LINEAR ALGEBRA EXERCISE SOLUTION

à ! à !
2 2
5 −2 x
31. (a) Q 1 (x, y) = 5x + 5y − 4x y = Ax, where A = and x = .
−2 5 y
 
p1 − p1
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2 . Then P is an orthogonal matrix such that P T AP =
3 0
Let P =  12 .
p p1 0 7
2 2  
p1 x + p1 y
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′
x
Let x′ = ′ = P T x =  21 2 . Then Q (x, y) = 3(x ′ )2 + 7(y ′ )2 .
1
y − x+ 1 y
p p
2 2    
7 −2 0 x
2 2 2
   
(b) Q 2 (x, y) = 7x + 6y + 5z − 4x y + 4y z = Ax, where A =  −2 6 2 and x =  y .
  
0 2 5 z
   
− 1 2 − 23 3 0 0
 3 3 T
2 1 2 
  
Let P = − 3 3 3 . Then P is orthogonal such that P AP = 0 6 0
 
.
2 2 1
0 0 9
 3 3 3  
1 2 2
x′ − x − 3y + 3z
T
 3 ′ 2 ′ 2 ′ 2
Let x =  y  = P x =  23 x + 13 y + 23 z 
′
  
′
. Then Q 2 (x, y, z) = 3(x ) + 6(y ) + 9(z ) .
  
z′ − 32 x + 23 y + 31 z
32. (a) λ1 x 12 + λ2 x 22 + λ3 x 32 ≥ λ1 x 12 + λ1 x 22 + λ1 x 32 = λ1 (x 12 + x 22 + x 32 ) = λ1 .
Moreover, λ1 is attained at (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (1, 0, 0). So λ1 is the minimum value.
λ1 x 12 + λ2 x 22 + λ3 x 32 ≤ λ3 x 12 + λ3 x 22 + λ3 x 32 = λ3 (x 12 + x 22 + x 32 ) = λ3 .
Moreover, λ3 is attained at (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = (0, 0, 1). So λ3 is the maximum value.
(b) Let A be a symmetric order 3. There exists an orthogonal matrix P of order 3
 matrix of 
λ1 0 0
such that P T AP =  , where λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ λ3 are the eigenvalues of A.
 
 0 λ2 0 
0 0 λ3
Let v = P T u = (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )T . Then u is a unit vector if and only if v is. Since
 
λ1 0 0
uT Au = v T   v = λ1 x 2 + λ2 x 2 + λ3 x 2 ,
 
 0 λ2 0  1 2 3
0 0 λ3

values of u Au for ∥u∥ = 1 are λ1 and λ3 respectively.

T
the minimum and the maximum

1 0 0
 
The eigenvalues of Q = 0 2 0

 are 1, 2, 3; so min = 1 and max = 3.
0 0 3
 
2 −1 0
  p p p p
The eigenvalues of Q = 
 −1 2 −1  are 2− 2, 2, 2+ 2; so min = 2− 2, max = 2+ 2.

0 −1 2
1
 LINEAR ALGEBRA EXERCISE SOLUTION 2

(x − 1)2 (y + 2)2
33. (a) Ellipse, + p = 1.
12 (1/ 2)2
(b) Parabola: (x − 2)2 = −4y.
(x ′ )2 (y ′ )2
(c) Let x ′ = p1 x + p2 y and y ′ = − p2 x + p1 y. Hyperbola: − p = 1.
5 5 5 5 22 ( 8/3)2
(x ′ )2 (y ′ )2
(d) Let x ′ = p1 x + p1 y and y ′ = − p1 x + p1 y. Ellipse: + p = 1.
2 2 2 2 22 (2 3)2
(x ′ )2 (y ′ )2
(e) Let x ′ = 45 x + 35 y and y ′ = − 35 x + 45 y. Hyperbola: p − p =1
( 3/2)2 ( 3)2
p
′ 1 2 ′ 2 1 (x ′ − 5)2 (y ′ )2
(f) Let x = p x − p y and y = − p x + p y. Ellipse: p + p = 1.
5 5 5 5 ( 6)2 ( 3)2
(g) Let x ′ = p3 x + p1 y and y ′ = − p1 x + p3 y. Parabola: (x ′ − 1)2 = −4(y ′ + 2).
10 10 10 10
à ! à ! à !
T
1 0 x′ T
x
34. Let P be an orthogonal matrix such that P AP = . Let ′ = P . Then
0 4 y y

8 = (x ′ )2 + 4(y ′ )2 .
(x ′ )2 (y ′ )2
This is an ellipse with standard form p + p = 1.
(2 2)2 ( 2)2