Numerical Simulation of Hydroacoustic

Using High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Method

Pranowo1
Henry M. Manik2
F. Soesianto3
Bambang Suhendro4
1&3
Computation Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University
2
Ocean Acoustic and Instrumentation Research Group, Department of Marine Science & Technology,
Bogor Agricultural Institute
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

Abstract
This paper reports on the development of high-order Discontinuous Galerkin
Method for simulating hydroacoustic on unstructured meshes. For simplification,
we assumed that hydroacoustic can be modeled by using linear Acoustic equations.
We negelected the variation of density and salinity. For validating the results, we
compared our numerical results with analytical solution and other numerical
schemes such as finite difference time domain (FDTD) and spectral element
method (SEM). The comparisons show that DGM is slightly more accurate than
SEM and much more accurate than FDTD.

Introduction
In recent years, the conservation and management of marine living resources like fish have
increasingly become important worldwide. In order effectively conserve and manage these
resources, it is important to investigate precisely the amount of fish in the ocean.

Indonesian seas are habitat for variety of economical fish. Conversely, the information on marine
and fisheries resources have many weakness like accuracy, comprehensiveness, and sustainability
of those data. In fact, the collection of those data needs a big capital or cost, and also influenced
by severe weather, and the verification of fish species and size are quite complicated to undertake
and analyze. The conventional method is the estimation of fish stock size where the catchability is
said to be critical factor. The natural mortality and mortality due to fishing activities are important
variable for the virtual population method. Furthermore, the problems of trawl survey method are
catchability and fish avoidance away from trawl net.

Based on above evidence, Manik and Rahmat (2009) developed direct method of fish stock
assessment in order to construct marine information technology using hydroacoustic remote
sensing. Many hydroacoustic remote sensing such as echo sounders have been effectively used
for up-to-date digital and computer technologies. Despite the experimental sonar development,
sonar technologists initiated the development of underwater acoustic modeling to improve sonar
system design and evaluation efforts,

In this paper, Acoustic equations, which described acoustic wave propagation, are solved using
DG method. High order Jacobi polynomials are used as basis functions. The elastodynamic
equations will be discretized using triangular mesh and explicit low-storage Runge-Kutta 4th
method is used as time integration method.

Governing Equations
Our approach of treating acoustic waves numerically is based on the theory of linearized Euler
Equations. We use the nondimensionalized velocity-pressure formulation as the governing
equations:

∂p
+∇•u (1a)
∂t

∂u
+ ∇p (1b)
∂t

Where u = [u v w]
T

Discontinuous Galerkin Method

The discontinuous galerkin (DG) method originally developed by Reed and Hill (1973) for
the solution of neutron transport problem. Le Saint and Raviart (1974) were the first to put the
method on a firm mathematical base. The technique lay dormant for several years before
becoming popular. Cockburn and Shu [1,2] developed DG method to solve convection-diffusion
problem and extended it to multidimensional systems case. Recently, the DG formulation of the
finite element method has been increasingly use in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [3,4],
computational electromagnetic (CEM) [5] and computational aeroacoustics (CAA) [ 6,7].
It is well known that highly accurate methods are required for long time simulations of wave
propagation, which are essentially non dispersive and non dissipation [8]. Many numerical
schemes such as finite difference and finite element are developed to study wave propagation.
Among the schemes, the DG method provides an attractive approach to solve problems
containing discontinuities, such as those arise in hyperbolic systems. The DG method allows
more general mesh configuration and interelement continuity is not required. The basis function
is discontinuous across mesh boundaries. Through a proper choices of flux computation points,
the method only requires communication between mesh that have common faces. No global
matrix invertion is required and the problem can be solved locally in each mesh. The DG method
can be regarded as cross between a finite volume and finite element method and it has many of
the good properties of both.
The discretization of DGM can be seen in (Hesthaven & Warburton, 2008) for more detail.
TO DO !!!
The semi discrete Equations is integrated in time marching by using five stage of fourth order 2N-
storage Runge-Kutta scheme as developed by Carpenter & Kennedy (1994). The final equations
are found as written in Eqs. (10) and (11) for the heat rate and the 5-stage of 2N-storage Runge-
Kutta algorithm respectively.

