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:1-c2& '"@ 9%' !9<3T =&,1, 81 .6*3? n,6., Draw->Place part LQ@ 81 8,iG,n9+
=@ ,8 e>/Q& 7"M2+"}4? 5H-Id& 7,=+"Q@"/? 5"•oh, 6*+,-J2& Libraries =4R1 7 8 9@ ;19? x*>? "@
1,6[J =@ 6*+,-J2& t "& 'm x*>? "@ ;"4^, 9M P"Q/+, ', |T .6*3? =G":, 2>[G P"Q/+, O@". A0*^
t "& AB,8 x*>? "@ .6*M1 8,9. x*J"4c =djS 8,6& e>/Q& 7"W$Q@ 81 ,8 P"Q/+, 9M ', 1 6d&"+
.1 82& )*@ ', ;"4^, 9*ylJ P"Q/+,
Cntrl+R 7"M6*>? ;19$G ;"4^, ;( P"Q/+, "@ 78"X =djS 81 ;"4^, 9M ;1,1 ;,8 1 7,9@ •
.6*M1 n"<+, ,8 8"? )%, 6*+,-J2&
8"? )%, 6*+,-J2& Cntrl+F ;19$G "W+( P"Q/+, "@ i*+ 8,6& ', 2%"W$Q@ "% ;"4^, ;19? =3%( 7,9@ •
.6*M1 n"<+, ,8
.19%%T2& n"<+, ;"4^, P"Q/+, ', 6[@ delete 6*>? ;19$G "@ ;"4^, 9M ;19? )%D •
.6*%"4+ !1"j/B, Vsrc Vdc ;"4^, 1 ', 6*+,-J2& A@"z $"/^ \Y3& P"Q/+, 7,9@ •
=/0@, $"/^ \Y3& p*J9J =@ =? 1-c2& !1"j/B, H G aF aE ', =/0@, $"/^ "% ;"%9X \@"3& 7,9@ •
;"%9X =@ =/0@, $"/^ \Y3& $"/^ =@ =/0@, ;"%9X \Y3& a;"%9X =@ =/0@, ;"%9X \Y3& a $"/^ =@
.63c"@2&
.1-c2& 2G9[& Vpulse ;,-3• "@ 7,=>T 71 8 \Y3& •
=3%iR 8,iG, n9+ 7-3& 81 "% 6*3? x*>? 1"4+ 7 8 9@ "% 8,6& e>/Q& 7,iX, )*@ 5H"IJ, 78,9.9@ 7,9@
=djS 81 delete 6*>? 7 8 9@ 'm x*>? ', |T V"IJ, x% )%D 7,9@ .6*3? P"Q/+, ,8 Draw->Wire
.6*3? x*>? 6*>?
9 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
t "& x*>? 8"@ 1 !6c 9? 18,-& ', x% 9M 7 8 9@ 6%"@ ;"4^, 9M 7"M9/&,8"T "% 8,6F& an"+ 9**KJ 7,9@
', 9%' 7"WjjQ& SPICE E*d& 81 .6*M1 9**KJ ,8 8,6& 7"M9/&,8"T 8,6F& an"+ 6*+,-J2& p*J9J )%, =@ .6*3?
:6+, !6c e%9[J L*T
P: -l*T N: -+"+ U: 9l*& M: 2>*&

K: ->*? MEG: "#& G: "#*R
\F ;0)+R 1!W*)\% ^24:<

A&o• "% n"+ AB, A*4M, 7,8,1 ;"/%,9@ =? ,8 8,6& ', 2%"M !9R A0Q+ !6c 2D,9h 7"M8,6& O*>dJ 81
"% 1"4+ ', .6*3? 8"*/_, 2&"+ !9R ;( 7,9@ 6*+,-J2& !9R 9M 7 8 9@ x*>? 8"@ 1 "@ .6*3? 78,%R
.6*3? !1"j/B, 6*+,-J2& ;"%9X "% $"/^ 79*R!',6+, 8-k3& =@ "M !9R 78,%R A&o• 7,9@ i*+
7-3& 81 8-k3& )%, 7,9@ =? 6*3? !1"j/B, 78,%#/&o• 7,9@ i*+ 79J!6*/*T 7"W/&o• ', 6*+,-J2& "4c
P"Q/+, 7,9@ 2S"_ 7"M =3%iR P"Q/+, )%, "@ .6*3? P"Q/+, ,8 Markers -> Mark Advaned =3%iR 8,iG,n9+
', x% 9M P"Q/+, "@ pI+ ', |T ,8 A&o• "% P 9T 9M (+8 6*+,-J2& "4c .1-c2& =&,8, 78,%#/&o• `-+
:6*M1 9**KJ 9%' Olc =@ =djS 7H"@ 7-3& g%9h
"@ ,6/@, 81 .6*%"&9G A%"•8 q*k3J ,8 9%' 18,-& "4/D 8,6& 7',6+, !,8 5"4*k3J LQ@ 81 8,6& O*>dJ 7,9@
:19? 6*M,-_ !6M"$& ,8 9%' =djS 8,iG,n9+ 7-3& 81 Analysis -> Setup =3%iR "% 1"4+ P"Q/+,
10 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
81 .q*3?2& q*k3J ,8 =h-@9& 7"M9/&,8"T !19? x*>? Transient 7 8 9@ 8,6& 7,8%R wB"T O*>dJ 7,9@
q*k3J ,8 ;( 7"M9/&,8"T !19? x*>? AC Sweep 7 8 9@ 24&,1 wB"T )/G"% 24&,1 A^"D O*>dJ
.q*3?2&
9@ 2%"W+ O*>dJ 7,9@ |}B !19? q*k3J ,8 =*^ , 7"M9/&,8"T 6*+,-J2& 8,6& O*>dJ !-*c `-+ =@ =X-J "@
i*+ F11 2l4? 6*>?) .6*3? x*>? 8,iG, n9+ 7-3& 81 Analysis -> Simulation =3%iR "% 1"4+ 7 8
(6M12& n"<+, ,8 8"? )*4M
;"l&, "4c =? 1-c2& !1,1 L%"4+ !6c P"Q/+, 7"M (+8 !6c )**[J 7"W@ 9T 7,9@ "4c 8,6& O*>dJ
9M"f 9%' Olc .6%8,1 Trace -> Add =3%iR P"Q/+, "% 9@ x*>? "@ ,8 6%6X 7"WX-& Olc ;1 iG,
:1-c2&
g@"]& 2:"%8 7"W/&9G n"0., `,-+, =@ N-& Olc !6M"$& ;"l&, !6c =&,8, 8,6& u"F+ 2&"4J ;"%9X $"/^
.18,1 1-X AB,8 ;-/B
11 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
1 6$!%&'
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12 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
)%, 81 .AB, 2^-4[& 7"M8-J,9+$ V"3#*B "WT-lB->*B, ', !*dS !1"j/B, 5"&6F& "@ "4c 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
.6c q*M,-_ "3c( V"3#*B ;19? 9#%9J P 9T q*k3J a0-lB->*B, 2J"&6F& q*k3J "@ L%"&'(
(!%\,%
`/UO/42O) .+D*!= ü
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`/UO/42O) a)/9) ü
,-^"+( •
(... 8,1=kG"D) 2^"/*<%1 •
`/UO/42O) N+PE= ^9!> !D ;$!EF' ü
!6c !1,1 L%"4+ (1-1) Olc 81 =? 6c"@2& 9%' 2>S, 7,iX, 7,8,1 "M0-lB->*B, `,-+, V9/3? O+"T
.1-4+ q*0FJ ;,-J2& =/B1 ~3T =@ 2>? 8-h =@ ,8 ,iX, )%, .AB,
(1-1)Olc
9%-IJ =djS t-?-G 2%"3c 8 5"4*k3J =@ u-@9& 7"M6*>? (e^,

;"&' 8-d& "% 2FG, 8-d& V9/3? =@ u-@9& 7"M6*>? (P
(CH1) !6c V"4•, V"3#*B 8-d& "% 71-4• 8-d& V9/3? =@ u-@9& 7"M6*>? (N
(CH2) !6c V"4•, V"3#*B 8-d& "% 71-4• 8-d& V9/3? =@ u-@9& 7"M6*>? (1
triggering 8,6& =@ u-@9& 7"M6*>? (!
13 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
(!6c 6*^-J 2+ 9/l^, 9@, 586.) L@"J =[c, 56c q*k3J =X81 -1
(8-J"4*>? q*k3J) 9%-IJ t-?-G "-: q*k3J =X81 -2
(AB, #Q$& bo&"? i*+ 9#%1 V"+"?) X "% 1 V"+"? 71 8 -3
:e>/Q& A^"D =B =@ 1 V"+"? N-& L%"4+ A*[: q*k3J =X81 -4
V"+"? )*&' E_ q*k3J 7,9@ : GND -
P "3/& N-& Olc L%"4+ 71 8 DC 9%1"F& )%D 7,9@ : AC -
AC DC 9%1"F& )/G9R 9k+ 81 "@ 71 8 N-& Olc L%"4+ 7,9@ :DC -
1 V"+"? 7,9@ "M Y 8-d& t"*F& AF*FD 81 "% L%"4+ $"/^ q*k3J =X81 -5
(1 V"+"?) 71-4• 7"/B,8 81 L%"4+ =djS 81 N-& Olc A*[.-& q*k3J =X81 -6
:6c"@2& A^"D 4 7,8,1 =? L%"4+ A*[: V"+"? q*k3J =X81 -7
1 V"+"? P"Q/+, -
2 V"+"? P"Q/+, -
V"+"? 1 9M 2Y*?9J L%"4+ -
(9^"lB, \4X ', OS"D) V"+"? 1 63%(9@ N-& Olc -
!633? P 8"X N-& |+"?9G 2%iX q*k3J =X81 -8
V"+"? 1 9M 7,9@ "M X 8-d& 7"/B,8 81 L%"4+ =djS 81 N-& Olc A*[.-& q*k3J =X81 -9
V"+"? 1 9M 7,9@ "M X 8-d& t"*F& AF*FD 81 sweep |+"?9G q*k3J =X81 -10
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO) b' *!= @?* ? `/UO/42O) ;4C). ()*)\% !D ;$!EF' ü
;"B8->G =djS "@ ;( 18-_9@ 63?2& 1"<%, =[c, L>_,1 81 =? AB, 76J"? 1[c, '&H 0-lB->*B, p>.
;"$+ (2-1) Olc 81 '&H )%, qW& 7"W/40. .AB, '&H ;"4M 0-lB->*B, 2>S, 9I3• .63?2& 8-+ 1"<%,
.6+,!6c !1,1
76J"? =[c, '&H qW& 7"W/40. :(2-1)Olc
14 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
AB, 71 8 $"/^ EB-J =[c, )%, A%,6M a)6M .18-_2& ;"B8->G =djS =@ 1-c2& ,6X 6J"? ', =[c,
.6c"@ 71 8 V"3#*B 2+"&' 5"*S-I_ 9#+"%"4+ =djS =@ =[c, 18-_9@ Od& =l%8-]@
2+ 9/l^, (3jJ
=djS
;"B8->G
=%"T
2FG, ),9d+, 5"djS
71-4• ),9d+, 5"djS
CRT :(3-1)Olc
)%, )*@ ', =[c, .71-4• AjX x% AB, 2FG, AjX x% =? =? 6+8,1 1-X qM 7',-& =djS AjX 1
V"3#*B 1-c2& OS 63M12& 2FG, ),9d+, =? 2J"djS =@ ;"&' "@ pB"3/& $"/^ x% *63?2& 8-Y• 1
2l% a633?2& )9d3& ,8 =[c, qM x4? =@ $"/^ 1 )%, *1-c2& !1,1 71-4• ),9d+, 5"djS =@ i*+ 71 8
"% AB,8 )9h =@ i?9& 1]F+ ', ),9d+, .6B82& =djS =@ =[c, b"/%"W+ 71-4• AWX81 2l% a2FG, AWX 81
9#+"%"4+ 6+,-J2& |T AB, pB"3/& ;"&' "@ ),9d+, )%, ;-m |T 1-c2& n"<+, Vsweep $"/^ "@ (gG,) 'm
pB"3/& =? 1-c2& )9d3& (1-4•) )*&"T "% H"@ A4B =@ i?9& ', =[c, )*D )*4M 81 6c"@ ;"&' ;6c 2h
.6c"@ 71 8 =3&,1 9#+"%"4+ 6+,-J2& |T AB, 71 8 V"3#*B "@
2FG, =djS $"/^ :(4-1)Olc
'm A4B =@ AB,8 A4B ', ,8 =[c, Vsweep "J 6$?2& V-h T ;"&' 56& =? 1-c2& !6%1 H"@ Olc ',
H"@ ', b"&,-J ,8 =[c, =? 1-c2& P"Q/+, i*+ 71 8 V"3#*B ', T 56& =? AB, 23[& )%6@ )%, 6M1 '*&-B
AWX 81 =djS ', 2/40. EFG a6c"@ =/c,6+ ,8 2G"? =3&,1 71 8 V"3#*B 9R, 1'"B )9d3& )*&"T "J
.=djS 1]F+ )%9J)*%"T "J )%9JH"@ ', =+ 1-c2& P 8"X 71-4•
15 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
+"$+< *)\%
.1-c2& !1"j/B, 9#%9J 8,6& ', 71 8 V"3#*B "@ 8-J,9+$ 2*&-B ;19? ; 9l3B 7,9@
9#%9J p*c )**[J

‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﺮﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮ‬
4 "% +
71 8 V"3#*B ‫]! ﺗﺮﻳﮕﺮ‬B

t
9R=0%"F& 2X 9_ t
9#%9J 8,6& :(5-1)Olc

6M12& 8-/B1 7,!8, =+,6+1 6^-& =@ 71 8 V"3#*B ', =@"$& =]F+ 1 81 9#%9J 8,6& q*3*@2& 9_( 8,1-4+ 81
9R=0%"F& "J 1-c2& !1"j/B, 6+8,1 (i%-+) N"X-•, =? 2&"M71 8 7,9@ 9#%9J A*4c, 8,6& ', .63? '*&-B =?
.6M6@ #*Q$J AB81
Hold-off *)\%
1-c 3•"@ =? 63?2& 9#%9J 2%"W>d& 81 63? O4• 9#%9J 8,6& q*M,-Q@ 6c"@ !6*/*T 71 8 N-& Olc 9R,
.9%' Olc 63+"& 1-c !1,1 L%"4+ =djS 7 8 Olc
(6-1)Olc
.AB, off "W+"&' =*F@ 6M12& ;"$+ ,8 N-& 63?2& 9#%9J q*M,-_2& =? A40. ;( 7,9@ EFG 9#%9J 8,6&
+"$+< 1!W\%
.AB, NORM 6& q*/jR ;-3?"J =/+( : NORM
16 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
', 79*R->X 7,9@ !"#+( 6B9+ 9#%9J !]B =@ V"3#*B ;"&' ', 56& x% 81 =? 7"W^"3#*B 7,9@ : AUTO
.1-c2& '*&-B f = 50Hz x% "@ 0-lB, ;6c v-&"_
.1-c2& !1"j/B, ;-%i%->J 7"W^"3#*B 7,9@ : TV
', 63? 1"<%, 2@-_ 6^-& 6+,-/+ 71 8 N-& 9R, 2^ AB, 71 8 7"W^"3#*B ;"4M 9#%9J t8-B bH-4[&
.19? !1"j/B, i*+ Line a50Hz t8-B ;,-J2& "% q*3?2& !1"j/B, external t8-B
+"$+< MQ>/=
.1-@ 6M,-_ 9#%9J 8,6& 71 8 ;,-3[@ 9#%9J t8-B 1-_ : dc

.1-@ 6M,-_ 9#%9J 8,6& 71 8 DC =j^-& )%D ', |T 9#%9J t8-B : Ac
.1-c 1"<%, V"3#*B \%9B 5,9**KJ ', 9#%9J 7"W>d& q*M,-Q@ 9R, : HF Rej
.1-c 1"<%, V"3#*B 63? 5,9**KJ ', 9#%9J 7"W>d& q*M,-Q@ 9R, : LF Rej
cW !D N!9!= ?. 6$!V9
Alt
!"
a'*&-B ', !8 1 x% 7,9@ v 8 )%, 81 .1-c2& !1"j/B, Alt v 8 ', H"@ |+"?9G N-& 1 L%"4+ 7,9@
.1 82& 71-4• 5"djS =@ 2 V"+"? a'*&-B 6[@ !8 1 7,9@ 1 82& 71-4• 5"djS =@ (1)V"+"?
Chop
!"
.1-c2& 2*&-B 2 1 V"+"? )*@ 8"@ )%63m '*&-B x% V-h 81 )*%"T 7"M|+"?9G 81
#$%&
51"%' "% q%8,%#@ q? 7 8 ,8 mV div 1"%' 71 8 $"/^ 7,9@ -1
5,9m 6M124+ L%"4+ 2X 9_ 81 7i*m 6c"@ 71 8 V"3#*B ', 9JH"@ 9#%9J 8,6& 81 #*Q$J !]B 9R, -2
.6*&-#@ '*&-B Olc "@ !,94M 563?2& 8"? =+-#m Hold OFF 8,6& -3
.6M12& L%"4+ 8"J )*&"T |+"?9G 7,9@ Alt v 8 ,9m -4
!,8 =djS 7 8 "WX-& ', 2l% 18,1 V"4/D, q%9*#@ 1 "% 2 V"+"? ', ,8 9#%9J t8-B 9R, Alt v 8 81 -5
5,9m .1 9@
17 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
!BD?+> ü
7,9@ =? 18,1 1-X "W@ 9T ', 7,!-% `,-+, "W^6& 2l*+ 9/l^, 2l%9/l^, 7"M8,6& `,-+, 7,9@ bH-4[&
V"[G 7"W@ 9T .V"[G9*{ V"[G :18,1 1-X P 9T `-+ 1 .6+, !6c 2D,9h 9k+ 18-& !9R $"/^ ', 78,19@=+-4+
.63M12& V"F/+, 0-lB, =@ V"+"? EB-J 6[@ 633?2& A%-FJ ,6/@,
:!BD?+> cB% (!de#%

