Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Computational analysis of magnetohydrodynamic Casson and Maxwell

flows over a stretching sheet with cross diffusion
G. Kumaran a, N. Sandeep a,⇑, M.E. Ali b,⇑
a
Department of Mathematics, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper reports the magnetohydrodynamic chemically reacting Casson and Maxwell fluids past a
Received 20 November 2016 stretching sheet with cross diffusion, non-uniform heat source/sink, thermophoresis and Brownian
Received in revised form 9 December 2016 motion effects. Numerical results are obtained by employing the R-K based shooting method. Effects of
Accepted 12 December 2016
pertinent parameters on flow, thermal and concentration fields are discussed with graphical illustrations.
Available online 18 December 2016
We presented the tabular results to discuss the nature of the skin friction coefficient, reduced Nusselt and
Sherwood numbers. Dual nature is observed in the solution of Casson and Maxwell fluids. It is also
Keywords:
observed a significant increase in heat and mass transfer rate of Maxwell fluid when compared with
Chemical reaction
Casson fluid
the Casson fluid.
Maxwell fluid Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Stretching sheet
Soret and Dufour effect

Introduction [8] discussed the role of chemical reaction on isothermal vertical

Heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian fluids past a stretch-
ing/shrinking surface plays an important role in fluid dynamics.
This study has various applications in chemical engineering and
metallurgy. Heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian flows over
a stretching surface has various applications in the modern tech-
nology and geothermal engineering as well as other geophysical
and astrophysical bio-fluid studies. Also, it has the applications in
the field of manufacturing plastic production, cooling of elastic
sheets, fiber technology, polymer chemistry and engineering. The
heat transfer and flow properties of the Casson fluid are much
more essential for many industrial processes [1–3]. Hamad [4] pre-
sented the systematic solution by assuming the reaction of mag-
netic flow for the electrically conducting MHD flow past a
shrinking sheet. The convective boundary layer flow over a nano
porous stretching surface was discussed by Liao [5]. Anderson
et al. [6] analyzed the first order reaction in mass diffusion of
chemical reaction past a stretching/shrinking surface. The magne-
tohydrodynamic convective flow past a stretching sheet under the
radiation effect was studied by Seddek and Almushigeh [7]. In this
paper, they used two methods namely, secant and Runge-kutta
fourth order to solve the initial value problem. Muthucumarasamy
⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: sandeep@vit.ac.in (N. Sandeep), mali@ksu.edu.sa (M.E. Ali).
long stretching surface with suction. The role of MHD boundary
layer flow past a stretching/shrinking sheet was discussed by
Anjali Devi and Kandasamy [9].
Afify [10] examined the influence of chemical reaction and radi-
ation with magnetic parameter on mass transfer and MHD convec-
tive flow of heavy viscous, electrical conducting fluid over an
isothermal cone surface. The impact of heat and mass transfer of
Casson fluid on over a vertical shrinking sheet is investigated by
Kandasamy et al. [11]. Beg et al. [12] analysed the two dimensional
convective heat flow in a Darcy porous medium by using numerical
difference method. Eldabe and Salwa [13] was studied the Casson
fluid flow between two rotating cylinder. The heat and mass trans-
fer of Maxwell fluid past a stretching sheet with chemical reaction
was discussed by Mukhopadhyay [14,15] and Chamkha et al. [16]
and concluded that thermal and horizontal velocity decreases with
increasing convection profiles. Also found that rising the slip
parameter deadlines increasing heat transfer. The time dependent
of Casson fluid past a stretching surface was investigated by Awais
and Hayat [17].
Vyas and Ranjan [18] studied the MHD flow over a non-linear
stretching sheet through porous medium. The laminar convective
air flow over a vertical plate, occupation of chemical concentration
was discussed by Chamkha et al. [19] and found a numerical solu-
tion using Blottner difference method. Dursunkaya and Worek [20]
investigated the cross diffusion effects on transient free convective

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2016.12.011
2211-3797/Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
148 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155

