wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dvke.

Sfï mámdá - 1 jeks mshjr

kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d
yefok yeá
uq,a mshjr

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%ldYkhls

kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d yefok yeá
uq,a mshjr
m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ue;sjrK iydh i|yd jQ
wka;¾cd;sl wdh;kfha (IDEA) m%ldYkhlska ieleisK'

isxy, ixialrKh
kS;s{ tia' Ô' mqxÑfyajd

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%ldYkhls

2
kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d yefok yeá - uq,a mshjr
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yd ine¢ .eg¨ flfrys ish wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' 1996 § úl,am m%;sm;a;s
flakaøh msysg jkq ,enqfha uyck m%;sm;a;Ska ms<sn|j jQ l;sldj; i|yd
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3
 fmrjok

wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su iïnkaOfhka f,dj

mqrd meje;ajqKq m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka miq ,sheù we;s fmd;a
fm<ls'

—kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d yefok yeá - uq,a mshjr˜

fuys tk lreKq wfma rgg o fnfyúka m,odhl úh yels
fyhska fufia mßj¾;kh úh'

tia' Ô' mqxÑfyajd

09'02'2016

4
 1
jHjia:d iïmdol ls%hdj,sh
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hdj,sfhys m%;sM,h hqla;s
iy.; mq¿,a iïu;hla jk njg j.n,d .ekSu jHjia:d
f.dvk.kakkaf.a wruqK h' th hqla;s iy.; jkafka mq¿,a
ms<s.ekSfuka yd cd;shg whs;sùfuks' tfy;a tu f.dv
ke.Su È.=ld,Sk ft;sydisl iy foaYmd,k ls%hdj,shls'
tfyhska u;fNaod;aul h' úfYaIfhka W.% .egqï ms<sn|
iy È.a .eiqKq iudc fn§ï ldjeÿKq w;a±lSï we;súg
h' ls%hd mámdáfha iy ksYaÑ; úl,amhkays m%;sM, hqla;s
iy.; jkafka jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï uQ,sl wjia:dfõ§u
Tn .kakd ;SrK wkqj h' hym;a wdrïNhla .ekSug
jHjia:d f.dvk.kakkag WmldÍ ùug fuu mßÉfÉofha
§ ixi|kd;aul w;a±lSï ±lafjkq we;' tu.ska jHjia:d
f.dv ke.Su iaffjÍ ls%hdj,shla nj wjOdrKh fjhs' ula
ksido" th ráka rgg" l,dmfhka l,dmhg fjkia jk
neúks' jHjia:d ldrlhka uqyqK fok nrm;, wNsfhda.
hla jkafka mo iïnkaO .egqï h' tu ls%hdj,sh jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍug kï mq¿,a iyNd.s;aj ie,iqula we;sl< hq;= h'
5
 jHjia:d f.dvk.kakkag th mgka .ekau i|yd
foúÈhl ;SrK .ekSug isÿfõ' m<uqj" ls%hdmámdál
úYd,;ajh iïnkaOfhks' tkï" ls%hd ud¾." wdh;k"
fr.=,dis" ld, mrdih iy ;SrK .ekSfï j.lSu .ek h'
fojkqj" wka;¾.;h iïnkaOfhks' .egqï mej;s miqìul
§ hqla;s iy.;Ndjh fï ;SrK fol u; r|d mj;S' fï
mßÉfþofha § fm< fhÿu .ek wjOdrKh fõ' th fufia
wdlD;s .;lr we;'
^w& fuu mßÉfþofhys .eí jQ fmdÿ ksÍlaIKhka iy
uQ,sl Wml,amkhka y÷kd .ekSu'
^wd& jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï Ndú;h .ek idudkH
fidhd ne,Sula u; mokïj" .egqïldÍ ;;ajhka
iys; jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su wNsfhda.d;aul fõ'
^we& hqla;s iy.; m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug ls%hdmámdá mq¿,a
nj iïnkaO úúO me;s idlÉPd lsÍu'
^wE& by; i|yka ld¾hmámdáh ksid mek k.sk
wka;¾.;h ms<sn| .eg¨ idlÉPd lsÍu'
^b& fuu u. fmkajk fmd; Ndú; lrk wdldrh
y÷kajd fok w;r wfkla mßÉfÉo .ek o úuid
ne,Sula isÿfõ'
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su §¾> ld,Sk
ls%hd mámdáhla nj w¾: .eka fõ' th
ft;sydisl isÿùula fyda jHjia:d flgqïm;a
lsÍula fkdfõ' Bg we;=<;a jkafka wdh;k
msysgqùu" jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï kS;s Í;s"
tu jHjia:djg ffk;sl ms<s.ekSu we;s lsÍu
iy th ls%hd;aul lsÍu .ekh'
6
1'2 fmdÿ ksÍlaIK
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su" mq¿,a f,i w¾: .kajd we;af;a
È.=ld,Sk iy ft;sydisl ls%hdj,shla f,i h' tys mshjr
lSmhla we;' tkï (
^w& jHjia:d fjkil wjYH;dj we;s nj iy tys úIh
mrdih .ek tlÕùu'
^wd& wod< uQ,O¾u hgf;a" jHjia:d ye§u iy
flgqïm;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH nyqúO iyNd.s;ajh
fjkqfjka wdh;k" ls%hd mámdá iy kS;sÍ;s
ieleiSu iy wjYH jqjfyd;a w;=re ls%hdud¾.
ieleiSu'
^we& jHjia:djg ffk;sl n,h §u fyj;a iaÓr lsÍu'
^wE& iaÓr lsÍfuka miq ls%hd;aul lsÍfï wjia:djh' th
.eg¨ iys; úh yels h'
2'
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su fndfyda úg uyd ie,eiaula
yd iuia;h h<s flgqïm;a lsÍula úh' tfy;a ;sfnk
jHjia:djla iEfyk w¨;a lsÍï iys;j f.dv ke.Su
;j;a úl,amhls' 1990ka fumsg jHjia:d tfia ieÈK'
3' jHjia:d mdG .%ka:hla yokjdg jvd jHjia:d
f.dvk.  kakka fh§ isáfha idOdrK jHjia:dkql+,
m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug h' jHjia:djla idOdrK úh yelafla
th nyqudk ùfuks' Bg my; i|yka lreKq w;=<;a fõ'
³ ffk;sl idOdrK;ajh - ,nd .efkkqfha wod<
ffk;sl m%;sm;a;s" m%ñ;s yd idrO¾u j,sks'
7
 ³ foaYmd,k idOdrK;ajh - ms<sìuq jkafka jHjia:d
iïu; lrk nyqúO yd iduQysl ck;djf.a
iajdëk iaffjÍ Ndjfhks'
³ iodpdr idOdrK;ajh we;=<;a jkafka jHjia:dj
iu. rcHfha iodpdr moku jQ wfkHdkH
idrO¾u fnod yod .ekSfï ióm in|;dfjks'
;jo jHjia:dfjka rdcHh ;=< iudc ixys¢hdj"
laIud Nckh" iodpdr cj .ekaùu wdÈh wruqKq
l< yels h'
³ wd'l%' jHjia:djla idok ls%hdj,shu tys
idOdrK;ajhg msájy,la úh yels h' jHjia:dj
ls%hd;aul jk úg tys idOdrK;ajh j¾Okh
ù mq¿,a f.!rjhla we;súh yels h' jHjia:dj
f.dv kef.k ls%hdj,sh iy tys ienE wka;¾.;h
jHjia:dfõ kS;Hkql+,Ndjhg fya;= fõ' tfy;a
.egqï iys; iudchkays ta folgu wNsfhda. t,a,
fõ' Bg id¾:lj uqyqK § wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr
±laùfuka u idOdrK jHjia:djla f.dv ke.sh
yels h'

2'1 uQ,sl Wml,amkfhda

³ fm< fhÿu iy tys wNHka;r n,fha p,kh
w;sYh jeo.;a h'
³ fomig fnÿKq yd .egqïj,ska ii, jQ iudchkays
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï wruqK jkafka m%cd;ka;S%h
m%;sM,hkag iydh§u h'

