Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.

, India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India

A.P, TELANGANA, KARNATAKA, TAMILNADU, MAHARASHTRA, DELHI, RANCHI
A right Choice for the Real Aspirant
ICON Central Office – Madhapur – Hyderabad
Read, Revise & Retain (R R R – Concept)
Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations
Angle

When a ray OA starting from its initial position OA rotates above its end point O and
takes the final position OB, we say that angle AOB ( written a AOB ) has been
formed.

The amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side to the terminal side is
called the measure of the angle

Positive and Negative Angles

An angle formed by a rotating ray is said to be positive or negative depending on

whether it moves in an anti-clockwise or a clockwise direction, respectively.

Measurement of Angles

There are three systems for measuring the angles, which are given below

1. Sexagesimal System (Degree Measure): In this system, a right angle is divided into 90
equal parts, called the degrees. The degrees. The symbol 1 is used to denote one degree
is divided into 60 equal parts, called the minutes and one minute is divided into 60
equal parts, called the called the seconds, Symbols 1' and 1'' are used to denote one
minute and one second, respectively.
i.e. 1 right angle  90 ,1  60',1'  60''

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
2. Circular System (Radian Measure): In this system, angle is measured in radian, A
radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by and arc , whose length is equal
length of arc
to the radius of the circle at the centre is equal to
radius
3. Centesimal System (French System): In this system, a right angle is divided into 100
equal parts, called the grades. Each grade is subdivided into 100 min and each minute is
divided into 100s.
i.e. 1 right angle=100 grades= 100 g ,1g  100',1'  100''

Relation between Degree and Radian

 180  22
(i)  radian = 180 
or 1 radian    5716'22'' where,    3.14159
   7
 
  
(ii) 1    rad  0.01746 rad
 180 
(iii) If D is the number of degrees , R is the number of radians and G is the number of grades
D G 2R
in an angle  , then  
90 100 
Length of an Arc of a Circle
If in a circle of radius r , and arc of length l subtend an angle  radian at the centre, t
then

l Length of a rc
  or l  r
r Radius

Trigonometric Ration For acute Angle

Relation between different sides and angles of a right angled triangle are called
trigonometric ratios or T-ratios.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Trigonometric ratios can be represented as

Perpendicular BC
sin    ,
Hypotenuse AC
Base AB
Cos   ,
Hypotenuse AC
Perpendicular BC
tan    '
Base AB
1
Cosec 
sin 
1 cos 1
sec  ,cos  
cos sin  tan 

Trigonometric (Or Circular) Function

Let X ' OX and YOY ' be the coordinate axes. Taking O as the centre and a unit radius,
draw a circle, cutting the coordinate axes at A, B, A ' and B ' , as shown in the figure.

 arc AP   l
 AOP  radiusOP  1   , using   r 
 

Now, six circular functions may be defined as

 i  cos   x  ii  sin   y
1 1
 iii  sec  , x  0  iv  cos ec  , y  0
x y
y x
 v  tan   , x  0  vi  cot   , y  0c
x y

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

Trigonometric function of some standard angles

Angle 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
1 1 3 3 1 1
Sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
Cos 1 0    1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
Tan 0 1 3   3 1  0
3 3
1 1
Cot  3 1 0  1  3 
3 3
2 2
Sec 1 2 2  2  2  1
3 3
2 2
Cosec  2 2 1 2 2 
3 3

Graph of Trigonometric Functions

1. Graph of sin x

i 
Domain  R  ii  Range   1,1  iii  Period  2
2. Graph of cos x

i  Domain  R  ii  Range   1,1  iii  Period  2

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
3. Graph of tan x


i  Domain  R   2n  1 , n  I
2
 ii  Range   , 
 iii  Period  
4. Graph of cot x

 i  Domain  R  n , n  I  ii  Range   ,    iii  Period  

5. Graph of sec x


i  Domain  R   2n  1 , n  I
2
 ii  Range   , 1  1, 
 iii  Period  2

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

6. Graph of cos ec x

 i  Domain  R  n , n  I
 ii  Range   , 1  1,  
 iii  Period  2
Note sin   1, cos sec  1, cos ec  1 for all value of  , for which the function are
defined

