Jaureguizar Et Al 2015 - A Trans-Ecosystem Fishery - Small Scale

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Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science xxx (2014) 1e13
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56
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Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59
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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss 61
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1 A trans-ecosystem fishery: Environmental effects on the small-scale 66
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3 gillnet fishery along the Río de la Plata boundary 68
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5 Q4 s Javier a, b, *, Corte
Jaureguizar Andre s Federico b, C. Milessi Andre
s a, b, 70
6
Cozzolino Ezequiel b, Allega Lucrecia b 71
7 72
8
a
Comision de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, CP: 1900 La Plata, Argentina
b n y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo N 1, B7602HSA Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Instituto Nacional de Investigacio
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12 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
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Article history: To improve the understanding of the environmental processes affecting small-scale gillnet fisheries
14 Received 30 June 2014 79
along neighboring waters of estuaries, we analyzed the main climatic forcing and the environmental
15 Accepted 2 November 2014 80
conditions, the fishery landing spatial and temporal variation, including the relative importance of site,
16 Available online xxx 81
distance to coast, temperature and salinity in the structuring of landed species profile. Data were
17 collected monthly in two sites along the adjacent south coast of the Río de la Plata between October 2009 82
18 Keywords:
and September 2010. The gillnet fishery was dominated by four species (Cynoscion guatucupa, Micro- 83
19 small-scale fishery
pogonias furnieri, Mustelus schmitti and Parona signata) from a total of 38 species landed, which 84
environmental influence
20 spatial and temporal variation
accounted for 98.6% of total landings. The fishing effort and landings by the fishery were largely 85
21 landing profile conditioned by the availability of fish species in the fishing grounds resulting from the combination of 86
22 Río de la Plata the species reproductive behavior and the predominant environmental conditions. The highest abun-
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23 dances for some species occurred before (M. furnieri, C. guatucupa, P. signata) or during the reproductive
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24 period (M. schmitti, Squatina guggenheim), while in other species it was associated with favorable
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environmental conditions during cold months (Squalus acanthias, Callorhinchus callorhynchus, Galeo-
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rhinus galeus) or warm months (Trichiurus lepturus). The predominant seasonal environmental condi-
26 91
tions along the coast were mainly determined by the location of Río de la Plata boundary, whose spatial
27 extent was forced by the wind patterns and freshwater discharge. The strong environmental dependence 92
28 means that the small-scale fishery is in fact a seasonal trans-ecosystem fishery. This attribute, together 93
29 that shared the resources with the industrial fishery and the overlap of the fishery ground with essential 94
30 habitat of sharks, make this kind of small-scale gillnet fishery particularly relevant to be included in the 95
31 development of a coastal ecosystem-based management approach. 96
32 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 97
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1. Introduction and migration patterns that will result from climate change are
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likely to disrupt the traditional fishing calendar and also the
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Climate and environmental changes are expected to affect the traditional fish sharing and access agreements to neighboring
40 105
use of estuaries and coastal habitats by fish species, many of which fisheries along an environmental gradient. This environmental
41 106
are already considered vulnerable to ongoing climatic variability. restructuring, together with declining fish stocks, will lead to
42 107
The influence of climatic conditions is conspicuous in the recruit- increasing vulnerability of fishing communities (Kalikoski et al.,
43 108
ment success, migration, and dispersal of fishery resources toward/ 2010) and probably to a variety of adaptive changes in the social
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from fishing ground, which may have significant influences on the system in response.
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success of small-scale fisheries (Roessig et al., 2004; Brander, 2010; Such adaptive responses to marine ecosystem changes, typically
46 111
Gillander et al., 2011; Petitgas et al., 2013). The shifting distribution include short (intensification of effort, diversification of fishing,
47 112
migration, ‘riding out the storm’) or long time perspectives (polit-
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ical reform, restructuring, capacity building, community closure),
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and is likely to vary (or be constrained) by the capacities of a
50 * Corresponding author. INIDEP e Programa Especies Demersales Costeras, Paseo 115
Victoria Ocampo N 1, Mar del Plata, Argentina. country (Perry et al., 2011). The susceptibility of fishing commu-
51 116
s Javier).
