Chapter 1-Number System

Digital Electronics
EE008-3-2-DE / VE2
Number System
TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE
LESSON
• Number Bases
• Gray Code
• Representation of negative numbers
• Addition and Subtraction of Base 2, 16
and 8
EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• At the end of this topic, YOU should be

able to:
– Interpret the operation of digital circuits.
(C3, PLO2)

KEY TERMS YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO USE
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able

to use the following terms correctly in your
assessments: -
– Binary
– Hexadecimal
– Decimal
– Octal
– Signed
– Gray code

NUMBER BASES
• Decimal (Base 10) 0~9
• Binary (Base 2) 0~1
• Octal (Base 8) 0~7
• Hexadecimal (Base 16) 0~F

NUMBER BASES
Fig. 1.1: Number bases

BINARY NUMBER
• The binary number system has two digits:

– 0 represents the no voltage or an off state
– 1 represents the presence of voltage or an on state
• The binary numbering system has a base of 2 with
each position weighted by a factor of 2:

BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
Example 1.1
Convert the binary whole number 1101101 to decimal
Weight 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Binary Number 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
• Therefore 1101101 = 1 x 26 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23+ 1 x 22 +

1 x 20
= 64 +32 +8 +4 +1
= 109
Binary Fractions-to-Decimal Conversion
Example 1.2
Convert the fractional binary number 110.1011 to decimal
• Therefore 110.1011 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 2-1+ 1 x 2-3 + 1 x 2-4

= 4 + 2 +0.5 +0.125+0.0625
= 6.6875

Exercise 1.1
• 100112
• 11100112
• 101010.1112
• 1110010.1112
• 0101112
• 00011100.10112
• 1000001.0112
• 010101.12

Exercise 1.1
• 100112
• 11100112
• 101010.1112
• 1110010.1112
• 0101112
• 00011100.10112
• 1000001.0112
• 010101.12

DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

• Decimal fractions can be converted to binary by

repeated multiplication by 2
Example 1.3
Convert the decimal fraction 0.3125 to binary

Decimal Fractions-to-Binary Conversion
• Repeated Multiplication-by-2 method

Example 1.4
• Solution:
– Since 0.110 = 0.000110011001100112
– The repeating pattern is more obvious if
we highlight it in color as below:
0.1 (decimal) = .00011001100110011 . . . (base 2)
– Therefore 0.110 = 0.00 011


• INTEGER DIGIT:
– Repeated division by the radix & record the remainder
• FRACTIONAL DECIMAL:
– Multiply the number by the radix until the answer is in integer
Example 1.4

2 5 = 12 + 1
2
12 = 6 + 0
2
6 = 3 + 0
2
3 = 1 + 1
2
1 = 0 + 1
2 MSB LSB
2510 = 1 1 0 0 1 2
Carry .0 1 0 1
0.3125 x 2 = 0.625 0
0.625 x 2 = 1.25 1
0.25 x 2 = 0.50 0
0.5 x 2 = 1.00 1
The Answer: 1 1 0 0 1.0 1 0 1

Exercise 1.2
1. 1010
2. 101.5937510
3. 49. 32510
4. 21.510
5. 21610
6. 14510
7. 98.07510
8. 12710

Exercise 1.2
1. 1010
2. 101.5937510
3. 49. 32510
4. 21.510
5. 21610
6. 14510
7. 98.07510
8. 12710

HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
BASE 16
• The Hexadecimal (HEX) number system has a base of
sixteen as shown in the Table.
• It is composed of 16 numeric and alphabetic characters
• Hexadecimal digit represent a 4-bit binary number.
DECIMAL BINARY HEX
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F

BINARY-TO-HEX CONVERSION
Example 1.5
Convert the following binary numbers to hex:
a) 1100101001010111
b) 111111000101101001
Solution
• Convert, each 4-bit group to the equivalent hex, starting
at the most right bit
(a) 11001010 01010111 (b) 0011111100 0101101001 = 3F169
C A 5 7 = CA57 3 F 1 6 9

HEX-TO-BINARY CONVERSION
Example 1.6
Determine the binary number for the following hex numbers
a) 10A4
b) CF8E
c) 23.A3
Solution
• Reverse the process. Convert each hex digit to a 4 digit
binary number

