Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Viscous dissipation effects on unsteady mixed convective stagnation

point flow using Tiwari-Das nanofluid model
F. Mabood a,⇑, S.M. Ibrahim b, P.V. Kumar b, W.A. Khan c
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
c
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A mathematical model has been developed using Tiwari-Das model to study the MHD stagnation-point
Received 17 November 2016 flow and heat transfer characteristics of an electrically conducting nanofluid over a vertical permeable
Accepted 24 December 2016 shrinking/stretching sheet in the presence of viscous dissipation. Formulated partial differential equa-
Available online 29 December 2016
tions are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformation.
Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique is applied to solve the resulting coupled ordinary
Keywords: differential equations. The profiles for velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt
Nanofluid
number for various parameters are displayed through graphs and tabular forms. In this problem, we con-
Stagnation-point flow
Shrinking/stretching sheet
sidered two types of nanoparticles, namely, copper (Cu) and Alumina (Al2O3) with water as base fluid.
Viscous dissipation Ó 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction model was successfully adopted by Pop et al. [12,13], Abu-Nada

Due to the nature of stability and free from additional problems
like sedimentation, erosion, additional pressure drop and non-
Newtonian behaviour, nanofluids have been widely used in many
scientific and industrial applications. They also play a vital role in
the enhancement of thermal conductivity of conventional fluids
like water, oil, toluene, etc. Choi [1] was the first researcher who
used the term ‘nanofluid’ to describe a new class of fluid. Masuda
et al. [2] discussed the phenomena of enhancement of thermal con-
ductivity by nanofluids. Later many researchers [3–7] focused on
this problem to study the characteristics of heat transfer in
nanofluids under various physical situations. Chamka and Aly [8]
presented the effects of magnetic field, heat generation or absorp-
tion and suction or injection on boundary layer flow of nanofluid
over a permeable vertical plate. Ahmad and Pop [9] studied the
characteristics of mixed convection flow of nanofluids over a verti-
cal flat plate embedded in a porous medium. Rana and Bhargava
[10] investigated the effect of temperature dependent heat
source/sink on mixed convection flow of nanofluid along the verti-
cal plate. Tiwari and Das [11] proposed a new mathematical model
for nanofluids by taking solid volume fraction into account. This
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mabood1971@yahoo.com (F. Mabood), ibrahimsvu@gmail.
com (S.M. Ibrahim), vijaykumarprathi@gmail.com (P.V. Kumar), wkhan1956@
gmail.com (W.A. Khan).
[14] and Lee et al. [15] in their papers.
Stagnation-point flow has been studied extensively due to its
industrial applications such as cooling of electronic devices by fans,
cooling of nuclear reactors, etc. Hiemenz [16] initiated the problem
of steady two dimensional stagnation-point flow. Later this prob-
lem has been extended by Mahapatra and Gupta [17], Bhat-
tacharya et al. [18] and Mabbod and Khan [19]. Bachok et al.
[20,21] discussed the steady two dimensional stagnation point
flow of a nanofluid over a permeable shrinking/stretching sheet.
In recent years, many researchers focused on the problem of
viscous dissipation effect on free, forced and mixed convective
flows of nanofluids. Motsumi and Makinde [22] studied the radia-
tion and viscous dissipation effects on boundary layer flow of
nanofluids over a permeable moving flat plate. The effects of vis-
cous dissipation and variable magnetic field on mixed convection
MHD flow of nanofluid over a non-linear stretching sheet have
been studied by Habibi Matin et al. [23].
Motivated by the investigation mentioned above, the aim of the
present work is to investigate the effects of viscous dissipation on
mixed convection stagnation point nanofluid flow past a stretch-
ing/shrinking sheet. The nonlinearity of basic equations associated
with their inherent mathematical difficulties has led us to use
numerical method. Thus the transformed dimensionless governing
equations are solved numerically by using the Runge–Kutta–Fehl
berg method (RKF) method along with shooting technique. To

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2016.12.037
2211-3797/Ó 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287 281