E-mail address: ajj@inidep.edu.ar (J. Andre nities to climate and environmental change is a major issue for the
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.11.003
54 0272-7714/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 119
s Javier, J., et al., A trans-ecosystem fishery: Environmental effects on the small-scale gillnet fishery along
Please cite this article in press as: Andre
the Río de la Plata boundary, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.11.003
2 J. Andres Javier et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science xxx (2014) 1e13
1 governance of fisheries resources within a vulnerability approach The activity of RdP small-scale fisheries is usually conducted in 66
2 and has a direct effect on human security, livelihoods and fishing inshore coastal waters (up to 1.5e5.5 km offshore), use small boats 67
3 rights (Kalikoski et al., 2010). Therefore, understanding the degree (wood, fibreglass, inflatable, semi-rigid) of less than 10GRT with 68
4 to which the environment influences small-scale fishery commu- outboard motors. The fishing trips normally occur during the day. In 69
5 nities in the context of future climate change is crucial for the northern coast of RdP, a wider variety of fishing gears (gillnets, 70
6 development of policies and operational rule that can maintain the lines, hooks and trap) is used than in southern coast (normally 71
7 livelihoods of these communities and their social-ecological gillnets). The main species caught mainly include white croaker 72
8 systems. (Micropogonias furnieri) and stripped weakfish (Cynoscion guatu- 73
9 Important small-scale or artisanal fisheries occur along the Río cupa) and, to a lesser extent, parona leatherjacket (Parona signata), 74
10 de la Plata (RdP), at the northern coast (Uruguay, Norbis, 1995, brazilian codling (Urophycis brasiliensis) and patagonian smooth- 75
11 Acun ~ a Plavan and Verocai, 2001; Puig, 2006, 2010; Segura and hound shark (Mustelus schmitti) (Lagos, 2001; Lasta et al., 2001; 76
12 Milessi, 2008; Defeo et al., 2010) and southern coast (Argentina, Defeo et al., 2010). The small-scale fishery exploits the same 77
13 Lasta et al., 2001, Lagos, 2001), which are exposed to low salinity resource as the industrial fleet, which has strong spatial over- 78
14 extensions of the RdP plume. The RdP discharge, ~23,000 m3s1 of lapping and produces a negative effect on the small-scale catches 79
15 freshwater to the western South Atlantic shelf at 35 S (Jaime et al., (Horta and Defeo, 2012). At the northern RdP coast (Uruguay) white 80
16 2002), results in a estuarine region that encompasses approxi- croaker fishers show stronger (~60 km) intra-annual displacement 81
17 mately 35,000 km2 (Framin ~ an et al., 1999) and the meridional (either sailing or carrying their boats) than along southern coast 82
18 extension of the plume of low salinity extends northeastward (Argentina). The northern fleet follows the migrations of M. furnieri 83
19 (beyond 26 S) in fallewinter and southwestward (reaching 37 S, to the coastal spawning areas (Defeo et al., 2010; Horta and Defeo, 84
20 Punta Me danos, Fig. 1) in springesummer as a result of the changes 2012) associated with the inner salinity front (Macchi and 85
21 in the along-shore wind stress and freshwater discharge (Piola Christiansen, 1996; Jaureguizar et al., 2003a, 2008). Consequently, 86
22 et al., 2005; Simionato et al., 2007; Jaureguizar et al., 2007). In for non-migrant small-scale fisheries settled on the southern coast, 87
23 shallower waters, the seasonal and inter-annual variation in RdP it is expected that, due to environmental change, the spatial vari- 88
24 freshwater inputs modifies the spatial extents of estuarine condi- ation in the salinity patterns will disrupt the traditional availability 89
25 tions (along-shore salinity gradient) influencing the distributions of of fish and the spatial access agreements, producing ‘winners’ and 90
26 marine and estuarine fish species (Prionotus punctatus vs Prionotus ‘losers’ along the environment gradient. This is a problem specific 91
27 nudigula, Jaureguizar et al., 2007) and their ontogenetic stages to small-scale fisheries on migratory trans-boundary stocks and it 92
28 (Cynoscion guatucupa, Jaureguizar and Guerrero, 2009; Jaureguizar represents a special problem in fisheries management. 93
29 et al., 2006a; Micropogonias furnieri, Jaureguizar et al., 2003a), It is then important to understand the environmental influences 94
