VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnanasangama”
Belgaum, – 590 014, Karnataka state

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“AN INTEGRATED IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR LEAF
DISEASE DETECTION”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
“MICROELECTRONICS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS”
Submitted by

AYISHATHUL RUKSANA B
USN: 5ZD11EMS04

Under the Guidance of

Prof. VASUDEV SHETTIGAR. K.
HOD, Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology
Nitte, Karkala – 574 110

Department of PG Studies, VTU PG Extension Centre

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte-574110

2013
 DEPARTMENT OF PG STUDIES, VTU PG EXTENSION
CENTRE
N. M. A. M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Nitte, Karkala -574 110
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that project work entitled “AN INTEGRATED IMAGE PROCESSING
SYSTEM FOR LEAF DISEASE DETECTION”, is a bonafied work carried out by Ms.
AYISHATHUL RUKSANA B bearing USN: 5ZD11EMS04, in partial fulfillment for the
award of Master of Technology in Microelectronics and Control Systems of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2012-2013. It is certified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

 ABSTRACT

Leaf spots can be indicative of crop diseases. Where leaf batches (spots) are usually
examined manually and subjected to expert’s opinion. Here an integrated image processing
system has been developed to automate the inspection of these leaf batches and to identify the
disease type. The developed system consists of three stages.

The first stage is the enhancement , which includes HSI transformation, histogram
analysis and intensity adjustment. The second stage is the segmentation, which includes
adaptation of Fuzzy c-means of algorithm parameters to fit the application in concern. Feature
extraction is the third stage which deals with three features namely: colour, size and shape of the
spots.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it my privilege to express a few words of gratitude and respect to all those
who have guided and inspired me for the completion of this project. I express sincere gratitude to
my guide Prof. K. VASUDEV SHETTIGAR, HOD, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering., NMAMIT, Nitte., for supporting and providing useful suggestions during the
entire project work.

I remain grateful to PRAKASH .N. K. Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and

Electronics engineering, NMAMIT, Nitte., for clarifying the issues and his kind co-operation and
guidance which helped me for the completion of this project successfully.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. NIRANJAN N CHIPLUNKAR, Principal,

NMAMIT, NITTE, for his kind co-operation during the project work.

At last, but not the least, I would like to thank my parents and friends and all the people
who have directly or indirectly helped me during the course of my project work.

Place: Nitte (AYISHATHUL RUKSANA B)

Date:
 CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No

LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 4

4 SOTWARE DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED

SYSTEM 5

4.1 Image analyzer 6

4.2 Image acquisition 6

4.3 RGB colour model 7

4.4 Enhancement phase 7

4.5 Point processing operation 11

4.6 Create negative of an image 12

4.7 Thresholding transformations. 13

4.8 Intensity transformation. 14

4.9 Logarithmic transformation 14

4.10 Power law transformation 15

4.11 Piecewise linear transformation 15

4.12 Grey level slicing 16

4.13 HSI transformation 17

4.14 Histogram processing 18

4.15 Intensity adjustment 23

4.16 Segmentation phase 25

 4.17 Fuzzy c-means algorithm 30

4.18 Feature extraction phase 33

4.19 Features database 34

4.20 The classifier 35

5 HARDWARE DETAILS OF THE SYSTEM 36

5.1 Power supply unit. 36

5.2 Microcontroller Atmel 89S52. 38

5.3 Liquid crystal display 48

5,4 SPDT relay 49

5.5 DC motor 52

6 CONCLUSION, APPLICATION AND

FUTURESCOPE 53

REFERENCES 54
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page No

3.1. Schematic Diagram of Integrated image

processing system for leaf disease detection 4

4.1. Overall structure of the system. 5

4.2. Image analyzer structure 6

4.3. Sample of defected image 6

4.4. (a) Color Cube 0,0,0=Black 1,1,1=White 7

(b) 24-bit Color Cube 7

4.5. Showing the effect of Image Enhancement 11

4.6. Shows basic grey level transformations 11

4.7. Shows how much clearer the tissue is in the

negative image of the mammogram 12

4.8. Showing effect of thresholding transformation

for isolating object of interest 13

4.9. Shows the effect of intensity transformation 14

4.10. Example showing effect of Logarithmic transformation 14

4.11. The images below show a contrast stretching

linear transform to add contrast to a poor quality image 16

4.12. Showing example of Grey level slicing 16

4.13. Images after HSI transformation 17

4.14. HSI model 18

4.15. Histogram corresponding to the four basic image types 19

4.16. Histogram of the defected image 19

i
4.17. Shows equalised image and its histogram 21

4.18. Image before and after local enhancement 23

4.19. (a) Low contrast image 23

(b) High contrast image 23

4.20. Gamma correction. 24

4.21. PDF for the histogram 24

4.22. Images after intensity adjustment. 25

4.23. The triangle algorithm selects the threshold intensity

as the value where the distance d is the greatest 30

4.24. A 1D image, its gradient and the second derivative 31

5.1. Circuit Diagram of Regulated Power Supply. 36

5.2. Pin Details of ATMEL 89S52 39

5.3. Architecture of ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller 41

5.4. Pin Diagram of LCD 16*2 48

5.5. Basic NPN and PNP relay driver 49

5.6. SPDT pin configuration 51

5.7. Block diagram of SPDT 52

ii
 LIST OF TABLE
Table No Description Page. No

4.1 Shows the effect of threshold values 28

iii