6

Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e., its windings have no ohmic resistance, there is no
magnetic leakage and hence which has no 𝐼 2 𝑅 and core losses. In other words, an ideal transformer consists
of two purely inductive coils wound on a loss-free core.

E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer

Let 𝑁1 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑁2 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝜑𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
= 𝛽𝑚 × 𝐴
𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴. 𝐶. 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑧
𝜑𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 =
1/4𝑓

𝑾𝒃
= 𝟒𝒇𝝋𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
𝒔

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆. 𝒎. 𝒇./𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 = 𝟒𝒇𝜑𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.11
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 1.11 × 4𝑓𝜑𝑚 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟏 𝝋𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟏 𝜷𝒎 𝑨
𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟐 𝝋𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟐 𝜷𝒎 𝑨
Note. In an ideal transformer on no-load, 𝑉1 = 𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝐸2 , where 𝑉2 is the terminal voltage
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
𝑬𝟐 𝑵𝟐
= =𝑲
𝑬𝟏 𝑵𝟏

Where K is known as the voltage transformation ratio

Note: if 𝐾 > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer
And if 𝐾 < 1, then transformer is known as step-down transformer
For an ideal transformer, input VA=output VA
𝑽 𝟏 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑽 𝟐 𝑰𝟐

Ref: [1]A textbook of Electrical Technology by T.B. Theraja [2] Principles of Electrical Machines by M.K. Mehta
 7

Exercises
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2
Wb/m^2. If the e.m.f. per turn is 8 volts, determine (a) primary and secondary turns, (2) area of the
core.

2. The core of a 100kVA, 11000/550 V, 50Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross-section of 20cm by
20cm. Find (a) the number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase and (2) the emf per turn if the maximum
core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.

Ref: [1]A textbook of Electrical Technology by T.B. Theraja [2] Principles of Electrical Machines by M.K. Mehta
 8

3. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area
of the core is 60cm^2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50Hz supply at 520 V, calculate (a) the
peak value of flux density in the core, (2) the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

4. A 25-KVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns in the secondary winding. The
primary is connected to 3000-V, 50Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the
secondary emf and the maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

Ref: [1]A textbook of Electrical Technology by T.B. Theraja [2] Principles of Electrical Machines by M.K. Mehta