E l e c t r o n i c s and Communications i n Japan, P a r t 1, Vol. 73, No.
9, 1990
Translated from Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 72-BII, No. 7, July 1989, pp. 310-315
Error Rate Performance in High-speed GMSK Transmission
on Mobile Satellite Channel
Ken-ichi Konishi and Yoshiya Miyagaki, Members
F a c u l t y of Engineering, Okayama U n i v e r s i t y of Science, Okayama, Japan 700
SUMMARY
I n high-speed d i g i t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n i n
mobile s a t e l l i t e and land mobile communica-
t i o n s , one of t h e s e r i o u s problems i s t h e
e f f e c t of waveform d i s t o r t i o n due t o t h e
frequency-selective f a d i n g . This paper con-
s i d e r s t h e GMSK modulation system, which i s
considered a s u s e f u l a s t h e modulation
scheme f o r d i g i t a l mobile communication.
The e f f e c t of t h e waveform d i s t o r t i o n
produced by t h e time-delay spread of t h e
s c a t t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g waves i n t h e Nakagami-
Rice f a d i n g channel i s considered and t h e
b i t e r r o r rate is calculated theoretically.
Numerical examples of b i t e r r o r rate per-
formance a r e i l l u s t r a t e d . It is shown t h a t
t h e b i t e r r o r r a t e i s improved when t h e r e i s
an average d e l a y t i m e o r a time-delay spread
i n t h e s c a t t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g wave, conpared
with t h e case without a delay. However, t h e
e f f e c t i s r e l a t i v e l y small.
1. Introduction
I n d i g i t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n over mobile
s a t e l l i t e and l a n d mobile r a d i o channels,
a modulation system i s needed which i s s u i t -
ed t o t h e n o n l i n e a r c i r c u i t r e a l i z a t i o n and
occupies a narrow frequency bandwidth.
Among t h e continuous phase FSK, which have
c o n s t a n t envelope and narrow bandwidth, MSK
(minimum s h i f t keying) w i t h modulation index
0.5 has been considered as i n t e r e s t i n g due
t o t h e a b i l i t y of t h e e f f i c i e n t d e t e c t i o n
and t h e e x c e l l e n t e r r o r r a t e performance.
When a p p l i e d t o a c t u a l s a t e l l i t e mobile and
o t h e r communications, however, t h e system i s
s t i l l u n s a t i s f a c t o r y from t h e viewpoints of
t h e occupied bandwidth and t h e out-of-band
s p u r i o u s spectrum.
As modulation systems which aim a t nar-
rower bandwidth, i.e.,more thorough suppres-
s i o n of t h e out-of-band s p u r i o u s spectrum,
68
TFM (tamed FM) [ 13 and GMSK (Gaussian-
f i l t e r e d MSK) [ 2 ] have been proposed and
analyzed f o r t h e i r performances. Among
those, GMSK is a modulation scheme i n which
t h e band of t h e modulating s i g n a l i s l i m i t e d
a t t h e baseband u s i n g a Gaussian low-pass
f i l t e r t o r e a l i z e a narrow-band s i g n a l i n
r a d i o frequency and t o suppress t h e out-of-
band s p u r i o u s spectrum. I t h a s t h e same
m e r i t s a s MSK i n t h a t t h e coherent d e t e c t i o n
i s a p p l i c a b l e and a s a t i s f a c t o r y e r r o r r a t e
is realized.
I n t h e d i g i t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n i n satel-
l i t e and o t h e r communications i n UHF and
microwaves, t h e e f f e c t of waveform d i s t o r -
t i o n due t o t h e frequency-selective f a d i n g
i s a s e r i o u s problem. I n t h e case of GMSK,
a study h a s been made by transmission experi-
ment [ 3 ] , as w e l l as s t u d i e s of e r r o r r a t e
f o r two-ray Rayleigh f a d i n g w i t h a c o n s t a n t
delay time d i f f e r e n c e [ 4 , 51. However, no
a n a l y s i s h a s been presented f o r t h e multi-
p a t h f a d i n g c o n s i d e r i n g t h e time-delay
spread.
This paper c o n s i d e r s t h e e f f e c t of t h e
waveform d i s t o r t i o n due to t h e m u l t i b i t in-
tersymbol i n t e r f e r e n c e , which i s due t o t h e
frequency-selective slow Rayleigh f a d i n g and
d e r i v e s t h e o r e t i c a l l y t h e e r r o r r a t e perform-
ance of GMSK w i t h orthogonal coherent detec-
t i o n . I n t h e f a s t Rayleigh f a d i n g , i t has
been pointed o u t t h a t t h e two-bit d i f f e r e n -
t i a l d e t e c t i o n is b e t t e r , s i n c e the c a r r i e r
phase synchronization i s d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b -
l i s h due t o random FM [ 6 , 71.
This paper assumes t h e Nakagami-Rice
f a d i n g channel model i n which t h e r e c e i v e d
s i g n a l is composed of a dominant s t a t i o n a r y
component and s c a t t e r e d slow Rayleigh fad-
i n g component. It i s assumed t h a t t h e Dop-
p l e r spread can be ignored compared w i t h t h e
b i t r a t e , and t h e complete phase synchroni-
z a t i o n can be e s t a b l i s h e d . Then, t h e coher-
e n t d e t e c t i o n is considered.
1SSN8756-6621/90/0009-0068$7.50/0
@ 1990 S c r i p t a Technica, I n c .
 S c a t t e r e d path