8,6& 7 8 9@ q? 78,%R8"@ 9z, -1
pB"3& 8-Y• 6+"@ 7"3WT 7,8,1 -2
,8i@ i%-+ =@ V"3#*B -3
=? AB, 9/W@ )%,9@"3@ .18,1 8,6& 9@ 24? 9*z.J 0-lB, |T AB, 1"%' P 9T 71 8 A& "F& ×10 A^"D 81
A^"D 81 ,8 P 9T 63/0M 2R8i@ 2X 9_ |+,6}&, 7,8,1 =? 2h"F+ "% H"@ |+"?9G 7"M 79*R !8,6+, 81
.1,1 8,9. ×10
:+h9 .*/% +3 f/% ÛF \W!#% 1)+D 7&g ^0)+%

q/0*B )*&' =@ 0-lB->*B, )*&' V"IJ, •
Intensity Focus 5"X81 "@ =[c, 56c "-: q*k3J •
V"+"? 1 9M 7,9@ GND "% )*&' E_ q*k3J •
9k+ 18-& !9R =@ P 9T g*.1 V"IJ, •
DC "% AC =@ GND A*[.-& ', V"+"? 9M q*k3J =/^"D =B 6*>? A*[: 9**KJ •
$"/^ t"*F& 8,6F& Sweep |+"?9G q*k3J •
18 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
@*)A362>
V-4[& 9%1"F& .1-c2& V1"[& 7',-& ;'"_ x% A& "F& x% EB-J 0-lB->*B, x% 71 8 V1"[& 8,6&
8"3? 81 9%1"F& )%, V-4[& 8-]@ .AB, 1,8"G -l*T 25 9@,9@ ;'"_ A*G9f qM, "#& 1 A& "F& )%, 7,9@
.6+-c2& =/c-+ "WT-lB->*B, 71 8
O4dJ ', L*@ 13&,1 7,8,1 1-c 79*R!',6+, 6%"@ =? 2^"3#*B AB, )l4& 0-lB->*B, "@ 79*R!',6+, n"#3M
n'H 1"%' 7"M$"/^ 79*R!',6+, AWX .6c"@ 79*R!',6+, O@". 8,6F& ', 9/lm-? 2>*_ "% 0-lB->*B, 71 8
;'"_ A& "F& 7,8,1 =? -*0T 7"W@ 9T x4? =@ 8"? )%, .63? ,6*T LM"? P 9T x4? "@ "W+( =3&,1 AB,
=? 6+8,1 1-X -*/?, 7"W@ 9T i*+ e*[: 7"W^"3#*B 7,9@ . ( ×10A^"D) AB, 9%%T;"l&, 63/0M 7',-&
AWX q*M,-Q@ AB, )l4& )*3/4M .6+9*R2& 8,9. !1"j/B, 18-& 9/$*@ 2J,9@"Q& 7"W%9*R!',6+, 81 7-IQ@
3•"@ 0-lB->*B, V"IJ, 58-S )%, 81 *q*3? 7',-& ,8i@ |+,6}&, x% "@ ,8 0-lB->*B, a79*R!',6+,
P 9T x% ;1,1 8,9. "@ i*+ A^"D )%, 81 a( ×1 A^"D) 1-c2& !6c 79*R!',6+, V"3#*B p%9QJ 78,%R8"@
9z, "J 19? 1"%' ,8 P 9T 0-lB->*B, 71 8 |+,6}&, `-4<& ;,-J2& ×10 A^"D 81 -*0T "% -*/?,
.6c"@ ;19? 9k+ )9S O@". 78,%R8"@
;( 2[., 8,6F& 0/1 0-lB->*B, 81 !6c 79*R!',6+, $"/^ =3&,1 18,1 8,9. ×10 A^"D 81 P 9T =? 2&"#3M
;'"_ A& "F& x% aP 9T V1"[& 8,6& ×10 A^"D 81 .1-4+ P9: 10 81 ,8 !6c !6+,-_ 8,6F& 6%"@ ,%^ AB,
6c"@ 7,=+-R =@ 0-lB->*B, 71 8 V1"[& ;'"_ A& "F& 9%1"F& =@ AY0+ "W+( 9%1"F& 6%"@ =? AB, 7',-&
"M0-lB->*B, n"4J 71 8 ;'"_ 8,6F& =? "<+( ', *119#+ N"X-•, 8"m1 20+"?9G 2*M 81 71 8 V"3#*B =?
V1"[& 8,6& .63%-R2& 94%9J ;'"_ ;( =@ =? 63M12& 8,9. q*k3J O@". ,8 "W@ 9T ;'"_ A0*+ ;"0l% !8,-4M
.AB, !6c !1,1 ;"$+ 9%' Olc 81 6+-c2& 79B qM "@ =? 0-lB->*B, x% 2>_,1 V1"[& 8,6& P 9T x%
.6+-c2& 79B qM "@ =? 0-lB->*B, P 9T 7"MV1"[& 8,6& :(7-1) Olc
19 8-J,9+$ V"3#*B 0-lB->*B, 1 L%"&'(

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s
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-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
a)J8-+ )+-J 8,6& a8"z( \4X aqM, ;-+". O*Y. ', 8,6& qW& V"D )*• 81 !1"B 7"%"C. 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
.6c"@2& 2/& "F& 7"M8,6& 81 ... ;-0J OT a8"@ =@ ;,-J 9y?,6D V"F/+,
@*)A362>
.6*3? 5"Yz, !19? ;"*@ ,8 8"@ =@ \Y3& ', ;,-J 9y?,6D V"F/+, 7,9@ n'H E%,9c -1
.6*0%-3@ ,8 "M =_"c ;"%9X $"/^ E@, 8 av8,iR ;-0J OT V1"[J A^"D 81 -2
.6*3? ;"*@ 9%' Olc 8,6& 81 Rth 79*R !',6+, 7,9@ v 8 1 -3
9M x*J"4c !1,1 n"<+, DC O*>dJ a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ v8,iR 81 1-X-& 7"M8,6& =*>? 7,9@ -4
v8,iR L*T =@ !6c #Q$& ;( 7 8 Spice EB-J =_"c 9M ;"%9X $"/^ =? 2^"D 81 ,8 8,6&
.6*3? =4*4:
,8 "W/& "F& ', x% 9M 9B 1 $"/^ ;"%9X .6*3? O*>dJ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -5
.6*3? g*FdJ "W/& "F& ', n,6? 9M 7,9@ ($"/^ q*0FJ) 9%' V-&9G 18-& 81 !19? #Q$&
R
VR = × Vi
R1 + R2 + R3
"M =_"c ', x% 9M 81 ,8 ;"%9X .6*3? O*>dJ ,8 6[@ =djS Olc 8,6& Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -6
.6*3? g*FdJ =_"c 9M 7,9@ (;"%9X q*0FJ) 9%' V-&9G 18-& 81 !19? ,6*T 2>S, =_"c )*3/4M
R1 × R2
I R3 = ×I
R1 × R2 + R2 × R3 + R1 × R3
31 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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6$!%&' i+F
cW) b/9!S ü
6*+,-Q@ ,8 $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F& a R x 9**KJ =<*/+ 81 9/&-*0+"/T 9**KJ "@ .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -1
qB8 (A@"z A& "F&) R = cte 7,', =@ ,8 I = f (V ) 5,9**KJ 23d3& |}B .6*%"4+ O&"? ,8 9%' V 6X
.6*3? !1"j/B, 9*K/& A& "F& 7,9@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ', .6*%"4+
(1-3) Olc
R x (KΩ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I(mA)
V(V)
*!k' HV5 ü
8"@ ,8 2/^ 1/5 \Y3& 8"Yl% |}B .6*%"4+ Ac,11"% ,8 I 2 I1 7"W+"%9X 6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -2
18-& 81 6*+,-Q@ ,i<& 8-]@ =>D9& 9M 81 ,8 I 2 I1 7"W+"%9X !19? V"[G 9*{ ,8 2/^ 3 \Y3& 9#%1
.6*%"4+ g*FdJ Superposition "% 8"z( \4X OS,
(2-3)Olc
32 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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p<*/9 ? p9/< *)\% ;O*+D ü
)%, )*@ !"J-? V"IJ, ;"%9X) I sc ;"%9X b a =]F+ 1 ;19? !"J-? V"IJ, "@ .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -3
9/4/^ "@ ,8 ('"@ 8,6& $"/^ ) Voc a b a =]F+ 1 ;19? '"@ 8,6& "@ |}B =/G9R !',6+, ,8 (=]F+ 1
.6*3? =YB"d& ,8 Rth 8,6F& 1 )%, )/c,1 "@ |}B .6*+,-Q@
(3-3)Olc
8,6& 81 Rth 23%i#%"X 7,9@) .6%63Y@ 1 =>D9& ', !6&( AB6@ 9%1"F& =@ =X-J "@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& V"D -4
=0%"F& 2>Y. 1,6•, "@ |}B !18 ( AB6@ ,8 Voc I sc 9%1"F& b,16<& .(6*3? !1"j/B, 9/&-*0+"/T ',
.6*0%-3@ 56%9*R2& 7,=<*/+ =m .6*%"4+
(4-3)Olc
8,6F& 6*3? 79*R!',6+, ,8 Rth A& "F& 2^"/*<%1 9/& qM, EB-J .6*3? V"[G 9*{ ,8 A0Q+ Olc 8,6& -5
,8 2^"4/D, 5"Go/_, A>• !19? =0%"F& 2>Y. 7"W$%"&'( "@ ,8 =<*/+ |}B .6*3? Ac,11"% ,8 ;(
.6*0%-3@
(5-3)Olc
33 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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b)/< +q=)\0 N!,P9) K2rS ü
.6*3? !1"j/B, R x 7,9@ ×100 9/&-*0+"/T ', .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -6
(6-3)Olc
81 ,8 "M$"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F&) .6*+,-Q@ ,8 v9B 1 $"/^ ;( ', 78-Y• ;"%9X 8,6F& R X A& "F& 9**KJ "@
=? ,8 2/& "F& 8,6F& .6*3? =YB"d& A^"D 9M 81 ,8 !6c P%X ;,-J 8,6F& |}B (.6*3? Ac,11"% 9%' V 6X
qB8 ,8 R X 23d3& 8"? )%, 7,9@ .6*3? ,6*T ,8 AB, !6*B8 q4%i?"& 8,6F& =@ !6c P%X ;,-J ;( 7,', =@
g%9h ', |}B .6*3? ,6*T 23d3& 7 8 ', AB, !6c q4%i?"& ;,-J 8,6F& ;( 7,', =@ =? ,8 2/& "F& !1-4+
!6M"$& 2Go/_, =l*J8-S 81 .6*3? =0%"F& U-G =<*/+ "@ !18 ( AB6@ ,8 q4%i?"& A& "F& i*+ =YB"d&
.6*3? 9? ,8 ;( O*^1 6*3?2&
R X (Ω) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
V(V)
I(mA)
P(mW)
b/X<? ^> *)\% ;O*+D ü
', i*+ 24M, ->*? x% A& "F& 3 79B V"IJ, ', 3 k Ω A& "F& 7"X =@) .6%63Y@ ,8 (7) Olc 8,6& -7
.(6%9*#@ O%-dJ !"#$%"&'( V-r0& ', ,8 V-W<& A& "F& .6*3? !1"j/B, R 7"X =@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T
R Rx
100Ω
6 kΩ 3kΩ
(7-3) Olc
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100 Ω A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ ;"%9X 8,6F& =>D9& 9M 81 !1,1 9**KJ 9%' V 6X g@"]& ,8 R A& "F& -e^,
.6*3? Ac,11"% ,8
,8 Rx V-W<& A& "F& 8,6F& ;( x4? =@ !19? #Q$& a1-c2& V1"[/& OT ;( 7,', =@ =? ,8 R 8,6F& -P
. 6*3? #Q$&
,8 Rx A& "F& ', 78-Y• ;"%9X a!6c 9jS 9@,9@ 100 Ω A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ ;"%9X =? 2/^"D 81 –N
.6*3? =0%"F& A^"D )%, 81 78-rJ 8,6F& "@ =/G9R !',6+,
R(kΩ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
V(V)
I(mA)
"@ 6*3? 8,9lJ ,8 L%"&'( b,16<& !1,1 8,9. 3 / 3 nF ;'"_a 100 Ω A& "F& 7"X =@ 7 LQ@ 81 -8
.6*3? =0%"F& 7 LQ@ ~%"/+
: \2W. vO!> +$& (g)sO KD *!= @*)A3 *. t!umT
.6*3? 5"Yz, !19? ;"*@ ,8 8"@ =@ \Y3& ', ;,-J 9y?,6D V"F/+, 7,9@ n'H E%,9c -1
.6*0%-3@ ,8 "M =_"c ;"%9X $"/^ E@, 8 a(7) Olc ;-0J OT V1"[J A^"D 81 -2
x*J"4c !1,1 n"<+, DC O*>dJ a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ Rx = 1 K Ω, 5 K Ω 7,', =@ ,8 1 Olc -3
8"? v8,iR =@ !6c #Q$& ;( 7 8 Spice EB-J =_"c 9M ;"%9X $"/^ =? 2^"D 81 ,8 8,6&
.6*3? =4*4:
', x% 9M 9B 1 $"/^ ;"%9X .6*3? O*>dJ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ 3 V,-B 63+"& -4
.6*3? g*FdJ "W/& "F& ', n,6? 9M 7,9@ ($"/^ q*0FJ) 9%' V-&9G 18-& 81 !19? #Q$& ,8 "W/& "F&
R
VR = × Vi
R1 + R2 + R3
(8-3) Olc
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)*3/4M "M =_"c ', x% 9M 81 ,8 ;"%9X .6*3? O*>dJ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -5
.6*3? g*FdJ =_"c 9M 7,9@ (;"%9X q*0FJ) 9%' V-&9G 18-& 81 !19? ,6*T 2>S, =_"c
R1 × R2
I R3 = ×I
R1 × R2 + R2 × R3 + R1 × R3
(9-3) Olc
36 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
4 6$!%&'
-&$1'() ?% !%•#{|+}~
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18-& `"Yc, 2]_ 7"M1-& 81 !633?A%-FJ )%, 19l>4• .6c"@2& 741 2J"*>4• !633?A%-FJ "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
.6+9*R2& 8,9. 2B89@ 18-& ;"%9X \Y3& !633?\4X a9G"@ O*Y. ', IC )%, 7"M19@8"? ', 2_9@ .19*R2& 8,9. =X-J
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=? ,8 8,6& x*J"4c !19? 7'"B=*Yc 741 '&,0( "@ ,8 (1-4) Olc 8,6& Spice 8,iG,n9+ x4? =@ -1
7,=+-R =@ ,8 R2 R1 .6*3? =4*4: v8,iRL*T =@ a6c"@2& =_"c 9M ;"%9X !9R 9M $"/^ O&"c
.6*M1 8,9. A^ 2 7 "0& ,8 Vin RL = 1 KΩ .119R 3 9@,9@ 8,6& $"/^ !9W@ =? 6*3? P"Q/+,
(1-4) Olc
7'"B=*Yc Spice x4? =@ ,8 w`"Yc, A^"D 81 '&,0( 19l>4• 2B89@ =@ u-@9& L%"&'( "9c 2 A40. -2
.6*3? qB8 8,1-4+ x% 7 8 ,8 N-& Olc 3 9M !19?
38 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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6$!%&' i+F
( VSS = −12 , VDD = +12 ) .6+,!6c !1,1 ;"$+ 9%' (2-4) Olc 81 741 2B7( 7"M=%"T
(2-4)Olc
+"9?*)?!9 ZT!0 *. N' \$) y%)`' .+U4Vx ;O*+D ü
$"/^ !9W@ =? 6*3? P"Q/+, 7,=+-R =@ ,8 R2 R1 .6%63Y@ ,8 (3-4)Olc 8,6& 741 '&,0( ', !1"j/B, "@
(4-4) Olc 8,6& x4? =@ ,8 Vin 8,6F& .6*M1 8,9. A^ 2 7 "0& ,8 Vin RL = 1 KΩ .119R 3 9@,9@ 8,6&
"% ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ', 1 KΩ A& "F& 7"X =@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ', Rx 7"W/& "F& 7"X =@ .6%'"0@
.Vin =2 V :q*c"@ =/c,1 "J 6*M1 9**KJ 86F+( ,8 Rx A& "F& .6*3? !1"j/B, 79B 58-S =@ 1 KΩ A& "F& 2
(3-4)Olc
39 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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V in = 2V
RX
(4-4)Olc
v8,iRL*T 7'"B=*Yc ~%"/+ "@ 6%9*#@ !',6+, ,8 Vn ,Vo , I1 , I2 , I L , I o 9%1"F& a Vin q*k3J ', |T -1
5,9m 563?2& 8,9.9@ ,8 KCL ;-+". I1 + I L "%( .6*3? =0%"F&
A^"D )%, 81 ,8 8,6& 19l>4• =/G9R !',6+, ,8 8,6& 2X 9_ .6*3? 8,9.9@ ,8 R2 = o R1 = ∞ E%,9c -2
.6*M1 !*:-J
a!IF) ZT!0 *. y%)`' .+U4Vx ;O*+D ü
N-& |+"?9G .AB, !6c !1"j/B, 2B-3*B $"/^ \Y3& ', DC 71 8 $"/^ 7"X =@ (5-4)Olc 8,6& 81
3 !9W@ A^"D 81 5V 4V a2V 71 8 =3&,1 7,', =@ ,8 2X 9_ N-& Olc !1,1 8,9. 1 KHz ,8 71 8
56%9*R2& 7,=<*/+ =m 5AB, 8,6F& =m 2X 9_ $"/^ =3&,1 A^"D 9M 81 .6*3? !6M"$&
(5-4)Olc
40 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
\EE= HV5 *)\% ü
Olc 8,6& x4? =@ .6c"@2& !633?\4X 8,6& aA_"B ;,-J2& '&,0( x4? =@ =? 2J,8,6& ', 9#%1 2l%
1 1
V1 = −12V ) .6*+,-Q@ ,8 2X 9_ 8,6F& !19? 7'"B!1"*T ,8 Vout = − V1 − V2 =]@,8 (6-4)
3 6
.( V2 = +12V
(6-4)Olc
M!PT? !D \F N+PE= b!$+5 HIE% ü
81 78"X ;"%9X Vout = (1 + RL / R)Vin :q%8,1 (7-4)Olc 8,6& 81 V(!6%, '&,0( 19l>4• =@ =X-J "@
Vin
.6c"@2& I = 9@,9@ RL A& "F&
R
(7-4)Olc
41 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
R A& "F& "@ EFG RL 8"@ 81 78"X ;"%9X .A0*+ =/0@, RL 8"@ A& "F& =@ I ;"%9X =? 1-c2& =kDo&
$"/^ "@ !6cV9/3? ;"%9X \Y3& ;,-J2& 8,6& )%, x4? =@ =<*/+ 81 .1-c2& )**[J 71 8 $"/^ \Y3&
.6M12& ;"$+ ,8 \Y3& )%, )*mE_ O_,1 8,6& a(8-4)Olc 81 .A_"B
(8-4)Olc
x4? =@ ,8 Vin 71 8 $"/^ .6*3? O&"? ,8 9%' V 6X 6%63Y@ ,8 (7-4) Olc 8,6& a9/$*@ 2B89@ 7,9@ -1
AY0+ ,8 Vout .6*3? q*k3J !6c =/B,-_ 9%1"F& 81 a6c !1,1 !*:-J 1 A40. 81 =? (4-4) Olc 8,6&
.6%9*#@ !',6+, 8,6& )*&' =@
1+23 &)\9) Vout 1+23 &)\9) I

Vin (volts) RL (KΩ) R (KΩ) \F KIO!:% I
\F \F
2 1 1
2 3 1
4 1 1
4 1 3
4 3 1
.6*M1 !*:-J ,8 A>• 51-c2& !18 (9@ V(!6%, ;"%9X \Y3& ', "4c 8"k/+, aH"@ V 6X A^"D 5 9M 81 "%( -2
V"4•, (7-4) Olc 8,6& =@ 6%"@ 2%"MA%1 6d& =m V(!6%, ;"%9X \Y3& =@ 2@"*/B1 7,9@ "4c 9k+ =@ -3
519?
42 2J"*>4• 7"M!633?A%-FJ 4 L%"&'(