8
 ³ iudcuh úúO;ajh tkï iurEmS
foaYmd,kfhka fomig fn§ ;sîu m%Odk wNsfhda.
hls' tfy;a wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ mrud¾:h iy
tys Ndú;h i|yd tu wNsfhda.h ch.; hq;= h'
³ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd idOlhla
jkafka" rdcHh ;=< iy neyeßka fjkia lsÍfï
nyqúO kshuqjka u;=ùu h'
³ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su yg .kafka l,ska ta
iïnkaO mqreoaola we;s jHjia:d ixl%dka;shla iy
md,khla we;s rdcHhkays h' lsisu jrola isÿ ù
ke;s ;ekl th fkdyg .kS'
³ .egqï ksid úm;g m;a rdcHhka rg ;=< m%pKAv
.egqï fyda mYapd;a .egqï ^tkï ienE .egqu ksu
jQ miq& ksid fjkia ùfï .;sl;ajfhys ksr; úh
yels h' fndfyda f,dal m%lg m%pKav .egqï
rdcHhka ;=<u we;súh yels h'
³ f,dal m%jK;d iy f,dal jHdma; jHjia:dkq.;
Ndjhka m%cd;ka;S%hlrKhla flfrys fhduqùu
.ek is;d ne,sh hq;= h'
2'3 jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su ms<sn| yd;ami
±lau
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï Ndú;h ráka rgg yd l,dmfhka
l,dmhg fjkia h' ,;ska weußld l,dmfhys tu
Ndú;hg" wms%ld" wdishd l,dmj,g iyiuyr hqfrdamd
rgj,g jvd merKs h' ksoiqkla f,i fldiagdßld
fnd,Súhd rgj, jHjia:d ;ekqfKa 1825 iy 1826 § h'
9
 1990 ld,h ;=< ol=Kq weußld jHjia:d kej; ,sheúKs'
ksoiqkla f,i" fld,ïìhd" mer.=fõ iy mSre hk rgj,
tfia isÿúh' wd¾ckaákd" W!re.=fõ rgj, ixfYdaOk
we;s úh' blajfodarh" fnd,súhdj forfÜ wjqreÿ
oyhla ;siafia jßka jr w¨;a úh' mq¿,a iyNd.s;ajh
iy úúO lKavdhï odhlùu ksid kj jHjia:d l,ska
jHjia:djkag jvd idOdrK úh' iuyr ol=Kq weußld
rgj, wys;lr jHjia:d m%;smdok fjkia jQfha iudc
foaYmd,k jHdmdr m%cd;ka;S%h wKavqj,g we;=<;aùfuks'
wksla w;g kef.kysr hqfrdamfha kj jHjia:djkag u.
meÿfKa md¾,sfïka;= nyq;rh ksid h' yxf.aßhdfõ 1989
iy n,af.aßhdfõ 1989-91 ixfYdaOk ksid l,ska mej;s
fldñhqksiaÜ md,kh" m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudcjd§ fjkilg
m;aúh' ikakoaO lKavdhï iy foaYmd,k n,fõ. ksid
wms%ldfõ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su blauka úh' WodyrK
fufia h( wexf.da,d" nqrekaä" pdâ" fldxf.da ckrch"
t;sfhdamshdj" fudieïìla" kóìhdj" khsc¾" khsÔßhdj"
ol=Kq wms%ldj" iqvdkh iy W.kavdj hk rgj,a h'
tfy;a flkahd" ieïìhd" isïndífõ hk rgj, iïu;
wka;¾.;h ksid m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sula
fj; msúisK'
wfmalaIs; mrud¾: jQ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy iduh jHjia:djlska
muKla ,nd.; fkdyels h' jHjia:d bfí
ls%hd fkdlrhs' jHjia:dj uÕ fmkajk w;r
kdhlhka mqrjeishka ta wkqj ls%hd;aul
úh hq;= h' fufia ls%hd;aulùug lemùu

10
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su f,i fuys§ ye¢kafõ'
,eî we;s w;a±lSï wkqj" b;d jeo.;a
fláld,Sk wjYH;djkag mgyeks È.=ld,Sk
m%;smdok jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka úiska
iïu; fkdlrkq we;' fndfyda m%dfhda.sl
ld¾hOrhka jHjia:d iïmdokh lrkafka
fláld,Sk wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug h' tfy;a
w;=re yd ixl%dka;sl Wml%u u.ska È.=ld,Sk
wruqKq bgqlr .kq we;'

11
 2
jHjia:d iïmdolhkag yuqjk
wNsfhda.
wNsfhda. folls
^w& me;sreKq m%pKav .egqï mej;s iudchl jHjia:d
f.dv ke.Su i|yd wjYH foaYmd,k yd wdh;ksl Yla;sh
ySkùu'
^wd& tu úfYAI miq ìfï m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i .egqï
ksjdrKh i|yd jHjia:djla f.dv ke.Su'

2'1 m%pKav .egqï ksid t,a,jk wNsfhda.

iEu iudchlu .egqï biau;= ù fmfkk ,laIKhls'
iudcuh lKavdhï yd mqoa.,hka w;r jqjukdlïj,
.egqï l<ukdlrKhg jHjia:d fhdod .efk;shs
Wml,amkh fõ' tfia l< yelafla idOdrK kS;sÍ;s iy
wmlaImd; wdh;k u.sks' jHjia:duh úi÷ula §ug kï
tu .egqïj, iajNdjh yd j¾.h ms<sn| ksjerÈj f;dard
fírd .; hq;= h' m%pKav;ajh .egqfï úfYaI j¾.hla f,i
ie,fla' m%pKav .egqïj, fhÿKq wh mjd jHjia:d f.dv
ke.Sug yjq,a lr.; hq;= h' iuyr úg meyeÈ,s yuqod
12
ch.%dylhl= fkdisáh yels h' idu .súiqï we;sjk l,ays
úreoaO lKavdhï iy ikakoaO ler,s lrejkao jHjia:d
fjkialï wfmalaId lrkq we;' wNHka;r .egqï ksid
l,dmSh jYfhka foaYmd,k wdOdr" mqyqKqj" wú wdhqO fok
;;a;ajfhka ckkh fj;s' miq.sh ld,fha fld,ïìhdj"
fldxf.da ckrch" fkamd,h" YS% ,xldj" iqvdkh hk
rgj, .egqïj,g jHjia:d úi÷ï i|yd idlÉPd lsÍug
idïm%odhsl oaúmdlaIsl .kqfokq blaujd fjk;a wiudk
lKavdhï iu. o idlÉPd meje;aúK'
m%pKav .egqï n,h iïnkaO wdh;kj,g fndfyda
fihska wys;lr f,i n,mdhs' mYapd;a .egqï tlÕ;d iu.
fld,ïìhd" wxf.da,d" fudieïìla hk rgj, úOdhl
n,;, uOH.; jQ wdKavq ks¾udKh úh' tu úOdhl n,;,
u.ska yÈis kS;sh m%ldY lsÍuo" idu .súiqïj,g t<öuo
isÿúh' .egqfï§ W.% udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khka
ksid ixys¢hd m%h;akhkag ndOd meñKsK' ldïfndac iy
rejkavd j¾. >d;khka f.ka miq m%;sikaOdk ls%hdj,sh
.ek nrm;, iel we;s jQfha y÷kd .ekSfï§ foaYmd,k
ueÈy;aùu ksid h' tys§ rg jeishkaf.a wdrlaIdjg fN!;sl
ls%hdud¾. .eksK'
me;sreKq m%pKav;ajh ksid wdKavqfõ iy wdh;ksl
Yla;sh ÿn, fjhs' thska rfÜ iïm;a yd iqÿiqlï,;a
mßmd,lhka m,jd yßkq ,enQ ksid h' tjeks wjia:djl §
rfÜ ck;djg w;HjYH foa fkd,eî hdu;a ÿn,hka jvd;a
wudrelïj,g uqyqK mEu;a isÿjkq we;' iajNdúl wdmod
wdÈh ksid ;j;a È,s÷lug f.dÿre ùfuka m%pKav .egqï
h<s;a u;=úh yels h'
13
³ tjeks miqìula hgf;a wjia:d follska jHjia:d f.dv
ke.Su ie,iqï l< yels h(
(i) w;=re fyda ixl%dka;sl ie,eiaula fh§u" tys§
ia:djr;ajh yd iduh we;s lsÍu wruqKq l< hq;=
h'
(ii) È.=ld,Sk wdh;k ie,eiaula flfrys ±ä wjOdkh
fhduq flfrñka jHjia:dj u;=ùug ie,iSu'
³ m%pKav;ajh je<elaùfï jHjia:d úi÷ï y÷kd .kakd
w;r u" wfkl=;a .eg¨ flfrys o fhduqúh hq;= h' tkï
¥IK ls%hd" j.ùfï wdKavqjla iy udkj whs;sjdislï
mq¿,a f,i lv lsÍu'