Trigonometric Function in Terms of sine and cosine Function

Given below are trigonometric function defined in terms of sine and cosine functions

1 1
 i  sin   or cos ec 
cos ec  sin 

1 1
 ii  cos  or sec 
sec  cos 

1 cos 1 sin 
 iii  cot    or tan   
tan  sin  cot  cos

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

An equation involving trigonometric function which is true for all those angles for
which the function are defined is called trigonometric identity.

 i  cos 2   sin 2   1 or 1  cos 2   sin 2  or 1  sin 2   cos 2 

 ii  1  tan 2   sec2  or tan 2   sec2   1or sec2   tam 2  1
 iii  1  cot 2   cos ec 2 or cot 2   cos ec 2  1or cos ec 2  cot 2   1

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Transformation of One Trigonometric Function to another Trigonometric Function

Trigonome
tric sin  cos tan  cot  sec cos ec
function

sin  sin  1  cos2   tan  1 sec2   1 1

1  tan  2
1  cot 2  sec cos ec

cos 1  sin 2  cos

1

1  tan  2
cot 

1  cot  2
1
sec
 cos ec 2  1
cos ec 

sin 
1  cos2   1 1
tan  1  sin 2 
cos
tan 
cot 
sec2   1  cos ec2  1

1  sin 2  cos
1 1
cot 
sin 

1  cos 2   tan 
cot 
sec2   1  cos ec2  1

1
1 cos ec 
1  cot 2 
sec 1  sin 2 
cos
1  tan 2   cot 
sec  cos ec2  1

1 sec
cos ec
1 1  tan2   
1  cot 2   cos ec
sin  1  cos2   tan  sec2   1

Note above table applicable only when   0 ,90  

Sign of Trigonometric Functions in different Quadrants

If we draw two mutually perpendicular (intersecting) lines in the plane of paper, then
these lines divide the plane of paper into four parts, known as quadrants.

In anti-clockwise order, these quadrants are numbered as I,II,III and IV. All angles from
0 , to 90 are taken in I quadrant, 90 to 180 in II quadrant, 180 to 270 III quadrant
and 270 to 360 in IV quadrant,

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

II Quadrant  
  1 Quadrant  0    
     2
2 
All trigonometric function
sin  and cos ec  are
are positive..
positive

90    and 180     360    and 90   
180  90

270 360
 3   3 
III quadrant       IV Quardrant     2 
 2   2 
tan  and cot  are positive cos and sec  are positive.
180    and  270     270    and 360   
Trigonometric Ratios

of some special Angles

1   1
Angle 7 15 18 22 36
2 2

4 2  6 3 1 5 1 2 1 1
sin  10  2 5
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4

4 2  6 3 1 1 2 1 5 1
cos 10  2 5
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4

5 1 10  2 5
tan   3 2  
2 1 2 3
10  2 5
2 1
5 1

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Trigonometric Ratios (or Functions)of Allied Angles

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple
of 90 , the angles  ,90   ,180   , 270   , 360   etc., are angle allied to the  ,
if  is measured in degrees.

Allied
sin  cos ec cos sec tan  cot 
Angles

  sin   cosec cos sec  tan   cot 

90   cos sec sin  cos ec cot  tan 

90   cos sec  sin   cosec  cot   tan 

180   sin  cos ec  cos  sec  tan   cot 

180    sin   cosec  cos  sec tan  cot 

270    cos  sec  sin   cosec cot  tan 

270    cos  sec sin  cos ec  cot   tan 

360    sin   cosec cos sec  tan   cot 

Trigonometric Function of compound Angles

The algebraic sum of two or more angles are generally called compound angles are
known as the angles are known as the constituent angle. Some standard formulae of
compound angles have been given below.

