Aircraft Propulsion Systems Exercise 5

Name : Oh Xhee Jie Class : T3P3 ID : S10207484A

1 Name and draw the two basic types of turbine blade shape.

2 Describe the function and operation of the nozzle guide vanes (NGV). How
does the flow area through the NGV influence engine performance?

(a) they change the direction of the hot gas leaving the combustion chamber so
that the gas flows on to the turbine blades at the correct angle.
(b) they convert part of the heat and pressure energy of the hot gas into kinetic
energy to move the turbine rotor blades that provide the shaft power.

The proper selection of inlet cross-sectional area of NGV is important in engine

design since it controls the gas velocity through the turbine vanes. If the area is
too small, aerodynamic drag will rise causing the back pressure at the
compressor outlet to increase, thus bring the compressor closer to stall.
However, if the area is too large, a higher SFC will result.

3 The combined velocity diagram of a turbine rotor stage is shown below.

Given: a1= 65o, a2 = 5.4o, mass flow rate = 127 kg/s, V1 = 452 m/s, V2 = 192
Aircraft Propulsion Systems Exercise 5

m/s, U = 372 m/s.

Draw a triangle velocity diagram
Calculate the power output developed from the rotor stage.

Apply equation W¿ m× U ( V w 1+ V w 2 )
V w 1=452sin 65 °=409.651 m/ s
V w 2=192 sin 5.4 °=18.069 m/s
W¿ m× U ( V w 1+ V w 2 )
¿ 127 ×372 ( 409.651+18.069 )
¿ 20207203.7 W =20.21 MW

4 Explain why turbofan engine has lower noise as compared to turbojet engine..

Turbofan engines are inherently quieter than turbojets for a given level of thrust.
A turbofan thrust is developed by turning a fan with a turbine engine that
Aircraft Propulsion Systems Exercise 5

accelerates a larger amount of air to a lower velocity than do turbojets. Turbojet

thrust is developed solely by the turbine engine.

5 Describe the basic operation of the two type of thrust reverser systems.
(Cascade and the Clamshell types)

a) Clamshell types
 The mechanical type is a clamshell thrust reverser. It is typically
powered by a pneumatic source of bleed air from a compressor. The
clamshell door thrust reverser provides thrust reversal by blocking
engine exhaust gas and fan air flow and deflecting the gasses through
openings made by repositioned deflector doors or fixed cascade vane
openings, depending on the reverser mechanism. Exhaust gases from
the centre engine are deflected forward and out of the sides of the aft
fuselage, while gases from strut-mounted engines are deflected forward
above and below the engine.

b) Cascade Types
 A cascade thrust reverser is a type of reverse thrust system that is
commonly found on high bypass ratio turbofan engines. It is typically
propelled by a hydraulic system. It works by directing the flow of air
forward and outward. It employs metal doors (also known as blocker
doors) to block the bypass air while also providing an escape path for
the air. The escape path is created by sliding a section of the engine
nacelle, known as a translating sleeve, backward to expose fixed
cascade vanes that direct airflow forward and outward.

6 Describe the operation of water injection and afterburning and how they affect
the thrusts of gas turbine jet engine.

Water injection is used to augment thrust by injecting water into the

compressor's intake. Water injection increases the mass flow rate, which
causes the combustion chamber pressure to rise. Water can be fed into the
combustion chamber to improve mass flow rate, but only to a limited extent and
Aircraft Propulsion Systems Exercise 5

at a higher cost in terms of water consumption. Reduced thrust or shaft

horsepower will result from a decrease in air pressure caused by an increase in
altitude or temperature. Water injection can be used to recharge or boost
power. This technology can increase take-off power by up to 30%.

The afterburner is a duct section that connects the turbine to the exhaust
nozzle. The afterburner is made up of the duct portion, fuel injectors, and flame
holders. The turbine's exhaust gases still contained a significant amount of
uncombine oxygen. The afterburner increases thrust by injecting fuel between
the turbine and the propelling nozzle, taking advantage of the unburned oxygen
in the exhaust gas to aid combustion. This raises the temperature of the
exhaust gases, which increases their velocity and thus engine thrust. Most
afterburners increase thrust by about 50% while increasing fuel flow by a factor
of three. Because afterburning always results in an increase in specific fuel
consumption, it is generally limited to brief periods.