Programming 9.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
• PROGRAMMING
Algorithm Development
• A computer algorithm is a series of steps to solve a problem. It takes
input and shows output in a finite number of steps.

• ඇල්ග ොරිතම සංවර්ධනය (Algorithm Development)

• ඇල්ගගොරිතමයක් යනු ගැටලුවක් විසඳීමට වන පියවර මාලාවක් ගේ. එය
ආදාන ලබාගගන, නිශ්චිත පියවර ගණනාවක දී ප්‍රතිදාන ගෙන්වයි.
•
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
Add two numbers and display total

start
Begin

Input No 1, No2
Input No 1, No2
Total = No 1+No2
Total = No 1+No2
Print Total
Print Total end

stop

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

රූපමය නිරූපණය (Graphycal Representation):
Flowchart

ලිඛිතමය නිරූපණය (Textual Representation) :

Pseudocodes
Hand traces

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
 What is a computer programe ?
computer program is a ෙරිගණක වැඩසටහනක්
collection sequence යනු නිශ්චිත කාර්යයක්
of instructions that can ඉටු කිරීම සඳහා
be executed by ෙරිගණකයකට
a computer to perform a ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ හැකි
specific task. උෙගදස් එකතුවකි.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
Computer programing language
• Computer programing language is an artificial
language designed to communicate instructions to
a computer

• ක්‍රමගල්ඛන භාෂාව යනු විග ේෂගයන්

පරි ණකය වැනි යන්ත්‍රයක හැසිරීම
පාලනය කිරීමට ගයොදා නු ලබන
කෘත්‍රිම භාෂාවකි.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

ක්‍රමගල්ඛන භාෂාව පිළිගවලින් ඒවාගේ වුහය හා අර්ථය විස්තර කරන
වයාකරණ හා අර්ථ විචාර හා රීති මගින් අර්ථකථනය ගකගරයි. බහුතර
ක්‍රමගල්ඛන භාාෂාවලට ඒවාගේ වයාකරණ හා අර්ථ විචාරවල විගශේෂ ලිවීගේ
ආකාර ඇත.
Programming language is defined by grammar and semantics and
rules that describe their structure and meaning, respectively. Most
programming languages have special writing styles in their grammar
and interpretation.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

 Evolution of programming languages

• Ada Lovelace wrote the instructions

for the analytical engine.

considered the first computer programmer

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
 SOURCE CODE

• Code written by a programmer in

a high-level language and
readable by people but not
computers.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
Programming can be explained as the process of breaking a large,
complex task into smaller and smaller subtasks.
sub-tasks are breaks until it simple enough to be performed with one of
the instructions provided by the programming language

විශාල, සංකීර්ණ කාර්යයක් කුඩා හා කුඩා උෙ කාර්යයන් වලට කැඩීගේ

ක්‍රියාවලිය ගලස ක්‍රමගල්ඛනය ෙැහැදිලි කළ හැකිය.
ක්‍රමගල්ඛන භාෂාව සෙයන එක් උෙගදස් සමඟ එය ඉටු කිරීමට තරේ සරල
වන ගතක් උෙ කාර්යයන් බිඳ වැගේ

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

complex task

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

ක්‍රමගල්ඛන සුසමාදර් (Programming paradigms)

• ෙර්ගණක ක්‍රමගල්ඛන භාෂා, එය ක්‍රියා කරන ආකාරය අනුව, පුළුල් කාණ්ඩ

ගදකකට වර්ගීකරණය කරනු ලබන අතර ඒවා ක්‍රමගල්ඛන සුසමාදර්ශ
(paradigms) ගලස හැඳින්ගේ.

• Programming paradigms
Computer programming languages can be categorized into two broad
categories (depending on how they work), they are known as
programming paradigms.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
difference between Imperative and Declarative
programming
• The is related to how a program works vs. what a program does.
• Imperative programming is about how a program works
• Declarative programming is about what a program does.

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT

AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
 Imperative Programming Declarative Programming
In this, programs specify how it is to be done. In this, programs specify what is to be done.

It simply describes the control flow of computation. It simply expresses the logic of computation.

Its main goal is to describe the desired result without direct

Its main goal is to describe how to get it or accomplish it.
dictation on how to get it.

Its advantages include effective code, which can be applied

Its advantages include ease to learn and read, the notional
by using ways, easy extension, high level of abstraction,
model is simple to understand, etc.
etc.

Its type includes procedural programming, object-oriented Its type includes logic programming and functional
programming, parallel processing approach. programming.

In this, the user is allowed to make decisions and

In this, a compiler is allowed to make decisions.
commands to the compiler.

It has many side effects and includes mutable variables as It has no side effects and does not include any mutable
compared to declarative programming. variables as compared to imperative programming.

It gives full control to developers that are very important in It may automate repetitive flow along with simplifying code
low-level programming. structure.
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT
AROSHA MEDIWAKE MSC IT BSC IT