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5 6$!%&'
ّ : ;
78 9 '
‫ 'ول‬p + ?-‫! ر‬/ - $0‫ ز‬3 $5
43 RL RC 7"M8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 5 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
O&,-• 2+"&' A@"z 79*R!',6+, !-d+ a RL RC V , =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 7,8%R A^"D 8"/G8 2B89@ L%"&'( )%, n"<+, ', )6M
.6c"@2& "M8,6& )%, !1"B 7"M19@8"? 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( ;( 81 9zs&
@*)A362>
.6*0%-3@ ,8 RL RC 7"M8,6& 7,9@ ;( 7"W^-&9G 6*3? e%9[J ,8 2+"&' A@"z -1
"@ 7,=]@,8 =m 8,6& )%, 2+"&' A@"z .q%,!19? V"4•, 2[@9& N-& x% 1 =YJ9& 8,6& x% =@ 6*3? :9G -2
518,1 71 8 \Y3& 2[@9& N-& |+"?9G
1 K Ω 100 Ω 7"W/& "F& L = 22 mH 7,', =@ ,8 (1-5) Olc 79B RL 8,6& 2+"&' A@"z -3
.6*3? P"0D 500 Hz |+"?9G "@ 2[@9& N-& 71 8
9*Rg/$& x% ;,-3• =@ ;,-J2& 1-c =/G9R 9I3• n,6? ', 2X 9_ =l3%, =@ =/0@ 1 =YJ9& 7"M8,6& ', -4
8,6& pB"3& 9*RV,9#/+, x% 79B RL 8,6& x% 2]%,9c =m AdJ .19? !1"j/B, 9*RV,9#/+, x% "%
.6*3? A@"z ,8 1-_ O*^1 5AB, pB"3& 9*Rg/$& x% 79B RC
9M) A& "F& 9B 1 N-& Olc 8"@ x% !19? 7'"B =*Yc ,8 3 V,sB 7"M8,6& Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -5
N-& =3&,1 ) .6*3? qB8 ,8 (8,1-4+ x% 81 1 9M) e>B 9B 1 N-& Olc 9#%1 8"@ (8,1-4+ x% 81 1
.(A^ 4 2[@9&
7,', =@ ,8 79B RC 8,6& x% 81 ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ N-& Olc a Spice8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -6
"@ 2[@9& N-& x% ,8 71 8 .6*3? qB8 8,1-4+ x% 7 8 R = 90 K Ω a50 K Ω a10 K Ω 7"W/& "F&
.6*3? :9G 100 nF ,8 ;'"_ 8,6F& 300 Hz |+"?9G A^ 1 =3&,1
7,', =@ ,8 79B RC 8,6& x% 81 ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ N-& Olc a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -7
x% 81 =B 9M) .6*3? qB8 A^ 1 =3&,1 iJ9M 2000 1000 a3002[@9& N-& 71 8 7"M|+"?9G
.( C=100 nF R=10 K Ω 9%1"F& 7,', =@ 8,1-4+
V,sB P,-X "@ ,8 =<*/+ 56*3?2& !6M"$& ,8 71 8 N-& ', 79/W@ V,9#/+, a H"@ 7"W/^"D ', x% n,6? 81 -8
.6*3? =0%"F& 4
44 RL RC 7"M8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 5 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
RL *)\% 1)*L3 vO!> ü
e>B 8,6F& .6*3? P"Q/+, A^ 4 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& N-& \Y3& ,8 8,6& 71 8 .6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6&
.6c"@2& 79+"M 2>*& 22
2+"&' A@"z ;"J1-_ 71"W3$*T v 8 x4? =@ 6*%"4+ !6M"$& 0-lB->*B, 7 8 ,8 R 9B 1 N-& Olc -1
71 8 1 K Ω a 500 Ω a 200 Ω a 100 Ω 7"W/& "F& 7,', =@ 0-lB->*B, x4? =@ ,8 8,6&
v8,iR L*T 81 !6c =YB"d& 9%1"F& "@ ,8 ;( A^"D 9M 81 =/G9R !',6+, 1 KHz |+"?9G "@ 2[@9& N-&
(6*3? !1"j/B, 9/&-*0+"/T ', "W/& "F& 8,6F& 9**KJ A^-WB 7,9@) .6*3? =0%"F&
L
Vout
Vg R
(1-5) Olc
.6*M1 !*:-J ,8 ;( A>• !1-@ 9/$*@ H"@ 7"W/& "F& ', x% n,6? 7,', =@ 79*R!',6+, 7"]_ -2
8,9lJ 500 Hz |+"?9G "@ 2[@9& N-& 71 8 7,', =@ 500 Ω A& "F& 7,9@ b,16<& ,8 1 !8"4c LQ@ -3
=0%"F& 500 Ω A& "F& 7,9@ 1 LQ@ 81 !6&( AB6@ 8,6F& "@ ,8 !6&( AB6@ 2+"&' A@"z 8,6F& 6*3?
56%9*R2& 7,=<*/+ =m .6*3?
9%1"F& =/G9R !',6+, 2 KHz 500 Hz 7"M|+"?9G 81 ,8 8,6& 2+"&' A@"z 100 Ω A& "F& 7,', =@ -4
.6*3? ;"*@ ,8 )o/_, A>• !19? =0%"F& ,8 2>4• 78-rJ
N-& 71 8 1 K Ω a 500 Ω a 200 Ω a 100 Ω 7"W/& "F& 7,', =@ ,8 (L) e>B 9B 1 N-& Olc -5
!"#/B1 81 ,8 ;( 1-%9T x% Olc 6*%"4+ !6M"$& 0-lB->*B, 7 8 1 KHz |+"?9G "@ 2[@9&
.6*3? qB8 2YB"3& 5"I/Q&
a71 8 2[@9& N-& 2#/B-*T"+ u"F+ 81 =? 1-c2& =kDo& 5 LQ@ 81 !6c qB8 7"WX-& Olc 81 -6
9R, V"y& ;,-3• =@ a6c"@2& \Y3& =3&,1 9@,9@ 1 V1"[& 7$"/^ LWX 7,8,1 e>B 9B 1 $"/^ N-& Olc
.6*M1 !*:-J ,8 !6%6T )%, A>• a6c"@2& A^ 8 e>B $"/^ LWX 6c"@ A^ 4 \Y3& =3&,1
5 ,9m 56/G,2& U"jJ, i*+ A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ 7,9@ 6 A40. 81 !6c !8"c, $"/^ LWX "%( -7
45 RL RC 7"M8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 5 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
v 8 )%, ', .18,1 71 8 N-& g/$& "@ 71"%' AM"Yc e>B 9B 1 O*0+"/T )o/_, =? 6*3? A.1 -8
)/c,1 7,9@ ,8 n'H u9c a VL $"/^ 7"M 23d3& 7 8 ', .19? !1"j/B, 9*R g/$& )/_"B 7,9@ ;,-J2&
.6*3? A@"z 78-rJ <"d^ ', 6*3? ;"*@ P-_ 9*R g/$& x%
RC *)\% 1)*L3 vO!> ü
,8 ;'"_ 8,6F& .6*3? P"Q/+, A^ 4 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& N-& \Y3& ,8 8,6& 71 8 .6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6&
.6*3? P"Q/+, 1,8"G-+"+ 100
R
Vout
Vg C
(2-4) Olc
8,6& =@ iJ9M 500 |+"?9G A^ 4 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& N-& x% !1-4+ OI/& 8,6& 71 8 =@ ,8 '"B;"B-+ -9
a90 K Ω 7"W/& "F& ', !1"j/B, "@ .6*%"4+ !6M"$& 0-lB->*B, =>*B-@ ,8 8,6& wB"T 6*%"4+ V"4•,
',) .6*%"4+ qB8 A.1 =@ !6M"$& A^"D 9M 81 ,8 2X 9_ N-& Olc R 7"X =@ 10 K Ω 50 K Ω
,8 71 8 N-& ', 79/W@ V,9#/+, A^"D n,6? 81 .(6*3? !1"j/B, "W/& "F& 9**KJ 7,9@ ×100009/4*0+"/T
5 ,9m 56*3?2& !6M"$& 2X 9_ 81
:;_!z) Z2T!{_ ü
71 8 =@ ,8 '"B;"B-+ .6*M1 O*l$J C=100 nF ;'"_ ×100 9/&-*0+"/T "@ ,8 (2-5) Olc 8,6& -10
=>*B-@ ,8 8,6& wB"T 6*%"4+ V"4•, 8,6& =@ A^ 4 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& N-& x% !1-4+ OI/& 8,6&
9B 1 ', 2X 9_ .6*%"4+ q*k3J iJ9M->*? x% 7 8 ,8 71 8 N-& |+"?9G .6*%"4+ !6M"$& 0-lB->*B,
7"X =@ ,8 300 Ω 600 Ω a1 K Ω 7"W/& "F& ×100 9/&-*0+"/T ', !1"j/B, "@ .1-c2& =/G9R A& "F&
g/$& A^"D n,6? 81 .6%"4+ qB8 A.1 =@ !6M"$& A^"D 9M 81 ,8 2X 9_ N-& Olc !1,1 8,9. R
5 ,9m 56*3?2& !6M"$& 2X 9_ 81 ,8 71 8 N-& ', 79/W@
2[@9& N-& 2#/B-*T"+ u"F+ 81 =? 1-c2& =kDo& a A& "F& 9B 1 ', !6c !6%1 7"WX-& Olc 81 -11
=@ a6c"@2& \Y3& =3&,1 9@,9@ 1 V1"[& 7$"/^ LWX 7,8,1 A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ N-& Olc a71 8
!*:-J ,8 !6%6T )%, A>• a6c"@2& A^ 8 A& "F& $"/^ LWX 6c"@ A^ 4 \Y3& =3&,1 9R, V"y& ;,-3•
.6*M1
46 RL RC 7"M8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 5 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6 6$!%&'
CD E ' F G
‫ دوم‬p > ?@‫! ر‬B - $0‫ ز‬3 $5
47 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
‫ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬،RLC n 1 =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 7,8%R 7"W/^"D `,-+, 8"/G8 2B89@ L%"&'( )%, n"<+, ', )6M
.‫ ﺍﺳﺖ‬Overshoot ‫ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
(!%\,%
1+O RLC *)\% ü
63?2& 1"<%, 8,6& wB"T 81 2F*4• 5,9*z.J e>B ,6/@, 79B RLC 8,6& x% 19?8"? 81 =l3%, =@ =X-J "@
9@ )"C& 9S"3• )%, 7 1 9M O&"c 78,6& 1 82& 8"k/+, a1'"B2& 9M"f "W/+, 81 ,8 1-_ 5,9z, ;'"_ |}B
81 RL 8,6& x% 8"/G8 =*Yc 2+"&' !1 6d& x% 81 =? 63? =&,8, 78"/G8 aAB, 2%,9*& O&"• =? A& "F&
=@ "3@ 6%1 q*M,-_ =? 2%"M8,1-4+ 81 8"/G8 )%, .6c"@ =/c,1 RC 8,6& =@ =*Yc 78"/G8 79#%1 2+"&' !1 6d&
=/G9R 9k+ 81 8,6& 2X 9_ A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ =? 7"M8,1-4+ )%, 2&"4J 81 .AB, 1-W$& C L aR 9%1"F&
2%"4+ x% ;( 7"W/+, 9jS =@ ,6/Y& 23[% 2$%,iG, 2%"4+ x% 8,6& 7,6/@, =? 1-c2& !6M"$& aAB, !6c
)%,9@"3@ AB, !"J-? V"IJ, b"Y%9FJ ;'"_ V"4•, ,8 1-_ 9z, b,6%6c e>B ,6/@, 81 ,9%' AB, 9jS =@ 2W/3&
2j>B 9z, 2J6& ', |T .1-@ 6M,-_ 71-[S 2%"4+ 2X 9_ $"/^ Olc =? q%8,1 (8%R)*%"T) RL 8,6& x%
b,6%6c ,8 1-_ 2+'"_ 7,-_ !6c $8"c b"Y%9FJ =? ;'"_ 63?2& O4• !"J-? V"IJ, Oy& e>B t-0d&"+
2^ i+ ;( 81 6%"@ A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ b"J6•". =? Ac,1 q*M,-_ (8%RH"@) RC 8,6& x% 1'"B2& 9M"f
.6c"@
L C
Vi Vo(t)
(1-6)Olc
i%"4/& bo&"? Olc 1 7,8,1 8,6& 7,8%R wB"T a1-c2& x%9dJ 7,=>T $"/^ x% "@ 8,6& )%, =? 2&"#3M
:q*0%-+2& 6*>? ;6c =/0@ ', |T ,8 8,6& $"/^ =^1"[& awB"T =^1"[& )**[J 7,9@ .1-@ 6M,-_
di 1
dt C ∫
V =L + idt + Ri
:1-c2& OS"D =^1"[& )*G9h ', )/G9R g/$& "@ =?

2
d i di i
L 2
+R + =o
dt dt C
:6c"@2& s 2 s1 7"M =$%8 "@ 9%' =IQ$& =^1"[& 7,8,1 =?
48 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
R 1
s2 + s+ =o
L LC
−R R2 1
s1 = + 2
−
2L 4L LC
−R R2 1
s2 = − 2
−
2L 4L LC
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ )%,9@"3@
i (t ) = k 1e s1t + k 2e s2t
i (o) = o
di (o) V
=
dt L
1 R
7,8,1 ( i (t ) ;"%9X "%) 8,6& wB"T a6c"@ ', 9/lm-? "% "@ 7 "0& a', 9/R8i@ =l3%, p0D9@
LC 2L
:1-@ 6M,-_ 9%' 7"W>lc
R 1
9jS 7-B =@ 23*[& 2+"&' A@"z "@ 6B82& q4%i?"& 8,6F& x% =@ 8,6& wB"T 6c"@ > 9R, -1
2L LC
:;( 81 =? AB, n-B-& 2%,9*& U-G A^"D =@ wB"T )%, .63?2& O*&
V − t τ  e ωt − e −ωt 
i (t ) = e  
Lω  2 
R2 1
ω= 2
−
4L LC
2L
τ=
R
i(t)
(2-6)Olc
2[., 2+"&' A@"z =/Y^, .6c"@2& RL 8,6& 81 ;( 8,6F& 9@,9@ 1 =? AB, 2+"&' A@"z 8,6F& =X-J p^"X =/l+
=? 2]%,9c AdJ "W3J 6+8,1 LF+ ;( 1"<%, 81 i*+ −ω ω O&,-• ,9%' A0*+ #Q$& ;,63m 8,6& )%,
2L
2+,9d@ 7,9*& A^"D 81 A*[: )%, =? AB, 2+"&' A@"z b"Y%9FJ =? AjR ;,-J2& 6c"@ xm-? 2>*_ ω
R
.AB, 9Jt-0d&
49 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
2L R 1
9jS A4B =@ τ = 2+"&' A@"z "@ 6B82& I max q4%i?"& 8,6F& =@ ;"%9X 6c"@ = 9R, -2
R 2L LC
.AB, n-B-& Critically Damped "% 2+,9d@ 7,9*& =@ A^"D )%, .63?2& O*&
V −t τ
i (t ) = te
L
2L
τ=
R
V τ −1
I max = e
L
−t
eτ
i(t)
Imax
(3-6)Olc
R 1
!6c q? =/G8 =/G8 ;( =3&,1 =? AB, 2B-3*B N-& x% 58-I@ 8,6& wB"T a6c"@ < 9R, -3
2L LC
.6c"@2& n-B-& Oscillatory Damped "% ,9*& 2+"B-+ =@ A^"D )%, .6B82& 9jS =@
V − tτ
i (t ) = e sin ω1t
Lω1
1 R2
ω1 = jω = − 2
LC 4 L
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ 5"+"B-+ |+"?9G
1 1 R2
f1 = − 2
2π LC 4L
i(t)
V
Lω1
−t
eτ
−t
−eτ
V
Lω1
(4-6)Olc
50 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
1 R2
;,-J2& A^"D )%, 81 .AB, xm-? 2>*_ "@ =0%"F& 81 bH-4[& ,9%' 18,1 f 1 7 8 24? 9z, 2 =>4X
LC 4L
1
.Ac-+ f 1 ≈ 58-S =@ ,8 f 1 8,6F&
2π LC
1&)/% RLC *)\% ü
:6M12& L%"4+ ,8 7',-& RLC 8,6& 9%' Olc

Rg
L
Vg , C Vo(t)
RL
(5-6)Olc
:1,1 L%"4+ 9%' 58-S =@ ;,-J2& ,8 U-G 8,6& =l3%, =@ =X-J "@
Ig Lp C Vo(t)
Rg Rp
1442443
R
(6-6)Olc
:Ac-+ ;,-J2& a I g =3&,1 =@ 7,=>T ;"%9X V"4•, ', |T
Vo 1 dVo d 2Vo 1 dVo 1

Ig = +
R Lp ∫ Vo dt + C
dt
⇒
dt 2
+ +
RC dt Lp C
=o
:AB, 9%' 9%1"F& "@ =$%8 1 7,8,1 U-G =]@,8 =IQ$& =^1"[&
2
−1  1  1
s1, s 2 = ±   −
2RC  2RC  L pC
51 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:1-c2& !6M"$& ,8%R wB"T 81 9%' A^"D =B 79B 8,6& 9*k+