Nomenclature

a non-negative constant T1 free stream temperature

B0 constant magnetic field ðkg=ðS2 AÞÞ k0 relaxation time
C1; Cf free stream and surface particle concentrations ðkg=m3 Þ Q0 heat generation/absorption coefficient
C nanoparticle concentration ðkg=m3 Þ k1 rate of chemical reaction
Cp specific heat ðJ=ðkg KÞÞ x; y cartesian coordinates ðmÞ
DT coefficient of thermophoretic ðm2 =sÞ u; v flow component along x and y directions ðm=sÞ
k thermal conductivity of the fluid ðW=ðm kÞÞ
DB coefficient of Brownian diffusion ðm2 =sÞ Greek symbols
Dm mass diffusivity r fluid electrical conductivity
C fx skin friction coefficient a thermal diffusivity ðm2 =sÞ
Cs concentration susceptibility b Casson parameter
vw suction/injection velocity k; c; d elastic, chemical reaction and heat generation/absorp-
kT thermal diffusion ratio tion parameters
f similarity variable g similarity independent variable
Bi Biot number h non dimensional temperature
Nux local Nusselt number m kinematic viscosity capacity of the nanoparticle mate-
Pr Prandtl number rial ðm2 =sÞ
Le Lewis number l dynamic viscosity ðkg=ðmsÞÞ
Sr Soret number qf fluid flow density ðkg=m3 Þ
Df Dufour number ðqC p Þf fluid heat capacity ðJ=ðm3 kÞÞ
Shx local Sherwood number ðqC p Þs heat capacity of the surface ðJ=ðm3 kÞÞ
M magnetic field parameter s nanoparticle to base fluid heat capacity ratio
S suction/blowing parameter /, w non dimensional nanoparticle concentration and stream
Nt thermophoresis parameter function
Nb Brownian motion parameter
T fluid temperature
Tf ; T1 surface fluid temperature ðKÞ

Fig. 1. Physical model of the problem.

flow over a vertical stretching surface. Kafoussias and Williams

[21] studied the mixed convective boundary layer viscous flow
with viscosity variation and cross diffusion. Free convective heat
transfer over a semi-infinite stretching surface is numerically
investigated by Alam et al. [22]. Alam and Rahman [23] discussed
the mixed convective flow on Soret and Dufour effects past a ver-
tical plate and concluded that the velocity and nano particle con- Fig. 2. Effects of M on velocity field.
centration boundary layer rises with wall suction. The effects of
cross diffusion on MHD flow of Casson fluid is investigated by
Hayat et al. [24]. Crane [25] studied the two dimensional viscous viscous fluid flow past a stretching sheet was investigated by
fluid flow over a stretching sheet and closed form solutions are Muhaimina et al. [27]. The mass diffusion and chemical reaction
extended under various physical aspects. effects on MHD flow past a stretching surface was studied by
Nadeem et al. [26] discussed the influence of Casson fluid on Takhar et al. [28]. Recently, the researchers [29–37] studied the
magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow past a stretching sheet heat transfer behavior of magnetohydrodynamic flows by consid-
and presented analytical solution for the differential system by ering various geometries. Very recently, the authors [38,39] stud-
using Adomain decomposition method (ADM). The boundary layer ied the heat transfer behaviour of MHD flow over a moving
 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155
Fig. 3. Effects of M on temperature field.
Fig. 4. Effects of M on concentration field.
geometry. Numerical and analytical investigations of heat and
mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids over various geometries
were discussed by the researchers [40–43].
By making use of the above studies, this paper reports the
magnetohydrodynamic chemically reacting Casson and Maxwell
fluids past a stretching sheet with cross diffusion, non-uniform
heat source/sink, thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects.
149
Fig. 5. Effect of Sr on temperature field.
Fig. 6. Effects Sr on concentration field.
Numerical results are obtained by employing the R-K based shoot-
ing method. Effects of pertinent parameters on flow, thermal and
concentration fields are discussed with graphical illustrations.
Mathematical formulation
Consider a magnetohydrodynamic flow of Maxwell and Casson
over a stretching surface placed along x-axis and y-axis is
150 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155

Fig. 7. Effects on Du on temperature field. Fig. 9. Effects of A on temperature field.