2'2 ck;dj b,a,kafka m%cd;ka;%jdohhs

hqla;su;a jHjia:djl jeo.;a ,laIKh jkafka
m%cd;ka;%jdohhs' iudcuh .egqï je<elaùu Wfoid wjYH
l%ufõohla f,i th jHjia:d.; úh hq;= nj wjOdrKh
fjhs' wju uÜgfï w¾: .ekaùu wkqj m%cd;ka;%jdoh
hkq ish¨ mqrjeishkaf.a iudk;ajh iy wdKavqlrKfha
§ Tjqkaf.a m,odhS iyNd.s;ajh hs' th ,nd.; hq;af;a
wdKavqfõ ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg iyNd.Sùug yd
ksfhdackhùug wjia:d ie,iSfuks'
fndfyda foa fm< fhÿu u; r|d mej;sho" úfYaI
wdh;ksl ie,iqï yd ls%hdmámdá ;sìh hq;= h' tfia wjYH
jkafka udkj whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug;a ks, f;dr;=re
,nd .ekSug;a h' ;jo foaYmd,k" mßmd,k iy wd¾Ól
n,h úuOH.;ùu yd jHjia:dodhl úOdhl n, iïnkaOh
14
úuiSug;a h' uq,a wjia:dfõ§u tu wdh;k ie,iqï lsÍfï
wNsfhda.hg my; i|yka lreKq o we;=<;a fõ'
³ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su wdrïNhg wjYH m%cd;ka;S%h
wdh;k ysÕùu'
³ tu ls%hdj,shg wjYH ksfhdackh i|yd wjYH jQ
ue;sjrK l%uhla .ek ie,lsh hq;=ùu' f;dard .ekSï
iïnkaO w¨;a .egqï we;súh yels h'
³ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su iïnkaO wdh;k ksfhdackh
i|yd ffk;sl ie,eiaula wjYHùu" fuu wdh;khkays
;SrK .ekSfï m%cd;ka;S%h ls%hdj,shg wvq wjOdkhla
fh§u'
³ iuyr úg w;S;fha w;a;fkdau;sl md,kfha fhÿKq
merKs uqr n,a,ka m%cd;ka;S%h jHjia:djla f.dv
ke.Sfï§ ;ukaf.a md,kfhka úm;g m;ajQjkag
lsisu iykhla fkd§fï fldkafoais we;=<;a l< yels
h' tjeks .kqfokq m%;sm;a;s úrys; fukau whqla;s
iy.; h'
³ jHjia:d f.dvke.Sug ck jrula ,nd .ekSug fyda
w¨;a jHjia:djla iïu; lsÍug ue;sjrKh mQ¾j
wjYH;djla jYfhka ie,lSu id¾:l jhjia:d f.dv
ke.Sulg iïnkaO úh yels h' tfy;a wjodku we;af;a
m%cd;ka;S%h lrKh jgyd .kafka ue;sjrK ;r.fha
wx.hla jYfhka ùu h' tfy;a th fnfyúka ixlS¾K
ls%hdj,shla ksid foaYmd,k lreKq .ek tlÕ;d ,nd
.ekSu nyqúO lKavdhï iu. l< hq;=h'
³ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï m%cd;ka;S%h ls%hdj,shg Tjqka
iyNd.s ùug leu;s jqjo wjidk m%;sM,h m%cd;ka;%jdoh
15
 úh hq;= njg tu ls%hdldÍka lem fkdúh yels h'
m%cd;ka;S%h lrKh n,h ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shla f,i
ñi" wdKavqj ck;djf.a md,khg hg;a úh hq;=h hkq
Tjqkaf.a woyi fkdúh yels h'
³ jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï ksr;jQjka jgyd.; hq;= lreKla
jkafka úúO foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍka Tjqka wfmalaId
lrk foa kj wdh;khla ;=< msysgqùug W;aidy l<
yels nj h' th kj wdh;kj, m%cd;ka;S%h meje;aug
;¾ckhla jkafka wjYH;djkays .egqula we;sjk ksid
h'
³ fuu ls%hdj,sh ;ks foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda lKavdhula
hgf;a isÿ jqj;a m%cd;ka;S%h lrKh wfmalaId l< hq;=
fohhs' n,fha isák mlaIfha jHjia:d flgqïm; Bg
we;=¿ jqjfyd;a iuia; ls%hdj,shu wjodkulg ,lajkq
we;'
jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï § m%cd;ka;%jd§ meje;au u.ska Bg
m%odkh l< yels foa fndfyda h' jHjia:d f.dvk. kakka
m%cd;ka;S%h lrKh wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iu. noaO lsÍu
woyia lrkafka kï fujeks m%Yakhla Woa.; fõ' tkï
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su ÿmam;=kag wdOdr lrkafkao@ ms<s;=r
w¨;a foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól in|;d wkqj úh yels
h' laIKsl .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fidhkjdg jvd tu ÿla.
ekú,sj, uQ, fya;=j .ek È.= ld,Sk úi÷ï flfrys
fhduqùu jvd fhda.H h'

16
 3
jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,shg
fhduqjk wNsfhda.
tu ls%hdj,sh wdrïNl jljdkqj fmdfrdkaÿ yd w¨;a
mgka .ekSïj,ska msÍ mj;S' tfiau idudkH foaYmd,kh
blaujd f.dia wdKavqjl m%;sm;a;s yd uQ,O¾u iy;sl lsÍug
ck;djg ,efnk wjia:djls' ;j o th .egqï úmßj¾;kh
lsÍfï mq¿,a ls%hdj,shla fyj;a m%cd;ka;%ShlrKhla njg o
y÷kd .efka' tu ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| u;=jk m%Yak fufia h'

² fjkia lsÍfï úIh mrdih

² w;=re iy ixl%dka;sl Wml%u Ndú;h
² ixl%dka;sl hqla;sh ms<sn| .eg¨
² ls%hdj,sfha § m%cd;ka;%jd§ ksfhdað;;ajh
² fmdÿ ck iyNd.s;ajh
² ndysr ls%hdldrlhkaf.a N+ñldj

17
3'1 fjkia lsÍfï úIh mrdih
;snqK jHjia:dj fjkqjg w¨;a tlla flgqïm;a lsÍfï
uyd ie,eiaula jHjia:d f.dvk.kakkag ;sìh yels h'
tn÷ ie,eiaula u.ska kj wdKavq l%uhl mámdáh ia:dmkh
fjhs' Bg fjkia jQ iuyr wjia:djkays l%udxls; ie,iqula
u.ska ;sfnk jHjia:dj ms<sfj<ska ixfYdaOkh flfrñka
kj jHjia:djlg meñKsh yels h' .egqïldÍ fyda taldêm;s
w;a±lSï ksid w;S;fhka ñ§fï wjYH;dj bÈßm;a úh yels
h' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ wemd;hsâ kS;sfhka l¿ cd;slhka ks,
jYfhka fjka lsÍu;a" ldïfndach" rejkavd rgj, j¾.
>d;kh ks, jYfhka m%ldY lsÍu;a ksid kqÿre w;S;h
iyuq,ska u m%;sfCIam lsÍu .ek meyeÈ,s WodyrK fjhs'

brdlfha mej;s frÔuh yuqoduh jYfhka mrdchg m;a

flßKs' jHjia:d f.dvke.Su w;S;fhka uq¿ukska u fjka
ùula nj meyeÈ,sj fmkaúh fkdyels kï ixfla;d;aulj;a
tfia úh hq;= h' tys § úIh mrdih fjkia lsÍu hkq
wksjd¾hfhka u rdcH wdh;k h<s msysgqùula úh hq;= h'
we*a>ksia:dkfha § ft;sydisl fya;= u; fï ;;a;ajh
wid¾:l úh'

Bg mgyeksj" taldêm;s md,kh" .egqïldÍ ksid fjkia

lsÍfï iajNdjh w;S; iïm%odhka fj; yereKq wjia:d we;'
bkaÿkSishdj tys m%;sixialrK jljdkqfõ § 1945 jHjia:djg
wdmiq f.dia tys zmxpYS,Z m%;sm;a;sh ms<s.ekSfuka w;S;h
neyer lrkq fjkqjg kùlrKhg m;a lf<a h'

flkahdfõ 1997 tlÕ;djlg meñKsfha iïmQ¾K

jHjia:d fjkila wjYH njg h' woyia f.dkq lsÍug;a"

18
jHjia:djla flgqïm;a lsÍug;a fldñiula msysgqjk ,È'
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Skaf.kao" úúO lKavdhï ksfhdað;hkaf.
ka o iukaú; cd;sl iïuq;s iNdjla 2004 § msysgqjd
flgqïm; .ek idlÉPd meje;aúK' fï ld,fha § wdKavqfõ
iajNdjh l=ula úh hq;=o hkak .ek u;fNaod;aul woyia
mek ke.sK' tys m%;sM,h jQfha iuyr mlaI tu ld¾hfhka
bj;a ùu h' wk;=rej wdKavq mlaIh jHjia:d flgqïm;g
fjkialï we;=¿ lf<a h' w¾O ckdêm;s l%uh mQ¾K
ckdêm;s l%uhlg m;a lf<a h' tu flgqïm; cku;
úpdrKhlg fhduq leßK' 2005 fkdjeïn¾ ys § cku;
úpdrKfha § 58]l nyq;r Pkaofhka flgqïm; m%;sfCIam
úh' 2008 § W.% ue;sjrK m%pKav ls%hdj,ska miqj wk¾>
ikaOdk wdKavqjla n,h fnod .eksK' Tjqkaf.a kHdh
m;%fha m%uqL jQfha m%pKav;ajh je<elaùuhs' jHjia:dj
fjkia lsÍu ;j;a wx.hla úh' .egqïldÍ m%Yakj,g úi÷ï
fiùug wjfYaI lñgqjla msysgqjk ,È' tu.ska h<s;a w¾O
ckdêm;s l%uh fhdackd úh' tfy;a fiajdjka iy wdh;k
úuOH.; úh' wk;=rej mej;s cku; úpdrKfhka kj
jHjia:dj ishhg 70lska iïu; úh'

jHjia:d fjkila we;s lsÍfï tlu udj; we;s l<

yelafla md¾,sfïka;=jghs' tys ;sfnk jdish jkafka jHjia:d
f.dvk.kakkag ta i|yd w¨;a wdh;k msysgqùu wjYH
fkdùu h' tfia u md¾,sfïka;=jg ixl%dka;sl jgdmsgdj o
we;sl< yels h' flfia jqj;a ta u.ska isÿúh yels iSud lsÍï
;=kla ±lsh yels h' m<uqjekak" Tjqkag md¾,sfïka;=j .ek
we;s wdh;ksl <eÈhdj h' ish wdh;kfha wdêm;Hh mj;ajd
.ksñka n,h leálr .ekSug Wkakÿ úh yels h' fojekak"
19
md¾,sfïka;=j iukaú; jkafka foaYmd,k mCIj,sks'
fndfyda úg tu mlaIj, wNHka;r m%cdk;a;%jdoh ke;'
wdêm;Hh orkafka iq¿ msßils' jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï oS
m%Odk lreKq iïnkaOfhka n,j;a tfy;a iq¿ msßila ;SrK
.; yels h' ;=kajekak tu mlaI fjk fjku ue;sjrK
mámdáh .ek ;u mlaIfha jqjukdj fmr±ß lr.kq
we;'

