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Direct Tension Tester - Pavement Interactive
Direct Tension Tester - Pavement Interactive
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The Direct Tension Tester (DTT) test (see Figure 1, 2) provides a measure of low
temperature stiffness and relaxation properties of asphalt binders. These parameters give
an indication of an asphalt binder’s ability to resist low temperature cracking. The DTT is
used in combination with the BBR to determine an asphalt binder’s low temperature PG
grade determination. As with other Superpave binder tests, the actual temperatures
anticipated in the area where the asphalt binder will be placed determine the test
temperatures used.
(http://www.pavementinteractive.org/w
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content/uploads/2011/04/DirectTension
.jpg)
The basic DTT test measures the stress and strain at failure of a specimen of asphalt binder
pulled apart at a constant rate of elongation. Test temperatures are such that the failure
will be from brittle or brittle-ductile fracture. The test is of little use at temperatures where
the specimen fails by ductile failure (stretches without breaking). DTT tests are conducted
on PAV aged asphalt binder samples. The test is largely software controlled.
Background
1. Single thermal cycle below the critical temperature. A single severe drop in
temperature that causes stress to quickly build up to a critical point that causes
cracking. This is called “single-event low temperature cracking” and the particular
temperature associated with these critical stresses is called the “critical temperature”.
2. Thermal cycling above the critical temperature. Repeated thermal contraction and
expansion that occurs above the critical temperature can cause stresses to build up
and eventually cause cracking.
(http://www.pavementinterac
tive.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/The
rmal_crack1.jpg)
In both cases, the failure mechanism is essentially the same: thermal shrinkage initiates
and propagates flaws or cracks in the asphalt binder portion of the HMA (Anderson and
Dongre, 1995[1]). Ideally, an elaborate set of fracture mechanics tests would be used to fully
characterize the nature of both crack initiation and propagation in an asphalt binder.
However, these tests were deemed too sophisticated for routine specification testing and a
simpler test was needed to indicate a threshold value stress or strain at which failure
occurs due to rupture or excessive elongation. This threshold value represents a
combination of crack initiation and propagation phases and can be determined using a
constant rate of elongation tension test (Anderson and Dongre, 1995[1]).
The DTT is a test designed to measure asphalt binder low temperature fracture properties.
In combination with the BBR, which is used to characterize the stress relaxation properties
of an asphalt binder, these tests can give a good idea of whether or not an asphalt binder
will crack at low temperatures.
DTT Logic
The DTT test is used to determine an asphalt binder’s failure stress and strain at low
temperatures. These data, in combination with BBR data, are used to determine a critical
cracking temperature of a pavement using the tested asphalt binder.
Testing Apparatus Development
Key choices when originally selecting the testing apparatus for the DTT, were based on the
following ideas (Anderson and Dongre, 1995[1]):
In order to measure strain, the sample length before elongation must be compared to the
sample length after elongation. Since only the center necked down portion of the sample is
under nearly constant strain, measurements should be taken on that portion only.
Therefore, if the entire 1.57 inch (40 mm) sample length is used as the “before”
measurement, the actual strain occurring in the 0.71 inch (18 mm) center section (Figure 3,
“top dimensions”) is underestimated. However, it is not possible to establish reliable
reference points for the laser measurement system to only measure the 0.71 inch (18 mm)
center section. Therefore, an effective gage length of 1.33 inch (33.8 mm) is used as the
“before” measurement since it results in a close approximation of the actual strain in the
center 0.71 inch (18 mm) section.
Sample Aging
Because low temperature cracking is a phenomenon found mostly in older pavements, the
test is run on the long-term aged residue from the PAV.
The idea was that a high creep stiffness BBR test value implies that the asphalt binder will
possess high thermal stresses in cold weather as a result of shrinkage. The assumption is
that the asphalt binder would crack because of these high thermal stresses. However,
some asphalt binders (especially those modified with elastomers) may be able to stretch
far enough without breaking that they can absorb these high thermal stresses without
cracking. The DTT identifies these asphalt binders by measuring the strain at failure.