Fig. 8. Effects of Du on concentration field. Fig. 10. Effects of A on concentration field.

chemical reaction is of first order. We also considered cross diffu-

sion effects with Brownian movement and thermophoresis. We
perpendicular to it. A transverse magnetic field B0 functioned along ignored viscous dissipation and induced magnetic field effects.
flow direction as Fig. 1. We considered that the underlying part of With the assumptions stated above, the governing equation in
the sheet is filled with hot fluid. Here uw ¼ ax, (a is a constant) is a terms of similarity variable can be expressed [35,36]
stretched velocity of a sheet and T f is the fluid temperature near @u @ v
the boundary. We assumed an internal heat source along with þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@x @y
 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155 151

Fig. 11. Effects of Le on temperature field.

Fig. 13. Effects of Bi on temperature field.

Fig. 12. Effects of Le on temperature field. Fig. 14. Effects of S on velocity field.


@u @u 1 @2u @T @T @ 2 T Dm kT @ 2 C
u þv ¼v 1þ u þv ¼a 2þ
@x @y b @y2 @x @y @y C s C p @y2
! (

2 )
@2u @2u 2
2@ u @C @T DT @T kuw
 k0 u 2
þ 2uv þv þ s DB þ þ
@x2 @x@y @y2 @y @y T 1 @y xm



rB2 @u ðT w  T 1 Þ  u ðT  T 1 Þ
 0 k0 v þu ; ð2Þ  A þ B ; ð3Þ
qf @y qcp ax ðT w  T 1 Þ
152 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155

Fig. 17. Effect of Nt on concentration field.

Fig. 15. Effects of S on temperature field.

9
w ¼ f ðgÞðav Þ0:5 ; g ¼ yðav Þ0:5 ; u ¼ f ðgÞax; >
0
>
=
v ¼ f ðgÞðvaÞ0:5 ; T  T 1 ¼ hðgÞðT w  T 1 Þ; ð6Þ
>
>
CC 1
¼ ðC  C Þ; ;
/ðgÞ w 1

where wðx; yÞ is the stream function indicated by

u ¼ wy and v ¼ wx
By making use of Eq. (6), Eqs (1)–(4) is transform as


1 000 00 02 0 0 00 2 000
1þ f þ ðkM 2 þ 1Þff  f  M2 f  ð2ff f þ f f Þk ¼ 0;
b
ð7Þ

0
h00 þ Prðf h0 þ Nb/0 h0 þ Nth02 Þ þ PrDu/00 þ A f þ B h ¼ 0; ð8Þ

Nt 00
/00 þ Lef /0 þ h  cLe/ þ LeSrh00 ¼ 0; ð9Þ
Nb
with boundary conditions being
0
F 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1; h0 ð0Þ ¼ ð1  hð0ÞÞBi; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð0Þ ¼ S; hð1Þ
¼ 0; /ð0Þ ¼ 1; /ð1Þ ¼ 0; ð10Þ

The dimensionless parameters are given by

9
Nb ¼ ðDB ðqcp Þs ðC w  C 1 ÞÞ=ððqcp Þf v Þ; Nt ¼ ðDT ðqcp Þs ðT w  T 1 ÞÞ=ððqcp Þf v T 1 Þ; >
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi >
=
k ¼ ak0 ; M ¼ B0 r=ðqf aÞ;Sr ¼ ððT w  T 1 Þ=ðC w  C 1 ÞÞðDm kT =T m v Þ;S ¼ v w ðva Þ0:5 ;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi >
>
;
Fig. 16. Effect of S on concentration field. Du ¼ ððC w  C 1 Þ=ðT f  T 1 ÞÞðDm kT =C s C p Þ; Pr ¼ v =a;Le ¼ v =DB ;Bi ¼ ðhf =kÞ v =a;
ð11Þ