3'2 w;=re úi÷ï

.egqïj,ska ydkshg m;a jQ fyda È.a.eiqKq w¾nqo mej;=Kq
iudchl ta wdikak ld,h jHjia:d f.dvke. Sug kqiqÿiq
úh yels h' fuys § fjkiaúh yelafla w;S;fhka áflka
ál fyda fjkia ùfuks' ta i|yd w;=re úi÷ï fyj;a
ixl%dka;sl msshjr .; yels h' ta i|yd"

^w& jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka úiska w¨;a ffk;sl yd

foaYmd,k fjkialïj,g hdfï § w;S;fhka Rcq
f,i leã ì£ fjkaùug bv fkd;eîu fhda.H h'

^wd& kj jHjia:djlg u. mEfok ia:djr ;;a;ajhg

bv ie,ish hq;= h'

3'3 ixl%dka;sl hqla;sh

.egqulska miq;a ;on, fn§ï mj;ajd .efkk iudchl
jHjia:d ixialD;shla we;s lsÍfï § we;sjk .eg¨j,g
uqyqK §ug ixl%dka;Sh idOdrK;ajh fnfyúka WmldÍ
fjhs' ta i|yd my; i|yka wjia:d ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h'

20
 w;S;h iu. wm .kqfokq l< hq;af;a flfia o@ w;S;
mSvl md,lhka iy wmrdOlrejka iu. tlaj mj;skafka
flfia o@ .egqfuka wk;=rej iudcfha ;ju;a mj;sk
úrilhka ixis÷jkafka flfiao@ tkï" w;S; md,lhka"
igfkys ksr; jQjka" udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khkag
f.dÿre jQjka iy Tjqkag iydkqlïmdj ±lajQjka Tjqkaf.a
mjq,aj, idudðlhka" ys;j;=ka" isú,a iudc ls%hdldÍka
iy ixúOdk wdÈh iïnkaOfhks' tu ixis÷ùu i|yd
ck;dj ;=< mj;sk fldamh iy udkisl ;s.eiau neyer
lsÍfï l%ufõohla wjYH fõ' tfia u whqla;shg ì,s
jQjka tfia ùug fya;= jQ ft;sydisl idOl t<sorjq l<
hq;= h' ixys¢hdjg wjYH w;HjYH idOlhla f,i wmrdO
yd W,a,x>Khka .ek idOdrK hqla;sh bgqúh hq;= h'
m%dfhda.sl .eg¨j jkafka rg fldgiaj,g lvkafka ke;sj
uq¨ iudch u mqkre;a:dmkh lrkafka flfiao hkqhs'
úfYaIfhka u meyeÈ,s ch.%dylhl= ke;sj .egqu l,a bl=;a
ù idlÉPdfjka tlÕ;djlg meñKSfï § tu .eg¨ u;=jk
fyhsks'

3'4 nyqúO iyNd.s;ajh iy ksfhdackh

jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï § úúO jQ fndfyda fokdg Bg
iïnkaOùug bv ie,iSu mrud¾: idOkhls' ls%hdj,sfha
hqla;su;aNdjh Tmamq ùug th kHdhsl jYfhka o jeo.;a
fjhs' jHjia:d f.dvke.Su iaÓridr ùu;a" fnfyda fokd
úiska ms<s.kq ,eîu;a ksid tys foaYmd,k wêIaGdkh th
ls%hd;aul ùu flfrys n,mdk neúka l,a meje;au .ek
o úYajdih ;yjqre fjhs' tu ls%hdj,sh m%cd;ka;%jd§
iyNd.s;ajh wfmaCId lrk jHjia:d f.dvk.kafkda
21
yis.;j fflgqïm;a fldg m%ldY lsÍu m%;sfIam lr;s'
fkamd, jHjia:dj tn÷ mq¿,a iyNd.s;ajfhka f.dvke.=Kls'

f;dard.ekSfï ksoyi iys; m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHjia:d

f.dvke.Su" wdh;ksl iy ld¾h mámdál jYfhka
fohdldrh" wdh;ksl l%ufõoh" cd;sl ixjdo uKavm
jYfhka ol=Kq wms%ld jHjia:dj Wfoid fnfyúka fhdod
.eksK'

jHjia:dj iïuq;shla u.ska o fï ld¾hh l< yels h' tu

iïuq;shg f;dard .kq ,eîfuka fyda m;a lrkq ,eîfuka
uKav,hla njg m;a fldg jHjia:d flgqïm;a lsÍu"
mq¿,a tlÕ;dj ,nd.ekSu iy l;sld lsÍu Bg mejf¾' th
zjHjia:d iNdfjkaZ tkï jHjia:d ye§u mrud¾: fldg
f;dard.kq ,enQ iNdfjka fjkia h' 1972 Y%S ,xld ckrc
jHjia:dj yeÿfKa md¾,sfïka;=j jHjia:d iNdjla f,i
ls%hd lrñks' m%xY jHjia:d iE§ we;af;a fï l%uhg h'

tu l%ufhys uQ,sl .eg¨j jkafka ksfhdackfha

iajNdjhhs' fndfyda úg n,fha isák foaYmd,k mlaIh
ksfhdackh ùfï § o wdêm;Hh orhs' th mq¿,a ixjdohg
ndOdjls' óg úi÷ula jYfhka zue;sjrK l%uhZ fhdod.;
yels h' túg ksfhdackfha úúO;ajh ksid jHjia:dfõ
mrud¾: iy m%udKh ks.ukh l< yels h'

3'5 fmdÿck iyNd.s;ajh

j¾;udkfha fuu wruqKq i|yd fmdÿck iyNd.s;ajh
j¾Okh ù we;' tu.ska jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,sh
jvd idOdrKSh nj ms<s.efka' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ tu ls%hdj,shg
úis,CIhla ck;djf.a ie,lsÍï f.dkqfldg ;sfí'

22
ck;d iyNd.s;ajfha jdis
² wdKavqj iu. ;ukaf.a iïnkaOh md,kh lrk
jHjia:djlg m%cd;dka;s%lj Tjqkag iyNd.s úh yels
ùu

² jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,sh iy ta ms<sn|

f;dr;=re ck;dj iu. fnod yod.ekSfuka újD;
Ndjh yd j.ùu .ek úYajdihla we;sùu

² Pkaoh §ug fmr jHjia:dfõ wka;¾.;h .ek

ck;djg wOHdmkhla yd weiqre lsÍula ,eìh yels
ùu

ck;d iyNd.s;ajfha wjdis

² uyck iyNd.s;ajh W.% úhoï iys; h' Bg wh;a
ke;s iïm;a Ndú; úh yels w;r wk;=rej we;sjk
jHjia:dfjka mjd th j,x.= fkdúh yels h'

² n,h flfrys fhduq jQjka" uyckhd fj; m%Yak fhduq

flfrñka o" Pkao n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka o" uyck
iyNd.s;ajh úlD; l< yels h'

² foaYmd,k jYfhka fnÿKq iudchl" fmdÿck

iyNd.s;ajh ckjd¾.sl yd wd.ñl nyq;rh u.ska
jHjia:dj wkqu; lsÍug fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍug
fhduqúh yels h'

² fmdÿck iyNd.s;ajh nyq;r n,h wdrEV lr .ksñka

iq¿;r whs;sjdislï lvlsÍu idOdrK nj fmkaúh
yels h'

23
 .egqulg miq th h<s we;s fkdùug úi÷ï fidhk iy
§¾> ld,hla ck;dj md,k iyNd.s;ajfhka wE;a fldg
;enqKq rgj, ck;djg zm%cd wOHdmkh w;HjYH úIhls'
jHjia:d flgqïm;la ilia lrk wjia:djl ck;djg tu
wOHdmkhg wjia:dj ie,iSula jYfhka woyia tl;= lsÍu
jeo.;a h' tfia u foaYmd,k mlaI jqjukdlï ke;s iajdëk
lKavdhu úiska th isÿ lsÍfuka m%cd iyNd.s;ajfha
.=Kd;aul Ndjh j¾Okh jkq we;'

fuu ls%hdj,sfhys újD; l;sld l%ufõohkag fyda

fmdÿck iy;slhg bv fkd,efí kï" jHjia:d f.dvke. Su
;u mgq foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug lem jQ iq¿ msßila
úiska fodr.=¿ oudf.k fhfok jHdhduhla njg m;ajkq
we;' jHjia:d f.dvke.  Su flfrys by< fmf,a whf.a
n,mEu foaYmd,k h:d¾:hls' tfy;a f,dal w;a±lSï wkqj"
fndfyda fokdf.a odhl;ajfhka isÿjk újD; l;sldjka
ksid cks; jk jHjia:dj" iajdëk" cj n,h iy hqla;su;a
Ndjh iys; tlla jkq we;' tu mq¿,aNdjh ksid ienE n,
jHqyhka iunr jk w;r" md,l fldgia wfmaCId fkdl<
foag;a tlÕùug u. mEfokq we;'

jHjia:d f.dvk.k whg kdhlhkaf.a N+ñldj u.yeßh

fkdyels h' m%Yakh jkafka n,fha ke;s whf.a odhl;ajh
iSud fkdfldg fcHIaG kdhlhkaf.a ueÈy;aùu ,nd.
kafka flfiao hkakhs' Tjqka hï Wml%ñl wjia:dj,g
ñi ls%hdldÍ mq¿,a ieisjdrj,g iyNd.s lr fkd.ekSfï
f,dal WodyrK we;' bÈß .ufka m%Odk wjia:d i|yd
Tjqka fhdod.; yels h' ke;akï wiSre wjia:d u.yer hd