= L[t , q(t )]
dq
dt
dq j = Aj dq j −1 + dtL(q j )
q j = q j −1 + B j + dq j

q = [ p u v w]
T

where dt is the time step. The vectors A and B are the coefficients that will be used to determine
the properties of the scheme. The maximum time step is (Hesthaven and Warburton, 2001):

2h
∆t ≤
C p ( N − 1)
2

where C p is wave velocity and h is the smallest edge length of the element.

RESULTS
The first model we considered is two dimensional problem. The domain dimensions are 20 x 20.
The mesh is composed of 1184 triangular elements and the polynomial order is N=10. The
source is a Ricker wavelet function in time with central frequency f0 of 1 Hz and the position is

(x, y ) = (10,10 ) . Figure 2a – 2d showed the snapshots of pressure . We compared our numerical
results with analytical solution and other numerical schemes such as finite difference time domain
(FDTD) and spectral element method (SEM). The comparisons show that DGM is slightly more
accurate than SEM and much more accurate than FDTD.
 Fig. 1Two Dimensional Mesh

Fig. 2a. Pressure at t = 2 Fig. 2d. Pressure at t = 3

Fig. 2c. Pressure at t = 4 Fig. 2d. Pressure at t = 6

Fig.3 The Comparison

The second model we considered is 3D problem. The domain dimensions are 2 x 2 x 2 . The
mesh is composed of 52671 tetrahedral elements and the polynomial order is N = 4. We added
solid sphere with radius 0.25 in the middle of the domain. The walls, including sphere surface, are
assumed to be hard wall, so all incoming waves will be reflected back.

Fig.4a.Three dimensional Mesh Fig.4a.Cross section of 3-D Mesh

Figure 5a –5d showed the snapshots of pressure

Fig. 5a. Pressure at t = 0.076 Fig. 5b. Pressure at t = 0.229

 Fig. 5a. Pressure at t = 0.381 Fig. 5b. Pressure at t = 0.534

Fig. 5a. Pressure at t = 0.686 Fig. 5b. Pressure at t = 0.839

Conclusion
TO DO !!!

References
[1] Cockburn, Bernardo & Shu, Chi Wang, The Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for
Time-Dependent Convection-Diffusion Systems, ICASE Report 97-32, 1997.
[2] Cockburn, Bernardo & Shu, Chi Wang, The Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Finite
Element Method for Conservative. V. Multidimensional Systems, Journal of Computational
Physics 141, 199, 1998.

[3] Karniadakis, George E. and Sherwin, Spencer J, Spectral/hp Elements Methods for CFD,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
[4] Etter, Paul C., Underwater Acoustics Modelling and Simulation: Principles, Techniques
and Applications, Spon Press, New York.

[5] Hesthaven, J. S., Warburton, T., High-Order/Spectral Methods on Structured Grids: I.

Time-Domain Solution of Maxwell’s Equations, Research Report BrownSC-2001-3,
Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, 2001.

[6] Atkins, Harold L. and Shu, Chi Wang, Quadrature-Free Implementation of Discontinuous
Galerkin for Hyperbolic Equations, NASA AIAA paper 96-1683, 1996.

[7] Atkins, Harold L., Continued Development of The Discontinuous Galerkin Method for
Computational Aeroacoustic Applications, NASA AIAA paper 97-1581, 1997.

[8] Hu,Fang Qing, Hussaini, M.Y., and Rasetarinera, Patrick, An Analysis of Discontinuous
Galerkin Method for Wave Propagation Problems, Journal of Computational Physics 151,
921-946, 1999.

[10] Stanescu, Daniel, Hussaini, M. Y. and Farassat, F., Aircraft Engine Noise Scatering-A
Discontinuous Spectral Element Approach, AIAA Paper 2002-0800, 2002.

TO D O !!!