Y C ( i :t.)

0 so-A ?O
Fig. 1. Channel model.
Fig. 2. Delay power spectrum of s c a t -
t e r e d wave.

F i r s t , t h e frequency-selective Nakagami-
Rice f a d i n g channel model i s described,
where t h e communication channel i s modeled
by a multipath channel, composed of t h e
d i r e c t wave and t h e s c a t t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g
waves with an average d e l a y and t h e delay
spread.
I n Eq. ( l ) , (.>
is t h e ensemble average, and
Then t h e b i t e r r o r rate (BER) of GMSK and t h e a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t e s t h e complex con-
with orthogonal coherent d e t e c t i o n i s de- j u g a t e ; & ( * ) is t h e Dirac d e l t a f u n c t i o n .
r i v e d f o r t h e proposed channel model, f o l -
lowing t h e method i n [ 2 ] . The BER perform- When At = 0 , p ( ~ ;0 ) = p ( r ) i s c a l l e d
ance i s evaluated numerically f o r v a r i o u s t h e delay power spectrum of the s c a t t e r e d
v a l u e s of t h e t r a n s m i t t e r Gaussian f i l t e r path. It r e p r e s e n t s t h e average power
bandwidth parameters, d i r e c t wave-to-scat- d e n s i t y a t t h e channel o u t p u t as a f u n c t i o n
t e r e d wave power r a t i o , and t h e delay time of T . The F o u r i e r transform of p ( ~ )is t h e
parameters. Thus, t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e l e c - frequency c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n , r e p r e s e n t -
t i v e f a d i n g i s c l a r i f i e d . D e t a i l e d discus- ing t h e e x t e n t of t h e frequency coherence
s i o n s are given e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e e f f e c t s of of t h e channel. I n t h e high-speed trans-
t h e average delay t i m e and t h e delay spread mission, where t h e coherence bandwidth i s
on t h e e r r o r r a t e performance. less than t h e s i g n a l bandwidth, t h e e r r o r
r a t e i s a f f e c t e d by t h e waveform d i s t o r t i o n
due t o t h e frequency-selective fading.
2. Channel Model
The form of P ( T ) as a f u n c t i o n of T
F i g u r e 1 shows t h e channel model which
must be determined based on t h e a c t u a l mea-
is t h e o b j e c t of a n a l y s i s . The model i s
c o n s t r u c t e d as a channel where t h e received surement. I n t h i s paper, t h e following form
i s assumed f o r t h e s i m p l i c i t y of t h e o r e t i c a l
s i g n a l i s composed of t h e sum of t h e s t r o n g
a n a l y s i s [ 9 ] (Fig. 2):
s t a t i o n a r y d i r e c t component and t h e s c a t -
t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g components w i t h delay
spread. The s c a t t e r e d p a t h is assumed as a
Rayleigh f a d i n g channel.