(i) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

(ii) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(iii) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
(iv) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(v) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
(vi) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
cot Acot B  1
(vii) cot  A  B  
cot B  cot A
cot A cot B  1
(viii) cot  A  B  
cot B  cot A

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Some important Results

(i) sin  A  B  sin  A  B   sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A

(ii) cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  sin 2 A
(iii) sin  A  B  C   cos A cos B sin C  cos A sin B cos C
 sin A cos B cos C  sin A sin B sin C
or sin  A  B  C   cos A cos B cos C  tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C 
(iv) cos  A  B  C   cos A cos B cos C  sin A sin B cos C
 sin A cos B sin C  cos A sin B sin C
or cos  A  B  C   cos A cos B cos C 1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A 
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
(v) tan  A  B  C  
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A
If A  B  C  0, then tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
(vi)  a  sin  A1  A2  ...  An    cos A1 Cos A2 cos A3....cos An 
 1  S3  S5  S7  ...
 b  cos  A1  A2  ...  An    cos A1 Cos A2 cos A3 ....cos An 
 1  S 2  S 4  S 6  ...
S1  S3  S5  S7  ...
 c  tan  A1  A2  ...  An  
1  S2  S4  S6  ...
where, S1  tan A1  tan A2  ...  tan An
 sum of the tan gents of the separate angles 
S2  tan A1 tan A2  tan A2 tan A3  ....
 sum of the tan gents taken two at a time 
S3  tan A1 tan A2 tan A3  tan A2 tan A3 tan A4  ....
 sum of the tan gents taken three at a time 
Note if A1  A2  ... An then we have
S1  n tan A, S2 n C2 tan 2 A, S3 n C3 tan3 A,....so on

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Transformation Formulae

(i) 2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 

(ii) 2cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
(iii) 2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
(iv) 2sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
C  D C  D
(v) sin C  sin D  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
(vi) sin C  sin D  2cos   sin  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
(vii) cos C  cos D  2cos   cos  
 2   2 
C  D C  D
(viii) cos C  cos D  2sin   sin  
 2   2 
C  D  DC 
 2sin   sin  
 2   2 

Trigonometric Functions of Multiple Angles

2 tan A
(i) sin 2 A  2sin A cos A 
1  tan 2 A
(ii) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  2cos 2 A  1
2 1  tan 2 A
 1  2sin A 
1  tan 2 A
2 tan A
(iii) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
(iv) sin3 A  3sin A  4sin3 A
3 3tan A  tan 3 A
(v) cos3 A  4cos A  3cos A tan3 A 
1  3tan 2 A
Trigonometric Function of sub-multiple Angles

A
2 tan
A A 2
(i) sin A  2sin cos 
2 2 1  tan 2 A
2
A
1  tan 2
A A A A 2
(ii) cos A  cos 2  sin 2  2cos2  1  1  2sin 2 
2 2 2 2 1  tan 2 A
2

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
A
2tan
(iii) tan A  2
A
1  tan 2
2
A
(iv) 1  cos A  2sin 2
2
A
(v) 1  cos A  2cos 2
2
1  cos A A
(vi)  tan 2
1  cos A 2
 A  A
(vii) sin    cos     1  sin A
2 2
 A  A
(viii) sin    cos     1  sin A
2 2

Some Important Results

1. Product of Trigonometric Ratio

1
(i) sin  sin 60   sin 60    sin3
   
4
1
(ii) cos cos 60   cos 60    cos3
   
4
(iii) tan  tan 60   tan 60    tan 3
   
1
(iv) cos36 cos 72 
4
1
(v) cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A....cos 2n 1 A 
n
2 sin A
 
sin 2n A

2. Sum of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) sin A  sin  A  B   sin  A  2 B   ...  sin  A   n  1 B 
 B  nB
sin  A   n  1  sin
 2 2