Nomenclature

a; b; c constants Greek symbols

A unsteadiness parameter a thermal diffusivity
B magnetic field b thermal expansion coefficient
Cf skin friction coefficient r electrical conductivity
g acceleration due to gravity e velocity ratio parameter
k thermal conductivity / nanoparticle volume fraction
M magnetic parameter g similarity variable
Nux local Nusselt number hðgÞ dimensionless temperature
Gr x local Grashof number k buoyancy or mixed convection parameter
Rex local Reynolds number l dynamic viscosity
Pr Prandtl number m kinemaic viscosity
Ec Eckert number q fluid density
qw Surface heat flux sw wall sher stress
T fluid temperature w stream function
T w ðx; tÞ surface temperature
T1 ambient temperature Subscripts
u; v velocity components w condition at the surface of the plate
V1 wall transient parameter 1 ambient condition
x; y Cartesian coordinates f base fluid
U 1 ðx; tÞ free stream velocity nf nanofluid
uw ðx; tÞ surface velocity s soild
f ðgÞ dimensionless stream function

the best of our best knowledge such a study is not investigated in The thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the
the scientific literature. nanoparticles Oztop and Abu-Nada [4] are shown in Table 1.
Under these assumptions and by taking Tiwari-Das model into
Mathematical formulation consideration, the governing equations are

@u @ v
Consider an unsteady two dimensional mixed convection flow þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@x @y
of viscous incompressible and electrically conducting nanofluid
near the stagnation point on a vertical permeable shrinking/
@u @u @u lnf @ 2 u 1 dp rB2
stretching flat plate. Rectangular co-ordinate system ðx; yÞ is con- þu þv ¼   u
sidered for the present problem. The flow is subjected to a trans- @t @x @y qnf @y2 qnf dx qnf
verse magnetic felid of strength B ¼ B0 1 is applied along the /qs bs þ ð1  /Þqf bf
ð1c tÞ2 þ gðT  T 1 Þ; ð2Þ
normal direction to the plate. In this problem we assumed that: qnf
The velocity of the ambient fluid is U 1 ðx; tÞ ¼ 1c
ax
t
where a > 0
2
is the strength of the stagnation point flow and c is a constant with @T @T @T @2T lnf @u
þu þv ¼ anf 2 þ ; ð3Þ
ct < 1. Both a and c have dimension ‘‘time1”. The shrinking/ @t @x @y @y ðqC p Þnf @y
stretching velocity uw ðx; tÞ ¼ 1ct
bx
where b < 0 and b > 0 corresponds
subject to the boundary conditions
to shrinking and stretching case respectively. a; b and c have
dimension ‘‘time1”. t < 0 : u ¼ v ¼ 0; T ¼ T1 for any x; y;
T0x
t P 0 : u ¼ uw ðx; tÞ; v ¼ V w ðtÞ T ¼ T w ðx; tÞ at y ¼ 0; ð4Þ
1. The surface temperature T w ðx; tÞ ¼ T 1 þ ð1ctÞ2 where T 1 is the
u ! U 1 ðx; tÞ; T ! T1 as y ! 1:
ambient fluid temperature and T 0 is the characteristic
temperature. Following the generalized Bernoulli’s equation, in free-stream,
2. Nanoparticles and the base fluid are in thermal equilibrium and Eq. (2) written as
no slip occurs between them.
3. V w is the uniform surface mass flux with V w < 0 for suction and dU 1 dU 1 1 dp rB2
þ U1 ¼  U : ð5Þ
V w > 0 for injection. dt dx qnf dx qnf 1

Table 1
Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the nanoparticles.

Base fluid and nanoparticles Molecular formula C p (J/kg K) q (kg/m3) k (W/mK) a  107 (m2/s) b  105 (l/K)
Water H2 O 4179 997.1 0.613 1.47 21
Aluminum oxide Al2 O3 765 3970 40 131.7 0.85
Copper Cu 385 8933 400 1163.1 1.67
282 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287

Substituting (5) in (2), it becomes subject to the boundary conditions

@u @u @u lnf @ u dU 1 dU 1 rB 2 2
0 b
¼ e; hð0Þ ¼ 1 at g ¼ 0
þu þv ¼ þ þ U1 þ ðU  uÞ f ð0Þ ¼ V w ; f ð0Þ ¼
@t @x @y qnf @y2 dt dx qnf 1 a
/qs bs þ ð1  /Þqf bf 0
f ð1Þ ¼ 1; hð1Þ ¼ 0 as g ! 1 ð11Þ
þ gðT  T 1 Þ: ð6Þ
qnf
rB20
where M ¼ is the magnetic parameter, A ¼ ac unsteadies parame-
Here u and v are the velocity components along the x and y qf a