30 thereby affecting fish assemblage composition along the coast on the harvest of small-scale fishing communities along the Río de 95
31 (Jaureguizar et al., 2003b, 2004, 2006b; García et al., 2010; Barletta la Plata gradient, for example Las Toninas (Faro San Antonio, 96
32 et al., 2010). Therefore, RdP freshwater inputs can directly influence 36170 S) and Punta Me danos (36 530 S) (Fig. 1), to improve future 97
33 the availability of resources to settled small-scale fishers along the management approaches. The main goals of this work were: 1) to 98
34 RdP and thus impact in the total landings. analyze the variation of temperature and salinity distributions and 99
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63 danos (PM)] and location of the along-
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Fig. 1. A) Study area of the small-scale gillnet fishery of Río de la Plata, showing the sampling locations [sites Las Toninas (LT) and Punta Me
64 shore section (ab), B) Spaceetime plot of monthly sea surface temperature and C) monthly log (CSAT (mg m3)) along section ab for the period of the study (2009e2010). The circles 129
65 in C show the field salinity in the sampling location, Las Toninas (C) and Punta Me danos (B). 130
J. Andres Javier et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science xxx (2014) 1e13 3
1 their main environmental forcing (wind, freshwater discharge), 2) site) to estimate the salinity in the laboratory using an Autosal 66
2 to identify and characterize the species composition of landings, Guildline 8400B salinometer standardized with IAPSO standard 67
3 their spatial and temporal variations, fishing effort and catch per seawater supplied by Ocean Scientific International Limited (OSIL) 68
4 unit effort (CPUE), and 3) to determine the relative importance of of the UK. 69
5 site, distance to coast, temperature and salinity in structuring the To characterize the seasonal activity of the small-scale gillnet 70
6 species composition of the landings over a 1 year period. fishery, different estimators of the fishing effort were considered 71
7 (average number of fishermen, net length, catch time, and distance 72
8 2. Materials and methods to the coast). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which 73
9 considered the seasons as factors for classification and the different 74
10 Small-scale gillnet fishery landings were analyzed in Las Toninas fishing effort estimators as predictor variables, was used to deter- 75
11 and Punta Me danos (Fig. 1), two neighboring fishing communities mine spatial and temporal differences among seasons. Different 76
12 at the southern boundary of the Río de la Plata. Monthly field transformations were tried with the Bartlett test to verify the 77
13 sampling, each one extending for eight days, occurred during the assumption of equal variances across samples required by the 78
14 period from October 2009 to September 2010. For each fisher trip, analysis of variance. In all trials the Bartlett test indicated signifi- 79
15 the species composition was sampled and the fishers were inter- cant heteroscedastic, therefore the ANOVA was applied using a 80
16 viewed at the beach to obtain the main characteristics of fishing net p ¼ 0.01 level of significance in order to maintain a greater control 81
17 (material, stretched mesh size), length of the net and catch time (in on the level of significance associated with the ANOVA. In the case 82
18 order to estimate the fishing effort), and also the distance from the of existing significant differences, comparisons a posteriori were 83
19 shore (using GPS) where the fixed gillnet was soaked. The done using the Scheffe's test. 84
20 composition of the landings was identified to species and the total To obtain a hierarchical structure of landed species, an Olm- 85
21 number of individuals by species was recorded. The average yield steadeTukey diagram (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) was used by season 86
22 (CPUE) for each landed species was estimated as the number of fish considering spring (October, November, December), summer 87
23 landed by 100 m of gillnet during 24 h (Individuals/(100 m/24 h)). (January, February, March), autumn (April, May, June), winter (July, 88
24 The monthly variation in the main external forcing on envi- August, September), and the annual landings. The dominant, 89
25 ronmental conditions (freshwater discharge, winds) and water frequent, rare and occasional species were determined from the 90
26 conditions (temperature, salinity) along the coast were examined. relationship between the frequency of average occurrence of the 91