The s c a t t e r e d p a t h h a s an e q u i v a l e n t
low-pass complex impulse response C ( T ; t)
lo otherwise

which i s t i m e varying. It i s a zero-mean

complex Gaussian process; T is t h e r e l a t i v e
delay time from t h e d i r e c t wave. I n t h e
f i g u r e , y i s a parameter, such t h a t l/y2 i s
t h e d i r e c t wave-to-scattered wave average
power r a t i o . It i s assumed t h a t t h e chan-
n e l i s wide s e n s e s t a t i o n a r y both i n t i m e
and i n frequency.
Usually, random f l u c t u a t i o n s of ampli-
tude and phase of C ( T ; t) are u n c o r r e l a t e d
f o r d i f f e r e n t delay time. Consequently,
t h e i r c r o s s covariance f u n c t i o n R ( T1’ T 2 ;
At) can be w r i t t e n as follows:
where T~ r e p r e s e n t s t h e average delay time,
and A r e p r e s e n t s t h e delay t i m e spread; l / A
i n Eq. (2) i s a f a c t o r determined s o t h a t
t h e area d e f i n e d by P(T) and T axis i s 1.
3. Error Rate
This s e c t i o n d e r i v e s t h e BER f o r GMSK
with coherent d e t e c t i o n under t h e frequency-
selective Nakagami-Rice f a d i n g d e s c r i b e d i n
t h e previous s e c t i o n .

69
 v co
ilician LtJF
NfU Gaussian
I)ata LIJF Charine 1
1

Fig. 4 . Orthogonal coherent d e t e c t o r

[2!.
Fig. 3 . GMSK transmission system.

3. Error Rate

This s e c t i o n d e r i v e s t h e BER f o r GMSK

with coherent d e t e c t i o n under t h e frequency-
s e l e c t i v e Nakagami-Rice fading described i n
t h e previous s e c t i o n .
3.1. Derivation of e r r o r rate
The following a n a l y s i s is based on [ 21.
Figure 3 shows t h e block diagram of GMSK
transmission system with coherent d e t e c t i o n .
The t r a n s m i t t e r band-limiting low-pass f i l -
ter is of Gaussian type with t h e following
impulse response:
where w and A are t h e angular frequency and
C
t h e amplitude of t h e carrier, r e s p e c t i v e l y ;
z(t) is t h e complex envelope of t h e a d d i t i v e
n o i s e n ( t ) with two-sided power spectrum
d e n s i t y N0/2[W/Hz], which i s a zero-mean
complex Gaussian process; Re{-) r e p r e s e n t s
t h e real p a r t .
h p ( t ) i s t h e equivalent 10s-pass im-
p u l s e response of t h e r e c e i v e r bandpass f i l -
t e r , and i s given by

B is t h e parameter r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e l i m i t e d
Denoting t h e 3-dB bandwidth of t h e f i l t e r by
bandwidth of t h e r e c e i v e r . L e t t i n g the two-
Bb, a i s given by
sided 3-dB bandwidth be B , i t i s given by

The modified Costas orthogonal coherent de-

L e t t h e GMSK modulation phase be @ ( t )
t e c t o r c i r c u i t of Fig. 4 i s used as t h e
and t h e NRZ s i g n a l sequence be m ( t ) . Then,
d e t e c t o r i n Fig. 3 .