HEX TO BIN & BIN TO HEX
CONVERSION
Exercise 1.3
Convert the following binary numbers to their hexadecimal
equivalent (vice versa).
a) 10000.12
b) 1F.C16
Solution:
a) 10.816
b) 00011111.11002

HEX-TO-DECIMAL CONVERSION
• Multiply each hexadecimal digit by its weight (weight is 16

power of digit location)
• Sum all the multipliers.
Example 1.7
Determine the decimal number for the following hex numbers
a) BE = B 16 + E 16 = 1116 + 14 1 = 190
1 0
b) 54 = 5 161 + 4 160 = 5 16 + 14 1 = 84

DECIMAL-TO-HEX CONVERSION
• Repeated division of a decimal by 16 will produce the

equivalent hexadecimal number
Example 1.8
Determine the hex number for the following decimal numbers:
a) 84 = 5416
b) 190 = BE16

OCTAL NUMBERS
BASE 8
• The Octal number system is composed of 8 digits, which
are; 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 as shown in table below

BINARY-TO-OCT CONVERSION
Example 1.9
Convert the following binary numbers to octal:
a) 1100101001010110
b) 1111.0001011011
Solution
• Convert, each 3-bit group to the equivalent octal,
starting at the most right bit
a) 1451268
b) 17.05548

OCT-TO-BINARY CONVERSION
Example 1.10
Determine the binary number for the following octal
numbers
a) 124
b) 276
Solution
• Reverse the process. Convert each octal digit to a 3digit
binary number

OCT TO BIN & BIN TO OCT
CONVERSION
Exercise 1.4
Convert the following binary numbers to their octal
equivalent (vice versa).
a) 1001.11112
b) 47.38
c) 1010011.110112
Solution:
a) 11.748
b) 100111.0112
c) 123.668
OCTAL-TO-DECIMAL CONVERSION
• Multiply each octal digit by its weight. (weight is 8 power

of digit location)
• Sum all the multipliers.
Example 1.11
Determine the decimal number for the following octal numbers
a) 1248 = 1 82 + 2  81 + 4  80 = 64 + 16 + 4 = 8410
b) 2768 = 2  82 + 7  81 + 6  80 = 128 + 56 + 6 = 19010

DECIMAL-TO-OCTAL CONVERSION
• Repeated division of a decimal by 8 will produce the

equivalent octal number
Example 1.12
Determine the octal number for the following decimal numbers:
a) 84 = 1248
b) 276 = 4248

BINARY CODED DECIMAL
• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a way to express each of the decimal

digits with a binary code
• Only ten code groups in a BCD system (0 to 9).
• IF the number contains two decimal digits, then it’s equivalent BCD
will be the respective eight binary of the given decimal number.
• Four for the first decimal digit and next four for the second decimal
digit.
• Forms the easy interface between man machine- e.g keypad inputs
and digital readouts

DECIMAL-TO-BCD CONVERSION
Example 1.13
Find the equivalent BCD for the following decimal numbers
a) 1210
Solution
a) Decimal to BCD
1210 = 00010010BCD

BCD-TO-DECIMAL CONVERSION
Example 1.14
Find the equivalent BCD for the following decimal numbers
a) 10000110BCD
b) 001101010001BCD
Solution

BCD CODING VS. STRAIGHT BINARY
CODING
• BCD coding is easier
13710 = 000100110111BCD
The BCD code is 0001 0011 0111 The straight binary code is 100010012
BINARY CODED DECIMAL

GRAY CODE
• Unweighted (no specific weight assigned to the bit position)

• Can’t be used in arithmetic circuits
• Only 1 bit changes from one code to the next sequence
• To reduce errors

BINARY TO GRAY CONVERSION
• The MSB in the Gray code is same as the corresponding MSB in the
binary number
• From left to right, add each adjacent pair of binary code to get the
next Gray code bit.
• Discard Carries
• Example , the conversion of the binary number 10110 to gray code
• Gray Code 11101

GRAY TO BINARY CONVERSION
• The MSB in the Binary number is same as the corresponding MSB in the
Gray code
• From left to right, add each binary code bit generated to the gray
code bit in the next adjacent position
• Discard Carries
• Example , the conversion of the gray code 11011 to binary number
• Binary 10010
GRAY TO BINARY CONVERSION
Exercise 1.5
Solution