27 The Río de la Plata monthly mean discharges were obtained from species (number of times caught) and their CPUE (individuals/ 92
28 the Instituto Nacional del Agua y del Ambiente (INAA). We used (100 m/24 h)) log10 transformed. 93
29 Blended Sea Winds (BSW) from the National Climatic Data Center The landed species by site (Las Toninas, Punta Me danos) and 94
30 (NCDC; http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rsad/air-sea/seawinds. season were characterized using the similarity percentage proce- 95
31 html#data), in the Río de la Plata area spanning between 57 W dure (SIMPER); species that on average contributed strongly to a 96
32 and 55 W and between 37 S and 35 S. The BSW combine satellite site or season were quantified and ranked according to the method 97
33 wind observations with re-analyses and contain globally gridded, described by Clarke and Warwick (2001). To determine whether or 98
34 high resolution ocean surface vector winds on a global 0.25 grid not major shifts in the species composition of the landings occurred 99
35 with daily temporal resolution. The period used was from October between sites or seasons, we used a non-parametric permutation- 100
36 1st, 2009 to September 30th, 2010, and the wind direction is based one-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Where appropriate, 101
37 described according to meteorological convention (direction from R-statistic values for pair-wise comparisons provided by ANOSIM 102
38 which the wind comes). Winds were assembled into two groups were used to determine the dissimilarity between sites and sea- 103
39 considering the direction of the resulting flow into two groups, sons; values close to 1 indicate very different species composition, 104
40 based on water circulation forced by local winds as described by while values near zero show little difference. ANOSIM was used to 105
41 Simionato et al. (2004): winds forcing an inflow or outflow of water test the null hypothesis that no changes in the species composition 106
42 into or from the estuary along the Argentine coast. The outflow of of the landings were observed between sites and seasons. In the 107
43 water (offshore and southward) results when the wind blows from cases in which a significant change was detected, we identified the 108
44 directions between NNW (330 ) and ESE (120 ). The inflow of species in the landings that were responsible for these differences. 109
45 water (inshore and northward) occurs when the wind blows from For each site and season we categorized target species as common 110
46 directions between SSE (150 ) and WNW (300 ) (Simionato et al., or discriminators through the similarity percentage procedure 111
47 2004). (SIMPER, Clarke and Warwick, 2001). Species were considered 112
48 The water conditions (temperature and salinity) along the common if they contributed to the top 50% of the average similarity 113
49 fishery grounds were examined with a spaceetime plot of daily within the site or season, whereas species were considered dis- 114
50 satellite sea surface temperature (SST) and satellite-derived chlo- criminators if they contributed to the top 90% of the dissimilarity 115
51 rophyll-a (CSAT) along a section through the RdP estuary (Fig. 1). between sites or seasons, and had a low ratio of average dissimi- 116
52 The SST and CSAT isolines were obtained by inverse distance to a larity to its standard deviation. 117
53 power interpolation onto a 0.1 lat grid. The SST and CSAT data were To determine the influence of the fishing site, distance to the 118
54 obtained from http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov (MODIS-Aqua coast, temperature (SST) and salinity (across the relationship with 119
55 Reprocessing R2013.0, provide by NASA Goddard Space Flight CSAT, Piola et al., 2008) on the species composition of the landings 120
56 Center). We used MODIS daily 4-km Level 3 Standard Mapped we used a Multivariate Regression Tree analysis (MRT; Death 2002, 121
57 Image (SMI). The CSAT data were used to estimate the southward Borcard et al., 2011). MRT is a multivariate method that can handle 122
58 extent of the Río de la Plata waters by relation with the salinity non-linear relationships between the response and explanatory 123
59 observed by Piola et al. (2008). The log (CSAT) range is associated variables or high-order interactions among explanatory variables 124
60 with a sharp surface salinity transition across the offshore edge of (Death 2002; Borcard et al., 2011). The result of this analysis is a tree 125