Considering t h e symmetry of t h e receiv-

where @ denotes t h e convolution i n t e g r a l ;
T i s t h e b i t duration.
Assume t h a t a white Gaussian n o i s e i s
added a t t h e i n p u t of t h e r e c e i v e r , and t h e
s i g n a l is band-limited by t h e r e c e i v e r f i l -
ter. Then t h e signal r ( t ) a t t h e input of
t h e d e t e c t o r i s given by
e r bandpass f i l t e r , i t s u f f i c e s i n t h e eval-
u a t i o n of t h e e r r o r r a t e t o analyze only one
of t h e in-phase and quadrature channels.
L e t t i n g t h e LPF output of t h e in-phase chan-
n e l be gI(t), assume t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n is
made based on t h e LPF output a t time i n s t a n t
t = 0. Then,

70
 I n Eq. ( 9 ) , t h e f i r s t , second, and
t h i r d terms are t h e sampled v a l u e s a t t = 0
of t h e d i r e c t s i g n a l component, t h e scat-
t e r e d component and t h e a d d i t i v e white Gaus-
s i a n n o i s e component, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
second and t h e t h i r d terms are both Gaussian
v a r i a b l e s with zero-mean.

L e t t h e sequence of p o l a r NRZ coded

sequence corresponding t o t h e 0 , 1 b i t pat- tSK
UbT
t e r n of t h e i n p u t d a t a be { a ( } , i=***, -1,
0, 1, ... . Then with t h e phase of MSK a t
Fig. 5. Normalized u vs. BbT.
t = 0 as t h e reference, GMSK phase change S
function $(t) is given by Eq. (5) a s

- liTl+-} I
aJ;;
I n t h e foregoing expression N i n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h e intersymbol i n t e r f e r e n c e produced
by t h e t r a n s m i t t e r baseband band-limiting
i s considered f o r N b i t before and a f t e r t h e
decision i n s t a n t ( i . e . , f o r 2N b i t i n t o t a l ) .
It i s assumed t h a t N>> 1, and a-N and anr-l
have d i f f e r e n t s i g n s ; erf(x)=(2/&) l x e - y ' d y
i s t h e Gauss e r r o r function. The variance
os2 of t h e second term i n Eq. (9) is w r i t t e n
using Eq. (10) as
where e r f c ( s ) = 1 - e r f ( z ) is t h e Gauss
complementary e r r o r function.
When t h e intersymbol i n t e r f e r e n c e s are
considered among 2N b i t s , t h e t o t a l number
of p a t t e r n s is 2m. Then it i s required t o
c a l c u l a t e a l l e r r o r r a t e s of Eq. (13) f o r
those b i t p a t t e r n s , and t o average them a s
P= z
P/22N
f o r a l l patterns
(14)

In t h e orthogonal coherent d e t e c t i o n c i r c u i t
of Fig. 4 , t h e demodulator output is deter-
mined by t h e modulo-2 a d d i t i o n of t h e de-
cided output of t h e in-phase and quadrature
channels. Consequently, BER Pe i s d e t e r -
-erf[a(&- r- iT)]-(&- r- iT) mined eventually as follows, using t h e e r r o r
rates P of t h e in-phase and quadrature chan-
-erf[a(&- r - iT)] nels :

On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e variance u 3.2 Discussion of d i s t o r t i o n n o i s e

n (second term)
of t h e t h i r d t e r m i n Eq. (9) is w r i t t e n as
I n Eq. (11) , us2 i n t h e previous sec-

d=x{
lIME)I(E)dE} )=m
K P t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e power of t h e i n t e r f e r i n g
waves. Normalizing t h i s v a l u e by t h e f a c t o r
(yZA2/47r)p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e i n t e n s i t y of
(12) t h e i n t e r f e r i n g wave, t h e r e s u l t r e p r e s e n t s
the factor proportional t o the d i s t o r t i o n
Using t h e foregoing expressions, BER P is n o i s e power, due t o t h e intersymbol i n t e r f e r -
given by ences among s i g n a l s i n t h e i n t e r f e r i n g waves.