directions, respectively. T is the temperature of the nanofluid, r

u2w
ter, Ec ¼ ðC p Þf ðT w T 1 Þ
is the Eckert number. The velocity ratio parame-
is electrical conductivity, bf and bs are the thermal expansion coef- ter e is defined as the ratio of stretching rate of the sheet and
ficients of the base fluid and nanofluid, g is the acceleration due to strength of the stagnation point flow with e > 0; e < 0 and e ¼ 1
gravity, / is the solid volume fraction of the nanofluid, qf is the corresponds stretching, shrinking sheets and the flow with no
density of the base fluid, qs is the density of the solid particle. In boundary layer ðuw ¼ U 1 Þ, respectively, while e ¼ 0 is the planar
the above expression, lnf is the viscosity of the nanofluid, anf is v
stagnation flow towards a stationary sheet. Pr ¼ af is the Prandtl
the thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid, qnf is the density of the
f

number and k is the buoyancy or mixed convection parameter,

nanofluid which are given by which is defined as:
lf
lnf ¼ ð1/Þ 2:5 ; qnf ¼ ð1  /Þqf þ /qs ; ðqC p Þnf
k¼
Grx
¼ gbf
b
; Grx ¼ gbf ðT w  T 1 Þ
x3
; Rex ¼
U1 x
;
¼ ð1  /ÞðqC p Þf þ /ðqC p Þs ; Re2x a2 t2f tf
ð7Þ
anf ¼ ðqkCnfp Þnf ; kknff ¼ ðkðkssþ2k f Þ2/ðkf ks Þ
þ2kf Þþ/ðkf ks Þ
where Grx and Rex are respectively the local Grashof number and
Reynolds number. k is a constant with k > 0 corresponding to
where lf is the viscosity of the base fluid, kf and ks are the thermal assisting flow, k ¼ 0 represents the case when the buoyancy force
conductivity of the base fluid and nanoparticle, knf is the effective is absent.
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid approximated by the The physical quantities of interest are the skin friction coeffi-
Maxwell-Garnett model. cient C f and the local Nusselt number Nux are defined as
To transform the momentum and energy equations into a set of sw
Cf ¼
ordinary differential equations, we define the following transfor- qf U 2 =2
mation as

12 xqw
 av 12 Nux ¼ ;
a T  T1 kf ðT w  T 1 Þ
g¼ y; w ¼
f
x f ðgÞ; hðgÞ ¼ ð8Þ
v f ð1  ctÞ 1  ct Tw  T1
where the wall stress sw and the wall heat flux qw are given by:



here, g is the similarity variable, w is the stream function, f and h are @u @T
sw ¼ lnf ; qw ¼ knf :
dimensionless quantities. @y y¼0 @y y¼0
The continuity equation (1) is being satisfied by the stream
function w as Using similarity variables (8), we get
1 1 0 1 knf 0
@w @w C f ½Rex 2 ¼ f ; ð0Þ; ½Rex 2 Nux ¼  h ð0Þ:
u¼ and v ¼  : ð1  /Þ2:5 kf
@y @x

Using Eq. (8), the velocity components can be written as

Solution method
ax 0  v a 12
f ðgÞ ¼ U 1 ðx; tÞf ðgÞ; v
0
u¼ ¼ f ðgÞ; The nonlinear and coupled Eqs. (9) and (10) with boundary con-
1  ct 1  ct ditions (11) are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to g. method with shooting technique for different values of parameters.
 v a 12 The effects of the emerging parameters on the dimensionless
Here, we take V w ðtÞ ¼ 1ct V w ,where dimensionless constant velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, the rate of heat
V w denotes the transpiration rate with V w > 0 for suction, V w < 0 transfer are investigated. The step size and convergence criteria
for injection and V w ¼ 0 for an impermeable surface. were chosen to be 0.001 and 106 respectively. The asymptotic
Making use of Eq. (8), Eqs. (2) to (4) can be written as boundary conditions in Eq. (6) were approximated by using a value
  of 10 for gmax as follows:
1 1
  f 000 þ ff 00  f 02 þ 1 þ A 1  f 0  gf 00
ð1  /Þ 2:5
1  / þ / qqs 2 gmax ¼ 10; f 0 ð10Þ ¼ 1; hð10Þ ¼ 0; : ð12Þ
  1
f
0 This ensures that all numerical solutions approached the
M 1  / þ / qqs bbs asymptotic values correctly.
þ  ð1  f 0 Þ þ @ f  f Akh ¼ 0 ð9Þ
1  / þ / qqs 1  / þ / qqs To validate the mathematical model, comparisons have been
f f
made with previously published data for skin friction coefficient
and Nusselt number in Tables 2 and 3, and favourable agreement
knf
 

