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A. vacuum distillation with clay treatment

Vacuum Distillation/Clay Process: To recover the oil base-stock from used oil, vacuum
distillation is implemented. Varying grades of oil may be produced through this process
giving the re-refiner an added flexibility in blending to meet different product specifications.
In this process, after distillation we use the clay treatment for the decolourisation. Clay
treatment is often used as a finishing step for the distilled lube from vacuum distillation. The
clay needs to be activated by heating so that it can effectively treat the oil. The clay can be
regenerated through a controlled combustion cycle and can be used multiple times before
being disposed of. The clay treatment removes colour, odour and some sulphur. The finished
product meets API Group I base oil specifications but does not remove the unsaturated
compounds to meet API Group II specifications. Clay treatment may be better suited for
smaller plant capacities due to lower capital investment.

b. thin film evaporation process

The key to the efficiency of thin film evaporators is their ability to evaporate the target
solution at relatively low temperatures with minimum residence time in the evaporator. This
is due to the vacuum conditions created by the apparatus and the near absence of hydrostatic
pressures in the thin liquid film.

The main component of the thin film evaporator consists of a rotor/wiper encased in a
cylindrical heating jacket. The product first enters above the heated zone where it is evenly
distributed against the inner wall of the heating jacket by the rotating wipers. A rotor then
forms a thin, turbulent layer of liquid, which creates ideal heat flux and mass transfer
conditions. The result is rapid evaporation of the more volatile substance, which is then
expelled from the heating cylinder to be condensed or subjected to further processing. The
fewer volatile materials are collected and sent to the discharge nozzle.

Thin film evaporation offers several advantages over other types of conventional evaporation
processes. These include:

 Significantly reduced residence time

 Fast and efficient heat transfer
 Reduced pressure drops
 Ability to process materials that are sensitive to thermal degradation or prone to
fouling
 Ability to process high-viscosity and high-solids materials
  High evaporation ratios (> 95%)
 Easy to clean/maintain equipment
Thin film evaporation is typically used for specialty applications in the chemical, food, and
beverage, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and nuclear industries, among others. Although the
application across sectors varies, thin film evaporators are commonly used to perform
specific operations such as concentration, resource recovery, devolatilization, purification,
distillation, and stripping.

c. Vacuum distillation with hydro treatment

A process for the hydrotreatment of a vacuum distillate type hydrocarbon feed containing
nitrogen-containing compounds is described, comprising a first step in which the feed is
brought into contact with a catalyst in its oxide form, then a second step in which the feed is
brought into contact with a dried catalyst comprising at least one organic compound
containing oxygen and/or nitrogen.

d. solvent extraction technology

Solvent extraction is a process in which compounds are separated based on their relative
solubilities.
This treatment method involves using a solvent - a fluid that has the ability to dissolve
another substance.
Solvent extraction is used across multiple industries, including during the processing of
perfumes and vegetable oil. It’s also commonly used in petrochemical refining industries.
Solvent extraction is used to separate hazardous contaminants from sludge and sediments as
well. This can be especially beneficial for hazardous waste generators since solvent
extraction ultimately reduces the amount of hazardous waste that must be treated.
Solvent extraction does not destroy a compound. It instead separates it, a process that can
provide several valuable benefits depending on the industry in which the process is used.