61 the Río de la Plata plume from 28.5 to 32.5. Waters of surface whose leaves (terminal groups of samples) are composed of subsets 126
62 salinity <31, derived from mixtures of Río de la Plata waters with of sites chosen to minimize the within group sums of squares 127
63 continental shelf waters, are associated with log (CSAT) > 0.5 (Piola (Borcard et al., 2011). The selection of tree was done by cross- 128
64 et al., 2008). During the field surveys, water samples at the beach validation using ‘1se’, that gives the best tree within one SE of 129
65 were collected in Las Toninas and Punta Me danos (three by fishery the overall best. The predictive accuracy of the MRT was estimated 130
1 from the cross-validated relative error (CVRE, Borcard et al., 2011). October to March (the minimum) followed by an increase to a peak 66
2 As most species were occasional or rare, the MRT was developed of 25 in August. The average monthly soak time showed significant 67
3 using only the dominant and frequent species determined from the differences among all seasons (p < 0.01) with higher values 68
4 OlmsteadeTukey diagram (Table 1). ANOVA and MRT analyses (average ± SD) in summer (21.2 ± 4.5 h) and spring (17.8 ± 6.5 h), 69
5 were implemented using the mvpart and labdsv packages of the R and lower values in autumn (12.6 ± 6.8 h) and winter (8.7 ± 8.1 h). 70
6 statistical software (R Development Core Team, 2011). During the course of the study, the average gillnet length (Fig. 3) did 71
7 not show significant differences between autumn and winter 72
8 3. Results (p ¼ 0.977), but it was significantly different from the two warm 73
9 seasons; there were significant differences as well between the 74
10 3.1. Environmental conditions warm seasons (p < 0.01). The minimum net length was used in 75
11 summer (375 ± 181.1 m) and spring (511.6 ± 251.4 m), increased in 76
12 The sea surface temperature showed an annual cycle with winter (667.3 ± 330.1 m), and showed a maximum in autumn 77
13 maximum temperature (~24 C) in summer, minimum in winter (691.6 ± 322 m). The shortest distance to the coast where the nets 78
14 (~10 C) and intermediate in the other seasons (spring and were soaked only changed significantly between spring 79
15 autumn). During the summer, SST also showed relatively small (3443.12 ± 2048 m) and the rest of seasons (p < 0.01). Although the 80
16 increases from the RdP estuary to the neighboring shelf region; as a distance to the coast did not show significant differences between 81
17 consequence, the water temperature of Las Toninas and Punta seasons, on average it was farthest in autumn (5106.7 ± 2197 m), 82
18 Me danos showed weak differences (Fig. 1B). The salinity showed a intermediate in summer (4850.6 ± 1870 m) and winter 83
19 cycle with higher values in winter (mean 31.27 ± 2.08), lower in (4447.1 ± 2534.3 m) and closest in spring (Fig. 3). 84
20 autumn (mean 26.88 ± 3.61), and intermediate during spring 85
21 (mean 28.52 ± 2.08) and summer (28.08 ± 2.75); in all seasons the 3.3. Faunal composition 86
22 salinity in Las Toninas was lower than in Punta Me danos (Fig. 1C). 87
23 The salinity pattern obtained from samples collected on the beach A total of 111569 fish belonging to 38 species (13 Chon- 88
24 is similar to the pattern obtained from the satellite-derived surface drichthyes and 25 Osteichthyes) and 26 families were sampled 89
25 chlorophyll-a (CSAT) along the section over the study period. Note from the landings between 2009 and 2010. The Sciaenidae was the 90
26 that the CSAT showed higher spatial and temporal variation than most important family, represented by 6 species, followed by Tri- 91
27 did the temperature along the same section (compare Fig. 1B and akidae, Myliobatidae, Rajidae, Stromateidae, Paralichthyidae and 92
28 C). The spaceetime plot of log (CSAT) along the near-shore section Triglidae, each of which was represented by only 2 species. Ac- 93
29 indicate that the along coastal penetration of low salinity waters to cording to the OlmsteadeTukey (O-T) diagram, most species 94
30 fishing ground, is associated with log (CSAT) > 0.5 (n ¼ 29) were rare (76.3%), five species were frequent (13.2%) and 95
31 (CSAT > 3 mg m3), is maximum in austral summer and minimum four species were dominant (10.5%) (Table 1, Fig. 4). The four 96
32 in austral winter. The RdP southward penetration increased during dominant species were Cynoscion guatucupa, Micropogonias fur- 97
33 spring, and the difference in salinity between the fishing localities nieri, Mustelus schmitti and Parona signata, which were present in 98