B
sin
2
(ii) cos A  cos  A  B   cos  A  2 B   ...  cos  A   n  1 B 
nB
sin
 2 cos  A   n  1 B 
B  
sin  2 
2

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
3. Identities for Angle of Triangle

If A, B and C are angles of a triangle  or A  B  C    , then

(i)  a  sin  B  C   sin A  b  cos  B  C    cos A

BC A BC A
 c  sin 
  cos  d  cos    sin
 2  2  2  2
(ii) sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C  4sin A sin B sin C
(iii) cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2C  1  4cos A cos B cos C
A B C
(iv) sin A  sin B  sin C  4cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(v) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
(vi) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4sin sin sin
2 2 2
(vii) cot B cot C  cot C cot A  cot A cot B  1
A B C A B C
(viii) cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
(ix) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Trigonometric Periodic Functions

A function f  x  is said to be periodic. If there exists a real number T  0 such that

f  x  T   f  x  for all x . T is call the period of the function all trigonometric function are
periodic.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) sin  ,cos cos ec and sec have a period of 2

(ii) tan  ,cot  have a period of 
(iii) Period of sin k is 2 / k
(iv) Period of tan k is  / k
(v) Period if sin n  ,cos n  ,sec n  and cos ec n is 2 , if n is odd and ,  if n is even
(vi) Period of tan n  ,cot n  is  , if n is even or odd
(vii) Period of sin  , cos  , tan  , cot  , sec  and cos es  is 

Period if sin   cos , tan   cot  , sec  cos es  is  / 2

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Maximum and Minimum Values of a Trigonometric Expression

(i) Maximum value of a cos  b sin   a 2  b2

Minimum value of a cos  b sin    a 2  b 2
(ii) Maximum value of a cos  b sin   c  c  a 2  b 2
Minimum value of a cos  b sin   c  c  a 2  b 2

Hyperbolic Functions

The hyperbolic functions sin h z , cish z ,cos ec h z,sec h z , cot h z are angles of the circular
function, defined by removing is appearing in the complex exponentials.
e x  e x
(i) sin h x 
2
e  e x
x
(ii) cos h x 
2
sin h x e x  e x
(iii) tan h x  
cos h x e x  e  x
1 2
(iv) cos ec h x  
sin h x e x  e  x
1 2
(v) sec h x  
cos h x e x  e  x
cos h x e x  e  x
(vi) cot h x  
sin h x e x  e x

Domain and Range of Hyperbolic Function

Hyperbolic function Domain Range

sin h x R R
cos h x R 1, 
tan h x R  1,1
cosec h x R  0 R  0

sec h x R  0,1
cot h x R  0 R   1,1

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Identities

(i) cos h2 x  sin h2 x  1

(ii) sec h2 x  tan h2 x  1
(iii) cot h2 x  cos ec h2 x  1
(iv) cos h2 x  sin h2 x  cos h 2 x

Formulae for the sum and Difference

(i) sin h  x  y   sin h x cos h y  cos h x sin h y

(ii) cosh  x  y   cos hx cos h y  sin h x sin h y
tan h x  tan h y
(iii) tan h  x  y  
1  tan h x tan h y

Formulae to transform the Product into sum or Difference

x y x y
(i) sin h x  sin h y  2sin h   cos h  
 2   2 
x y x y
(ii) sin h x  sin h y  2cos h   sin h  
 2   2 
x y x y
(iii) cos h x  cos h y  2cos h   cos h  
 2   2 
x y x y
(iv) cos h x  cos h y  2sin h   sin h  
 2   2 
(v) 2sin h x cos h y  sin h  x  y   sin h  x  y 
(vi) 2 cos h x sin h y  sin h  x  y   sin h  x  y 
(vii) 2cos h x cos h y  cos h  x  y   cos h  x  y 
(viii) 2sin h x sin h y  cos h  x  y   cos h  x  y 