1 1
.1-@ 6M,-_ Over Damped "% 2%,9*& U-G A^"D > .1
2RC L pC
1 1
.1-@ 6M,-_ Critically Damped "% 2+,9d@ 2%,9*& A^"D = .2
2RC L pC
1 1
.1-@ 6M,-_ Oscillatory Damped "% ,9*& 2+"B-+ A^"D < .3
2RC L pC
Rp 58-S )%, 81 *1-4+ 9k+)9S ;( ', ;,-J2& AB, xm-? 8"*0@ e>B 81 1-X-& A& "F& =l3%, =@ =X-J "@
U-G 81 3 2 5H"D 81 =? q%8,1 =X-J )*3/4M .1-@ 6M,-_ Lp ≈ L R = R p || Rg ≈ Rg ,8i@ 8"*0@
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ 2+"&' A@"z
τ = 2RC
1 1
.63%-R2& ,8 α = = AY0+ Damping Factor "% 2%,9*& p%9:
τ 2RC
1
.6c"@2& RC = L C 8,6F& Critical Resistance "% 2+,9d@ A& "F&
2
52 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
@*)A362>
.6*M1 !*:-J !19? qB8 ,8 n 1 =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 7,8%R wB"T 5H"D `,-+, -1
n 1 =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 81 ,8 (Overshoot) LWX,9G 2%,9*& p%9: a5"+"B-+ |+"?9G a2+,9d@ A& "F& -2
.6*3? ;"*@ 7',-& 79B RLC 8,6& 81 ,8 n,6? 9M E@, 8 !19? e%9[J
,8 5"+"B-+ |+"?9G 1 KΩ A& "F& 7,', =@ 2+,9d@ A& "F& ، L = 18 mH C = 3, 3 nF 7,', =@ -3
.6*3? =YB"d& 7',-& 79B RLC 7,9@
7,=]@,8 =m ', 7',-& 79B RLC 8,6& 81 ,9*& 2+"B-+ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& A^"D 81 (τ ) 2+"&' A@"z -4
.6*3? =YB"d& 3 V,sB 9%1"F& 7,', =@ ,8 ;( 8,6F& a1-c2& =YB"d&
81 ,9*& 2+"B-+ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& 7"M A^"D ', n,6?9M 81 aτ 79*R!',6+, 7,9@ 2M"#$%"&'( v 8 x% -5
.6*3? =&,8, RLC 8,6&
=3&,1 "@ 2[@9& N-& $"/^ x% 1,8"G-+"+ 3,3 ;'"_ 79+"M 2>*& 18 e>B 9%1"F& "@ ,8 79B RLC 8,6& -6
A^"D4 aA& "F& 8,6F& 9**KJ "@ !19? 7'"B =*Yc Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ 1 KHz |+"?9G A^ 2
.1-c =/G9R A& "F& 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ .6*3? qB8 8,1-4+ x% 81 ,8 8,6& 7,8%R wB"T
53 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
"J 1 9/&-*0+"/T 1,8"G-+"+ 3,3 ;'"_ 79+"M 2>*& 18 e>B 9%1"F& "@ ,8 79B RLC 8,6& 9%' Olc g@"]&
,8 2X 9_ q*3?2& V"4•, ;( =@ 1 KHz |+"?9G A^ 2 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& $"/^ x% =/_"B qM,->*? 10
.q*3*@2& A& "F& 9B 1 ',
L C
Vi Vo(t)
(7-6)Olc
7 8 ,8 ,9*& 2+"B-+ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& a,9*& U-G O&"c 8,6& 7,8%R wB"T A^"D =B aA& "F& 9**KJ "@ -1
.6%9*#@ !',6+, ,8 2+,9d@ A& "F& 8,6F& !19? !6M"$& 0-lB->*B,
2+"B-+ A^"D 81 2+,9d@ A& "F& 7,', =@ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& A^"D 81 ,8 8,6& 2%,9*& p%9: 2+"&'A@"z -2
.6%9*#@ !',6+, ;"J1-_ 71"W3$*T v 8 x4? =@ 1 KΩ A& "F& 7,', =@ ,9*&
6S81 |}B =/G9R !',6+, 1 K Ω A& "F& 7,', =@ ,9*& 2+"B-+ A^"D 81 ,8 5"+"B-+ |+"?9G -3
)*4M 7,', =@ ,8 (100 86@9: ;'"_ 8,6%"T $"/^ =@ ;'"_ Overshoot $"/^ AY0+) ;'"_ Overshoot
.6%9*#@ !',6+, A& "F&
"J 1 9/&-*0+"/T 1,8"G-+"+ 3/3 ;'"_ 79+"M 2>*& 18 e>B 9%1"F& "@ 9%' Olc g@"]& ,8 7',-& RLC 8,6&
V"4•, ;( =@ 1 KHz |+"?9G A^ 2 =3&,1 "@ 2[@9& $"/^ x% =/_"B ( R g A& "F& 7"X =@) qM,->*? 10
.6*3? !1"j/B, R g A& "F& 7,9@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ', .q*3*@2& ;'"_ 9B 1 ', ,8 2X 9_ q*3?2&
Rg
L
Vg , C Vo(t)
RL
(8-6)Olc
7 8 ,8 ,9*& 2+"B-+ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& a,9*& U-G O&"c 8,6& 7,8%R wB"T A^"D =B aA& "F& 9**KJ "@ -4
.6%9*#@ !',6+, ,8 2+,9d@ A& "F& 8,6F& !19? !6M"$& 0-lB->*B,
54 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
2+"B-+ A^"D 81 2+,9d@ A& "F& 7,', =@ 2+,9d@ 7,9*& A^"D 81 ,8 8,6& 2%,9*& p%9: 2+"&' A@"z -5
.6%9*#@ !',6+, ;"J1-_ 71"W3$*T v 8 x4? =@ 3 KΩ A& "F& 7,', =@ ,9*&
.6%9*#@ !',6+, 3 KΩ A& "F& 7,', =@ ,9*& 2+"B-+ A^"D 81 ,8 5"+"B-+ |+"?9G -6
55 RLC 8,6& 2+"&' wB"T 6 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
7 6$!%&'
-LM9NO ?I‫!' ر‬K
56 2]_9*{ 7"M8,6& 7 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
9+' 1-%1 ', 2]_9*{ 8,6& 1"<%, 7,9@ .6c"@2& 8,6& 81 "W+( O*>dJ !-d+ 2/& "F& 2]_9*{ 9S"3• 8"/G8 "@ 2%"3c( )6M
.q*3?2& !1"j/B,
@*)A362>
2Y]. xJ 7=lYc )%, $"/^ -;"%9X 23d3& 23[%) AB, 2]_9*{ A& "F& x% gFdJ 9%' Olc 8,6& -1
A.1 .6%8 ( AB6@ ,8 2Y]. xJ =lYc )%, $"/^ -;"%9X 23d3& Spice 8,iG,n9+ x4? "@ .(A0*+ 2]_
71 8 $"/^ 8"? )%, 7,9@ .q*3? 2B89@ t-l[& t"%"@ A^"D 81 ,8 9+' 7"M1-%1 q*M,-_2& =? 6*%"4+
.6*M1 8,9. o < Vi < 15 v !1 6d& 81 ,8
22 kΩ
(1-7) Olc
81 8,iG,n9+ ', !6&( AB6@ 23d3& ;"4M ,8 2]_9*{ 9I3• $"/^ -;"%9X 23d3& 9%' Olc 8,6& 81 -2
9I3• ;"%9X $"/^ 9%1"F& 8-k3&) 6*3? )**[J ,8 2]_9*{ 9I3• 8"? =]F+ .6*3? :9G OY. A40.
.6*3? :9G A^ 10 ,8 dc $"/^ =3&,1 .(AB, 8,6& )%, 81 2]_9*{
(2-7) Olc
57 2]_9*{ 7"M8,6& 7 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
=<*/+ 81 9/&-*0+"/T 9**KJ "@ .AB, (1-7) Olc 2]_9*{ 9I3• ;"4M : 9j& 9I3• 9%' Olc 81 -1
5,9**KJ 23d3& |}B .6*%"4+ O&"? ,8 9%' V 6X 6*+,-Q@ ,8 $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F& a R x 9**KJ
!1"j/B, 9*K/& A& "F& 7,9@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ', .6*%"4+ qB8 2]_9*{ 9I3• 7,9@ ,8 I = f (V )
.6*3?
N.L.
(3-7) Olc
R x (kΩ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I(mA)
V (V)
q*k3J A^ 10 7 8 ,8 $"/^ \Y3& .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& OY. A40. 2]_9*{ 9I3• ', !1"j/B, "@ -2
78-rJ ', !6&( AB6@ 9%1"F& "@ ,8 ~%"/+ .6%8 ( AB6@ ,8 1 KΩ A& "F& ;"%9X $"/^ 9%1"F& .6*3?
.(6*3? !1"j/B, OY. A40. 81 !6&( AB6@ 23d3& ',) 6*3? =0%"F&
(4-7) Olc
58 2]_9*{ 7"M8,6& 7 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
7 8 $"0*^ 719l>4• 1-& ', !1"j/B, "@ ;,-J2& ,8 U-G 2]_9*{ 9I3• $"/^ -;"%9X 23d3& -3
A^ 6 7=3&,1 "@ 2B-3*B $"/^ x% .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& 8"? )%, 7,9@ .19? !6M"$& 0-lB->*B,
.6*3? V"4•, 500 Hz |+"?9G "@ A^ 6 A0G(
(5-7) Olc
51-c2& !1"j/B, A^ 6 A0G( A^ 6 7=3&,1 "@ 2B-3*B $"/^ x% ', L%"&'( )%, 81 ,9m
5=+-#m 5q*3?2& =^ i%, ;"4/_"B )*&' ', ,8 ac \Y3& )*&' ,9m L%"&'( )%, 81
59 2]_9*{ 7"M8,6& 7 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
8 6$!%&'
ّ Z[ \ ]
WX Y '
‫ 'ول‬p P ?R‫! ر‬T - $UV 3 $5
60 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
=3&,1 wB"T !6M"$& ،8"/G8 )%, 81 9S"3• 9%1"F& 9*z.J !-d+ ،V= , =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G 8"/G8 "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
.‫ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬،'"G wB"T
(!%\,%
V"4•, 2]_ 8,6& x% 9B 1 =@ f 9*K/& |+"?9G Vin A@"z =3&,1 "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% =? 2&"#3M
!1-@ 71 8 $"/^ "@ 5 "j/& 7'"G =3&,1 "@ 2^ 2B-3*B 2X-& i*+ (8,6& wB"T "%) 2X 9_ $"/^ a1-c2&
Vi (t ) = Vim sin ωt = Vie ∠ oo 58-S =@ 71 8 $"/^ 9R, )%, 9@"3@ .1-@ 6M,-_ 71 8 N-& |+"?9G ', 2[@"J
:Ac-+ 9%' 58-I@ ,8 2X 9_ $"/^ ;,-J2& a6c"@
Vo (t ) = Vom sin(ωt + ϕ ) = Voe ∠ϕ o
n-B-& V"F/+, \@"J "% 20+"?9G wB"T \@"J =@ !1-@ |+"?9G ', 2[@"J 71 8 $"/^ =@ 2X 9_ $"/^ AY0+
:1-c2& !1,1 ;"$+ 9%' =]@,8 "@ AB,
Vo Vo
AV = = ∠ϕ o
V i Vi
Vo Vo
|+"?9G =@ AY0+ 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& .1-@ 63M,-_ f |+"?9G \@"J ϕ a6%1 q*M,-_ =l%8-]@
Vi Vi
.AB, n-B-& '"G =IQ$& =@ |+"?9G =@ AY0+ ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3& =3&,1 wB"T =IQ$& =@
*L3g!D +P42_ ü
.1-c2& =/G9R A& "F& 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ .6%9*#@ 9k+ 81 AB, A& "F& ;'"_ 79B V"IJ, =? ,8 9%' Olc
(1-8) Olc
:', AB, 58"Y• 8,6& )%, 7,9@ 20+"?9G wB"T \@"J

Vo jω RC
AV = =
V i 1 + jω RC
Vo ω RC
AV = =
Vi 1 + (ω RC )2
1
ϕ = Arctg ( )
ω RC
61 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
ϕ ≈ 90o a6c"@2& ω RC << 1 =l*/. Vo Vi ≈ 1 ϕ ≈ oo aAB, ω RC >> 1 =l*/. aH"@ 7"M|+"?9G 81

7"M$"/^ 6M12& 8-Y• 1-_ ', ,8 H"@ |+"?9G "@ 7"M$"/^ =? U-G RC 8,6& p*J9J )%, =@ Vo Vi ≈ o
.AB, n-B-& 8%RH"@ 9/>*G =@ 6%"4+2& e*[CJ 56c =@ ,8 )*%"T |+"?9G "@
LM"? 8-Y• |+"?9G 81 71 8 $"/^ 1 2 =@ 2X 9_ $"/^ =? AB, 2%"X \]. |+"?9G i*+ A^"D )%, 81
:q%8,1 )%,9@"3@ .6@"%2&
Vo ω RC 1 1
= = ⇒ fc =
Vi 1 + (ω RC ) 2π RC
2
2
*L3p2$!> +P42_ ü
.1-c2& =/G9R ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ 6M12& ;"$+ ,8 RC 79B V , =YJ9& 8,6& 9%' Olc
(2-8) Olc
:1-c2& )**[J 9%' 58-I@ 8,6& )%, 7,9@ 20+"?9G wB"T \@"J .q%9*R2& 9k+ 81 ,8 H"@ Olc RC 8,6& ;-3?,
 1
Vi = ( R + jωC ) I
 Vo 1
 ⇒ AV = = = AV ∠ϕ o
V = ( 1 ) I V i 1 + jω RC
 o jω c
:;( 81 =?
Vo 1
AV = =
Vi 1 + (ω RC )
2
ϕ = Arctg (−ω RC )
.1-@ 6M,-_ Vo Vi ≈ 1 AB, ω RC << 1 =? 2/. a)*%"T 7"M|+"?9G 81 =? 6M12& ;"$+ A0Q+ =]@,8
7"M$"/^ =? U-G RC 8,6& .AB, Vo Vi ≈ o a6c"@2& ω RC >> 1 =? 2/. aH"@ 7"M|+"?9G 81 )*3/4M
9/>*G =@ 6%"4+2& e*[CJ 56c =@ ,8 H"@ |+"?9G "@ 7"M$"/^ 6M12& 8-Y• 1-_ ', ,8 )*%"T |+"?9G "@
.AB, n-B-& 8%R)*%"T
', =l%8-]@ .6%"4+2& 1"<%, 71 8 $"/^ 2X 9_ $"/^ )*@ =? AB, 7'"G )o/_, 8,6& )%, 9#%1 A*S"_
.1-@ 6M,-_ ϕ ≈ −90o H"@ 7"M|+"?9G 81 !1-@ ϕ ≈ oo )*%"T 7"M|+"?9G 81 a6%(2& 9@ ('"G) n 1 =]@,8
62 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
8%R)*%"T 2G"S =? AB, 20+"?9G a1-c2& !1,1 ;"$+ f c "@ =? 586. eI+ |+"?9G "% \]. |+"?9G
q4%i?"& eI+ =@ 2X 9_ ;,-J !',6+, |+"?9G )%, 81 .63?2& e*[CJ 56c =@ ,8 ;( ', 9JH"@ 7"M|+"?9G
.(6@"% 2& LM"? 8-Y• |+"?9G 81 71 8 $"/^ 1 2 =@ 2X 9_ $"/^ 8,6& )%, 81) 6B82& 2X 9_ ;,-J
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ \]. |+"?9G )%,9@"3@
Vo 1 1 1
= = ⇒ fc =
Vi 1 + (ω RC ) 2π RC
2
2
*L3b!2% +P42_ ü
.6M12& ;"$+ 79B 8-]@ ,8 8%RH"@ 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G 1 p*?9J 9%' Olc
(3-8) Olc
:', AB, 58"Y• 8,6& )%, 7,9@ 20+"?9G wB"T \@"J
Vo jω RC
AV = =
V i 1 + 3 jω RC − ω 2 R2C 2
Vo ω RC
AV = =
Vi (1 − ω 2 R2C 2 )2 + 9ω 2 R 2C 2
3ω RC
ϕ = 90o − Arctg ( )
1 − ω 2 R2C 2
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ ( ω RC << 1) )*%"T 7"M|+"?9G 81 )*3/4M ( ω RC >> 1 ) H"@ 7"M|+"?9G 81

9**KJ "@ 6*B8 6M,-_ 1-_ 8,6F& q4%i?"& =@ 2+"*& 7"M|+"?9G 2C[@ 81 2X 9_ ,%^ * Vo Vi ≈ o
n-B-& 8%R;"*& 9/>*G =@ 8,6& )%, ,%^ aAG"% 6M,-_ LM"? 2X 9_ 2^ i+ "% 71-[S 58-S =@ |+"?9G
;"$+ fo "@ !6*&"+ 2+"*& "% 7i?9& |+"?9G a6B82& 1-_ q4%i?"& =@ 2X 9_ ;( 81 =? 20+"?9G .AB,
6+"@ 7"3WT a6B82& v1-_ q4%i?"& 9@,9@ 1 2 =@ 2X 9_ "W+( 81 =? |+"?9G 1 )*@ )o/_, .63M12&
.6B82& 2X 9_ ;,-J q4%i?"& eI+ =@ 2X 9_ ;,-J |+"?9G 1 )%, 81 .1-c2& !6*&"+
63 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:1-c2& n"<+, 9%' Olc =@ 7i?9& |+"?9G =YB"d&
d AV 1 1
=o ⇒ ω = ⇒ fo =
dω RC 2π RC
j 1
AV ( fo ) = ⇒ AV ( f o ) =
1+ 3 j −1 3
:AB, 9%' Olc =@ 6+"@ 7"3WT =YB"d&
1
AV = ⇒ R4C 4ω 4 − 11R2C 2ω 2 + 1 = o
3 2
ω1 ω2
BW = f1 − f2 , f1 = , f2 =
2π 2π
11 1 3
(ω1 − ω2 )2 = ω12 + ω22 − 2ω1ω2 =
2 2
− 2 2 2 ⇒ ω1 − ω2 =
RC RC RC
3 3/3 0/ 3
BW = , ω1 = , ω2 =
2π RC RC RC
&!_ |QPC) ? KE%). 1+23 &)\9) ? ?M!X2T 1!W;E:E% ü
$"0*^ 9% "IJ .AB, $"0*^ V"lc, ', !1"j/B, 8,6& x% 20+"?9G wB"T ;18 ( AB6@ 7"Wc 8 ', 2l%
', ;"&' 9*K/& =? 7,=+-R =@ 1-c2& q*B9J 9#%1 N-& p0D 9@ N-& x% "W+( 81 =? 63/0M 79% "IJ
|+"?9G qM 2B-3*B N-& 1 ;"*& '"G )o/_, ;,-J2& 9% "IJ )%, x4? =@ .1-c )%D N-& Olc 5H1"[&
.18 ( AB6@ ,8 2B-3*B N-& 1 20+"?9G AY0+ i*+
7,=]F+ A?9D =l+( 7,9@ q%9*R2& 9k+ 81 ,8 y = yo sin(ωt + ϕ ) x = xo sin ωt 2B-3*B N-& 1
:q%9*R2& 9k+ 81 ,8 2j>/Q& 5H"D q*3? 2B89@ ,8 N-& 1 )%, 9*z.J AdJ
ϕ = o 23[% .63c"@ '"j4M N-& 1 :e^,
 x = xo sin ωt y
 ⇒ y= o x
 y = yo sin ωt xo
E_ !8"T x% AF*FD 81 63/0M 1 6d& 1 9M y x =? 5 "jJ )%, "@ AB, AB,8 E_ x% !63M1 ;"$+ =?
.Ac,1 q*M,-_
64 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
(4-8) Olc
. ϕ = π / 2 23[% 63/0M π / 2 9@,9@ '"G )o/_, 7,8,1 N-& Olc 1 :P

 x = xo sin ωt
 π
 y = yo sin(ωt + 2 ) = yo cos ωt
:6%(2& AB6@ 9%' =]@,8 U-G 5H1"[& ', ;"&' )%D "@
2 2
 x  y
  +   =1
 xo   yo 
)*4M 81 .(18,6+"/B, 2C*@) 6c"@2& y x 7"M8-d& 1,6/&, 81 ;( 8"]., =? AB, 2C*@ x% !63M1 ;"$+ =?
a `"[c =@ !9%,1 x% OS"D 9%-IJ 58-S )%, 81 a xo = yo = a 6c"@ 9@,9@ qM "@ N-& 1 =3&,1 9R, A^"D
.1-@ 6M,-_
:63c"@ ϕ = π '"G )o/_, 7,8,1 N-& 1 :N
 x = xo sin ωt y
 ⇒ y=− o x
 y = yo sin(ωt + π ) = − yo sin ωt xo
.6c"@2& n8"Wm n 1 \@8 81 E_ !8"T x% !63M1 ;"$+ =?
)%, 7 8 L>G A&o• .AB, !6c !1,1 ;"$+ ϕ ', 2IQ$& 9%1"F& 7,9@ OS"D e>/Q& 9% "IJ 9%' Olc 81
.6c"@2& 0-lB->*B, =djS 7 8 "W+ 9/l^, A?9D AWX =@ u-@9& "M8,1-4+
π −π −π π π π
ϕ = −π − π < ϕ < − =ϕ <ϕ < 0 ϕ = 0 0<ϕ < ϕ= <ϕ <π ϕ =π
2 2 2 2 2 2
(5-8) Olc
65 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:&!_ |QPC)
=? 8-]+"4M a6c"@ o < ϕ < π / 2 "W+( '"G )o/_, 9@,9@ |+"?9G 7,8,1 N-& 1 =? q*3?2& :9G ;-3?,
2&"#3M 2C*@ )%, .6c"@2& 9%' Olc g@"]& 2C*@ x% N-& 1 p*?9J ', OS"D 9%-IJ q%19? !6M"$&
:=? 63?2& \]. ,8 "M y 8-d&
← φo →
(6-8) Olc
 x = xo sin ωt = o ⇒ ωt = kπ

 y = yo sin(ωt + ϕ ) ⇒ y = yo sin(kπ + ϕ ) = ± yo sin ϕ
y  :q%8,1 p*J9J )%, =@

y |x =o = y0 sin ϕ ⇒ ϕ = Arc sin  x =o 
 yo 
α 
ϕ = Arc sin   :6c 6M,-_ '"G )o/_, a6c"@ 2 yo = β 2 y x=o = α =? q%9*#@ 9k+ 81 9R,
β 
0-lB->*B, 2+,8-+ =]F+ $"0*^ 9% "IJ x4? "@ 2B-3*B N-& 1 '"G )o/_, 79*R!',6+, 81 =? 6*3? A.1
.1-c q*k3J =djS EB ?6Y& 81 6%"@
:N/B8% }9!=+_ 1+23 &)\9)