24
fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;al< yels h' iuyrúg kdhlhka ;u
wdOdrlrejkaf.a u w;a wvx.=jg hg;ajkq we;' foaYmd,k
n,h ke;s kdhlhka fndfyda úg jHjia:d f.dvke.
Sfï ld¾hhg yjq,alr .; yels h' tkï" wd.ñl" iudc
kdhlhka" udOH m%OdkSka iy jHdmdr kdhlhka h' iuyr
kdhlhka jHjia:d f.dvke. Sug úreoaO jk fya;= fidhd
n,d Bg ie,ls,su;a úu o m%fhdackj;a h'

3'6 ndysr ls%hdldßlhkaf.a N+ñldj

jHjia:d f.dvke.Su cd;shg whs;s ld¾hhls"
hk m%;sm;a;sh wjOdrKh flfrñka ta i|yd ndysr
ls%hdldÍkaf.ka w¾:dkaú; iyfhda.hla ,eìh yels nj
ms<s.; hq;= h' fuu ls%hdldÍyq úúO fj;s' uq,H iydh fok
wdOdrlrefjda fj;s' uyck iyNd.s;ajh" m%cd wOHdmkh
iy M,odhS wOHhk pdßld i|yd Tjqyq iïm;a imhkafkda
h' kshñ; lreKq .ek iy úfYaI úl,amhka iïnkaOfhka
Wmfoia fok úfYaI{fhda fj;s' wmCImd; ld¾h idOkh"
nqoaêu;a idlÉPd iy wdrCIdj iy;sl lsÍu wdÈh i|yd
nyqmdCIsl yd oaúmdCIsl ls%hdldÍyq iïnkaO fj;s' cd;sl
ls%hdldßlhkaf.a ld¾hhka myiq lsÍug wka;¾cd;sl
m%;sm;a;s yd idrO¾u i,id Èh yels wka;¾cd;sl ixúODk
yd rdcH idudðlfhda Bg ueÈy;a fj;s' m%fhdackj;a
l%ufõÈ;ajfhka yd iajdëk ksÍCIKfhka Èß .ekaúh yels
wka;¾cd;sl isú,a ixúOdk tu ld¾hhg w;aje,ls' cd;sl
ls%hdldÍka w;r we;sjk mQ¾K wjysr;d bj;a lsÍug o
ndysr ls%hdldrlhka fhdod .; yels h' tla mCIhla fyda

25
lKavdhula wdêm;Hh ork ls%hdj,shl § úl,am úi÷ï
Ndú; lsÍug o ndysr ls%hdldßlhka msysgjkq we;'

jHjia:d f.dvk.k wh jgyd.; hq;a;la kï fndfyda

ndysr ls%hdldßlhka wmCImd; fyda idrO¾uj,ska hqla;
wh fkdúh yels nj h' wfkla w;g tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkhg iïnkaO nyqmd¾Yaùh wdh;kj, uQ,O¾u
jHjia:d f.dvke.Sug fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a úh yels h'

26
 4
iajdëkj f;dard .ekSu
ms<sn| .eg¨
hï .eg¨jla yuqjQ úg ;uka tys fudk me;af;a isáh
hq;=±hs fndfyda reÑlr lKavdhï wúksYaÑ;;djg m;a fõ'
tfyhska jHjia:dfõ wka;¾.;h .ek mq¿,a tlÕ;djlg
m;aùu wjYH fõ' tlÕ;dfõ m%udKh úYd, jk ;rug
;SrK .ekSfï ld,h;a" úhou;a jeä fõ'
jHjia:djlg wjYH iEu .eg¨jlg u úi÷ï Èh
fkdyels úh yels h' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka ixjdohg
fhduq lrkafka l=uk .eg¨ ljr m%udKhlg úi¢h hq;=o
lshd h' cd;sl jYfhka f.dv kef.k ls%hdj,shl § iudc
úksyaph wkqj jHjia:dj ie,iqï l< yels h' úksYaphg
Ndckh jk lreK u;fNaod;aul ùfuka yslaujd.;
fkdyels jqjfyd;a m%Odk .eg¨j ;sìhÈ fjk;a lreKlg
wjOdkh fhduq flfrkq we;' fufia lrk wh jHjia:dj
ye§u fkdfõ kï ;uka leu;s ke;s foa je<elaùu flfrys
Wkkaÿ fj;s' tfy;a jHjia:d f.dv kÕk wh fun÷
27
wjia:d hyñka l<ukdlrKh lr.; hq;= h' ta i|yd my;
i|yka wjia:d m%fhdackhg .; yels h'

4'1 wdh;ksl ie,eiau

jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka fnfyda úg È.ska È.g is;d
n,kfohla kï .egqug úi÷ula jYfhka fudk úÈfha
wdh;ksl ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;=o hkqhs' kHdhsl jYfhka th
ie,iqï jkafka mj;sk jHjia:dj weiqfrks' tfy;a .egqu
ksid th fkd.e,fma' iqmqreÿ Ndú;h jkafka fm< fhÿu
uq,a lrf.k h' jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï uE; ld,Sk Ndú;h
iy m%jK;d mokï fldg fï fmd;ska ie,iqï kHdh.;
lrkq we;'
^w& n,h leáùfï fyda úisÍfï .;sl iajNdjh
^wd& foaYmd,kh flfrys jeä bvla fiùu iu. hï
.eg¨ kS;Hkql+, lsÍfï .;sl;ajh'

4'1'1 jHjia:dkqrEm ks¾ñ;h

fuhska woyia jkafka jHjia:d fm< fhÿfuys wka;¾.;
ls%hdldrlï iy mrud¾:hka h' wk;=rej jHjia:dj ls%hdjg
kxjk úg fuu ks¾ñ;h" tys fm< fhÿu w¾: ±laùfuka
jgyd .ekSug uÕ fmkajhs' thska jHjia:dj jev igyka
f,aLkhla f,i f;dard.; yels h' ie,iqï.; mßÈ fm<
fhÿfuys we;=<;a jkafka iïu;hla iys; kshdul iy
ks;H uQ,O¾u iuQyhls' jHjia:d ie,iqfuys ;ju;a tlÕ
fkdjQ lreKq úYd, m%udKhla olajd ;sìh yels h' bÈßfha
§ fmdÿ uQ,O¾u muKla kS;shg fhdod.; yels h'

28
 uQ,sl ie,eiaula u.ska jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka
wjOdrKh lrkqfha wdKavqfõ ls%hdldrlï iy rdcH n,h
Ndú; lrk wdh;kj,ska l=ulg m%uqL;dj Èh hq;=o hk
lreK .ek h' úfYaIfhka jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl iy
wêlrK hk wdh;k .ek ie,fla' iuyr úg úuOH.;
lrk ,o wdh;k .ek;a wjOdkh fhduqúh yels h'
fjk;a kS;shlska fyda jHjia:dfjkau iSud lsÍula ke;akï
wdKavqjg ffk;sl wêldÍ n,h we;s njg mQ¾j ks.ukhla
we;' úúO wdKavqfõ wh;k úfYaIs; lafIa;% flfrys
wdêm;Hhla ±ßh yels h' tu.ska wdKavqfõ wêldÍ n,h
iSud flfrñka yd md,kh flfrñka mqoa., ksoyi wdrlaId
l< yels w;r foaYmd,k iu;=,s; ;djla o we;s l< yels
h'
1789 m%xY úma,jfhka whs;sjdislï mokï jQ m%fõYhla
we;súh' tu.ska mqrjeishdf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu
yd Y=N idOkh flfrys rdcHhg we;s fya;= hqla;sh úuid
nef,a' wdKavqjla msysgqjd we;af;a fuu whs;sjdislïj,g
m%uqL;dj ie,iSug h' tu úl,amfhka ffk;sl" jHjia:duh
ixialD;shla wjOdrKh úh yels h' tfia u kS;sh yd
mßmd,kh u.ska kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍug y~ k.sh yels
h' fuu m%fõYh jHjia:djkag we;=¿ jQfha wkfmalaIs;
fjkialï we;s lrñks' tfyhska jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka
fm< fhÿfuys fuu m%fõYh Ndú; lrkafka whs;sjdislï
m%uqL fldg f.k h' ksoiqkla f,i 1996 ol=Kq wms%ld
jHjia:dj fuu m%fõYh fhdod .ksñka wd¾Ól" iudc
yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï iuÕ whs;sjdislï m%{ma;sh
wjOdrKh lf<a h' Bg iu.dój fmdÿ mqrjeishdg m%uqL;dj

29
Èks' tu.ska hqoyuqodfõ idudðlhkag jev j¾ckh lsÍfï
whs;sh o ms<s.eksK'

