Results in Physics 7 (2017) 665–666

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Results in Physics
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Microarticle

Verifying of reciprocal relations for nonlinear quadripole in unsteady

mode
Alexey Bardin, Vyacheslav Ignatjev, Andrey Orlov ⇑, Sergey Perchenko
Volgograd State University, Bogdanova 32, Volgograd 400062, Russia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper deals with experimental verification of reciprocal relations of nonlinear quadripole for
Received 5 October 2016 unsteady mode in external magnetic field. We find out transients of measured voltages in the quadripole
Accepted 23 January 2017 after current switch. These transients are caused by changing of current–voltage characteristics (CVC) of
Available online 27 January 2017
quadripole. We propose the reciprocal relations for linear part of full resistance matrix and its experimen-
tal verification method based on algorithm of separation of resistance matrix linear part. It is shown that
2000 MSC: the proposed reciprocal relations are valid with 10
3 relatively accuracy even for non-stationary case in
41A05
external magnetic field.
41A10
65D05
Ó 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
65D17 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords:
Reciprocal relations
Nonlinearity
Quadripole

Reciprocal relations are the fundamental principle of the phy-
sics. Onsager proved the validity of them for linear and stationary
case [1]. Now conditions of reciprocal relations validity for differ-
ent physical systems are studied [2–4]. Theoretical and experimen-
tal analysis showed validity of reciprocal relations of linear part of
resistance matrix for homogeneous, stationary and isotropic sys-
tem [5] which is in the external magnetic field of Be [6]. Validity
of this reciprocal relations in nonstationarity case have not been
studied previously.
We find out transients of measured voltages in the quadripole
after current switch that can be explained by Joule self-heating
of the quadripole and currents magnetic self-action in it. Both non-
stationarity and nonlinearity of the system significantly increase
complexity of analysis and using research facility. Study of the
reciprocal relations in nonlinear quadripole with thermal caused
nonstationarity and nonlinearity is based on similiar technique
that is used for stationary case [7]. We describe quadripole by full
resistance matrix.




Rkm t; Be ; I ¼ RLkm t; Be þ RNL
km t; Be ; I ;
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: orlwork@inbox.ru (A. Orlov).
here t is a time; k and m are numbers of multipole port; I is a vector


of all currents flowed through the multipole ports; RLkm t; Be are
components of linear resistances matrix which doesn’t depend on
currents and which are responsible for Ohm’s law and Hall’s effect;


RNL
km t; Be ; I are components of matrix which are responsible for
non-linear phenomena. In supposed designations experimentally
checked nonstationary reciprocal relations have the form:




D t; Be ¼ RLkm t; Be
RLmk t;
Be  0: ð2Þ


Here D t; Be is a error function.
To experimentally verify the reciprocal relations of (2) we have
applied Hall transducer (Fig. 1) in the quadripole mode. So, it is
possible to register distinctly the influence of external magnetic
field of Be . Then for measuring of non-diagonal elements of full
resistances matrix (1) we should measure time variations of volt-
ages in two successive modes with a few values of current i:
ð1Þ
1. Port 2 is connected to the current source of i, and the voltage


u1 ðt Þ ¼ iR12 t; Be ; I ¼ f0; ig from port 1 is measured.
2. Port 1 is connected to the current source of i, and the voltage


u2 ðt Þ ¼ iR21 t; Be ; I ¼ fi; 0g from port 2 is measured.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.01.029
2211-3797/Ó 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
666 A. Bardin et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 665–666

Fig. 1. Structure of the research facility and geometry of Hall transducer.

Note that in the formula (1) all matrix elements should be mea-
sured simultaneously. In practice we can measure voltages in the
same conditions. For this purpose in each measuring mode we turn
off the current source from Hall transducer and maintain a pause
30 s for restoration of equilibrium. Then we set necessary current
value i and measure 100 samples of voltage during 0.5 s. Further
we imply that s is the time after setting of new current value i.
Measured voltages u1 ðsÞ and u2 ðsÞ contain errors caused by
thermal e.m.f of transducer contacts and the systematic errors
made by the measuring instruments. We exclude these errors
using current chopper measurement technique. Linear resistanáe
matrix elements can be separated from measured voltages by poly-
nomial approximation of CVCs [7].
We made experimental verification of reciprocal relations (2)
for Hall sensors of the type PHE602117, PHE606117. They are
thin-film Hall sensor, with the strongly alloyed InSb film placed
on the GaAs substrate.
Structure of the research facility is showed on the Fig. 1. We use
3-axis Helmholtz coil system, 3-channel digital controlled current
ðIx ; Iy ; Iz Þ source and non-calibrated 3-components Hall magne-
tometer for creating zero magnetic field in the space where trans-
ducer is placed. Magnetic field compensation algorithm allows us
to reduce geomagnetic field in 200 times and higher.
The 4th Helmholtz coils pair with digital controlled bipolar cur-
rent ðIa Þ source are used for setting additive magnetic field Be to the
zero field. Another digital controlled unipolar current source (i) is
connected to the researched port through commutating systems
(MUX). Instrumental amplifier (IA) and sigma-delta ADC are used
for measuring of quadripole voltages. All devices includes micro-
controller unit (MCU) for connection DACs of digital controlled cur-
rent sources with personal computer (PC). Digital buses between
devices are marked by crossed lines. Software allows to setup dif-
ferent modes of the study, described above.
Studied quadripole (see square with cross on the Fig. 1) placed
into the Helmholtz coils system center and connected with twisted
wires to the measuring system. Its substrate tied on the well ther-
mally conductivity alumina sheet by thermal compound. It
increases heating transfer from the active zone.
Fig. 2. Current–voltage curves for different value of s.
Current–voltage curves of quadripole for different values of
parameter s are placed on the Fig. 2. We can see significantly
changing in time and non-linearity of the curves. We suggest, that
these changes are connected with self-heating process and mag-


netic self-action. Obtained dependencies D s; Be are noise-like
then it is convenient to use averaged by s values.
Maximum values of the averaged error functions are about
25 lX for PHE606117A and 30 lX for PHE602117A and averaged
linear part of full resistance matrix are about 900 lX and 20 mX
respectively. Function has no clearly dependency from external
magnetic field Be . It seems reasonable to say that reciprocal rela-
tions (2) are valid within the measurement accuracy. These values
corresponds to accuracy of provided measurements about 6 lX
(60 nV) and are agreement with features of used in experimental
facility ADC AD7176-2 with preamplifier AD8429.
We experimentally verify validity of the classical reciprocal
relations for linear part of resistance matrix for nonstationary case
in the external magnetic field with 10
3 relatively accuracy. This
work was supported by a grant from RSF 15-19-00028 ‘‘Develop-
ment of the magnetic structural analysis technique and hybrid
expert system for on-line technical diagnostics of metal products
in the geomagnetic field.”
References
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[5] Balagurov BYa. J Exp Theor Phys 2014;118(6):971–5.
[6] Ignatjev V, Orlov A, Perchenko S. Prog Electromagnet Res Lett 2015;56:75–80.
[7] Ignatjev V, Orlov A, Perchenko S. Prog Electromagnet Res Lett 2016;59:71–5.