f h  1 0 is observed.
kf
h00
þ Pr  0  PrA 2h þ gh
ðqcp Þs f h0  2
ð1  /Þ þ / ðqcp Þ
f
ð10Þ Results and discussion
1 2
þPr   Ecðf 00 Þ ¼ 0
ðqc Þ
ð1  /Þ2:5 ð1  /Þ þ / ðqcpp Þs In order to get a clear insight of the problem, numerical compu-
f
tations have been carried out for various parameters such as
 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287 283

Table 2
Comparison of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for different values of Pr when k ¼ 1 and A ¼ M ¼ e ¼ / ¼ V w ¼ 0:.
00
Pr f ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ

Ishak et al. [24] Dinarvand et al. [25] Present Ishak et al. [24] Dinarvand et al. [25] Present
0.7 1.7063 1.7063 1.70632 0.7641 0.7641 0.76406
1 1.6754 1.6754 1.67543 0.8708 0.8708 0.87077
7 1.5179 1.5178 1.51791 1.7224 1.7225 1.72238
10 1.4928 1.4927 1.49283 1.9446 1.9444 1.94461
20 1.4485 1.4482 1.44848 2.4576 2.4573 2.45758
40 1.4101 1.4104 1.41005 3.1011 3.1014 3.10109
50 1.3989 1.3986 1.39893 3.3415 3.3418 3.34145

Table 3
Comparison of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for different values of /; k and e when A ¼ V w ¼ 0:5; M ¼ 1; Ec ¼ 0: (In case of Copper-Water).
Quantity / Dinarvand et al. [25] Present
k¼1 k ¼ 1 k¼1 k ¼ 1
e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5 e ¼ 0:5
Cf
1=2
0.0 2.9297 1.2002 2.5561 0.9207 2.9249 1.1993 2.5505 0.9197
Rex
0.1 4.1872 1.7240 3.7751 1.4124 4.1843 1.7235 3.7715 1.4119
0.2 5.6224 2.3181 5.1679 1.9723 5.6188 2.3176 5.1634 1.9718
Nux 0.0 4.0445 5.2995 3.9922 5.2774 4.0431 5.2994 3.9907 5.2773
1=2
Rex
0.1 4.4249 5.7506 4.3732 5.7267 4.4241 5.7505 4.3723 5.7266
0.2 4.8141 6.2389 4.7628 6.2138 4.8130 6.2388 4.7614 6.2137

nanoparticle volume fraction ð/Þ, magnetic parameter ðMÞ, wall
transpiration parameter ðV w Þ, mixed convection parameter ðkÞ,
unsteadiness parameter ðAÞ, velocity ratio parameter ðeÞ and Eckert
number ðEcÞ.
In this discussion all the graphs and Tabular forms are taken for
two nanofluids, namely Copper and Alumina. The Prandtl number
corresponding to the base fluid is kept constant at Pr ¼ 6:2.
Fig. 1(a) and (b) depict the effect of nanoparticle volume frac-
tion / on velocity distribution in the presence and absence of mag-
netic parameter M. It is observed that there is a sharp rise in the
velocity within the layer g < 1:8 and then it becomes uniform as
g ! 1. Further, we observed that Al2 O3 water nanofluid exhibits
relatively less velocity than that of Cu water nanofluid.
Figs. 2(a) and (b) show the influence of suction/injection param-
eter V w for zero and non zero mixed convection parameter k. The
effect of suction or injection is to increase the velocity up to certain
level of g ðg < 1:8Þ and then it becomes uniform as g ! 1.
Figs. 3(a) and (b) illustrate the behavior of velocity profile under
the influence of velocity ratio parameter e for steady ðA ¼ 0:0Þ and
unsteady ðA ¼ 5:0Þ cases. When e < 1 then there is a rapid increase
in the velocity up to certain level of g and then it becomes uniform
as g increases. Similarly if e > 1 there is a rapid decrease in the
velocity and then it becomes uniform as g increases.
The advancement of velocity with nanoparticle volume fraction
/ in the presence and absence of viscous dissipation ðEcÞ is demon-
strated in Fig. 4(a) and (b). Temperature increases marginally with
the increases of unsteady parameter A and magnetic parameter M
as shown in the Figs. 5(a) and (b).
The effect of mixed convection parameter k and velocity ration
parameter e on skin friction coefficient with the presence and
absence of magnetic parameter M is shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b).
We have seen a fall in the skin friction coefficient as k increases
along with M. In Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) the combined effect of
nanoparticle volume fraction / and unsteadiness parameter A for
different values of wall transpiration parameter V w on skin-
friction factor is explored. Here we noticed that for Nusselt number
increases about nanoparticle volume fraction / corresponds to
both parameters unsteadiness parameter A and wall transpiration
parameter V w .
Nusselt number decreases as magnetic field parameter M and
Eckert number Ec increasing in presence of velocity ration param-
eter e as shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b). The effect of Eckert number Ec

