PATHO LAB 2

CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION

FRACTIONAL CURETTAGE SPECIMEN 70 yr old presenting with vaginal bleeding

HYPERPLASIA, PROSTATE
From a 70y/o male presenting with dysuria

y y

HYPERPLASIA
y y Note that this specimen is the endometrium but since belongs to a pt who underwent curettage. Note the pt's age (70) - too old to have vaginal bleeding; should be menopaused where there should be decreased glands in the endometrium indicates a PATHOLOGIC cellular adaptation See glands (arrows): Increased - Of different sizes (some are dilated) CAUSES: a. excessesof hormones or growth factors b. viral infections (papillomaviruses) - skin warts Doc mentioned that in hyperplasia in the endometrium, the glands increase in number but the stroma (arrowheads) don't so there is some crowding of the glands Simple Hyperplasia: Complex Hyperplasia: Atypia: precursor to carcinoma of the endometrium

y y y

y y

y y

Hyperplasia is common to organs with glands Prostrate (remember normal anatomy) - urethra passes through it - contributes to ejaculation - Normal weight: 10-20 gms There may be an increased number of glands & stroma in the prostrate Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy - It is a fibromuscular organ; Prostatic Hyperplasia, Nodular (Pathologic) - Grossly, it appears nodular - Glands and stroma proliferate Dysuria - begins at 50 y/o above - Weight can increase to 30-40 gms - Increase tissue volume TRANSITIONAL ZONE - zone most commonly affected by hyperplasia PERIPHERAL ZONE - zone most commonly affected by prostatic adenocarcinoma

y y y

HYPERTROPHY,HEART

 Decreased workload  Loss of innervation  Diminished blood supply  Inadequate nutrition  Loss of endocrine stimulation  Pressure Microscopic features: ?

METAPLASIA
Section taken from the cervix of 30 y/o who underwent vaginal hysterectomy Very common to muscles; Increase in SIZE Note: - Lipofuscin pigments - "wear & tear" Hypertrophy - Result of increased production of cellular proteins - 'No new cells, just larger cells' Mechanism: - Induced by the linked actions of mechanical sensors, growth factors, & vasoactive agents.

y y y

CERVIX: ectocervix: stratified squamous endocervix: simple tall columnar -*chronic irritation metaplasia to squamous site for cervical cancer

ATROPHY
Taken from the uterus of a 72 y/o who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectemoy

y y y Normal weight of uterus: Nulligravid: Primigravid: CAUSES:

Transition of differentiated to differentiated/mature cell type Other examples: Barrett's esophagus - airway/bronchi of smokers

another

PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION
Section taken from the wall of the uterus of a 68 y/o pt

usually in medium veins in the uterus:

Pathologic Calcification- the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium * other mineral salts DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION deposition of calcium in dead tissue grossly - looks like kahoy (red) **psammoma bodies - lamellated configurations d/t progressive acquisition of outer layers; like grains of sand METASTATIC CALCIFICATION may occur in normal tissue whenever there is HYPERCALCEMIA **sabi ni doc, more often na nagbibigay sila ng dystrophic...