REPRESENTATION OF
NEGATIVE NUMBERS
• Computer must be handle both positive and negative
numbers.
• 3 types of representation:
– Sign and magnitude (least used)
– 1’s complement
– 2’s complement (most important)

SIGN NUMBERS
SIGN -MAGNITUDE
• The representation of a signed binary number is
commonly referred to as the sign-magnitude notation
• The left-most bit is the sign bit and the remaining are the
magnitude bit.
• The magnitude bits are true binary for positive and
negative numbers.
• The left most bit in a binary number is the sign bit, which
tells you whether the number is positive or negative.
– A “0”sign bit indicates a positive number.
– A “1”sign bit indicates a negative number.

SIGN NUMBERS
SIGN -MAGNITUDE
Example 1.6
The decimal number +23 is expressed as an 8-bit signed
binary number using the sign-magnitude

SIGN NUMBERS
1’s complement
• Positive number in 1’s complement same as the positive sign-
magnitude numbers.
• E.g: +23 is 00010111
• The negative number is the 1’s complement of the
corresponding positive number

SIGN NUMBERS
2’s complement
• Positive number in 2’s complement same as the positive sign-
magnitude and 1’s complement forms.
• E.g: +23 is 00010111
• The negative number is the 1’s complement of the
corresponding positive number

SIGN NUMBERS
Example 1.7
Express the decimal +19 and -19 as an 8-bit number in the:
a) sign magnitude
b) 1’s complement
c) 2’s complement
Solution

DECIMAL VALUE OF SIGNED
NUMBERS

DECIMAL VALUE OF SIGNED
NUMBERS
Example 1.8
Determine the decimal values of the signed binary numbers:
Solution

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
(BINARY, DECIMAL , HEXADECIMAL,
OCTAL)
• Binary Addition

OCTAL)
• Binary Subtraction

OCTAL)
• Binary Multiplication

OCTAL)
• Binary Division

OCTAL)
• Hexadecimal Addition

OCTAL)
• Hexadecimal Subtraction

OCTAL)
• BCD ADDITION

QUICK REVIEW QUESTIONS

SUMMARY OF MAIN TEACHING
POINTS
• What was covered today:-

– Review decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal
number system
– Convert from one base number to another base
number
– Signed binary number ( sign-magnitude, 1’s and
2’s complement)
– Carry out arithmetic operation using signed
numbers

QUESTION AND ANSWER
SESSION
Q&A

WHAT WE WILL COVER NEXT
• Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

Chapter 1-Number System

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Digital Electronics

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 2

• At the end of this topic, YOU should be

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 3

• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 4

• Decimal (Base 10) 0~9

• Binary (Base 2) 0~1

• Octal (Base 8) 0~7

• Hexadecimal (Base 16) 0~F

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 5

Fig. 1.1: Number bases

• The binary number system has two digits:

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 7

• Therefore 1101101 = 1 x 26 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23+ 1 x 22 +

• Therefore 110.1011 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 2-1+ 1 x 2-3 + 1 x 2-4

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 9

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 10

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 11

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 12

• Decimal fractions can be converted to binary by

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 13

• Repeated Multiplication-by-2 method

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 14

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 15

The Answer: 1 1 0 0 1.0 1 0 1

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 18

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EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 21

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 22

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 23

• Multiply each hexadecimal digit by its weight (weight is 16

b) 54 = 5 161 + 4 160 = 5 16 + 14 1 = 84

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 24

• Repeated division of a decimal by 16 will produce the

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 25

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• Multiply each octal digit by its weight. (weight is 8 power

b) 2768 = 2  82 + 7  81 + 6  80 = 128 + 56 + 6 = 19010

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 30

• Repeated division of a decimal by 8 will produce the

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 31

• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a way to express each of the decimal

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 32

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 33

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 34

• BCD coding is easier

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 36

• Unweighted (no specific weight assigned to the bit position)

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 37

• Gray Code 11101

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 40

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 41

EE008-3-2-Digital Electronics Ch1-Number Systems Slide 42

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