=/+"3m a6c"@ y = yo sin ω y t 2B-3*B N-& |+"?9G f y x = xo sin ωxt 2B-3*B N-& x% |+"?9G f x 9R,
AWX 81 =? 1-c2& OS"D 79% "IJ aq*M6@ 8"#+;"B-+ Y 71 8 =@ ,8 y N-& X 71 8 =@ ,8 x N-&
u"F+ 1,6[J AY0+ "@ 9@,9@ f x =@ f y AY0+ !8,-4M .1-@ 6M,-_ 2%"Mq4%i?"& 7,8,1 5"I/Q& 7"M8-d&
.6c"@2& q&". 8-d& AWX 81 q4%i?"& u"F+ 1,6[J =@ 2FG, 8-d& 1,6/&, 81 q4%i?"&
f y NH
=
f x NV
66 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
@*)A362>
:6*M1 wB"T 9%' 5H,sB =@ C=100 nF R=10 KΩ 9%1"F& (2-8) Olc =@ =X-J "@*
.6*3? P"0D !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G 7,9@ ,8 f c 586. eI+ |+"?9G "% \]. |+"?9G -1
=YB"d& A^ 4 =3&,1 iJ9M 159/5 |+"?9G "@ 2B-3*B N-& 7,', =@ ,8 2X 9_ N-& =3&,1 '"G 8,6F& -2
5AB, 20+"?9G =m 9/>*G )%, 7,9@ iJ9M 159/5 |+"?9G .6*3?
5AG9R !',6+, ;,-J2& =+-#m ,8 2X 9_ 71 8 N-& )*@ '"G )o/_, -3
wB"T =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ Vo Vi 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -4
7,9@ aAB, n-B-& '"G =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ (∠Vo − ∠Vi ) = ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3& =3&,1
#Q$& 8,1-4+ 7 8 \]. |+"?9G) .1-c !6%1 ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ .6*3? qB8 (2-8) Olc 8,6&
(.119R
:6*M1 wB"T 9%' 5H,sB =@ C=100 nF R=10 KΩ 9%1"F& (1-8) Olc =@ =X-J "@*
.6*3? P"0D !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ 8%RH"@ 9/>*G 7,9@ ,8 f c 586. eI+ |+"?9G "% \]. |+"?9G -5
5,9**KJ 23d3& Vo Vi 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ 1 v8,iR L*T 63+"& -6
.6*3? qB8 !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ (1-8) Olc 8%RH"@ 9/>*G 7,9@ |+"?9G =@ AY0+ ,8 ( ∠Vo − ∠Vi ) =ϕ
(.119R #Q$& 8,1-4+ 7 8 \]. |+"?9G 8,6F&) .1-c !6%1 A& "F& 9B 1 ', 2X 9_
:6*M1 wB"T 9%' 5H,sB =@ C=100 nF R=10 KΩ 9%1"F& (3-8) Olc 8%#+"*& 9/>*G =@ =X-J "@*
E@, 8 9? "@ ,8 6+"@ 7"3WT )*%"T H"@ \]. |+"?9G a 7i?9& |+"?9G a2X 9_ $"/^ =3&,1 q4%i?"& -7
.6*3? =YB"d&
,8 ( ∠Vo − ∠Vi ) =ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3& Vo Vi 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -8
$"/^ =3&,1 q4%i?"& .6*3? qB8 !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ (3-8) Olc 8%#+"*& 9/>*G 7,9@ |+"?9G =@ AY0+
#Q$& 8,1-4+ 7 8 ,8 6+"@ 7"3WT )*%"T \]. |+"?9G aH"@ \]. |+"?9G a 7i?9& |+"?9G a2X 9_
.6*3? =0%"F& 78-rJ ~%"/+ "@ !19?
67 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:6*M1 wB"T 9%' 5H,-B =@ L =22 mH R=500 Ω :9G "@ 9%' Olc 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G =@ =X-J "@ *
(7-8)Olc
R=500 Ω A& "F& "@ (4-8) Olc 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G 7,9@ ,8 f c 586. eI+ |+"?9G "% \]. |+"?9G -9
.(E@, 8 9? "@) 6*3? P"0D 79+"M 2>*& 22 e>B
,8 ( ∠Vo − ∠Vi ) =ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3& Vo Vi 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -10
.6*3? qB8 79+"M 2>*& 22 e>B R=500 Ω 9%1"F& "@ (7-8) Olc 8,6& 7,9@ |+"?9G =@ AY0+
(.119R #Q$& 8,1-4+ 7 8 \]. |+"?9G)
68 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
RC ;X9!=+_ vO!> ;O*+D :*L3g!D +P42_ ü
.6%'"0@ (11-8)Olc g@"]& 78%RH"@ 9/>*G C=100 nF R=10 KΩ ', !1"j/B, "@
(8-8) Olc
V 6X 81 !6c !1,1 7"M|+"?9G 7,9@ !1-4+ V"4•, 8,6& =@ A^ 4 =3&,1 $"/^ "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% -e^,
81 6*c"@ =/c,1 A.1 .6*%"4+ 79*R!',6+, ,8 2X 9_ 71 8 N-& '"G )o/_, 2X 9_ $"/^ 8,6F& a9%'
A@"z A^ 4 =3&,1 7 8 !8,-4M 63l+ 9**KJ 71 8 $"/^ a6*M12& 9**KJ ,8 '"B;"B-+ |+"?9G =? 2&"#3M
.6+"4@
v8,iR 81 ,8 78-rJ E@, 8 g%9h ', !6c =YB"d& ϕ !6c =YB"d& V0 =@ u-@9& 9]B 9%' V 6X 81 -P
.6*3? O&"? 2>%-dJ 8"?
.6*3? =0%"F& 78-rJ =<*/+ "@ =/G9R !',6+, 0-lB->*B, x4? =@ ,8 9/>*G )%, \]. |+"?9G –N
10,000 1000 500 150 100 50 (Hz) f }9!=+_
!6c 79*R!',6+, V0
!6c 79*R!',6+, ϕ
!6c =YB"d& V0
!6c =YB"d& ϕ
69 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
RL ;X9!=+_ vO!> ;O*+D :*L3p2$!> +P42_ ü
.6%63Y@ AB, 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G x% =? ,8 (12-8) Olc 8,6& L = 22 mH R=500Ω A& "F& ', !1"j/B, "@
L
Vi R V out
(9-8)Olc
9%' V 6X 81 =? 2%"M|+"?9G "@ !19? V"4•, 8,6& 71 8 =@ A^ 2 =3&,1 8,6F& "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% -e^,
=/G"% 0-lB->*B, =>*B-@ ,8 2X 9_ 71 8 N-& )*@ ϕ '"G )o/_, 2X 9_ $"/^ =3&,1 8,6F& !6c 6*.
( α , β 79*R!',6+,) $"0*^ 7"M23d3& x4? =@ ,8 2X 9_ 71 8 N-& )*@ ϕ '"G )o/_, .6*3? Ac,11"%
9**KJ ,8 '"B;"B-+ |+"?9G =? 2&"#3M 6*c"@ =/c,1 A.1 .6*3? 79*R!',6+, !6c !1,1 !*:-J 5"&6F& 81 =?
.6+"4@ A@"z A^ 2 7 8 !8,-4M 71 8 $"/^ =3&,1 a6*M12&
v8,iR 81 ,8 78-rJ E@, 8 g%9h ', !6c =YB"d& ϕ !6c =YB"d& V0 =@ u-@9& 9]B 9%' V 6X 81 -P
.6*3? =0%"F& L%"&'( ~%"/+ "@ 6*3? O&"? 2%"W+ 8"?
.6*3? =0%"F& 78-rJ =<*/+ "@ =/G9R !',6+, 0-lB->*B, x4? =@ ,8 9/>*G )%, \]. |+"?9G -N
20,000 10,000 3000 1000 500 100 (Hz) f }9!=+_
!6c 79*R!',6+, α
!6c 79*R!',6+, β
!6c 79*R!',6+, V0
α
ϕ = Arc sin( )
β
!6c =YB"d& V0
!6c =YB"d& ϕ
70 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
*L3b!2% +P42_ ü
.6%'"0@ (13-8) Olc g@"]& 78%R;"*& 9/>*G C=100 nF R=10 KΩ ', !1"j/B, "@
(10-8) Olc
V 6X 81 !6c !1,1 7"M|+"?9G 7,9@ !1-4+ V"4•, 8,6& =@ A^ 4 =3&,1 $"/^ "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% - e^,
9**KJ ,8 '"B;"B-+ =? 2&"#3M 6*c"@ =/c,1 A.1 .6*3? 79*R!',6+, ,8 '"G )o/_, 2X 9_ $"/^ 8,6F& a9%'
V0 =@ u-@9& 9]B 9%' V 6X 81 .6+"4@ A^ 4 =3&,1 7 8 9@ !8,-4M 63l+ 9**KJ 71 8 $"/^ 6*M12&
.6*3? O&"? 2>%-dJ 8"? v8,iR 81 ,8 78-rJ E@, 8 g%9h ', !6c =YB"d& ϕ !6c =YB"d&
,8 6+"@ 7"3WT )*%"T \]. |+"?9G aH"@ \]. |+"?9G a7i?9& |+"?9G a2X 9_ =3&,1 q4%i?"& 8,6F& – P
.6*3? =0%"F& 78-rJ ~%"/+ "@ =/G9R !',6+, 0-lB->*B, x4? =@
1000 500 200 150 100 50 25 (Hz) f }9!=+_
!6c 79*R!',6+, V0
!6c 79*R!',6+, ϕ
!6c =YB"d& V0
!6c =YB"d& ϕ
71 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
?M!X2T 1!W;E:E% ? N/B8% }9!=+_ 1+23 &)\9) ü
,8 79#%1 2B-3*B N-& '"B;"B-+ V-W<& |+"?9G "@ \Y3& ;,-3• =@ ,8 2B-3*B N-& '"B;"B-+ x% -e^,
O4lc g@"]& ,8 0-lB->*B, Y X V"+"? 1 7"M71 8 .6%9*#@ 9k+ 81 n->[& |+"?9G "@ \Y3& ;,-3• =@
"@ 6*3? 2[B .6*M1 8,9. xy 6& 81 ,8 0-lB->*B, .6*3? OI/& ,i<& 2B-3*B N-& '"B;"B-+ 1 =@ (14-8)
.6%8 ( AB6@ ,8 V-W<& \Y3& |+"?9G a $"0*^ 7"M23d3& !6M"$& n->[& \Y3& |+"?9G 9**KJ
(11-8) Olc
58-S =@ ,8 Y V"+"? =@ OI/& '"B;"B-+ |+"?9G A@"z ,8 X V"+"? =@ OI/& '"B;"B-+ |+"?9G -P
q*B9J ,8 OS"D 7"W>lc .6c"@2& 3 2 a1 O&"c p%,9: )%, =? 6*M1 8,9. : 9j& A@"z |+"?9G ', 2Y%9:
56+-c24+ A@"z =djS 7 8 9@ 5H"D )%, 81 $"0*^ 7"M23d3& ,9m .6*%"4+
AB6@ 6+-c2& O%6YJ \@"J x% =@ =? 2&"#3M 3 2 20+"?9G p%,9: A^"D 81 ,8 $"0*^ 7"M23d3& =^1"[&
.6%8 (
72 RL RC 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 8 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
9 6$!%&'
ef g ' hi j k
‫ دوم‬p _ ?a‫! ر‬c - $Ud 3 $5
73 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
=3&,1 wB"T !6M"$& a8"/G8 )%, 81 9S"3• 9%1"F& 9*z.J !-d+ an 1 =YJ9& 7"M8,6& 20+"?9G 8"/G8 "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
u"YJ8, !-d+ A*j*? p%9: 6+"@ 7"3WT a\]. |+"?9G a6%6$J |+"?9G ;18 ( AB6@ a"W+( 79/>*G 8"/G8 2B89@ a'"G wB"T
.AB, 9S"3• 9%1"F& "@ "W+(
(!%\,%
1+O RLC *)\% ;X9!=+_ vO!> ü
L aR 7,iX, 7',-& "% 79B p*?9J .19@ 8"? =@ "M=lYc ', 78"*0@ L%"4+ 7,9@ ;,-J2& ,8 79B RLC 8,6&
2B-3*B \Y3& x% "@ "M8,6& )%, =? 2&"#3M .6c"@2& 23*[& 2[*Yh |+"?9G "@ 2[*Yh wB"T x% 7,8,1 C
' 9@ "W+( ', 2Y^"X 9z, 6+-c2& x%9dJ AB, 8,6& 2[*Yh |+"?9G =@ x%1i+ "% 9@,9@ ;( |+"?9G =?
8,9. 2B89@ 18-& ,8 RLC 79B 6%6$J 8,6& L%"&'( )%, 81 .AB, n-B-& 6%6$J !6%6T =@ =? a63?2&
.q*M12&
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺎﺯﻥ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬

=? 2&"#3M .AB, !6c =/G9R ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ =? 6M12& ;"$+ ,8 79B RLC 8,6& 9%' Olc
', =? 8,6& |+,6}&, .63?2& 9**KJ I ;"%9X "% 8,6& wB"T a6+"&2& A@"z ;( $"/^ 63?2& 9**KJ '"B;"B-+
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ 1-c2& !6%1 \Y3& 9B 1
 1 
Z = Rt + j  ω L − 
 ωC 
.AB, 8,6& O? A& "F& R t = R g + R ;( 81 =?

R L
Vg+Rg C Vo(t)
(1-9)Olc
:|+"?9G 81 =? 6M12& ;"$+ U-G =]@,8 2B89@

1 1
ωs = ⇒ fs =
LC 2π LC
|+"?9G )%, 81 =? AB, 2W%6@ .6@"%2& LM"? Z = Z s = R t 23[% 1-_ 8,6F& O.,6D =@ 8,6& |+,6}&,
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ ;( 8,6F& 1-@ 6M,-_ q4%i?"& 8,6& ;"%9X
Vg
I = Is =
Rt
74 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
=/l+ .AB, n-B-& 6%6$J |+"?9G =@ a6%(2& 81 #^"_ A& "F& x% 58-I@ 8,6& ;( 81 =? f s |+"?9G
:', 63J8"Y• =? AB, \Y3& $"/^ "@ e>B 9B 1 ;'"_ 9B 1 $"/^ )*@ E@, 8 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 p^"X
1 1 Vg
VCs = Is = . = QsVg
ωs C ωs C Rt
Vg
VLs = ωs LI s = ωs L. = QsVg
Rt
1 Lωs
;"$+ U-G E@, 8 .AB, 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 79B 8,6& A*j*? p%9: Qs = = ;( 81 =?
ωs CRt Rt
6c"@ Q s > 1 =l*J8-S 81 63/0M 9@,9@ 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 e>B ;'"_ 9B 1 $"/^ =3&,1 =? 63M12&
Olc =@ U-G 8,6& p*J9J )%, =@ AB, \Y3& $"/^ 9@,9@ Q s e>B ;'"_ 9B 1 $"/^ (AB, )*3m b"Y^"{ =?)
.63?2& O4• $"/^ !633? A%-FJ x%
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ a79B RLC 7,9@ !6c !1,1 ;"$+ 8,6& Olc =@ =X-J "@
Vo 1
AV = =
Vg 1 − LCω + jRt Cω
2
1
AV =
(1− LCω ) 2 2
+ Rt2C 2ω 2
 R Cω 
ϕ = Arctg  t 2 
 LCω − 1 
8,6& 6c"@ AV > 1 =l*J8-S 81 6c =/jR boY. =? 8-]+"4M .6c"@2& AV ≈ 1 )*%"T 8"*0@ 7"M|+"?9G 81
.6B9@ 8,6F& q4%i?"& =@ ;'"_ $"/^ 6%"@ 2IQ$& |+"?9G 81 ,%^ a6%"4+2& O4• !633? A%-FJ x% 58-I@
:q%9*R2& g/$& ω =@ AY0+ AV ', ;'"_ $"/^ q4%i?"& 8,6F& =YB"d& 7,9@
′ d AV 1 R2 1 1 R2
AV = = o ⇒ ω1 = − t2 ⇒ f1 = − t2
dω LC 2L 2π LC 2L
f1 < f s
Qs
AV =
R 2C
1− t
4L
2L L
.6c"@2& R t2 < ;'"_ $"/^ 7,9@ q4%i?"& =]F+ 1-X u9c 2^ AB, R t2 < ;"4M Q s > 1 u9c
C C
78,9.9@ "@ "W/^"D ', 2C[@ 81 6c"@2& 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G x% 58-I@ ;'"_ $"/^ 7,9@ =3&,1 wB"T =IQ$&
2L
.1-@ 6M,-_ i*+ q4%i?"& x% 7,8,1 R t2 < u9c
C
75 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
|Av|
f
(2-9)Olc
Z%?!,% M!PT? ;5?+C :n