 It should be mentioned that and c < 0 and c > 0 respectively repre-

@C @C @2C Dm kT DT @ 2 T
u þv ¼ DB 2  k1 ðC  C 1 Þ þ þ ; ð4Þ sent the generative and destructive chemical reaction. The physical
@x @y @y Tm T 1 @y2
interest quantities are the reduced Nusselt number Nux , the reduced
the corresponding conditions are Sherwood number Shx and the skin friction coefficient C f :
) xqw xhm sw
u ¼ ax ¼ uw ; v ¼ v w; @T
@y
¼
hf ðT w TÞ
k
; C ¼ C w ; at y ¼ 0;
ð5Þ
Nux ¼
kðT f  T 1 Þ
; Shx ¼
DB ðW w  C 1 Þ
and C f ¼ 2 ;
quw
ð12Þ
uð1Þ ¼ 0; Cð1Þ ¼ C 1 ; Tð1Þ ¼ T 1 ;
Here qw ; hm and sw is the heat flux, mass flux and shear stress
we now introduce the similarity variables as respectively:
 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155 153

Fig. 18. Effect of Nb on concentration field.


Table 1 00 1
Validation of the present results for various values of Nt when
Re1=2
x C fx ¼ f ð0Þð1 þ kÞ 1 þ ; Shx ¼ /0 ð0ÞRex1=2 ; Nux
b
M ¼ k ¼ c ¼ Sr ¼ Du ¼ 0, Bi ¼ 0:1; Pr ¼ Le ¼ 10 and Nb ¼ 0:1.
¼ h0 ð0ÞRe1=2
x ; ð14Þ
Nt Makinde and Aziz [37] Present results

h0 ð0Þ u0 ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ u0 ð0Þ

where Rex ¼ xuw =v is the local Reynolds number.
0.1 0.0929 2.2774 0.09291 2.27744
0.2 0.0927 2.2490 0.09270 2.24905
0.3 0.0925 2.2228 0.09252 2.22282
0.4 0.0923 2.1992 0.09231 2.19921 Results and discussion
0.5 0.0921 2.1783 0.09210 2.17830

The reduced nonlinear ODE’s (8)–(10) with the conditions

Eq. (11) are solved by using R-K based shooting technique.
The effect of various parameters viz. Brownian moment Nb, Biot



@T @C number Bi, chemical reaction parameter c, magnetic field
qw ¼ k ; hm ¼ DB and sw
@y y¼0 @y y¼0 parameter M, thermophoresis Nt, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis


 number Le, Soret and Dufour numbers on common profiles (veloc-
1 @u
¼ ð1 þ kÞ 1 þ l ; ð13Þ ity, temperature and concentration) profiles and the friction factor,
b @y y¼0 reduced Nusselt and Shear wood numbers are discussed in detail.
In this study, we assumed the pertinent parameter values as
The non dimensional expressions of the friction factors, the reduced b ¼ 0:5; M ¼ 1; Pr ¼ 6; Bi ¼ 0:3; Le ¼ 0:6; c ¼ 0:2; Sr ¼ 0:5; Du ¼ 0:5;
Sherwood number, and the reduced Nusselt number are A ¼ 0:2 ¼ B .

Table 2
00
Values of f ð0Þ; h0 ð0Þ and  /0 ð0Þ for Casson flow.

M Sr Du A Le Bi S f
00
h0 /0

1 0.606941 0.014984 0.509186

2 0.743371 0.004065 0.480873
3 0.858354 0.032422 0.462590
0.5 0.606941 0.014984 0.509186
1.0 0.606941 0.009295 0.536507
1.5 0.606941 0.003744 0.566738
0.5 0.606941 0.014984 0.509186
1.0 0.606941 0.061509 0.533345
1.5 0.606941 0.139468 0.557992
0.5 0.606941 0.133189 0.562356
1.0 0.606941 0.380142 0.650971
1.5 0.606941 0.627096 0.739587
0.5 0.606941 0.023308 0.447966
1.0 0.606941 0.015252 0.729884
1.5 0.606941 0.048908 0.978069
0.1 0.619777 0.014692 0.546778
0.2 0.619777 0.025460 0.544664
0.3 0.619777 0.033692 0.543047
0.5 0.673367 0.085925 0.695980
1.0 0.745269 0.122874 0.915812
1.5 0.822342 0.144750 1.156769
154 G. Kumaran et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 147–155

Table 3
00
Values of f ð0Þ; h0 ð0Þ and  /0 ð0Þ for Maxwell flow.

