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Table of Contents
Contents
How Do Volcanoes Erupt?.........................................................................................................1
How hot is a Hawaiian volcano?................................................................................................1
How dangerous are pyroclastic flows?...................................................................................2
Is it dangerous to work on volcanoes?....................................................................................2
Where is the largest active volcano in the world?..................................................................3
Do volcanoes affect weather?.....................................................................................................3
How many active volcanoes are there on Earth?....................................................................3
Can an eruption at one volcano trigger an eruption at another nearby volcano?....................4

How Do Volcanoes Erupt?

Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing
substance called magma. Since it is lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises
and collects in magma chambers. Eventually, some of the magma pushes through vents
and fissures to the Earth's surface. Magma that has erupted is called lava.
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Volcan
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What is a volcano?

Lava Flows

Tephra and Ash

How hot is a Hawaiian volcano?

A VOLCANO IS A RUPTURE IN THE CRUST OF A PLANETARY-MASS
OBJECT, SUCH AS EARTH, THAT ALLOWS HOT LAVA, VOLCANIC ASH,
AND GASES TO ESCAPE FROM A MAGMA CHAMBER BELOW THE
SURFACE.
Very hot!! Here are some temperatures recorded at different times and locations:
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 The eruption temperature of Kīlauea lava is about 1,170 degrees Celsius (2,140
degrees Fahrenheit). 
 The temperature of the lava in the tubes is about 1,250 degrees Celsius (2,200
degrees Fahrenheit).
 The tube system of episode 53 (Pu'u O'o eruption) carried lava for 10 kilometers (6
miles) from the vent to the sea.

And,

 The color of incandescent rock gives a crude estimate of temperature. Yellow

indicates a temperature of about 1,000–1,200 degrees Celsius (1,832–2,192
degrees Fahrenheit). Orange indicates a slightly cooler temperature of about 800–
1,000 degrees Celsius (1,472–1,832 degrees Fahrenheit). Red is even cooler, about
600–800 degrees Celsius (1,112–1,472 degrees Fahrenheit).  
 The outer surface of erupting lava cools incred

How dangerous are pyroclastic flows?

A pyroclastic flow is a hot (typically >800 °C), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and
ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or
collapsing flow front. Pyroclastic flows can be extremely destructive and deadly because
of their high temperature and mobility. For example, during the 1902 eruption.
Below is a table that displays the countries with the greatest salt production.

Green
You are Pass!

Salt
produc
tion
Salt Producing Country Production (in millions)
United States 40.3
China 32.9
Germany 17.7
India 14.5
Canada 12.3
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Is it dangerous to work on volcanoes?

Volcanoes are inherently beautiful places where forces of nature combine to produce
awesome events and spectacular landscapes. For volcanologists, they're FUN to work on!
Safety is, however, always the primary concern because volcanoes can be dangerous places.
What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"?
Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock
that breaks through the Earth's surface.

Where is the largest active volcano in the world?

Rising gradually to more than 4 km above sea level, Hawaii’s Mauna Loa is the largest
volcano on our planet. Its submarine flanks descend to the sea floor an additional 5 km (3 mi),
and the sea floor in turn is depressed by Mauna Loa's great mass another 8 km (5 mi). This
makes the volcano's summit about 17 km (10.5 mi) above its base!
Volcanoes are Earth's geologic architects. They've created more than 80 percent of our
planet's surface, laying the foundation that has allowed life to thrive. Their explosive force
crafts mountains as well as craters. Lava rivers spread into bleak landscapes. 

Do volcanoes affect weather?

Yes, volcanoes can affect weather and the Earth's climate. Following the 1991 eruption
of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, cooler than normal temperatures were recorded
worldwide and brilliant sunsets and sunrises were attributed to this eruption that sent fine
ash and gases high into the stratosphere, forming a large volcanic cloud that drifted
around the world. The sulfur dioxide (SO2) in this cloud -- about 22 million tons --
combined with water to form droplets of sulfuric acid, blocking some of the sunlight from
reaching the Earth and thereby cooling temperatures in some regions by as much as 0.5
degrees Celsius. An eruption the size of Mount Pinatubo could affect the weather for
several years.
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How many active volcanoes are there on Earth?

Active volcanoes

1970

1980

1960

There are about 1,500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide, aside from the continuous
belts of volcanoes on the ocean floor at spreading centers like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge .
About 500 of those 1,500 volcanoes have erupted in historical time. Many of those are
located along the Pacific Rim in what is known as the " Ring of Fire ." In the United.

Can an eruption at one volcano trigger an eruption at

another nearby volcano?
There are a few historic examples of simultaneous eruptions from volcanoes or vents
located within about 10 km of each other, but it's very difficult to determine whether one
eruption caused the other. To the extent that these erupting volcanoes or vents have
common or overlapping magma reservoirs and hydrothermal systems, magma rising to
erupt.

Calcium 15
Sodium 10
Potassium 10

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1) One volcanic eruption will trigger another
schedule.
i) Eruptions get bigger the longer they last They are typically placed on
ii) A volcano is "due" for a massive eruption the left, right, top or bottom
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Super-eruptions Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
extinctions 12 23 34 45

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