71
 1 I
0 10 20 30
Eb /No (dB1
Fig. 6. B i t e r r o r rates vs. Eb/No
(BbT = 0.25).
F i g u r e 5 shows a numerical example as
a f u n c t i o n of BbT. The parameter i s t h e
normalized d e l a y spread A/T ( T ~ / T= 0).
It i s seen t h a t t h e normalized d i s t o r -
t i o n n o i s e d e c r e a s e s g r a d u a l l y although
s l i g h t l y , w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e of B T, due t o
b m i t t e r baseband f i l t e r .
t h e e f f e c t of band-limiting by receiver BPF.
Compared w i t h t h e case w i t h o u t d e l a y spread
(A/T = O), t h e normalized d i s t o r t i o n n o i s e
d e c r e a s e s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e of t h e d e l a y
spread. This i s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
i n t e r f e r i n g s i g n a l level is decreased w i t h
t h e i n c r e a s e of t h e d e l a y spread, caused by
t h e i n c r e a s e of t h e intersymbol i n t e r f e r -
ences w i t h i n t h e i n t e r f e r i n g wave by t h e
d e l a y spread.
I n o t h e r words, t h e d e l a y spread of t h e
i n t e r f e r i n g wave h a s t h e e f f e c t of reducing
t h e i n t e r f e r i n g wave i t s e l f . The e x t e n t of
t h i s r e d u c t i o n i s t h e same i n MSK and i n
GMSK .
72
I 1
-:A/T=2.0, K o/T=O
p!
w
rn
10 20
Eb / N o (dH)
Fig. 7. B i t e r r o r rates vs. Eb/No
(BbT = 0 . 4 ) .
4. R e s u l t of C a l c u l a t i o n and Discussions
4.1 C a l c u l a t i o n example of average
BER
The normalized 3-dB bandwidth BT of
t h e r e c e i v e r BPF is set a t 0.6. Consider-
i n g t h a t t h e f i l t e r i s Gaussian and t h e t a i l
of t h e r e c t a n g u l a r p u l s e response of t h e
f i l t e r is monotonically d e c r e a s i n g w i t h a
f a s t convergence, i t i s set t h a t N = 4 f o r
t h e range of m u l t i b i t intersymbol i n t e r f e r -
ences due t o t h e band-limiting by t h e t r a n s -
F i g u r e s 6 and 7 show t h e BER perform-
ance f o r t h e transmitter- normalized l i m i t e d
bandwidth BbT of 0.25 and 0 . 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The s o l i d l i n e is t h e case of A/T = 2.0, and
t h e dashed l i n e i s t h e case of A/T = 0 (low-
speed t r a n s m i s s i o n ) . I n e i t h e r case, i t i s
assumed t h a t T~ = 0. The parameter is t h e
d i r e c t wave-to-scattered wave power r a t i o
(SD r a t i o , i.e.,dB v a l u e of 1/p2); S/D =
is t h e case w i t h o u t an i n t e r f e r i n g wave.
BER i s determined by t h e t o t a l power of t h e
i n t e r f e r i n g waves (a 2). It i s improved i f
s
t h e r e is a d e l a y spread, as described i n
Sect. 3.2.
 1

10' lib/ N o= 2 0d H

10-4

"
I4 16 18 20 22 '14 26 28
0 1 2
s / I) [dill A / T

Fig. 8. Degradation of Eb/No a t Pe = Fig. 10. B i t e r r o r r a t e vs. A/T.