0
Fig. 1. Effect of / and M on f ðgÞ.
284 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287

0
Fig. 2. Effect of V w and k on f ðgÞ.

Fig. 3. Effect of A and e on f 0 ðgÞ.

Fig. 4. Effect of / and Ec on hðgÞ.

 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287 285

Fig. 5. Effect of A and M on hðgÞ.

Fig. 6. Effects of e, M and k on skin friction coefficient.

Fig. 7. Effects of /, A and V w on skin friction coefficient.

along with velocity ratio parameter e on Nusselt number is given in To assess the present method, comparison is made with the
Fig. 9(a) and (b). It is clear that Nusselt number declines as Ec results of Ishak et al. [24] and Dinarvand et al. [25] as shown in
increases along with e. Tables 2 and 3. Table 4 presents the values of skin friction coeffi-
286 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287

Fig. 8. Effects of e, M and Ec on local Nusselt number.

Fig. 9. Effects of /, V w and A on local Nusselt number.

Table 4
Values of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for different values of /; Ec and V w when A ¼ M ¼ e ¼ k ¼ 0:5:.

Quantity / Copper-Water Alumina-Water

Ec ¼ 0:1 Ec ¼ 1 Ec ¼ 0:1 Ec ¼ 1
Vw ¼ 0 Vw ¼ 1 Vw ¼ 0 Vw ¼ 1 Vw ¼ 0 Vw ¼ 1 Vw ¼ 0 Vw ¼ 1
Cf
1=2
0.0 0.9452 1.2050 0.9573 1.2161 0.9452 1.2050 0.9573 1.2161
Rex
0.1 1.3468 1.8664 1.3606 1.8803 1.1799 1.5356 1.1929 1.5482
0.2 1.8132 2.5893 1.8291 2.6062 1.4719 1.9208 1.4861 1.9351
Nux 0.0 3.2591 7.5791 2.5308 6.2824 3.2590 7.5791 2.5307 6.2824
1=2
Rex
0.1 3.7274 7.8188 2.5564 5.6868 3.6896 7.7617 2.7263 6.0844
0.2 4.2184 8.1008 2.5381 5.0743 4.1379 7.9814 2.8922 5.8763

cient and Nusselt number for different values of nanoparticle vol-
ume fraction ð/Þ, wall transpiration parameter ðV w Þ and Eckert
number ðEcÞ. Skin friction increases with the increase of /, V w
and Ec.
Conclusions
 Temperature decreases with unsteadiness parameter ðAÞ and
magnetic parameter ðMÞ.
 Skin friction coefficient increases with the increase of nanopar-
ticle volume fraction ð/Þ, wall transpiration parameter ðV w Þ and
Eckert number ðEcÞ.