.6%9*#@ 9k+ 81 ,8 9%' Olc .AB, A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ 79B RLC 8,6& wB"T ', 8-k3& bH-4[&
L C
Vi R Vo(t)
(3-9)Olc
:(AB, !6$+ =/G9R 9k+ 81 Rg 8,6F&) ', AB, 58"Y• 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T
Vo R
AV = =
Vi  1 
R + j ωL − 
 ωC 
:Ac-+ 9%' 58-I@ ,8 ;( ;,-J2& =?
1
AV = = AV ∠ϕ
ω ω 
1 + jQs  − s 
 ωs ω 
:=l%8-]@
1
AV =
2
ω ω 
1 + Q s2  − s 
 ωs ω 
 ω ω 
ϕ = Arctg Q s  s −  
  ω ωs  
76 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
Vo
|+"?9G 7,9@ AB, =1 a6c"@ ω = ωs 9@,9@ \Y3& |+"?9G 2/. =? 63M12& ;"$+ U-G E@, 8
Vi
L%"4+ 23d3& 9%' Olc ( V o ≈o ).AB, 9jS "Y%9FJ 2X 9_ $"/^ Q s > 1 :9G "@ ω >> ωs ω << ωs
Vi
=@ ω2 ω1 u"F+ .63/0M 71"%' A*4M, i&"D Olc )%, 81 ω2 ω1 a ωs u"F+ .6M12& ;"$+ ,8 =3&,1 wB"T
$"/^ 12 =@ V o 2X 9_ $"/^ "W+( 81 =? 2%"M|+"?9G) .63G 9[& \]. |+"?9G "% 586. eI+ 7"M|+"?9G
3 dB !',6+, =@ 2X 9_ $"/^ ;( 7,', =@ =? 20+"?9Ga 24/%8"#^ t"*F& 81 6B82& V i 1-_ q4%i?"&
!1,1 ;"$+ BW "@ =? AB, n-B-& 6+"@ :9• =@ ω2 − ω1 O:"jJ .(6@"% LM"? 1-_ q4%i?"& 8,6F& =@ AY0+
:=? 1,1 ;"$+ ;,-J2& 6%6$J |+"?9G =@ x%1i+ \]. 7"M|+"?9G 7,9@ .1-c2&
ωs R
BW = ω2 − ω1 ≈ =
Qs L
|Av|
0.7
ω1 ωs ω2
ω
(4-9)Olc
7"M|+"?9G !1,1 8-Y• 1-_ ', 2/D,8 =@ ,8 ω2 "J ω1 2+"*& 7"M|+"?9G =? 79B RLC 8,6& p*J9J )%, =@
71 8 $"/^ )*@ '"G )o/_, ω = ωs 7,9@ .AB, n-B-& 8%R;"*& 9/>*G =@ 63?2& e*[CJ 56c =@ ,8 9#%1
π π
wB"T 9%' Olc .AB, ϕ ≈ − a ω >> ωs 7,9@ ϕ≈ a ω << ωs 7,9@ ( ϕ = o ) 9jS 2X 9_ $"/^
2 2
.6M12& ;"$+ ,8 8,6& )%, '"G
ϕ
π
+
2
π ω
−
2 ωs
(5-9)Olc
77 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
1&)/% RLC *)\% ;X9!=+_ vO!> ü
.q%9*R2& 9k+ 81 9%' Olc =@ ,8 7',-& RLC 8,6&
Rg
L
C Vo(t)
Vg ,
RL
ZP
(6-9)Olc
.63/0M '"G qM Vg Vo 2/& "F& o&"? Z p aq4%i?"& Vo =? AB, ;( 8,6& 81 6%6$J A^"D 7"W*R-% ',
=@ (Tank Circuit) x+"J 8,6& ,8 7',-& 8,6& ae>B -;'"_ =F>D 2$3?, ,iX, )*@ 7$9+, V1"YJ A>• =@
.1-c2& =/jR x+"J ;"%9X =F>D ;"%9X
:', AB, 58"Y• 7',-& 8,6& |+"/*&1,
Y = YL + YC
1
Y= + jωC
RL + jω L
RL  ωL 
⇒ Y= − j 2 − ωC 
R +ω L
2
L
2 2
 RL + ω L
2 2

6c"@ 9jS 9@,9@ 2&-M-& A40. =? 6M12& @8 2/. 6%6$J A^"D =? 6M12& ;"$+ U-G =]@,8 2B89@
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ )%,9@"3@ .(2X 9_ 81 |+,6}&, q4%i?"&)
2
1  RL 
ωp = − 
LC  L 
:1-c2& =/c-+ i*+ 9%' 58-S =@ U-G =]@,8

1
ω p = ωs 1 −
Qs2
Lω
|+"?9G 81 79B 8,6& A*j*? p%9: Qs = R s AB, RLC 79B 8,6& 6%6$J |+"?9G ω s ;( 81 =?
L
81 .AB, ω s 9@,9@ ω p 7',-& 6%6$J 8,6& |+"?9G Qs ,8i@ 9%1"F& 7,9@ =? AB, 2W%6@ .AB, ω s 6%6$J
78 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
AB, 6D, 9@,9@ 586. p%9: 9#%1 58"Y• =@ .AB, 2l% \Y3& $"/^ '"G ;"%9X '"G 6%6$J |+"?9G
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ #^"_ A& "F& Z 71 8 |+,6}&, p
RL2 + L2ω 2p
Zp = = RL + Q p Lω p = RL (1 + Q2p )
RL
:Ac-+ ;,-J2& Q p ,8i@ 9%1"F& 7,9@
Z p = RLQ2p
1
ωp = Qs >> 1
LC
L
Zp = Qs , Q p >> 1
CRL
9R, =? AB, 2W%6@ .18 ( AB6@ 2J "j/& 71 8 7"W/& "F& ;,-J2& C L pB"3& P"Q/+, "@ p*J9J )%, "@
.1-c2& OF/3& 8"@ =@ \Y3& ', 586. 8,6F& q4%i?"& 6c"@ Z p = Rg
:', AB, 58"Y• 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 \Y3& ;"%9X "@ e>B ;"%9X ;'"_ ;"%9X )*@ E@, 8
Vo
IC ≈ = ω p C Vo
XC
Vo CRL
Ig ≈ = Vo
Zp L
⇒ IC = Qp I g
71 8 81 =? AB 8 )%, ', .63?2& O4• ;"%9X !633? A%-FJ x% 58-I@ 8,6& =? AjR ;,-J2& )%,9@"3@
\Y3& =î3& =@ "M )/+() .633?2& !1"j/B, 7',-& 6%6$J 8,6& ', b"&-4• 2+-%i%->J "% 2%-%1,8 7"M!6+9*R
(63/0M ;"%9X
:', AB, 58"Y• !6c !1,1 ;"$+ 7',-& 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T q%6%1 79B 8,6& 81 =? =/+( 9*k+
VC Zp
AV = =
Vg Z p + Rg
1-_ 8,6F& 9y?,6D =@ 2X 9_ $"/^ ,%^ AB,8,1 ,8 1-_ 8,6F& q4%i?"& Z 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 =l3%, =@ 9k+
p
|+"?9G =]@,8 .6@"% 2& LM"? 2X 9_ $"/^ 6%6$J |+"?9G ', 9/$*@ "% 9/4? 7"M|+"?9G 81 .6B82&
:', AB, 58"Y• 79B 8,6& 9*k+ 6+"@ :9• i*+ \]. 7"M
ωp
BW =
Qp
79 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:1-c2& =/c-+ 9%' Olc =@ 6+"@ 7"3WT 9%' 79B V1"[& 8,6& =@ =X-J "@
Rg A Re Le A
L V’g
C C
Vg ,
RL
B B
7',-&8,6& B A 9B 1 ', 7',-& 8,6& "@ V1"[& 79B 8,6&

(7-9)Olc

V ′ = RL + jω L .V
 g Rg + RL + jω L g

 Rg ( Rg RL + RL2 + ω 2 L2 )
 eR =
( Rg + RL ) + ω 2 L2
2


 Rg2 L
 Le =
( Rg + RL ) + ω 2 L2
2

ωs Le
Qs =
Re
Rg Lωs
Qs =
Rg RL + RL2 + ω 2 L2
ωs Rg RL + RL + ω L
2 2 2
BW = =
Qs Rg L
RL  RL ωs2 L2 
BW = 1 + + 
L  Rg Rg RL 
1
ωs =
LeC
)%, ', .A0*+ 6c"@ |+"?9G ', 2[@"J =? 7,=3&,1 7,8,1 79B RLC 8,6& x% 7,9@ Vg′ \Y3& 2>? A^"D 81
81 =l*/^"D 81 .18,6+ 2/B81 7"3[& 1-c2& =/G9R C ;'"_ 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ =? 2/. 6+"@ 7"3WT =^"0& 8
9/>*G x% 58-S =@ B A 9B 1 81 =3&,1 wB"T =IQ$& ,%^ AB, |+"?9G ', 2[@"J Vg′ ;-m U-G Olc
.1-@ 6M,-_ 8%R;"*&
80 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
9/&-*/l>B 8,6& 9/4? 6+"@ :9• 1-c 9/$*@ Rg 86Fm 9M =? 6M12& ;"$+ !6&( AB6@ 6+"@ 7"W3T V-&9G
"@ \Y3& ', !1"j/B, 7',-& 8,6& 81 )%,9@"3@ .(1-c2& |+"?9G =@ u-@9& 8,6& 2R633? P"Q/+, A*S"_) AB,
8,6& '"G wB"T =3&,1 wB"T 23d3& 9%' 7"W>lc .63?2& x4? 8,6& ;1-@ 9/&-*/l>B =@ 9/$*@ A& "F&
.63M12& ;"$+ ,8 7',-&
ϕ
Vo max
90
0
Vo max
2
ω
-90
ω1 ω p ω2 ωp
(e^,) (P)
(8-9)Olc
81 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
@*)A362>
56/G,2& 2."jJ, =m b"F*.1 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 79B RLC 8,6& 81 6*M1 !*:-J -1
63+"& 6%6$J A^"D 81 79B RLC 8,6& a9I3• n,6? 9B 1 $"/^ 7,', =@ 2]%,9c =m AdJ -2
563?2& O4• $"/^ !633?A%-FJ
#Q$& v 8 9M 81 ).6*3? 1"W3$*T 79B RLC 8,6& 81 Q 79*R!',6+, 7,9@ 2M"#$%"&'( v 8 =B -3
(.AB, !6c =/G9R 8,6& 9I3• n,6? 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ =? 6*3?
9/>*G 7 8 =+"R,6X 8-h =@ !19? e%9[J ,8 6+"@ 7"3WT 7i?9& |+"?9G a3 dB \]. |+"?9G -4
.6*M1 ;"$+ 8%R;"*& 8%R)*%"T
L = 18 mH C = 3 / 3 nF 7,', =@ 79B RLC 8,6& 7,9@ ,8 Q A*j*? p%9: 6%6$J |+"?9G -5
.6*3? =YB"d& 3 KΩ 1 KΩ A& "F&
Vo
=3&,1 wB"T =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -6
Vi
8,6& 8%R;"*& 9/>*G 7,9@ aAB, n-B-& '"G =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3&
a2X 9_ $"/^ =3&,1 q4%i?"& 9%1"F& .6*3? qB8 a(9-9) Olc 81 !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ 79B RLC
#Q$& 8,1-4+ 7 8 ,8 6+"@ 7"3WT )*%"T \]. |+"?9G aH"@ \]. |+"?9G a (6%6$J) 7i?9& |+"?9G
.(A& "F& 9B 1 2X 9_) .6*3?
Vo
=3&,1 wB"T =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ 5,9**KJ L%"4+ 23d3& a Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -7
Vi
Olc 8%R)*%"T 9/>*G 7,9@ aAB, n-B-& '"G =IQ$& =@ =? ,8 |+"?9G =@ AY0+ ϕ 5,9**KJ 23d3&
a o K Ω a 1KΩ a 3 KΩ a 7 KΩ : R A& "F& 9%1"F& 7,', =@ ;'"_ e>B !6c !1,1 9%1"F& "@ (1-9)
$"/^ 2R633?A%-FJ q4%i?"& A^"D n,6? 81 .6*3? =*X-J ,8 "M23d3& !19? qB8 8,1-4+ x% 7 8
5 1-c2& !6%1
2 =3&,1 $"/^ 8,6F& "@ 2[@9& N-& x% a 2B-3*B N-& 71 8 7"X =@ (9-9) Olc 79B RLC 8,6& 81 -8
,8 A& "F& 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ N-& Olc !19? V"4•, 8,6& =@ 8,6& 6%6$J |+"?9G 9@,9@ 20+"?9G A^
.6*3? q*B9J Spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@
56/G,2& 2."jJ, =m b"F*.1 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 7',-& RLC 8,6& 81 6*M1 !*:-J -9
5"YB"d& 563?2& O4• ;"%9X !633?A%-FJ 63+"& 6%6$J A^"D 81 7',-& RLC 8,6& 2]%,9c =m AdJ -10
.1-c 9?
82 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
#Q$& v 8 9M 81) 6*3? 1"W3$*T 7',-& RLC 8,6& 81 Q 79*R!',6+, 7,9@ 2M"#$%"&'( v 8 =B -11
.(AB, !6c =/G9R 8,6& 9I3• n,6? 9B 1 ', 2X 9_ =? 6*3?
L = 18 mH C = 3 / 3 nF 7,', =@ 7',-& RLC 8,6& 7,9@ ,8 Q A*j*? p%9: 6%6$J |+"?9G -12
.6*3? =YB"d& 7 KΩ A& "F&
83 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
;5?+C b)/Ex KD Z%?!,% +O ?. M!PT? : 1+O RLC *)\% ;X9!=+_ vO!> (~T)
\$\#< *)\% ;O*+D ( 1-~T)

;( =@ A^ 2 =3&,1 8,6F& "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% =/_"B !6c 9? 5"IQ$& "@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6&
.(6*3? !1"j/B, R A& "F& 7"X =@ ×1000 9/&-*0+"/T ',) 6*3? V"4•,
(9-9)Olc
2/& "F& 8,6& a(6%6$J) A^"D )%, 81 .1-c q4%i?"& 8,6& ;"%9X "J 6*M1 9**KJ ,8 \Y3& |+"?9G V"D -1
A0*+ V( !6%, e>B O4• 81 ;-m "&, .6c 6M,-_ 9jS AB 9B 1 $"/^ 6c"@ V(!6%, L e>B 9R, !1-@
"@ a f s a6%6$J |+"?9G A^"D )%, 81 .1-c2& OS"D AB 9B 1 $"/^ ;6c q4*+2& "@ ;"%9X q4%i?"&
6*3? Ac,11"% !19? 79*R!',6+, 0-lB, "@ ,8 6%6$J |+"?9G .6%(2& AB6@ i*+ VR ;6c q4%i?"&
.6*3? Ac,11"% ,8 =<*/+ !19? 2B89@ ,8 8,6& 79/>*G 19l>4• |+"?9G 9**KJ "@ |}B
8,6& =@ 6%6$J |+"?9G 9@,9@ 20+"?9G A^ 2 =3&,1 $"/^ 8,6F& "@ 2B-3*B N-& x% A40. )%, 81 -2
A*[: ', ,8 '"B;"B-+ A*[: 6*>? ;-3?, .q*M12& 8,9. 6%6$J A^"D =@ ,8 8,6& !1-4+ V"4•,
Olc =@ 2X 9_ N-& =l+( A>• 6*3? qB8 ,8 2X 9_ 71 8 N-& !1,1 9**KJ 2[@9& =@ 2B-3*B
.6*3? !%9$J ,8 6%(2& 81 2B-3*B
2X 9_ 2B-3*B N-& Olc A& "F& L%,iG, "@ .q*M1 2& 9**KJ ,8 A& "F& 2 LQ@ A*[: ;"4M 81 -3
.6*M1 !*:-J ,8 L>*^1 .63?2& 79**KJ =m
Qs 1?* +D *)\% Z%?!,% +22J< +k) ( 2-~T)

.6*3? !1"j/B, q? |+,6}&, "@ '"B;"B-+ ', .q*3?2& !1"j/B, 1 LQ@ 8,6& ',
C=3.3 nF
L=18 mH
Vg R=1 K Vo
(10-9)Olc
84 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
ωo fo
(f 2 − f 1 ) 9%1"F& R = 3 K Ω R = 1 K Ω 7,', =@ QS ≈ = 2Y%9FJ =]@,8 =@ =X-J "@ -4
BW f2 − f1
81 !6c =YB"d& 8,6F& "@ ,8 ;( |}Ba6*3? =YB"d& ,8 QS 8,6F& n,6? 9M 7,9@ =/G9R !',6+, ,8 fo
.6c"@2& 8,6& 6+"@ 7"3WT (f 2 − f 1 ) 6%6$J |+"?9G f o .6*3? =0%"F& v8,iR L*T
5,9m .6%8 ( AB6@ 79Jg*.1 wB"T 1 82& 8"k/+, R = 1 KΩ 7,', =@ -5
56*3? !1"j/B, q? |+,6}&, "@ '"B;"B-+ ', =? !6c =/B,-_ "4c ', L%"&'( 7,6/@, 81 ,9m -6
;5?+C b)/Ex KD b&!C +O ?. M!PT? : 1+O RLC *)\% ;X9!=+_ vO!> ( n
.6*3? q*k3J A^ 1 7 8 ,8 71 8 2B-3*B N-& $"/^ =3&,1 .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6&
R L=18 mH
A
Vg C=3.3 nF Vo
(11-9)Olc
.6*3? #Q$& ,8 9/>*G `-+ |+"?9G 9**KJ "@ R = 7 KΩ 7,', =@ ,6/@, -7
: KPU9
2L
a18,6+ q4%i?"& 8,6F& 9jS |+"?9G ', 9*{ 20+"?9G 81 Vc $"/^ =3&,1 !',6+, (1 : 6c"@ R 2 > 9R, - a
C
. 63?24+ O4• $"/^ !633?A%-FJ 58-S =@ 8,6& =<*/+ 81 a Q S < 1 (2
2L L
q4%i?"& 8,6F& 9jS |+"?9G ', 9*{ 20+"?9G 81 Vc $"/^ =3&,1 !',6+, (1 : 6c"@
> R2 > 9R, - b
C C
1-c24+ 6%6$J |+"?9G O&"c =? |+"?9G ', 2S"_ !1 6d& 81 8,6& =<*/+ 81 a Q S < 1 (2 a18,1
.Ac,1 6M,-_ $"/^ e*[: 2R633?A%-FJ
L
9R, - c
.18,1 q4%i44?"& 8,6F& 9jS |+"?9G ', 9*{ 20+"?9G 81 Vc $"/^ =3&,1 !',6+, (1 :6c"@ R 2 <
C
R 7,', =@ .63?2& O4• $"/^ !633?A%-FJ 58-S =@ 8,6& aqM 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 =<*/+ 81 a Q S > 1 (2
1-c2& gY]3& qM 9@ 8,6& 6%6$J |+"?9G Vc =3&,1 ;6c q4%i?"& |+"?9G xm-? 2>*_ 7"M
.6/G,2& U"jJ, e>B "% ;'"_ 9B 1 81 A^"D )*4M 81 i*+ $"/^ 2R633?A%-FJ )%9/$*@
=@ AY0+ ,8 A%-FJ ;,i*& )%9/$*@ (e>B "%) ;'"_ $"/^ a8,6& A& "F& ;6c 9jS 58-S 81 =l3%, =<*/+
.6/G,2& U"jJ, 6%6$J |+"?9G 81 Vc $"/^ =3&,1 !',6+, q4%i?"& AF*FD 81 . Ac,1 6M,-_ 71 8 $"/^
85 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
a6%6$J |+"?9G A^"D 9M 81 !1,1 8,9. ° KΩ a1 KΩ a3 KΩ a7 KΩ 7"W/^"D 81 ,8 8,6& A& "F& -8