Formulae for Multiples of x

2tan h x
(i) sin h 2 x  2sin hx cos h x 
1  tan h 2 x
2 2 2 2 1  tan h2 x
(ii) cos h 2 x  cos h x  sin h x  2cos h x  1  1  2sin h x 
1  tan h2 x
2 tan h x
(iii) tan h 2 x 
1  tan h 2 x
(iv) cos3hx  4cos h3 x  3cos h x
(v) cos3hx  4cos h3 x  3cos h x

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3tan h x  tan h3 x
(vi) tan h 3x 
1  3tan h 2 x

Important Formulae

1. (i) sin h 2 x  sin h 2 y  sin h  x  y  sin h  x  y 

(ii) cos h 2 x  sin h 2 y  cos h  x  y  cos h  x  y 
(iii) cos h 2 x  cos h 2 y  sin h  x  y  sin h  x  y 

2. (i) sin  i x   i sin h x (ii) cos  ix   cos h x

(iii) tan  ix   i tan h x (iv) cot  ix   i cot h x
v sin  ix   sec h x  vi  cos ec  ix   i cos ec h x

3. i  sin h x  i sin  ix   ii  cos h x  cos  ix 

 iii  tan h x  i tan  ix   iv  cot h x  i cot  ix 
v sec h x  sec  ix   vi  cos ec h x  i cos ec  ix 

Trigonometric Equations

And equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angle is called a
trigonometric equation.

Solution / Roots of Trigonometric Equation

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation, is called a solution or
root of the equation.

The trigonometric equation may have infinity number of solutions

(i) Principal Solution: The least value of unknown angle which satisfies the given
equation, is called a principal solution of trigonometric equation
(ii) General Solution: we know that trigonometric function are periodic and solution of
trigonometric equation can be generalised with the help of the periodicity of the
trigonometric functions. The solution consisting of all possible solution consisting of all
possible solution of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution
(iii) Some Important Results
i  sin   0    n , where n  z

 ii  cos  0     2n  1 , where n z
2
 iii  tan   0    n , where n  z

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n   
 iv  sin   sin    n   1  , where     ,  and n  z
 2 2
v cos  cos     2n   , where  0,   and n  z
  
 vi  tan   tan     n   , where    ,  and n  z
 2 2

 vii  sin 2   sin 2  , cos 2  cos2  , tan 2   tan 2    n    , where n  z


 viii  sin   1     4 n  1 , where n  z
2
 ix  cos  1    2n , where n  z
 x cos  1     2n  1  , where n  z



 xi  sin   sin  and tan   tan      2n   , where n  z
tan   tan  and cos  cos  
 xii  Equation of the form a cos   b sin   c
put a  r cos  and b  r sin  , where

r  a 2  b 2 and c  a 2  b 2
  2n     , n  I
c b
where,  cos 1 and   tan 1
a 2  b2 a

 a  if c  a 2  b 2 , equation has no olution

 b  if c  a 2  b 2 , equation is olution

n
 n 
 xiii  sin       1 2 cos , if n is odd
 2 
n
,
  1 2 sin  , if nis even
n 1
 n 
 xiv  cos       1 2 sin  , if n is odd
 2 
n
  1 2 cos  , if n is even

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 xv  sin 1  sin 2  ...  sin  n  n  sin 1  sin  2  ...  sin  n  1
 xvi  cos1  cos2  ..  cos n  n  cos1  cos 2  ...  cosn  1
 xvii  sin   cos ec   2  sin   1
 xviii  cos  sec  2  cos  1
 xix  sin   cos ec   2  sin   1
 xx  cos  sec  2  cos  1

Important Point to be Remembered

(i) While solving an equation, we have to square it, sometimes the resulting roots does not
satisfy the original equation
(ii) Do not cancel common factors involving the unknown angle on LHS and RHS. Because
it may be the solution of given equation

(iii) (a) Equation involving sec  or tan  can never be a solution of the form  2n  1 .
2

(b) Equation involving cos ec  or cot  can never be a solution of the form   n

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