniot conditions, Normal shock wave relations
Lecture 38: Quasi-1D isentropic flow, C-nozzle and CD nozzle.

Lecture 39: Review and glimpses of advanced fluid mechanics course

TUTORIALS
Tutorial 1: Mathematical preliminaries
Gauss’ divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem, Leibniz Rule, Multivariable calculus (integrating partial derivatives), splitting
of a matrix (skew symmetric and isotropic/deviatoric)

Tutorial 2: Index notation, viscometry

Tutorial 3: Streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, deformation of a fluid element, material derivative

Tutorial 4: Mass balance, derivation of governing equations (RTT)

Tutorial 5: Hydrostatics

Tutorial 6: Integral analysis

Tutorial 7: Integral analysis and one-dimensional differential analysis

Tutorial 8: Differential analysis

Tutorial 9: Dimensional analysis and non-dimensionalization of governing equations

Tutorial 10: Pipe flow and potential flow

Tutorial 11: Potential flows with linear superposition

Tutorial 12: Low Reynolds number flows and boundary layers

Tutorial 13: Boundary layers and compressible flows

ASSESSMENT
All assessments will be relative. A total of three quizzes, one minor exam, and one major exam will be conducted with the
following weightages,
 Quiz 1 – 10
 Quiz 2 – 20
 Quiz 3 – 20
 Minor 1 – 40
 Major – 80
 Assignments – 30
out of 200. One make-up quiz and one make-up minor will be scheduled towards the latter half of the course. Dates will be
announced accordingly.

TEXTBOOKS

Module-wise lecture notes specially designed for this course will be provided online. Some suggested textbooks are
mentioned below,
1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics – R. W. Fox & A. T. McDonald
2. Fluid Mechanics – F.M. White
3. Fluid Mechanics – P. K. Kundu, I. N. Cohen, D.R. Dowling
4. Incompressible flow – R. L. Panton

One grade will be lowered if attendance is less than 75% (including tutorials)