34 (Las Toninas being lower than Punta Me danos) decreased as the more than 70.42% of all landings and represented 98.6% of total 99
35 season progressed. The high CSAT-low salinity water expansion was abundance for all landings (Fig. 4, Table 1). 100
36 greatest in summer, with the result that both localities had similar The species caught showed different trends in CPUE and 101
37 and intermediate salinities. During winter, the RdP southward occurrence throughout the year, suggesting a seasonal pattern 102
38 retreat was at its maximum and there was a northward penetration (Table 1, Fig. 5). Some species categorized as rare at the annual level 103
39 of high salinity waters (>31) into the fishing grounds, which was were actually frequent in one or two seasons. Squalus acanthias, 104
40 associated with log (CSAT) < 0.5 (CSAT > 3 mg m3) (Fig. 1C). Callorhinchus callorhynchus and Galeorhinus galeus had higher 105
41 The anomalies of RdP mean monthly discharge (m3s1) showed yields and occurred during late winter (September), Trichiurus 106
42 positive values over the study period. Seasonally, the maximum lepturus had its maximum CPUE and occurrence during summer 107
43 mean discharge occurred in summer (43,300 m3s1), followed by and autumn, and Stromateus brasiliensis was occasional in spring 108
44 autumn (31,766 m3s1), spring (29,400 m3s1) and winter and frequent in winter. The dominant and frequent species also 109
45 (22,166 m3s1) (Fig. 2A). The wind pattern observed over the year showed annual trends in their landings with the maximum in one 110
46 showed a dominance of inflow winds (outflow winds) that produce season, for example Cynoscion guatucupa and Micropogonias fur- 111
47 inflows of brackish (marine) water to the fishing ground (estuary) nieri in winter, Mustelus schmitti in early spring, and Squatina 112
48 along the coast, from October to March (springesummer). From guggenheim in autumn, or in two seasons such as Parona signata 113
49 April to August (AutumneWinter), there was a weak balance in the which had higher landings during winter and spring (Fig. 5). 114
50 occurrence (~50%) among inflow and outflow winds (Fig. 2B). The 115
51 monthly average wind speed of inflow and outflow winds showed 3.3.1. Seasonal composition of landings 116
52 inverse patterns. Inflow wind speeds increased from October to The seasonal yield showed significant differences (ANOSIM, 117
53 August [minimum in spring (average 5.08 m/s) and maximum in p < 0.05) among most of the seasons, except during autumn when 118
54 winter (average 7.11 m/s)], whereas the average outflow wind compared with spring and winter respectively. The seasonal yield 119
55 speed was maximum in spring and summer (average 6.04 and showed an average similarity, between 56.18% and 64.97%, being 120
56 6.86 m/s respectively) and minimum in autumn and winter months higher during winter and spring (Table 2, SIMPER analysis). Cyn- 121
57 (average 5.82 and 5.43 m/s respectively) (Fig. 2B). oscion guatucupa, Micropogonias furnieri, Parona signata, and Mac- 122
58 rodon ancylodon (during spring and summer), and Mustelus schmitti 123
59 3.2. Fishing effort (in autumn and spring) mainly contributed to the higher average 124
60 similitude in the yields for all seasons (Table 2). Although 70% of 125
61 A total of 243 samples of small-scale fishery catches were ob- similitude was represented by almost the same species, the sea- 126
62 tained between October 2009 and September 2010 exclusively sonal yield showed differences in their structure with different 127
63 using gillnets of nylon (0.60 mm) with stretched mesh ranging from discriminator species (Table 3). The spring landings were discrim- 128
64 90 to 120 mm and 2 m high. The annual average number of fish- inated by Stromateus brasiliensis, Porichthys porosissimus and Mugil 129
65 ermen considered in this study was 12 (Fig. 3), with a decrease from sp., summer landings were discriminated by M. ancylodon and 130
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Table 1
Seasonal average yield (Individual/(100 m/24 h)) and occurrence (OC) of species caught by the small-scale fishery along the boundary of Río de la Plata, indicating their class, family, estuarine use functional group (EUFG)
suggested by Elliott et al. (2007) [estuarine (es), marine stragglers (ms), marine migrants (mm), anadromous (an)] and their category according to the OlmsteadeTukey (O-T C) diagram (D, dominant; F, frequent; R, rare; O,
occasional).
