PULSE MODULATION

Transition from Analog to Digital Communication

Continuous Wave (CW) Modulation

“Some parameters (Amplitude, Frequency & Phase) of sinusoidal
carrier wave is varied continuously in accordance with the message
signal”
Pulse Modulation
“Some parameters (Amplitude, duration or position) of a pulse train
is varied in accordance with the message signal”
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Some characteristic features of Message signal is

each pulse (e.g. amplitude,
duration or position) is varied in
continuous manner in accordance
with the corresponding sample
value of message signal.
represented in a form that
is discrete in both time &
amplitude.
(Sampling + Quantization)

Information is transmitted in Transmission in digital form

analog form but transmission as a sequence of coded
takes place at discrete times pulses

(No CW Process)
(Continuous wave process)
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Ex: Ex:
 PCM (Pulse Code
 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) Modulation)
 PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)  DM (Delta Modulation)
 DPCM (Differential Pulse
Code Modulation)

(SAMPLING + QUANTIZATION)

Note:
Quantization provides a
representation of message
signal that is discrete in both
time & amplitude.
 Advantages of Digitalization of Analog
Sources/ Digital Systems
1. Sistem Digital kurang sensitif terhadap noise dari pada
analog
2. Dengan sistem digital, lebih mudah untuk
mengintegrasikan berbagai layanan. Mis: video &
sooundtrack yang menyertainya, ke dalam skema
transmisi yang sama.
3. Rangkaian digital kurang sensitif terhadap efek fisik
seperti getaran & suhu
4. Kompresi sinyal data yang besar hanya dimungkinkan
dalam komunikasi digital
5. Penyimpanan & manipulasi sinyal lebih mudah karena
teknik DSP dan sistem komputer digital.
 Sampling
• Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
• Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling
frequency.
• There are 3 sampling methods:
• Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
• Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
• Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single amplitude
value
• The process is referred to as pulse amplitude modulation
PAM and the outcome is a signal with analog (non integer)
values
Three different sampling methods
Sampling Process
Contoh teorema Nyquist, sampel gelombang sinus sederhana dengan pengambilan
sampel: fs = 4f (2 kali Nyquist rate), fs = 2f (Nyquist rate), dan fs = f (setengah dari
Nyquist rate). Gambar menunjukkan pengambilan sampel dan pemulihan sinyal
selanjutnya.
 Contoh

Sinyal low-pass kompleks memiliki bandwidth 200 kHz. Berapa laju

sampling minimum untuk sinyal ini?
Solusi:
Bandwidth dari sinyal low-pass adalah antara 0 dan f, di
mana f adalah frekuensi maksimum dalam sinyal, dapat
diambil sampel sinyal ini 2 kali frekuensi tertinggi (200 kHz).
Oleh karena itu tingkat sampling adalah 400.000 sampel per
detik.
Contoh
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Transmission Bandwidth of PAM Signal
Effect of Noise PAM
Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
Step Kuantisasi

Sifat Kuantisasi
Contoh
Contoh
TERIMA KASIH