4'1'2 zffk;slZ yd zfoaYmd,kZ jHjia:d

ffk;sl fyj;a j,x.= jHjia:dfjka wjOdrKh
lrkafka jHjia:d kS;sfha wêfY%aIaGNdjhhs' tys§ jHjia:dj
wfkla ish¨u kS;sj,g iy wêlrK ;SrKj,g hg;aj
ffk;sl ne£ïj,g;a by<ska ;nd ie,fla' wfkla w;g
foaYmd,k jHjia:dfjka" mq¿,a foaYmd,k rduqjla hgf;a
.eg¨ úi£u" wjOdrKh fjhs' idudkHfhka th isÿjkafka
foaYmd,k wdh;k" tkï" jHjia:dodhlh fyj;a rdcH
iNdjla u.sks'
ta i|yd lem jQ ls%hdldßlhkaf.a Wmdh ud¾. ksid
ffk;sl fyda foaYmd,k jHjia:d W;amdokh fõ' ffk;sl
jHjia:d flfrys mqfrda.dó jQfjda" wkd.; foaYmd,k fyÜgq
lsÍu je<elaùug tu jHjia:djkays kS;suh ksYaÑ;;dj
f;dard .ks;s' ienE fyda l,ams; foaYmd,k wdmiq mek
tau je<elaùug wdrjq,aj,g ffk;sl úi÷ï wksjd¾h
lsÍu thska isÿfõ' ksoiqkla fufia h' 1994-6 ol=Kq
wms%ld jHjia:d iNdjg" urK o~qju §u wfydais lsÍfï
fhdackdjla l,a;eîug isÿúh' uyck b,a,Su jQfha urK
o~qju Èh hq;= nj h' tfia jqjo wêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf<a urK
o~qju §u jHjia:dkql+, fkdjk nj h' w;=re jHjia:djg
udkj whs;sjdislï mk; we;=<;a lsÍug iïu; fldg ;snQ
neúks' ffk;sl .eg¨ flfrys fhduqùu zffk;sllrKhZ
jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
30
ffk;slrKhg leu;s wh fufia lsh;s
³ md,l frÔuh" m%cd;ka;S%h nyq;rhg iudk fkdfõ'
^iuyr úg th iq¿;r wdKavqjla fyda iq¿ .Kklska
jeä wdKavqjla úh yels h'& tfyhska jHjia:dfjka
ish¨ md,lhka yd foaYmd,lhka flfrys iSudjka
mekúh hq;= h'
³ uQ,sl fjkia lsÍï i|yd by<;u tlÕ;dj wjYH fõ'
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfuka msg; tjekakla msysgkafka
l,d;=rlsks' jHjia:duh tlÕ;djla we;sjQ úg fjkia
jk nyq;rhka leu;s leu;s fj,djg th fjkia l<
fkdyels h'
³
u;fNaohkaf.ka fnÿKq iudchkays jHjia:dfjka
foaYmd,k úi÷ï .ek woyia olajk whg ue;sjrK
chf.k foaYmd,k wdh;khkays" jHjia:dodhlh"
úOdhlh wdÈfha n,h ,eìh yels h' túg
ffk;sllrKh iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;sh jkq we;'
³ jHjia:dfõ mj;sk ksYaÑ;;dj ksid ks,OdÍkaf.a
j.ùu by< ;;ajhla .kS' fmd,sia ks,Orhl= iel
lrejl= .ek ls%hd l<hq;= wdldrh kS;sfha i|yka
fõ' th blau jQ úg Ôú;h yd ksoyi .ek l< yels
foa o kS;sfha i|yka fõ' iq¿;rhlf.a whs;sjdislï
ksYaÑ;j i|yka jQ úg u;=úh yels .eg¨ wvqfõ'
W.% fn§ï iys; miqìul .kakd ;Skaÿ meyeÈ,s foaYmd,k
nyq;rfha md,khg hg;a fõ' ienE wdrlaIdj ie,iSug
kï Tjqkaf.a ;=,k yd ixjrK l%u" m%dfhda.  sl fyj;a
ls%hd lrúh yels úh hq;= h' nyq ixialD;sl yd nyqúO
cd;sl rdcHhkays nyq;rfha md,k n,h iSudiys;h hk
31
jHjia:duh m%;sm;a;sh b;d jeo.;a h' tn÷ wjia:djkays§
wd'l%' jHjia:dj wêfY%aIaGh hk m%;sm;a;sh w;sYh jeo.;a
h'
ta iuÕ u jHjia:dj,ska" foaYmd,k fyÜgq lsÍï .ek hï
woyia yd ie,iqï m%ldY jkafka Tjqka tlÕ;djg meñKsúg
n,fha iu;=,s;;dj ms<sìUq lrñks' ks;ru isÿ fkdjqK;a
tjeks tlÕ;d ksid we;sjk foaYmd,k kuHYS,s;ajh ksid
merKs fofhys isg w¨;a ;;ajhlg hdfï u. mEfohs' w¨;a
foaYmd,k u;hla we;s jQ l,ays th iajNdjfhka u mj;sk
kS;shg úreoaO h' kS;shu fY%aIaG;ajhg m;a lrkjdg
tfrys h' n,fha isák kdhlhka yd foaYmd,k mlaI" ;u
ue;sjrK wfmalaIdjka wkqj jHjia:dj w¾: l:kh lsÍug
whs;shla fyda hq;=lula jYfhka bv i,ik f,i m%ldY
lrkq we;' foaYmd,k m%fõYh fhdackd lrk wh foaYmd,k
ls%hdldß;ajfha jHjia:dkql+,Ndjh mQ¾j ks.ukhla f,i
jdishg fhdod .kakd f,i lsh;s' ;jo" jHjia:dfõ muKla
fkdj fjk;a kS;sj, o mj;sk wdKavqj flfrys ±lafjk
iSudjka n,hg m;ajk úl,am lKavdhulg jqjo ixfYdaOkh
l< yels nj olaj;s' f;dard.kq ,nk ksfhdð;hka úiska
iaffjÍNdjh Ndú; lrk nj jHjia:dfjka m%ldY úh
yels h'

foaYmd,k m%fõYhg leu;s wh fufia

;¾l lr;s'
³
kS;sfha úia;r f;dr;=re fjkqjg jHjia:dfjka
±lafjkafka fmdÿ uQ,O¾u fõ' túg ta ;=< wúksYaÑ;
;eka we;sfjhs' tfia w,sÅ; ysia;eka msrúh yelafla
32
 foaYmd,k iïuq;sfhka yd idïm%odhsl Ndú;fhks'
WodyrK ( taldnoaO ix.ufhka ;ks rdcHhlg fjka
úh fkdyels nj ^we't'ckmoh& ckdêm;s OQrh rfÜ
W;=rg yd ol=Kg udrefjka udrejg ,eìh hq;=h
^khsÔßhdj&
³
jHjia:duh .eg¨ ksYaÑ; jYfhka ;SrKh l<
yelafla OQrfhka bj;a lrkq ,eìh yels rdcH
ks,Orhka úiska muKs' ixfYdaOk meñKsh hq;af;a ßcq
m%cd;ka;%jdofhks' tkï ck;djf.a uQ,sl;ajfhks'
tkï jHjia:dj j¾Okh úh hq;af;a uQ,sl jYfhka
u foaYmd,k ;r. j,sks'
³ jHjia:dkql+, m%cd;ka;%jdofhka fyj;a foaYmd,k
ixjdofhka yd Pkao n,fhka wdrjq,a jeä yßhla
úi¢h yels h'
³ wêlrKj,g f;dr;=re ,eîu wvq ksid yrnr ;Skaÿ
.; fkdyels fõ' ksoiqkla fufia h' wdKavqj iy
ikakoaO lKavdhula w;r we;sjk idu .súiqula"
talSh rdcH ixl,amhg mgyekshhs wêlrKh wj,x.=
l<fyd;a m%;sM,h l=ulafõo@
³ W.% u;fNaoldÍ m%Yakhla úi£ug mj;sk ffk;sl
ixialD;sh n,j;a fkdúh yels h'
foaYmd,k m%fõYfhka wjOdrKh jkafka jHjia:duh
.eg¨ wêlrK úNd.hlska úi£fï l;sldj .ek h' ta
wkqj f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï hdka;%Khka jHjia:dj mqrd
me;sr mj;S' jHjia:d iNd" wdrCIl uKav," ksfhda.d;aul
oaúmd¾Yaúl md¾,sfïka;= lñgq" oaú;aj-kdhl úOdhlhka
33
jHjia:dfjka u mejreKq n,h fnod.ekSu" ue;sjrK
iïnkaO n,h fnod .ekSu" úfYaI N+ñld iys; W;a;r
uKav," wd¾Ól uKav, wd§ jYfhks' Bg wu;rj ;SrK
.kafka flfiao hkak .ek ls%hd mámdá we;' tkï
jHjia:dodhl ls%hd mámdá jHjia:dfõ u i|yka lsÍu
muKla fkdj úOdhl ;Skaÿ .ekSfï l%ufõo o i|yka fõ'
;jo tlÕ;d ,nd.ekSfï iy iyfhda.s;d wdKavqlrKh
ms<sn| WmfoaYk o we;=<;a úh yels h' fï ish,a, l;sldjka
mj;ajd .ekSfï úl,amhka jYfhks'
ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k jHjia:dfjda tlsfklg iïnkaO
fj;s' jvd iómj fidhd ne¨fjd;a fndfyda jHjia:d
f.dvk.kafkda ffk;sl iy foaYmd,k m%fõY folu
fhdod .ks;s' tla m%fõYhla iuyr lreKq m%uqL lr.kS'
^Wod ( udkj whs;sjdislï" jHjia:d w¾:l:kh& wksla
m%fõYh fjk;a lreKqj,g uq,a;ek fohs' ^Wod ( úfoaY
in|;d" wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh& j¾;udk jHjia:d m%jK;d
wkqj ffk;slrKhg ie,ls,a, fhduq fõ' jHjia:d úia;r
lsÍfuka jeäjk .eg¨ .ek wêlrKfha fY%aIaG;ajh mq¿,a
lsÍfuka" w¨;a jHjia:d wêlrK msysgqùfuka wd§ jYfhks'
b;du uE; § bkaÿkSishdj" fudxf.da,shdj" ;dhs,ka;h hk
rgj, tfia isÿúh'
ffk;sl jHjia:d foaYmd,k jHjia:d
wdKavqfõ ls%hdjkag wdKavqfõ ls%hdjka
iSudjka wjOdrKh lssÍu jHjia:dkql+, njg
mQ¾j ks.ukhla we;ehs
wjOdrKh lssÍu