Class Family Specie EUFG Spring Summer Autumn Winter Annual
Yield OC O-T C Yield OC O-T C Yield OC O-T C Yield OC O-T C Yield OC O-T C
Chondrichthyes
Callorhinchidae Callorhinchus callorhynchus(Linnaeus, 1758) ms 0.044 11.39 R 0.004 2.78 R 0.240 26.76 F 0.086 12.08 R
Hexanchidae Notorynchus cepedianus (Pe ron, 1807) ms 0.138 24.05 F 0.023 9.26 R 0.107 16.67 R 0.028 8.45 R 0.075 15.00 R
Myliobatidae Myliobatis goodei Garman, 1885 mm 0.027 5.06 R 0.020 5.56 R 0.034 8.33 R 0.008 1.41 R 0.021 4.58 R
J. Andres Javier et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science xxx (2014) 1e13
Myliobatis spp. mm 0.011 5.56 R 0.009 4.23 R 0.004 2.08 R
Narcinidae Discopyge tschudii Heckel, 1846 ms 0.011 1.41 R 0.003 0.42 R
Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 ms 0.008 3.70 R 0.002 1.41 R 0.002 1.25 R
Rajidae Atlantoraja castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907) ms 0.024 5.06 R 0.010 2.82 R 0.011 2.50 R
Sympterygia bonapartii Müller & Henle, 1841 mm 0.005 3.80 R 0.002 1.25 R
Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos horkelii Müller & Henle, 1841 ms 0.003 1.27 R 0.001 0.42 R
Squalidae Squalus acanthias Linne , 1758 ms 0.630 10.13 R 0.004 1.85 R 0.384 16.67 R 1.309 36.62 F 0.653 17.08 R
Squatinidae Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936 mm 0.569 73.42 F 0.565 66.67 F 1.714 77.78 F 0.104 19.72 F 0.602 56.67 F
Triakidae Galeorhinus galeus De Buen 1950 ms 0.071 13.92 R 0.437 21.13 F 0.153 10.83 R
Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 mm 12.579 91.14 D 3.780 64.81 D 42.995 97.22 D 27.858 38.03 D 19.682 70.42 D
Osteichthyes
Ariidae Genidens barbus (Lace pede, 1803) an 0.185 25.32 F 0.404 37.04 F 0.106 22.22 R 0.168 20.00 F
Batrachoididae Porichthys porosissimus (Valenciennes, 1837) ms 0.562 3.80 R 0.115 13.89 R 0.698 18.31 F 0.409 8.75 R
Carangidae Parona signata (Jenyns, 1842) mm 9.989 73.42 D 4.853 83.33 D 5.307 75.00 D 14.011 63.38 F 9.321 72.92 D
Cheilodactylidae Nemadactylus bergi (Norman, 1937) ms 0.031 5.56 R 0.000 0.00 0.005 0.83 R
Clupeidae Brevoortia aurea (Agassiz, 1829) es 0.106 10.13 R 0.209 20.37 F 0.465 19.44 R 1.017 14.08 R 0.452 15.00 R
Congridae Conger orbignyanus Valenciennes, 1847 ms 0.021 3.80 R 0.009 3.70 R 0.014 5.56 R 0.011 2.92 R
Engarulidae Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) an 0.006 1.85 R 0.001 0.42 R
Mugilidae Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 es 0.146 17.72 R 0.016 3.70 R 0.052 6.67 R
Paralichthyidae Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1939) es 0.011 3.70 R 0.010 2.78 R 0.004 1.25 R
Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889 mm 0.003 1.27 R 0.001 0.42 R
Percophidae Percophis brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 ms 0.011 2.53 R 0.002 1.85 R 0.009 5.56 R 0.033 7.04 R 0.015 4.17 R

Phycidae Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup, 1858) ms 1.379 59.49 F 0.945 62.96 F 0.518 47.22 F 0.056 12.68 R 0.761 44.58 F
Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix (Linne , 1758) ms 0.017 7.59 R 0.019 1.85 R 5.883 52.78 D 0.202 8.45 R 0.952 13.33 R
Sciaenidae Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) mm 75.918 97.47 D 31.343 90.74 D 41.648 97.22 D 517.834 98.59 D 191.482 96.25 D
Macrodon ancylodon Schneider, 1801 es 1.314 45.57 F 1.294 50.00 F 1.295 38.89 F 0.918 32.08 F
Menticirrhus americanus (Linne , 1758) es 0.039 11.39 R 0.049 11.11 R 0.137 19.44 R 0.023 2.82 R 0.051 10.00 R
Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarrest, 1823) es 30.597 97.47 D 12.995 96.30 D 32.727 97.22 D 186.285 90.14 D 73.014 95.00 D
Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875) es 0.002 1.27 R 0.000 0.00 0.001 0.42 R
Umbrina canosai Berg, 1895 ms 0.734 22.78 F 0.137 12.96 R 2.370 36.11 F 9.394 45.07 F 3.407 29.17 F
Acanthistius brasilianus (Valenciennes, 1828) ms 0.056 8.33 R 0.008 1.25 R
Stromateidae Peprilus paru (Linne, 1758) ms 0.003 1.27 R 0.017 2.78 R 0.000 0.00 0.003 0.83 R
Stromateus brasiliensis (Fowler, 1906) mm 4.420 10.13 O 0.002 1.85 R 1.579 13.89 R 1.702 22.54 F 2.196 12.50 R
Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus Linne, 1758 ms 0.185 40.74 F 0.328 27.78 F 0.091 13.33 R