Some important observations of this study can be summarized References

as follows:
[1] Choi US. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. The
Proceedings of the 1995 ASME International Mechanical Engineering
 Velocity rises as nanoparticle volume fraction ð/Þ, magnetic Congress and Exposition, San Francisco, CA. ASME; 1995. p. 99–105. FED
parameter ðMÞ, wall transpiration parameter ðV w Þ, mixed con- 231/MD 66.
[2] Masuda H, Ebata A, Teramae K, Hishinuma N. Alteration of thermal
vection parameter ðkÞ, unsteadiness parameter ðAÞ, velocity conductivity and viscosity of liquid by dispersing ultra-fine particles. Netsu
ratio parameter ðeÞ and Eckert number ðEcÞ. Bussei 1993;7:227–33.
 F. Mabood et al. / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 280–287
[3] Xuan Y, Roetzel W. Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids. Int J
Heat Mass Transf 2000;43(19):3701–7.
[4] Oztop HF, Abu-Nada E. Numerical study of natural convection in partially
heated rectangular enclosures filled with nanofluids. Int J Heat Fluid Flow
2008;29:1326–36.
[5] Xuan Y, Li Q. Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluid. Int J Heat Fluid Flow
2000;21(1):58–64.
[6] Hwang KS, Jang SP, Choi SUS. Flow and convective heat transfer characteristics
of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in fully developed laminar flow regime. Int J
Heat Mass Transf 2009;52(1–2):193–9.
[7] Qiang Li, Yimin Xuan. Convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of Cu-
water nanofluid. Sci China Ser E: Technol Sci 2002;45(4):408–16.
[8] Chamka AJ, Aly AM. MHD free convection flow of a nanofluid past a vertical
plate in the presence of heat generation or absorption effects. Chem Eng
Commun 2010;198:425–41.
[9] Ahmad S, Pop I. Mixed convection boundary layer flow from a vertical flat plate
embedded in a porous medium filled with nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass
Transf 2010;37:987–91.
[10] Rana P, Bhargava R. Numerical study of heat transfer enhancement in mixed
convection flow along a vertical plate with heat source/sink utilizing
nanofluids. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2011;16:4318–34.
[11] Tiwari RK, Das MK. Heat transfer augmentation in a two-sided lid-driven
differentially heated square cavity utilizing nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf
2007;50:2002–18.
[12] Sheremet MA, Grosan T, Pop I. Free convection square cavity filled with porous
medium saturated by nanofluid using Tiwari-Das nanofluid model. Tranp
Porous Media 2015;106:595–610.
[13] Ahmad S, Rohni AM, Pop I. Blasius and Sakiadis problems in nanofluids. Acta
Mech 2011;218:195–204.
[14] Au-Nada E. Applications of nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement of
separated flow encountered in a backward facing step. Int J Heat Fluid Flow
2008;29:242–9.
287
[15] Muthtamilselvan M, Kandaswamy P, Lee J. Heat transfer enhancement of
copper-water nanofluids in a lid-driven enclosure. Commun Nonlinear Sci
Numer Simul 2010;15:1501–10.
[16] Hiemenz K. Die Grenzschicht an einem in den gleichförmigen
Flüssigkeitsstrom eingetauchten geraden Kreiszylinder. Dingler’s Polytech J
1911;326:321–4.
[17] Mahapatra TR, Gupta AS. Heat transfer in stagnation point flow towards a
stretching sheet. Heat Mass Transf 2002;38:517–21.
[18] Bhattacharya K, Mukhopadhay Swati, Layek GC. Slip effects on boundary layer
flow and heat transfer towards a shrinking sheet. Int J Heat Mass Transf
2011;54:308–13.
[19] Mabood F, Khan WA. Approximate analytic solutions for influence of heat
transfer on MHD stagnation point flow in porous medium. Comput Fluids
2014;100:72–8.
[20] Bachok N, Ishak A, Pop I. Stagnation-point flow over a stretching sheet in a
nanofluid. Nanoslcae Res Lett 2011;6:2–10.
[21] Bachok N, Ishak A, Nazar R, Senu N. Stagnation-point flow over a permeable
stretching/shrinking sheet in a copper-water nanofluid. Boundary Value Prob
2013;39:2–10.
[22] Motsumi TG, Makinde OD. Effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
on boundary layer flow of nanofluids over a permeable moving flat plate. Phys
Scr 2012;86:1–11.
[23] Habibi Matin M, Dehsara M, Abbassi A. Mixed convection MHD flow of
nanofluid over a non-linear stretching sheet with effects of viscous dissipation
and variable magnetic field. Mechanika 2012;18:415–23.
[24] Ishak A, Nazar R, Bachok N, Pop I. MHD mixed convection flow near the
stagnation-point on a vertical permeable surface. Phys A 2010;389:40–6.
[25] Dinarvand S, Hosseini R, Pop I. Homotopy analysis method for unsteady mixed
convective stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid using Tiwari-Das nanofluid
model. Int J Numer Meth Heat Fluid Flow 2016;26:40–62.