34
wdKavqfõ ls%hdjkays jHjia:dodhlfha
jHjia:dkql+, Ndjh .ek wêfY%aIaG;ajh .ek u;h
wêlrK úu¾IKh
wêlrKfha wêfY%aIaG ndysr fyda iajdëk
îͧ
nj i,lhs' jHjia:dfõ jHjia:d wëCIlhka
iajdêk wdrCIlhd ysÕùu
jHjia:d wêlrKh nj
b;d m%lg fyda iajdëk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka
jHjia:d wêCIlfhda wêlrK úi÷ïj,g jvd
fndfyda fj;s foaYmd,k ;r.hkays
fhÈu
fndfyda .eg¨ jHjia:d úia;rj,g jvd
wêlrKfhka úi¢h fmdÿ uQ,O¾u mej;Su" w¾:
yels ùu iy jHjia:d ksYaph l< fkdyels NdId
.eg¨ .ek wêlrK n,h fhÿï ;sîu
mej;Su
kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu
i|yd myiq úia;r yd
meyeÈ,snj ;sìu
mq¿,a jQ whs;sjdislï mk;a whs;sjdislï n,.ekaúug
yd jvd jeä kS;sfha n, uQ,sl iajdêk;d fjkqjg
.ekaùu m%;sm;a;s mshjr .ekSu
whs;sjdislï uQ,sl fldg flá ir, jHjia:d we;s
.ekSu ksid tu jHjia:d ùu' jHjia:d ie,iqï
b;d §¾> ùu iy m%fõYhka jqj o Ⱦ>
fkdùu

35
 jHjia:dj iy wêlrKh Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdoh fyj;a
ù È.a.efyk .eg¨ úi|k uyck wdrïNl;ajh ksid
w;r th foaYmd,kfhka jHjia:d m%Yak úi¢h
flfrk ;=re l,a .kafka yelsùu
ke;
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg
we;af;a wiSre ld¾h
mámdáhls' ixfYdaOk
mámdá ;j;a wiSre lsÍu
i|yd uyck úpdrK
fhfoa'

4'1'3 n,h leá lsÍu iy fnodyeÍu

tla w;lska m%cd;ka;%jdoh Wfoid wjYH lrkafka
foaYmd,k u;su;dka;rj, nyqúO;ajh iy wdKavqfõ
wdh;k w;r in|;djkays ;=,k yd ixjrK l%uhhs' fuh
háka ydkshg m;a lrkafka" lSm fofkl= flfrys n,h
leáùuhs' m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhl wdh;ksl ie,iqï lsÍfï §
u cd;sl uÜgfuka nyqúO n,uOHia:dk msysgqùug iydh
úh hq;= h' cd;sl yd cd;sl fkdjk uÜgfï § f¾Çh
jYfhka úh hq;= h'
n,h fnodyeÍu hkqfjka woyia jkafka" nyqúO
iajhxmd,k wdh;k yd ld¾hd, i|yd wjYH jHjia:d
;Skaÿ .ekSug ksYaÑ; n,;, mjrd §u h' tys ie,eiau
u.ska n,h mjrd §u wjYH kï fufia l< yels h' tkï
( f¾Çh l%uhg n,h mejÍu ( ^n,h fn§u" jHjia:dkql+,
wëCIlhka jeä .Kkla isàu& ;sria l%uhg kï ^n,h
fn§fï úuOH.; l%ufha isg f*vr,a l%uh olajd jQ úl,amh
36
u.ska& n,h fnodyeßh miq;a n,iïmkak cd;sl wdh;k
mej;sh yels h' n,h fnfokafka cd;sl uÜgñka ksid h'
n,j;a úOdhlhka" jHjia:dodhlhka iy wÈlrKhka iy
wfkla wëlaIlhka tlsfkld - mÍlaIKhg ,la lrk
neúks' úOdhlh we;=<;u n,h fnod yeßh yels h' túg
th ckdêm;s" w.ue;s" leìkÜ uKav,h w;r jHjia:d
iNdj u.ska l< yels h'
wksla w;g uq,ska m%cd;ka;S%hj ;snqKq rgla miqj n,h
leálr .ekSfï me;a;g hd yels h' tfia jkafka .egqï yd
ksrka;r cd;sl w¾nqo;a ksid úOdhl n,h hï mqoa.,hka
Ndú; lsÍu fyj;a È.=ld,Skj yÈis kS;s n,h Ndú; lsÍu;a
fya;=fjks' n,h leá lr.;a úOdhlfha n,h fjka lsÍug
id¾:l ixis÷ùula wjYH h' jHjia:duh ;Skaÿ .ekSfï
úfYaI n,h iys; iajhx md,k wdh;k ixLHdj wvq lsÍu
n,h leá lsÍu hkqfjka woyia úh' ;jo tfia isÿjk
wjia:djla jkafka jHjia:duh wdh;k talmdlaIslj ;Skaÿ
.kakd úg lsisu mlaIhlska úfrdaO;d u;= fkdjk úg h'
W.% fn§ï we;s miqìul" fmdÿ hym; Wfoid n,h
jeäfhka Ndú; lsÍfï wruqK jHjia:d f.dv k.kafkda
ms<s.ks;s' tys § wdKavqjg iEfyk n,h iy ls%hd lsÍug
wjYH wjirh jHjia:duh úl,am jYfhka ±lafõ' iuyr
úfYaI wdh;k iy lKavdhï o ;u úIh iSudj ;=< n,h
leálr .ekSu ±lsh yels h'

4'2 wdKavqlrKfha l%ufõoh

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ miq.sh oYl lSmhla ;=< w¨;a
m%fõYhla mek ke.S we;' tu ls%hdj,sh n,d.ekSug cd;sl

37
tlai;a wdKavq iy úYd, iNd. wdKavq h' fuu m%fõYfha
§ jeä iq¿;rhla mokï fldg isÿ fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg
cd;sl tlai;a Ndjfha úúO jqjukdlï o i,ld nef,a'
tys m%;sM,h jkafka j.lSï fnod .ksñka úOdhlh úúO
mlaIj,ska hqla; ùu h' fï l%uh b;d ckms%h jkafka
thska fcHIaG;u kdhlhkag tys bvlv ,efnk ksid h'
tfy;a m%;sM, ksÍlaIK wkqj tys id¾:l;ajh iSñ; h'
jHjia:dkql+, wdKavql%u ie,iqul th mj;ajd .;fyd;a
m%;sM,h úh yelafla úOdhlh foaYmd,k igka N+ñhla
ùfuka hymd,kh hgm;a ùu h'
úl,am m%fõYhla wkqj" cd;sl kdhl;ajfhka jeä fokl=
ta i|yd u mq¿,a l< jHjia:duh wdh;kj,g we;=<;a
lrkq we;' fï wdldrfha jHjia:dkql+, wdh;kh jHjia:d
f.dv ke.Sfï ld¾hh bÈßhg f.k hkafka kï m%;sM,h
jkafka tu foaYmd,k iïuq;sh mq¿,a ;u ksfhdackhla
iys; md¾,sfïk;= l%uhlg mßj¾;khùu h' wvq wjia:d
iys; mlaIj,g tys ksfhdackh ùug iudkqmd;sl Pkao
l%uh n,.ekaúh yels h' tfia ksfhdackh ùfï wjdish
jkafka jHjia:d uKav,hg ish uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍu"
tkï( kS;s iïmdokh hgm;aùu h'
jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka" ie,iqï lsÍfï§ wdKavqjl
m%udKfha yd úhofï m%;sM, .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
h' úYd, wdKavqjla kï úhou wêl h' flfia fj;;a
úYd, wdKavqjla hkq uq,a nei.;a jrm%ido ks¾udKh
lsÍu h'

38
4'3 jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska wdo¾Yl
jHjia:die,iqula u.ska isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
iy;sl l< hq;= h' whs;sjdislï fkdfnÈh yels neúka
wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl yd iduQysl jYfhka fndfyda
whs;sjdislï we;' tajd ms<s.ekSfuka foaYmd,k whs;sjdislu
iïmQ¾K jk w;r ,nd .ekSu o myiqfõ' my; i|yka jk
úúO;ajh iïnkaOfhka úúO ck fldgiaj,g mq¿,a yd
iudk f,i ,eìh yelsjk fia jHjia:dfjka iy;sl úh
hq;= h' th iudkkajfha iy fjkiafldg fkdie,lSfï
jHjia;d j.ka;shla ke;akï wdrlaId fkdfõ' whqla;s
iy.; wiudk;djh jHjia:dfjka bj;a lsÍug udkj
whs;sjdislï bv i,ihs' ia;S%" <ud iy fjkia yelshd we;s
fldgiaj, udkj whs;sjdislï" ixialD;Ska iy fjkiaj
y÷kd .ekSï blaujd hk ysñlï h' fuu fldgia myiqfjka
úm;g m;aúh yels fyhska" tu whs;sjdislï jHjia:dfjka
iy;sl úh hq;af;a" tajd wysñùfuka m%pKav .egqï yd W.%
fNao u;=úh yels fyhsks'