Therefore, if the strain at failure is 1.0 percent or greater, the asphalt binder will likely
absorb higher thermal stresses without cracking and the allowable creep stiffness
specification could be raised to 600 MPa. The minimum m-value of 0.300 still had to be
met.
Test Description
The following description is a brief summary of the test. It is not a complete procedure and
should not be used to perform the test. The complete DTT test procedure can be found in:
AASHTO T 314: Determining the Fracture Properties of Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension
(DT)
Summary
A sample of asphalt binder is molded into a necked shape for mounting on a pulling device.
This sample is then pulled apart at a constant strain rate of 3 percent per minute until it
fails at which point the strain at failure is recorded. The DTT test is done on 6 samples.
Figure 5 shows the major DTT equipment.
(http://www.pavementinteractive.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/Dtt_apparatus.jpg)
Basic Procedure
1. Heat long term aged (PAV) asphalt binder until fluid to pour. During heating the
sample should be covered and occasionally stirred to ensure homogeneity.
Heating time should be minimized to avoid oxidative hardening and volatile loss that
will further harden the sample. (AASHTO, 2000c[2]).
2. Pour the heated sample into two DTT molds (Figure 6), making sure to overpour so
that there is excess along the top of the mold (Video 1). This overpouring will ensure
enough asphalt binder to completely fill the mold. Sample preparation is critical and
is the largest source of test variation.
(http://www.pavementinteractive.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/Molds.jpg)
3. Allow molds to cool for 30 – 60 minutes at room temperature, then trim the top of
sample flush with mold using a hot spatula (Video 2).
4. To demold samples, cool mold in an ice bath or freezer at 23°F ( -5°C) for 5 to 10
minutes; just long enough that the beam can be easily removed from the mold
without damaging it.
Excessive cooling may cause unwanted hardening of the beam, which could cause
increased test data variability (AASHTO, 2000c[2]).
5. Mount the sample in the loading frame of the DTT (Figure 7). Match the holes on the
end tabs of the sample with the loading pins on the load frame.
(http://www.pavementinteractive.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/Mounted_sample.jpg)
6. Remove the slack between the sample and the loading pins. Ideally this can be done
automatically by the testing apparatus.
7. Start the test when the load reaches 0.45 lb (2 N). Set the strain rate to 3
percent/minute (this is often done automatically by the testing software).
8. Test a total of 6 samples as described in steps 1 through 7.
9. Failure identification. Failure of the sample can occur by two means: fracture (breaks
apart in 2 pieces) or unrestrained flow without fracture. In the case of fracture, failure
strain is defined as the strain at the moment of fracture. in the case of flow without
fracture, failure strain is defined as the strain corresponding to the maximum stress
observed. The test should not be continued past 10 percent strain; if the sample has
not failed by 10 percent strain, record failure strain as “greater than 10 percent”.
10. Failure location. Ideally failure should occur in the gage section (the 18 mm long
section of constant cross-sectional area). If failure occurs in the throat section, note
and record this occurrence. The location of failure and its repeatability is highly
dependent on sample preparation, straightness and proper mounting.
Results
Parameters Measured
1. Failure stress.
2. Failure strain.
The rate of elongation and peak load are also reported.
Specifications
The performance graded asphalt binder specification involving the BBR is:
Superceeded Specifications
This section shows the original performance graded asphalt binder specifications for the DTT.
These specifications have been superceded.
PAV residue Failure strain ≥ 1.0% at 1.0 mm/min (0.039 inch/min) Low temperature cracking
Typical Values
DTT software performs the necessary calculations automatically. The DTT software uses
the following equations:
Failure Stress
Where:
Failure Strain
Where:
1. Anderson, D.A. and Dongre, R. (1995). The SHRP Direct Tension Specification Test – Its
Development and Use. Physical Properties of Asphalt Cement Binders, J.C. Hardin, Ed.
ASTM Special Technical Publication 1241. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 51-66.↵
2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
(2000c). AASHTO Provisional Standards, April 2000 Edition. American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, D.C.↵
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