10-6.

i n t e r f e r i n g wave i s s e l e c t i v e (high-speed
transmission) than i f i t is f l a t (low-speed
t r a n s m i s s i o n ) . The d i f f e r e n c e i s small i n
I:b/No=ZOdll MSK, e i t h e r f o r low- o r high-speed transmis-
sion. I n GMSK, t h e degradation i s smaller
i n high-speed transmission.
p: lo-2

w 4.2 E f f e c t of average delay and delay

spread of i n t e r f e r i n g waves
m
F i g u r e s 9 and 10 show, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
BER vs. t h e normalized average delay and
t h e normalized delay spread. The v a l u e s a r e
f o r BbT = 0.25 and BT = 0.6. BER i s ob-

-5 t a i n e d , n o t by averaging over t h e whole b i t

10 p a t t e r n s b u t by t h e v a l u e f o r t h e b i t pat-
0 1 2 t e r n (0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ) . It i s set
t h a t SID = 14 dB and Eb/No = 20 dB. I n Fig.
z 0 /1'
9 , t h e delay spread i s set as 0 ( A / T = O),
Fig. 9 . B i t e r r o r r a t e vs. 'r0/T. and i n Fig. 10, t h e average delay i s set as
0 (?o/T = 0).

The e f f e c t s of t h e delay spread and t h e

Figure 8 shows t h e degradation of Eb/No
r a t i o vs. SD r a t i o f o r BER = 10-6 f o r each
v a l u e of BbT, f o r t h e c a s e s w i t h i n t e r f e r i n g
waves and without i n t e r f e r i n g waves (S/D =
m). The s o l i d l i n e i s t h e c a s e of .ro/T = 0
and A/T = 2.0, and t h e dashed l i n e is t h e
c a s e of .r0/T = 0 and A/T = 0. The degrada-
t i o n i s very l a r g e f o r small SD r a t i o . The
s i t u a t i o n is b e t t e r i f t h e f a d i n g of t h e
average delay on BER s e e m t o be f a i r l y small,
although they depend on t h e SD r a t i o and
E /N ( t h e dependency of BER on .r0 d i f f e r s
b O
somewhat depending on t h e b i t p a t t e r n ) . This
p r o p e r t y i m p l i e s t h a t BER i s determined
mostly by t h e power of t h e i n t e r f e r i n g wave,
and t h e delay spread and t h e average delay
have only secondary importance. This i s a
g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e from QDPSK, where t h e sym-
b o l e r r o r r a t e degrades g r e a t l y when t h e
delay time exceeds approximately one-half
t h e symbol period [ l o ] .

73
 8 s c a t t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g waves on BER is of
secondary importance.

(2) Examining more d e t a i l s , even i f

S/D is k e p t t h e same, BER performance i s
improved by s e v e r a l d e c i b e l s a t 10-6 by t h e
G
0 5
delay spread of t h e s c a t t e r e d wave, due t o
.rl
t h e decrease of t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e power, by
Q 4 t h e intersymbol i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h i n t h e in-
m t e r f e r i n g wave.
a
3
(3) The optimal r e c e i v e r bandwidth in-
L creases with t h e i n c r e a s e of t h e i n t e r f e r -
M i )
ence power, compared with t h e optimal v a l u e

I
e, BbT=O. 25 f o r t h e c a s e without i n t e r f e r i n g wave.
@ 1 Pe=lO
-6 Depending on the s i t u a t i o n i n t h e chan-
0 ' I I I I I I J n e l , i t may happen t h a t t h e d i r e c t wave has
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 t h e delay spread. This case must a l s o be
BT investigated.

Fig. 11. Optimum bandwidth of predetec- Acknowledgement. The authors are grate-
t i o n BPF. f u l f o r t h e suggestions by P r o f . N. Morin-
aga, Fac. Eng., Osaka University.