81 ,8 ;'"_ $"/^ =3&,1 ;'"_ $"/^ =3&,1 ;6c q4%i?"& |+"?9G a6%6$J |+"?9G 81 ;'"_ $"/^ =3&,1
=/l+ 2/B81 !19? =0%"F& qM "@ ,8 !6c 79*R!',6+, 9%1"F& |}B 6%9*#@ !',6+, 9k+ 18-& |+"?9G
.6*3? g*FdJ ,8 7 LQ@ 81 !6c ;"*@
A^"D )%, 81 ,8 2X 9_ $"/^ 8,6F& 56/G,2& U"jJ, 2/& "F& =m 7,', =@ $"/^ 2R633?A%-FJ q4%i?"& -9
.6*3? =0%"F& 71 8 =3&,1 "@ 6*+,-Q@
86 RLC 8,6& 20+"?9G wB"T 9 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
10 6$!%&'
wx no ' p qrst
yyy u v ‫ و‬- !l ' m
87 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
)%6@ .AB, )*[& 71 8 A& "F& "@ 2[Y3& =@ )*[& 71 8 A& "F& "@ 2%"M8,6& g*Y]J !-d+ "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
.6%-c2& "3c( 555 94%"J 78,6& 19l>4• "@ 6[@ A40. 81 .1-4+ !1"j/B, LQ@ 1 )%, )*@ LC 8,6& x% ', ;,-J2& 8-k3&
(!%\,%
HIE% ;4C). }9)\o%) 1+23 &)\9) ü
18,1 "M8,6& 2_9@ 7 8 9@ 71"%' 9*z.J a$"/^ \Y3& (|+,6}&, "%) 2>_,1 A& "F& 6*+,1 2& =? 8-]+"4M
|+,6}&, "% A& "F& L%"&'( )%, 81 .18,1 79/$*@ A%i& 6c"@ 9/lm-? $"/^ \Y3& 2>_,1 A& "F& =/+"3m
V6& ', =? 1-c2& 2[B 7"M79*R!',6+, 81 H-4[& .q*3?2& )**[J ,8 !6c !19@ 8"? =@ $"/^ \Y3& 2>_,1
.6M12& ;"$+ ,8 "W^6& )%, 9%' Olc .1-c !19@ 8"? =@ 5"YB"d& 81 !6&( AB6@ \@"3& ()J8-+ "%) )+-J
450 2>_,1 A& "F& 7,8,1 2/^ 100 $"/^ \Y3& x% =? q*3? :9G `-:-& )%, A*4M, =@ ;19@ 2T 7,9@
8"@ 9B 1 =@ =? 7$"/^ 58-S )%, 81 6c"@ qM, 50 !633?)9I& =lYc 71 8 A& "F& 9R, .6c"@ qM,
:', AB, 58"Y• 6B82& 2G9I&
Zg
Eg Eg Zg
)+-J:P )J8-+:e^,
(1-10) Olc
50
Vload = Vab = ×100 = 10 V
450 + 50
2>_,1 A& "F& =? 1-c 2[B 6%"@ )%,9@"3@ .1-c2& 9M"f 8"@ 9B 1 81 \Y3& $"/^ 6S81 10 p*J9J )%, =@
81 9#%1 =X-J O@". =/l+ .6B9@ O.,6D =@ 2>_,1 A& "F& 9B 1 81 7$9+, )oJ, "J 6c"@ xm-? 2>*_ \Y3&
7,9@ .19%%T 58-S 9&, )%, "J 6c"@ Rload = Rin 2/0%"@ q*+,12& =l%8-]@ .AB, 8"@ =@ q4%i?"& ;,-J V"F/+,
2>_,1 A& "F& "@ 8"@ A& "F& 2#3M"4M g*Y]J 7,9@ 2J,9**KJ 5". , 2_9@ =? AB, n'H 8-k3& )*4M
A& "F& =? 2/0%"@ U-G L%"&'( 7,9@ ,%^ .1-c2& "9]& |+,6}&, g*Y]J =^"0& =? 1-c !1,1 8,6& 81 \Y3&
.q*B"3$@ ,8 \Y3& 2>_,1
R=450Ω
Rin=
Eg
50Ω
24M, 450 \Y3& )9I& =lYc :(2-10) Olc
88 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
}9)\o%) •2Im< ü
q*F/0& V"IJ, .6+-c OS qM =@ 2j>/Q& 7"W/40. AB, n'H H-4[& 2l*+ 9/l^, 2l%9/l^, 7"M8,6& 81
.Ac,1 6M,-_ 78,%R8"@ 9z, 9#%1 8,6& 2X 9_ =@ 8,6& x%
Input Circuit 1 Circuit 2

Output 1 Output 2
(3-10) Olc
2 2X 9_ n 1 8,6& =@ n'H ;,-J a6c"Y+ g@"]& V , 8,6& 2X 9_ |+,6}&, "@ n 1 8,6& 71 8 |+,6}&, 9R,
OS qM, 50 |+,6}&, =@ 78,6& 2X 9_ =@ ,8 qM, 10 |+,6}&, =@ -R63>@ x% 9R, oy& .1-c24+ OF/3&
5 1
.1-c2& e>J 2X 9_ |+,6}&, 81 ;( 6B82& 8"@ =@ ;,-J "W3J q*3?
6 6
R=50 Ω
RL=10 Ω
AC
(4-10) Olc
;1,1 8,9. "@ g@"]J n6• 58-S 81 .19? A.1 "W+( |+,6}&, g@"]J 81 6%"@ qM =@ 8,6& 1 V"IJ, 81 )%,9@"3@
.1-4+ 1"<%, |+,6}&, g*Y]J ;,-J2& 7,=]B, 7"M8,6&
Impedance
Input Circuit 1 Circuit 2
Matching Circuit Output 2
(5-10) Olc
', 18,-& 2C[@ 81 19*R2& n"<+, 8-/0%i+,9J 63+"& V"[G 9S"3• "@ |+,6}&, g*Y]J "M19@8"? 2C[@ 81
e>B =_"c 9B 1 ', |+,6}&, 7',-& RLC 8,6& 81 6*+,12& =? 8-]+"4M .1-c2& !1"j/B, V"[G9*{ 7"M8,6&
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ ω p |+"?9G 81 ;'"_
Z p = RL (1 + Q2p ) = ARL
Rg
L
C
RL
Zp
(6-10) Olc
89 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
1"<%, \Y3& 2X 9_ "@ |+,6}&, g*Y]J =? 1-4+ )**[J 78-h ,8 A 8,6F& a C L pB"3& )**[J "@ ;,-J2&
.6c 6M,-_ )9I& RL 81 =>F/3& ;,-J ,%^ a633?24+ )9I& ;,-J C L ;-m 119R
|+,6}&, Z in 1-c2& OF/3& 2X 9_ =@ q4%i?"& ;,-J =l%8-h =@ 6c"@2& Z g = Z in |+,6}&, g*Y]J u9c
.AB, g*Y]J 8,6& 71 8
2 K5*. }9)\o%) •2Im< *)\% ü
g*Y]J 7,9@ .119R 2& V"4•, RS 71 8 |+,6}&, "@ 2[Y3& ;( =@ =? 6%9*#@ 9k+ 81 ,8 9%' Olc 8,6&
:q%8,1 Z in =YB"d& "@ .q*3?2& !1"j/B, C ;'"_ x% L e>B x% ', a R A& "F& \Y3& ;"*& |+,6}&,
Rs A L
Vs C R
B
Z in
(7-10) Olc
R  R2Cω 
Z in = + j  Lω − 
1 + R2C 2ω 2  1 + R2C 2ω 2 
:6c"@ 8,9.9@ 6%"@ 9%' u9c ;,-J q4%i?"& V"F/+, 7,9@

Z in = RS
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ "<+( ',
Im( Z in ) = o Re( Z in ) = RS
1 C R L
⇒ + C 2ω 2 = , = RS ⇒ RS =
R 2
L 1+ R C ω
2 2 2
CR
:Ac,1 q*M,-_ RS = α R q*3? :9G 9R,
L 1− α 1
= α R2 C 2ω 2 = ⋅
C α R2
. α < 1 : )%,9@"3@ C 2ω 2 > o ;-m

.6c"@ \Y3& A& "F& ', 9/R8i@ 8"@ A& "F& =? 1 8 2& 8"l@ 2%"W/^"D 7,9@ U-G 8,6& ,%^
90 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
n->[& i*+ 6@"% V"F/+, 6%"@ q4%i?"& ;,-J ;( 81 =? 20+"?9G 63/0M #Q$& RS R !9&' 8 O&"0& 81
9%1"F& 81 A%1 6d& O*^1 =@ !"#$%"&'( 81 1-X )%, "@ .6+-c2& =YB"d& C L U-G E@, 8 ', ,%^ 6c"@2&
;( 81 =? 20+"?9G n'H ;'"_ p*J9J )%, =@ 1-c2& P"Q/+, 79+"M 2>*& 18 9@,9@ e>B a1-X-& 7"Wj>B
.1-c2& )**[J 6@"% 2& V"F/+, q4%i?"& ;,-J
555 +V$!< .+U4Vx ü
=@ ;,-J2& ,8 "M'"B;"B-+ "M94%"J `,-+, ((8-10) Olc ) AB, ) 9[& i*+ 94%"J 2B7( =@ 555 2B7(
|+"?9G R C 9%1"F& =@ =X-J "@ 63?2& 8"? '"B;"B-+ 58-S =@ 1-X-& 8,6& .6*$Q@ gFdJ ;( =>*B
"@ 2B 7( )%, 2X 9_ 7"W0^"T ;1-@9jS "% x% ;"&' 56& =? p*J9J )%6@ a19? )**[J ;,-J2& ,8 ;"B-+
81 "@ .AB, A& "F& x% EB-J ;'"_ ;6c $8"c1 $8"c ;"&' 56& ;"4M =? 1-c2& )**[J ;'"_ x%
.19? =YB"d& 1"%' A.1 "@ ;,-J2& ,8 "W+"&' )%, aA& "F& !',6+, ;'"_ A*G9f 9%1"F& )/c,1 8"*/_,
: Astable .+U4Vx
AB6@ (10-10) Olc p*?9J 1"<%, (9-10) Olc =@ Rb A& "F& ;19? =G":,"@ AstableTimer 19l>4•
self − trigger x% O*l$J 7,9@ threshold V"3*&9J trigger V"3*&9J a Astable 19l>4• x% 81.6%(2&
$8"c1 aAB, high 94%"J 2X 9_ =l*+"&'.63?2& O4• =+"R63m 9#+"B-+ x% ;,-3• =@ =? 6+, !6c OI/&
.63?2& ,6*T L%,iG, ( R A + RB )C 2+"&' A@"z "@ 2%"4+ \@"J x% "@ VC !6c v-&"_ Tr 71 8
1
2VCC
a threshold V"3*&9J 81 comparator 2X 9_ a6B82& =@ threshold $"/^ "% VC1 =l*+"&'
3
)c 8 Tr $8"c1 aA@-+ =@ .1-c low a timer 2X 9_ =? 1-c2& 3•"@ !6c reset a F / F a1-c2& high
VCC
', 9/4? VC1 =l*+"&' .1-c2& =*>QJ Tr $8"c1 R B =>*B-@ !6c 1"<%, $8"c1 V"+"? g%9h ', C1 !6c
3
*1-c2& high !8"@ 1 timer 2X 9_ !6c high a trigger V"3*&9J 81 comparator 2X 9_ a1-c2&
.6@"%2& L%,iG, !8"@ 1 VC !6c v-&"_ Tr $8"c1
1
91 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
(8-10) Olc
(9-10) Olc
(10-10) Olc
92 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
2VCC V
2$Q@ 6B82& =@ CC ', VC1 =? AB, 2+"&' aAB, high a timer 2X 9_ =? 2$Q@ aH"@ =B 9T81
3 3
V 2VCC
timer 2X 9_ =l*+"&'.63?2& AG, CC =@ ', VC1 =? AB, 2+"&' aAB, low a timer 2X 9_ =?
3 3
:AB, 9%' 58-S =@ C1 ;'"_ $8"c V1"[& 8,6& aAB, high a
(11-10) Olc
dVc1 Vcc − V (o− )

C1 = (1)
dt RA + RB
Vcc
Vc1 (o+ ) = (2)
3
t
2 − ( ( R + R ) C 1)
Vc1 (t ) = Vcc[1 − e A B ] (3)
3
2VCC
=@ VC1 =? 6c"@2& 2+"&' 8,6F& 9@,9@a( t H ) aAB, high A^"D 81 timer 2X 9_ =? 2+"&' 56& |T
3
.6B8 2&
tH
−( )
2 2 ( RA + RB ) C1
Vc1 (t ) = Vcc = Vcc[1 − e ] (4)
3 3
t H = C1 ( RA + RB ) Ln2 = 0 / 693( RA + RB )C1 (5)
:6c"@2& 9%' 58-S =@ AB, low a timer 2X 9_ =? 2/. a C1 ;'"_ $8"c1 V1"[& 8,6&
RB
C1 VC1(0 )=2Vcc/3
-
= RD
(12-10) Olc
93 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
dVc1 1
C1 + Vc1 = o ( 6)
dt RD + RB
t
−
2 ( RD + RB )C1
Vc1 (t ) = Vcce ( 7)
3
=@ VC =? 6c"@2& 2+"&' 8,6F& 9@,9@ ( t L ) 18,1 8,9. low A^"D 81a timer 2X 9_ =? 2+"&' 56& |T
1
VCC
.6B8 2&
3
tL
1 2 −
Vcc = Vcc(e ( RD + RB )C1 ) ( 8)
3 3
t L = C1 ( RD + RB ) Ln2 = 0 / 693( RD + RB )C1 (9)
(R D ≈ o) 18,1 2#/0@ Tr $8"c1 8,6F& =@ =m9R, a RB >> RD V"&9+ 8-]@
t L = 0 / 693 RB C1 (10)
.AB, =@"$& 58-S =@ P "3J 88 1 a63?8"? Astable A^"D81 timer 9R, =<*/+ 81
T = t H + t L = 0 / 693( RA + RB )C1 + 0 / 693 RB C1 = 0 / 693( RA + 2RB )C1
.6c"@2& P "3J !8 1 |l• |+"?9G AB, $8"c1 $8"c ;"&' `-4<& P "3J !8 1
1 1 / 44
|+"?9G ⇒ f = =
T ( RA + 2RB )C1
94 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
@*)A362>
e>B 9%1"F& 7,9@ a RS = 3 / 3 K Ω R = 10 K Ω 9%1"F& (7-10) Olc 8,6& =@ =X-J "@ -1
.6*3? P"0D ,8 g*Y]J 7,9@ n'H |+"?9G C ;'"_ 8,6F& 18 mH , 22 mH
1 ) V AB $"/^ R = 10 K Ω 8"@ A& "F& 9B 1 $"/^ 8,1-4+ a(7-10) Olc OY. V,sB =@ =X-J "@ -2
!19? qB8 spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ 18 mH , 22 mH e>B 7,9@ |+"?9G !'-D 81 ,8 (BaA u"F+ 9B
( N-& Olc 4 ) .6*3? =*X-J ,8 "WX-& Olc
:q*c"@ =/c,1 =l%8-h =@ 6%8 ( AB6@ R, RS p0D 9@ L, C 7,9@ 7, =]@,8 a9%' Olc =@ =X-J "@ -3
L 1− α 1
"%( .6*3? =0%"F& (7-10) Olc =@ u-@9& = α R2 , C 2ω 2 = ⋅ E@, 8 "@ ,8 =<*/+ . Z 'in = R
C α R2
56%9*R2& 7,=<*/+ =m 51-c2& R 8"@ =@ q4%i?"& ;,-J V"F/+, 3•"@ Z 'in = R u9c
(13-10) Olc
51,1 n"<+, ,8 g*Y]J 6%"@ =+-#m 6c"@ \Y3& A& "F& ', 9/4? 8"@ A& "F& =? 2/^"D 81 -4
9%1"F& %75 9@,9@ duty cycle 1/386 ms |^"T E%,9c "@ Astable A^"D81 (10-10) Olc 8,6& 7,9@ -5
(6c"@2& T =@ t H AY0+ duty cycle) .6*%"4+ =YB"d& ,8 C R B R A
51,1 n"<+, ;,-J2& 78"? =m C RB R A 9%1"F& 9**KJ 7,9@ -6
.6*3? 2D,9h ,8 8,6& 1 KHz |+"?9G duty cycle = %50 7,9@ (e^,
.6*3? 2D,9h ,8 8,6& 1 KHz |+"?9G duty cycle = %25 7,9@ (P
6*M1 9**KJ 78-h ,8 duty cycle8,6F& a 6c"@ =/c,6+ 7,!1"j/B, O@". P,-X P e^, 18,-& =l*J8-S 81 (N
.6%8 ( AB6@ V-Y. O@". P,-X "J
51-c2& OS"D 79**KJ =m 2X 9_ N-& Olc 81 VCC 8,6F& L%,iG, 58-S81 -7
.6*3? 2D,9h =*+"z 1 1-%9T "@ 2X-& 7,9@ ,8 C RB R A 9%1"F& -8
.6*%"4+ qB8 (10-10) Olc 81 ,8 3 7a 6 7"M =%"T N-& Olc spice 8,iG, n9+ x4? =@ -9
95 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
;X9)\o%) •2Im< ü
\Y3& A& "F& .6@"% V"F/+, R = 10 K Ω A& "F& =@ q4%i?"& ;,-J q*M,-_ 2& .6%63Y@ ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -1
A& "F& .AB, VS =2V $"/^ =3&,1 L = 18 mH 1-X-& e>B ( Rg P"0/D, "@) RS = 3 / 3 K Ω
L*T 81 !6c =YB"d& ;'"_ 8,6F& =@ 1-X-& ;'"_ 8,6F& )%9/l%1i+ .6*M1 8,9. 8,6& 81 ;"J1-_ ,8 RS
=@ $"/^ q4%i?"& ag*Y]J |+"?9G 81 .6*3? 79*R!',6+, ,8 g*Y]J |+"?9G !1,1 8,9. 8,6& 81 ,8 v8,iR
.1-@ 6M,-_ VS $"/^ eI+ AB $"/^ 1-c2& OF/3& R
Rs A L
Vs C R
B
Z in
(14-10) Olc
P"0D ,8 78-rJ 8,6F& =@ AY0+ !6c 79*R!',6+, g*Y]J |+"?9G 7"]_ 6S81 a2%"W+ 8"? v8,iR 81 -2
.6*M1 !*:-J ,8 ;( A>• !19?
) 2X 9_ $"/^ a 9%' V 6X 81 fm |+"?9G A4B 1 !,-Q^1 u"F+ 1,6[J =@ e>/Q& 7"M|+"?9G 7,', =@ -3
=*X-J ,8 ;( !19? qB8 ,8 ;( =@ u-@9& 8,1-4+ aV 6X 7"M !1,1 x4? =@ .6*3? AYz ,8 ( R 9B 1
.6*3?
f (KHz) fm
Vo p− p (V)
.6*3? 8,9lJ b,16<& L = 22 mH e>B 8,6F& 7,9@ ,8 3 2 a1 7"W/40. -4