4'4 nyqúOd;ajh ms<s.ekSu

W.% úfNaokhla iy úúO;aj iudchla we;s rgl
jHjia:djla hqla;s iy.; jkafka úreoaO lkavdhïj,
iyNd.s;ajfhka iy iyfhda.fhks' iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g
mjd jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,shg yjq,aùfï whs;sjdislu
we;s nj ms<s.ekqKls' úúO;ajh wka;¾.; lsÍug uq,
isgu ie,iqï lsÍu id¾:l wdrïNhls' jHjia:dj iukaú;
úh hq;af;a fudkjdhska ±hs is;d ne,Sug m;a lrkq ,nk
uKav, iïnkaOfhka jHjia:d f.dvk. kakka ue;sjrK
39
l%ufha úl,am o ks¾foaY lr we;' ta wkqj tu uKav,j,g
kdu fhdackd bÈßm;a l< yels h' ienE flgqïm;a lsÍfï
ld¾hhg úúO ksfhdackh ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h' th lñgqjla
fyda fldñiula úh yels h'
fmdÿck wfmalaIdj fidhd .ekSug" m%cd;ka;S%h
tlÕ;djhg l%ufõohka ;sìh hq;= h' tfy;a .egqïj,ska
ydkshg iy úfNaokh jQ iudchl fmdÿ wfmalaIdj
;SrKh lsÍfï § m%cd;ka;S%h l%u ;rï wNsfhda.hg ,lajk
;j;a fohla ke;s ;rï h' úfYaIfhka u ue;sjrK fyda
jHjia:dodhl nyq;rhla ;sfnk úg tfia isÿfõ' foaYmd,k
fn§ï nyq, jQ úg ue;sjrKhlska fmdÿck wfmalaIdj
ms<sìUq fkdfõ' tys m%;sM, mjd wNsfhda.hg ,lajkq we;'
jHjia:dkql+, iy;slhka W,a,x>kh jkafka kï nyq;r
Pkaoh mjd idOdrK jkafka ke;' fnÿKq idudchl
mq¿,a;u tlÕ;djla ,nd .ekSu l,a.;jk jevls' bkaÈhdj
óg fyd|u WodyrKhls'
ckjd¾.sl;ajh" cd;sl;ajh" l=,h iy fjk;a m%fNaoj,
msßi m%cd;ka;S%hlrKhg iydh §u .ek wúksYaÑ; ;;ajhg
m;ajkafka ;ukag thska jdishla fõo keoao hkq iel
ksid h' tfyhska jHjia:dfõ úúO;ajhg bv lv ie,iSu
hym;a mgka .ekaula fõ' tfyhska úúO;ajh wdrlaId
lsÍug iEfyk úl,amhla u.ska whs;sjdislï /lSu iaÓr
m%fõYhls' iq¿;rhkaf.a iy wdÈjdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï
kso¾Yk fõ' ffk;sl yd wêlrK úúO;ajh ms<s.ekSu
m%fhdackj;a h' tfy;a jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka wêlrK
l%u w;r mriamr;d úi|d .ekSug Wkkaÿ úh hq;= h'
40
 flfia fj;;a" úl,amhka f;dard .ekSfï§ kef.k
m%Yakh r|d mj;skafka tys mrud¾:h u; h' úúO;ajh fmdÿ
mokulska ie,flkjdo@ ish¨ lKavdhï ks,jYfhka
m%Odk Odrdjg wh;a f,i ms<s.efkkjdo@ Bg úl,am
jYfhka rlaIs; j.ka;s fyda iajmd,k iy;sl u.ska
úúO;ajh ms<s.kakjdo hk m%Yak we;sfõ' tfy;a fomig
fn§fï m%jK;dj we;s iudchkays m%Yakj,g fidhk úi÷ï
;j;a m%Yakj,g fya;=ldrl fõ' tjeks miqìul § jHjia:d
f.dv k.kakka m%;sm;a;s fyda uQ,O¾u" kS;sÍ;s" wdh;k
wÈh nyq;rhkaf.a foaYmd,kfhka wdrlaId l< hq;= h'
m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï wkqj kï wd.ñl" jd¾.sl" cd;sjd§ iy
;j;a tjeks lKavdhï ;ukag jdisodhl fhdackd ^foaYiSud
fhdackd we;=¿j& cd;sl jHjia:dj,g we;=¿ l<fyd;a th
iduQysl m%h;akhg ndOdjla úh yels h' by< k.skakg
yok iudc lKavdhï iy foaYmd,k mlaI yefokafka
mqrjeishka fjkafldg y÷kd .ekSfuks' foaYmd,k mlaI
ikaOdk iy ish jdish i|yd jQ ixúOdk wiudk;djh
fmdÿ foaYmd,kh njg yrjd .kq we;' Tjqka jefvkafka
mqrjeishd uq,afldg .ekSfuks'

4'5 kS;sfha wdêm;Hh

wka;sfï§ jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï m%uqL mrud¾:h jkafka
tlÕ;d ix.%y.; lsÍu h' bkamiq tu fm< fhÿu wêfYa%IaG
kS;sh jYfhka wêlrK u.ska ls%hd;aul lsÍu isÿfõ'
kS;sfha wdêm;Hh w.h l< hq;= jkafka th foaYmd,k
ls%hdjka md,kh lrk fyhsks' jHjia:d ls%hdj,sh ie,iqï
lsÍu foaYmd,k mlaI jqjukdlï úiska muKla l<fyd;a

41
Tjqkaf.a n,h iu. l<yels fohla b;sß fkdfõ' ta ksid
hï wdldrhl kS;Hdkql+, Ndjhla msysgqùu jeo.;a fjhs'
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su mjd hï kS;sÍ;s rduqjl ls%hd;aul
úh hq;= h' th ls%hd;aul lsÍfï §" lS%vd msáfha kS;s Í;s yeu
lS%vlhdg u iudkh hk ß;sh Ndú; l< yels jkq we;'
hym;a" m%;sM,hla jYfhka" ck Ôú;fha iEu wxYhlau
;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka kS;sfha wdêm;Hh nj iaÓrj mejish
yels h' jHjia:dj by<u kS;sh nj ;SrKh lrk ffk;sl
ie,eiaula fyda l%uhla yeu rglg u we;' tu ffk;sl
rduqj jHjia:d fjkia lsÍula i|yd o Ndú; l< yels h'
th b;d ÿ¾j, kï fyda fkdmj;S kï w;=re jHjia:djla
fyda merKs jHjia:djla fyda jyd ia:dk.; l< hq;= h'
w¨;a jHjia:djlska mj;sk kS;s Í;s neyer lsÍfï
yelshdj ksid l=ula isÿfõo hkq tla .eg¨jls' w¨;a kS;s
moaO;shla msysgqùfï§ mj;sk kS;s ish,a, neyer l< hq;=o@
iuyr kS;s /l.; hq;=kï ta fudkjdo@ fld;rï ld,hlg
o@ ol=Kq wms%ldfõ§ kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï .eg¨jla
we;s jQfha ;sfnk kS;s /l.; hq;=o keoao hk lreK
iïnkaOfhks' tys w¨;a jHjia:dfjka m<d;a md,kh
neyer fldg ;snqKq kuq;a ta fjkqjg we;s l< kj wdh;k
ls%hd;aulùug ld,hlafkd;sìKs' tu wjia:dfõ§ ckdêm;s
fk,aika uekafv,d ;u úOdhl n,h fhdoñka w¨;a kS;s
Í;s hgf;a m<d;a md,kh h<s ls%hd;aul lf<a h' miqj fuu
úOdhl ls%hdj jHjia:dkql+, o hk wêlrK wNsfhda.h
t,a, úh' ulaksido" uQ,sl jYfhka n,;, fjkaj mej;Su
jHjia:dfjka ms<sf.k we;s ksid;a" jHjia:dodhlhg ish
kS;s ye£fï n,h mjrdÈh fkdyels jQ ksid;a h' tjeks
42
wjia:djl § jHjia:dodhlh ksis ueÈy;aùu lrk ;=re
úOdhlhg iqÿiq mßÈ ls%hd lsÍfï n,h mejÍfï fjki isÿ
leßK' merKs kS;sh ls%hd úrys; jQ úg§ úOdhl ksfhda.
hla u.ska m%;sl¾u fh§u yer fjk;a úl,amhla ke;'
jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ w;S; kS;s bj;a l< úg ixl%dka;sl
úl,amhka fh§u l<hq;= fohls'
w¨;a jHjia:djla we;s ù w¨;a ffk;sl meje;aula
we;s jqjo iuyr mej;=ï wfydais fkdjkq we;' tkï( fmr
ffk;sl meje;au ;=< jQ mqjeis whs;sjdislï wfydais fkdjkq
we;'

43
 úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh
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ISBN : 978-955-4746-57-2