REFERENCES

4.3 Discussion of optimal r e c e i v e r 1. F. de Jager and C. B. Dekker. Tamed

bandwidth frequency modulation, a novel method t o
achieve spectrum economy i n d i g i t a l
The c a l c u l a t i o n s up t o t h i s s t a g e are transmission. IEEE Trans. Commun.,
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s c a t t e r e d i n t e r f e r i n g wave. It is i n v e s t i - performance of GMSK modulation. Trans.
gated whether o r n o t t h a t v a l u e of BT i s (B), I.E.C.E., Japan, J64-B, 10, pp.
optimal a l s o when t h e r e e x i s t s a s c a t t e r e d 1123-1130 (Oct. 1981).
i n t e r f e r i n g wave. The r e s u l t is shown i n 3. M. Hata, K. Murota, S. Ogose, and K.
Fig. 11. It i s s e t t h a t BbT = 0.25 and BT Kinoshita. A f i e l d t e s t on 256 k b i t / s
i s varied. The f i g u r e shows t h e SNR degra- d i g i t a l s i g n a l transmission i n land
d a t i o n from t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i t of BER f o r MSK mobile r a d i o propagation environment.
with orthogonal coherent d e t e c t i o n f o r BER = Trans. (B), I.E.C.E., Japan, J64-B, 1 2 ,
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( i n t e r f e r e n c e power is h i g h ) , t h e optimal BT aga. B i t e r r o r performance of d i f f e r -
product increased from 0.6. e n t i a l l y encoded GMSK with 2-bit d i f f e r -
e n t i a l d e t e c t i o n over t h e band l i m i t e d
frequency s e l e c t i v e fading channel.
5. Conclusions Papers of Technical Groups on Communi-
c a t i o n Systems, I . E . I . C . E . , Japan,
This paper assumed t h e frequency- CS86-128 (Jan. 1987).
s e l e c t i v e Nakagami-Rice fading, and con- 5. S. h o e , S. Yoshida, Y . Tonomura, H.
s i d e r e d GMSK with orthogonal coherent detec- Fuse, and F. Ikegami. A study on b i t -
t i o n with m u l t i b i t intersymbol i n t e r f e r e n c e s . e r r o r - r a t e c h a r a c t e r g s t i c s of d i g i t a l
The b i t e r r o r rate (BER) i s c a l c u l a t e d theor- mobile communication by a two-ray
e t i c a l l y . As a r e s u l t , t h e following ob- model. Ibid., w - 5 3 (June 1981).
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-
J64-B, 4, pp. 248-254 (April 1981).
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7. S. Ogose. Error-rate performance of

(1) BER performance is determined by
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power r a t i o (S/D). The e f f e c t of t h e aver- d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e c t i o n . Trans. (B),
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1259 (Oct. 1982).

74
8. M. K. Simon and C. C. Wang. Differen-
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1145-1152 (Oct. 1985).

AUTHC S (from l e f t t o r i g h t )

Ken-ichi Konishi graduated i n 1971 from t h e Dept. E l e c t r o n i c Eng., Fac. Eng., Himeji
I n s t i t u t e of Technology, and obtained a Master's degree i n 1975 from Kobe University. H e was
a Research Student i n 1986 a t Osaka University, A s s i s t a n t i n 1987 i n t h e Dept. E l e c t r o n i c Eng.,
Fac. Sci., and Lecturer i n 1988 i n t h e Dept. E l e c t r o n i c Eng., Fac. Eng., Okayama University of
Science. He i s engaged i n research on d i g i t a l communication i n mobile and s a t e l l i t e communica-
t i o n . H e is a member of IEEE and t h e TV SOC. of Japan.

Yoshiya Miyagaki graduated i n 1965 from t h e Dept. E l e c t r i c a l Eng., Fac. Eng., Kobe Uni-
v e r s i t y , and obtained a Master's degree from t h e r e i n 1967. He a l s o h a s a D r . of Eng. degree.
H e i s engaged i n research on microwave r a d i o communication, mobile communication, and highly
r e l i a b l e , h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t d i g i t a l transmission i n mobile and satellite-aircraft communication.
P r e s e n t l y , he i s a Professor of E l e c t r o n i c Eng., Okayama University of Science.

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