=3&,1 "@) g*Y]J 8,6& "@ 9#%1 8"@ g*Y]J 8,6& ; 6@ 8"@ x% ,8 6B82& 8"@ =@ =? 2+,-J 4 A40. 7,9@ -5
.6*%"4+ =0%"F& 79*R!',6+, ( VS =2V $"/^
96 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
555 +V$!< .+U4Vx ü
;1,18,9. %75 9@,9@ duty cycle * 1/386 ms |^"T E%,9c "@ Astable A^"D81 ,8 9%' Olc 8,6& -6
.6%63Y@ 1,8"G 9l*& 1 9@,9@ C RB = 500 Ω RA = 1 K Ω
(15-10) Olc
qB8 79*R!',6+, ,8 ;'"_ 9B 1 $"/^ 2X 9_ 71 8 $"/^ N-& Olc 0-lB->*B, =>*B =@ |}B
.6*%"4+ =0%"F& ;( x%8-rJ !',6+, "@ !19? =YB"d& ,8 duty cycle8,6F& 2X 9_ N-& Olc 1-%9T .6*%"4+
Olc !1,1 n"<+, !8"@ 1 1,8"G 9l*& 1 9@,9@ C RB = 22 K Ω RA = 4 / 7 K Ω "@ ,8 H"@ L%"&'( -7
2X 9_ N-& Olc 1-%9T .6*%"4+ qB8 79*R!',6+, ,8 ;'"_ 9B 1 $"/^ 2X 9_ 71 8 $"/^ N-&
.6*%"4+ =0%"F& ;( x%8-rJ !',6+, "@ !19? =YB"d& ,8 duty cycle 8,6F&
97 555 94%"J 20+,6}&, g*Y]J 10 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
11 6$!%&'
‫}!' ر{? ~•ز‬
98 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
)%, 81 .63c"@2& 8,18-_9@ 7,!1"[^,U-G A*4M, ', A[3S 81 =? 6c"@2& '"G=B 7"M8,6& "@ 2%"3c( L%"&'( )%, ', )6M
=/G9R !',6+, ,8 '"G E_ ;,-J ;"%9X a$"/^ .6%-c2& "3c( 3>y& !8"/B 23[% '"G=B 7"M8,6& 5 "j/& 8"/_"B 1 "@ L%"&'(
.19? 6*M,-_ 2B89@ ,8 V1"[/&"+ V1"[/& 7"M8,6& V-+ q*B A*4M, A%"W+ 81 .6%8 (2& AB6@ ,8 "W+( E@, 8
(!%\,%
&!_KO 1!W*)\% +D 1*?+% ü
', '"G=B 586. q/0*B x% .19*R 2& 58-S '"G=B 58-S =@ "*+1 81 586. V"F/+, 7$9+, 6*^-J n"4J b"Y%9FJ
586. q/0*B 9@ '"G=B 586. q/0*B .AB, !6c O*l$J '"G=B 8"@ '"G=B V"F/+, u-]_ a'"G=B 7"M6^-&
9/$*@ '"G=B )*c"& (i>G ;' 6D, 9@ 586.) 7-IQ& 586. =? AB, )%, ;( 18,1 2R8i@ A%i& '"jlJ
)%, '"jlJ q/0*B 81 =? 2^"D 81 AB, A@"z ;"&' p0D 9@ '"G=B 8"@ =@ 2>%-dJ 586. )*3/4M a!1-@
'"jlJ 7"M8-J-& 9@ 7',6+, !,8 2R1"B 9h"_ =@ i*+ '"G=B 2%"F^, 7"M8-J-& ', !1"j/B, .AB, 2+"@9: 586.
.18,1 !*X9J
&!_KO 1!B9!$+5 ? !WM!PT? \2T/< -1

=@ AY0+ !1-@ 7 "0& 78,6F& 9k+ ', n,6? 9M $"/^ =? '"jlJ 6^-& =B ', AB, !6c O*l$J '"G=B 6^-& x%
=? 6+-c OS q*B AjX x% EB-J =@"$& 8"@ =B =@ 63+,-J2& 6^-& =B )%, .6+8,1 '"G )o/_, 120° qM
9#%6l% =@ AY0+ =? 1-@ 6M,-_ '"G=B 8,6& 24/0*B )*3m .1-@ 6M,-_ (1-11) Olc gYh OS"D 8,6&
:6%( 2& AB6@ 9%' =^1"[& ', 8"@ 9M ', 78-Y• ;"%9X .6+8,1 '"G )o/_, 120°
V
I=
Z
+ vA (t ) = 2 V .sin ωt V
v A (t )
- VA = V ∠ oo V
+ vB (t ) = 2 V .sin(ωt − 120o ) V
v B (t )
- VB = V ∠ − 120o V
+ vC (t ) = 2 V .sin(ωt − 240o ) V
vC (t )
- VC = V ∠ − 240o V
e^, (1-11)Olc
99 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
Volts
v A (t ) v B (t ) vC (t )
P (1-11)Olc
:', 63J8"Y• '"G=B ', 78-Y• 7"W+"%9X )%,9@"3@
V ∠ oo
IA = = I∠ −θ
Z ∠θ
V ∠ − 120o
IB = = I ∠ − 120o − θ
Z ∠θ
V ∠ − 240o
Ic = = I ∠ − 240o − θ
Z ∠θ
i A (t )
→
+
v A (t ) Z =| Z | ∠θ
-
iB (t )
→
+
v B (t ) Z =| Z | ∠θ
-
iC (t )
→
+
vC (t ) Z =| Z | ∠θ
-
N (1-11)Olc
6^-& 9M 2j3& 9B 6*3? :9G .A0*+ n'H q/0*B )%, !6c !1,1 ;"$+ q*B Lc ', "J =B =? 1-c2& =<*/+
(18,1 n"+ 2y3_ q*B =?) q*B x% "@ ;,-J2& ,8 A$R9@ q*B =B A^"D )%, 81 *6c"@ !6c OS 8"@ =@
100 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
(2-11) Olc gYh A$R9@ ;"%9X .6+19R9@ "M6^-& =@ "M8"@ ', 63+,-J2& ;"3/4M "W+"%9X !19? )%i#%"X
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ ;"%9X )%, =? 1-@ 6M,-_ q/0*B '"G 9M 7"W+"%9X `-4<&
I N = I A + IB + IC
= I ∠ − θ + I ∠ − θ − 120o + I ∠ − θ − 240o
= I cos(−θ ) + jI sin(−θ )
+ I cos(−θ − 120o ) + jI sin(−θ − 120o )
+ I cos(−θ − 240o ) + jI sin(−θ − 240o )
= I [cos(−θ ) + cos(−θ − 120o ) + cos( −θ − 240o )]
+ jI [sin(−θ ) + sin(−θ − 120o ) + sin( −θ − 240o )]
IA
→
IB
→
+ Z Z
+
vA - vB
-
IN
→
-
vC Z
+
IC
→
(2-11) Olc
:q%8,1 U-G =]@,8 E0@ ',
I N = I [cos(−θ ) + cos( −θ ) cos(120o ) + sin( −θ ) sin(120o ) + cos( −θ ) cos(240o ) + sin( −θ ) sin(240o )]

+ jI [sin(−θ ) + sin(−θ ) cos(120o ) − cos(−θ ) sin(120o ) + sin(−θ ) cos(240o ) − cos(−θ ) sin(240o )]
1 3 1 3
= I [cos(−θ ) − cos( −θ ) + sin(−θ ) − cos(−θ ) − sin(−θ )]
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
+ jI [sin(−θ ) − sin(−θ ) − cos(−θ ) − sin(−θ ) + sin(−θ )]
2 2 2 2
=0 A
;( 81 =? 2J86. q/0*B .AB, 9jS 2y3_ E_ 81 A$R9@ ;"%9X a63c"@ 7 "0& 8"@ ;"%9X =B =? 2&,1"& "J
63c"@ =/c,1 7 "0& =% ,' 7 "0& 8,6F& "M8"@ 6c"@ =/c,1 120° '"G )o/_, "@ 7 "0& 7"M$"/^ 6^-& =B
.A0*+ n'H 9#%1 2y3_ E_ 24/0*B )*3m 81 .1-c2& !6+,-_ V1"[/& '"G=B 586. q/0*B
101 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
.AB, ∆ 3>y& V"IJ, P (3-11) Olc V"IJ, AB, Y !8"/B V"IJ, e^, (3-11) Olc V"IJ,
IL
→
+
IL VL
→
-
Iφ Iφ +
+
vφ vφ
-
-
VL
-
vφ
+
Iφ IL -
→
e^, (3-11) Olc
IL
→
+
Iφ Iφ
+
-
VL
vφ vφ
-
+
Iφ IL -
→
+
vφ VL
IL
→ -
P (3-11) Olc
&!_KO *)\% ]$ *. !W b!$+5 ? !W M!PT? -2

586. q/0*B x% 81 .1-c OS 3>y& "% !8"/B 58-S =@ 6+,-J2& '"G=B 586. q/0*B 81 8"@ 9M 6^-& 9M
.6c"@ =/c,1 1-X 6+,-J2& 3>y& "% !8"/B V"IJ, "@ 8"@ 6^-& 71,6[J '"G=B
7'"G 5"*4? ,8 )*[& '"G x% 81 "W+"%9X "M$"/^ .6M12& ;"$+ !8"/B V"IJ, "@ ,8 '"G=B 6^-& (4-11) Olc
!6*&"+ (L |%6+, "@) E_ 5"*4? "M6^-& =@ OS u-]_ 7"W+"%9X "M$"/^ 63&"+ 2& (φ |%6+, "@)
.18,1 V"IJ, `-+ =@ 2#/0@ 8"@ "% 6^-& x% 7,9@ 7'"G 2]_ 5"*4? )*@ =]@,8 .6+-c2&
: Y *!PO N!d<)
7"M$"/^ .AB, !6c !1,1 ;"$+ (4-11) Olc 81 !6c OS 2/& "F& 8"@ =@ =? !8"/B V"IJ, "@ 6^-& x%
:', 63J8"Y• 6^-& )%, 81 7'"G
102 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
VA = V ∠ oo
VB = V ∠ − 120o
VC = V ∠ − 240o
IL2
+ -
IL1 - VL3
IC IA +
Iφ
+
+
V C =V ∠ − 240o V C =V ∠ − 0o
-
-
VL1 VL2
-
V B =V ∠ − 120o
+
IB IL3 - +
(4-11) Olc
:"@ AB, 9@,9@ '"G 81 ;"%9X )%,9@"3@ .AB, '"j4M $"/^ "@ '"G 81 ;"%9X AB, 24M, 6^-& )%, =@ OI/& 8"@ ;-m
I A = I ∠ oo
I B = I ∠ − 120o
I C = I ∠ − 240o
.AB, 9f"3/& '"G 81 ;"%9X V1"[& E_ 9M 81 ;"%9X =? AB, !:, (5-11) Olc ',
:!8"/B V"IJ, 81
I L = Iφ Y V"IJ,
.6%( 2& AB6@ =F>D ;-+". V"4•, "@ 7'"G 2]_ $"/^ )*@ =]@,8
VL = VA − VB
1
= V ∠ oo −V ∠ −120o
1 3
= V − (− V − j V )
2 2
3 3
= V+j V
2 2
3 1
= 3V ( + j )
2 2
= 3Vφ ∠30 o
103 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
:AB, )*3m !8"/B V"IJ, "@ 8"@ "% 6^-& 81 7'"G 2]_ $"/^ 8,6F& )*@ =]@,8 ,%^
VL = 3 Vφ Y V"IJ,
81 !8"/B V"IJ, 81 7'"G 2]_ 7"M$"/^ .6+8,1 '"G )o/_, 30° 7"M$"/^ =@ AY0+ 2]_ 7"M$"/^ ! o[@
.6+,!6c !1,1 ;"$+ (5-11) Olc
VC
VL 3
VL
1
o
30
VA
VB
VL 2
(5-11) Olc
:∆ 4q% N!d<)
81 '"G 7"M$"/^ .AB, !6c !1,1 ;"$+ (6-11) Olc 81 !6c OS 24M, 8"@ =@ =? 3>y& V"IJ, "@ '"G=B 6^-&
:"@ 6+9@,9@ 6^-& )%,
VA = V ∠ oo
VB = V ∠ − 120o
VC = V ∠ − 240o
:', 63J8"Y• '"G 7"W+"%9X AB, 24M, 8"@ =l3%, A>[@
IA = I∠ o o
I B = I ∠ −120o
.AB, 7 "0& 9f"3/& '"G $"/^ "@ E_ 9M 7"M$"/^ =? AB, !:, 3>y& V"IJ, 81
:3>y& V"IJ, 81
VL = Vφ ∆ V"IJ,
104 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
IL1
-
+
Iφ Iφ
IA
VB + VA VL1
-
VL2
IB vφ -
+
IC IL3 -
+
VC Iφ VL3
IL2 +
-
(6-11) Olc
:6%(2& AB6@ 3>y& 7"M!9R 81 !9R ;-+". ', !1"j/B, "@ '"G ;"%9X E_ ;"%9X )*@ =]@,8
I L1 = I A − I B
= I ∠ oo − I ∠ − 120o
1 3
= I − (− I − j I)
2 2
3 3
= I+ j I
2 2
3 1
= 3I ( +j )
2 2
= 3 Iφ ∠30 o
:AB, )*3m 7, !8"/B V"IJ, 8"@ "% 6^-& 81 '"G E_ ;"%9X 8,6F& )*@ =]@,8 )%,9@"3@
I L = 3 Iφ ∆ V"IJ,
.18,1 '"G )o/_, 30° 9f"3/& '"G ;"%9X =@ AY0+ E_ ;"%9X
N,9Q/B, 6D, ;,-J p%9: 7,9@ 3>y& !8"/B 5H"IJ, 7,9@ E_ '"G 7"W+"%9X "M$"/^ )*@ =]@,8 =m 9R,
!19? 9J!1"B 786. ,8 5"YB"d& 6D, ;,-J p%9: :9G .6+8,9.9@ i*+ 79#%1 ;,-J p%9: 9M 7,9@ 2^ 6%19R
.AB,
@*)A362>
.6*%"4+ =0%"F& qM "@ ,8 3>y& !8"/B V"IJ, -1
.6*3? 7'"B =*Yc Spice x4? =@ ,8 V1"[/& !8"/B 8"@ "@ '"G=B 8,6& x% -2
=@ V-+ q*B "@ V-+ q*B ; 6@ A^"D 81 ,8 "M'"G ;"%9X $"/^ !19? \]. 2 V,sB 81 ,8 "M'"G ', 2l% -3
.6*%"4+ O*>dJ Spice x4?
105 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
6$!%&' i+F
81 .6*3? !1"j/B, 7,=/c8 7"W}&H ', "W/& "F& 7"X =@ 8,6& )%, 81 .6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6& -1
7"WM"#/B1 =@ 2Y*B( "J 6*M1 n"<+, A.1 =@ ,8 9/4J, "M9/&9}&( a9/4/^ ~+8 q*k3J 8,6& )/0@ n"#3M
.6B9+ 79*R!',6+,
!1-4+ \]. ,8 '"G x% |}B (V1"[/& A^"D) 6*%"4+ 79*R!',6+, ,8 '"jlJ ;,-J $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F& -e^,
.6*%"4+ 79*R !',6+, ,8 ;,-J $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F&
L%"&'( !,8 ', =? 78,6F& "@ !18 ( AB6@ ,8 !6c "<@"X 2y3_ =]F+ $"/^ 8,6F& a=YB"d& g%9h ', -P
.6*3? 3d@ L%"&'( ~%"/+ 18-& 81 6*3? =0%"F& !6&( AB6@
W
R A
V
MP
S A
T A
(7-11) Olc
'&H 16• 1 ', 1-c2& V"4•, "W/& "F& =@ E_ $"/^ ;-m 8,6& )%, 81 .6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6& -2
7"WM"#/B1 ~+8 q*k3J a"W+"%9X "M$"/^ 9%1"F& 9**KJ O*^1 =@ .1-c !1"j/B, A& "F& 9M 7"X =@ 79B
.1-c n"<+, 6%"@ b,16<& 79*R!',6+,
\]. ,8 "M'"G ', 2l% p*J9J =@ |}B .(V1"[/& V"IJ,) 6*%"4+ 79*R!',6+, ,8 ;,-J $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F& -e^,
.6*&"4+ 79*R !',6+, ,8 ;,-J $"/^ ;"%9X 9%1"F& !1-4+
81 6*3? =0%"F& !6&( AB6@ L%"&'( !,8 ', =? 78,6F& "@ !18 ( AB6@ =YB"d& g%9h ', ,8 ;,-J8,6F& -P
.6*3? 3d@ L%"&'( ~%"/+ 18-&
W
R A
V
MP
S A
T A
(8-11) Olc
106 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!,
.6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6& -3

.6%9*#@ !',6+, ,8 '"G E_ $"/^ =B ac a9/4/^ ', !1"j/B, "@ - e^,
V"D .6*%"4+ OS Y X 7"MV"+"? =@ ,8 2 1 u"F+ 6*3? OS 0-lB, )*&' =@ ,8 2 ′ 1′ =]F+ -P
.6*3*Y@ ,8 $"/^ 1 )%, )*@ '"G )o/_,
.6*3*Y@ ,8 3 ′ 2 ′ $"/^ 1 )*@ '"G )o/_, 6*3? P"Q/+, ,8 3 ′ − 3 u"F+ 2 ′ − 2 u"F+ 7"X =@ - N
1
R
123 123
Channel X
1′ Ground
Channel Y
S 2
2′
T 3
N 3′
n
(9-11) Olc
.6%63Y@ 9%' Olc g@"]& 78,6& -4

.6%9*#@ !',6+, ,8 '"G E_ $"/^ =B ac a9/4/^ ', !1"j/B, "@ - e^,
)o/_, V"D .6*%"4+ OS Y X 7"M V"+"? =@ ,8 3 1 ′ u"F+ 6*3? OS 0-lB, )*&' =@ ,8 1 =]F+ -P
.6*3*Y@ ,8 $"/^ 1 )%, )*@ '"G
.6*3? 8,9lJ 9#%1 u"F+ ', 2%"J =B p*?9J 7,9@ ,8 8"? )%, - N
1
123
3
424444
1′
2
1444
2′
3′
(10-11) Olc
107 '"G=B 7"M8,6& 11 L%"&'(

مقررات آزمایشگاه و اندازه گیری الکتریکی

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مقررات آزمایشگاه و اندازه گیری الکتریکی

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-.+/0.1" 2/34 !"#$" % &"#' ()*+('!

-.)/0 &) 1+23/45

6$!%&' 7!89) /:9

*!= @*)A3 ? @*)A362> .*/% *. ;<!24=

:119R 6*. ″"4/D 9%' 5"•oh, 2>%-dJ 7"Wc8,iR V , =R9@ 81 •

v8,iR L*T -8"? v8,iR :6%, !1,1 O%-dJ =? 2c8,iR `-+*

:9%' 58-S =@ 2$Q@ 3 6?*

01-A-4 :V"y& ;,-3• =@

..6c"@2& … C B A 58-S =@ 763@ ! 9R =0>X 81 !6c n"+ AYz ! 9R t"B, 9@ :! 9R n"+*

.6+19R24+ !*dIJa6c"@ !6c 9? 5"IQ$& 6."G =? 2%"Mv8,iR*

١٢ ........................................................... ‫پ‬,/0,123( %- .4%&*' ١

٢C ................................................... ‫@?> د<ل‬AB.67,8 %- .9%&:' ٢

٣٠ .............................................................. .IJ‫و‬%"K >F‫!( ر‬H ٣

٣٧ ....................................................... .Y%2VWX >UQ!&STMN,OP C

[k ............................................................. .wx@yz >u‫!( ر‬v ٧

٩٨ ............................................................... ‫ز‬LJ >G‫!( ر‬I ١١

()A2B8< ;C+D !D ;$!EF'

U9@ 7->@"J =+-4+ x% :(1)Olc

2 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

DC =%%KJ \Y3& =+-4+ x% :(2) Olc

3 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

8-J,9+$ V"3#*B =+-4+ x% :(3)Olc

!6c 6*^-J $"/^ |+"?9G q*k3J =X81 -1

2M"#$%"&'( 7"M8-J,9+$ V"3#*B ', 9#%1 =+-4+ x% :(4) Olc

4 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

AIO ;D' A%+S ;$QR

5 5,i*W<J 2_9@ "@ 2%"3c( =&6F&

(;$!2V2F) ;P2T?+PUT) 1!B9&!C ü

2%"*4*c "% 2/*^ 9/l^, 7"W+'"_ :(6) Olc

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