M Sr Du A Le Bi S f
00
h0 /0

1 0.577419 0.018038 0.517563

2 0.707112 0.003767 0.490080
3 0.816497 0.016778 0.470806
0.5 0.577419 0.018038 0.517563
1.0 0.577419 0.012993 0.544835
1.5 0.577419 0.008052 0.574573
0.5 0.577419 0.018038 0.517563
1.0 0.577419 0.054981 0.540898
1.5 0.577419 0.129226 0.564605
0.5 0.577419 0.132674 0.572097
1.0 0.577419 0.383860 0.662985
1.5 0.577419 0.635045 0.753874
0.5 0.577419 0.026127 0.456161
1.0 0.577419 0.011299 0.738350
1.5 0.577419 0.043749 0.986097
0.1 0.585812 0.015492 0.556092
0.2 0.585812 0.026923 0.553875
0.3 0.585812 0.035705 0.552171
0.5 0.620580 0.085458 0.707203
1.0 0.666719 0.121152 0.928354
1.5 0.715769 0.142584 1.169797

Figs. 2–4 depict the flow, temperature and concentration fields parameters, Biot and Lewis numbers doesn’t showed a significance
for different values of magnetic field parameter. Increasing the val- influence on friction factor. But increasing values magnetic field
ues of magnetic field parameter boosting the thermal and concen- depreciate both Sherwood and Nusselt number. Rising the values
tration distribution and declines the flow field. Physically, rising of Lewis number, Dufour number enhances the reduced Sherwood
the magnetic field parameter produced the resistive force (Lorentz number depreciate the reduced Nusselt number. Suction/injection
force) to the flow. This force has tendency to suppress the velocity parameter and Biot number numbers have tendency to enhance
and expose the thermal and concentration fields. It is also noticed the heat transfer rate of the both fluids.
that thermal and concentration boundary layers of Maxwell fluid is
highly influenced by the Lorentz force when compared with the
Conclusions
Casson fluid. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the thermal and concentration
distribution for various values of Soret parameter Sr. It is clear that
Numerical analysis is performed on magnetohydrodynamic
the temperature and concentration fields are increases for rising
chemically reacting Casson and Maxwell fluids past a stretching
values of Sr. This may be due to the additional mass flux generated
sheet with cross diffusion, non-uniform heat source/sink, ther-
for increasing values of Sr.
mophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Results are obtained by
Increasing values of Dufour number boosts the thermal and
employing the R-K based shooting method. Effects of pertinent
concentration profiles as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Generally, rise
parameters on flow, thermal and concentration fields are discussed
in Dufour number improves the solutal and thermal buoyancy
with graphical illustrations. The main conclusions are follows:
forces. Figs. 9 and 10 represents the influence of A⁄ on thermal
and concentration profiles. Rising values of A⁄ increases both ther-
 Thermal and concentration distribution of Maxwell fluid is
mal and concentration fields. Generally, non negative values of A⁄
highly influenced by applied Soret and Dufour effects.
acts as heat generators. The effects of Lewis parameter on thermal
 Maxwell fluid is highly influenced by the Lorentz force when
and concentration distribution depicted in Figs 11 and 12. We
compare with Casson fluid.
observed a rise in temperature profiles with increasing values
 Biot number and suction/injection boosts the heat transfer rate
Lewis parameter. But reverse trend has been observed in concen-
of both fluids.
tration field.
The impact of Biot number on thermal field is displayed in Fig Friction factor and thermal profiles decreases for increasing the
13. We observed rise in the thermal field with boosting values of values of suction S. Thermophoresis and Brownian moment regu-
Biot number. In particular the influence of Biot number is high lates the thermal and concentration fields.
on Maxwell flow. These may happen due to reduced viscosity nat-
ure for increasing values of Biot number. Physically, increasing the
Acknowledgment
Biot number enhances the temperature difference. This leads to
increase the temperature profiles of the flow. Figs. 14–16 demon-
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scien-
strate the influence of S on the flow, thermal and concentration
tific Research at King Saud University for funding this work
distribution. We observed a fall in the thermal, concentration
through the research group project No RGP-080.
and velocity boundary layers for boosting values of suction/injec-
tion parameter. From Figs. 17 and 18 we noticed a rise and fall in
concentration fields for increasing values of thermophoretic and References
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