Triglidae Prionotus nudigula Ginsburg, 1950 ms 0.568 16.67 R 0.085 2.50 R
Prionotus punctatus (Cuvier 1829) mm 0.060 10.13 R 0.033 5.56 R 0.044 8.33 R 0.311 8.45 R 0.126 8.33 R
5
100
129
128
126
125
123
122
120
124
106
104
130
127
109
108
105
103
102
107
121
101
112
119
116
115
114
113
110
118
117
111
68
66
99
98
96
95
94
93
92
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
75
69
77
70
67
97
73
72
91
71
76
74
1 60000 composition being Micropogonias furnieri, Cynoscion guatucupa and 66

A
discharge (m s )
2 50000 Parona signata. The Punta Me danos landing species composition 67

Freshwater
3 40000 showed a little higher similitude (59.6%), with M. furnieri, 68

4 30000 C. guatucupa, P. signata, Mustelus schmitti contributing most to the 69
5 20000 average similitude (Table 2). The main differences among the spe- 70
6 10000 cies composition of the landings between sites (90% dissimilitude) 71
7 0 were determined by higher landings of Macrodon ancylodon, Uro- 72
8 phycis brasiliensis, Genidens barbus and Trichiurus lepturus in Las 73
9 60 NW-E (Int..) SE-W (Int..) 8 Toninas, and C. guatucupa, M. schmitti, Stromateus brasiliensis, 74
Relative Frequency (%)
Average Intensity (ms )

10 7 M. furnieri, Umbrina canosai, P. signata, Squalus acanthias, Brevoortia 75
50
11 6 aurea, Squatina guggenheim, Pomatomus saltatrix, Porichthys poros- 76
12 40
5 issimus and Prionotus punctatus in Punta Me danos (SIMPER, Fig. 6). 77
13 30 4 78
14 3 79
20 SE-W (Fec.) 3.4. Environmental influence on the species composition of the
15 2 80
10
landings
16 81
17
B 1
82
0 0 The Multivariate Regression Tree analysis (MRT) of the CPUE
18 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 83
data set produced a tree with five leaves (Fig. 7); each of the four
19 Month 84
splits had different predictor variable. The overall fit of the MRT,
20 85
defined by the relative error, was 30.83%, and the MRT predictive
21 Fig. 2. A) Río de la Plata (RdP) monthly mean freshwater discharges. B) Climatological 86
frequency and wind stress fields derived from monthly mean Blended Sea Winds accuracy, estimated from the cross-validated relative error (CVRE),
22 87
(BSW, National Climatic Data Center), for Río de la Plata area (57 e55 W, 37 e35 S), was 23.12%. The first split explained 18.78% of the variance, the
23 clustered in winds forcing an inflow [SSE (150 ) e WNW (300 )] or outflow [NNW
88
second split 4.88%, and third and fourth split explained the 4.27%
24 (330 ) e ESE (120 )] of water from the Río de la Plata (see Simionato et al., 2004). Bar 89
and 2.88% of variance.
25 plot represents the monthly average wind speed. 90
The groups from the MRT revealed a strong environmental in-
26 91
fluence in the small-scale fishery yields, which first split the tem-
27 92
Genidens barbus, autumn landings by M. schmitti, Pomatomus sal- perature <11.4 C. The differences between the groups for this
28 93
tatrix and Trichiurus lepturus, and winter landings by C. guatucupa, branch are mainly based on the higher abundances of Cynoscion
29 94
M. furnieri, Umbrina canosai, P. signata, Squalus acanthias, Prionotus guatucupa, Micropogonias furnieri and Umbrina canosai in colder
30 95
punctatus and Callorhinchus callorhynchus (Table 3). waters. The group corresponding to warm waters (11.4 C) was
31 96
further split by the landing site. This split was explained by higher
32 97
abundances of C. guatucupa, Mustelus schmitti and Parona signata in
33 98
3.3.2. Spatial composition Punta Me danos and by higher abundances of Macrodon ancylodon
34 99
The species composition of landings showed significant differ- and Urophycis brasiliensis in Las Toninas. Additionally, Punta
35 100
ences between sites (ANOSIM, p ¼ 0.007). Species composition at Medanos landings were first split in temperatures <18.3 C, based
36 101
Las Toninas showed an average similitude of 56.7%, with the species on the predominance of M. schmitti and U. canosai, and the warm
37 102
that contributed the most to the similitude of catch landing waters after were split by the salinity. The landing during the salty
38 103
39 104
40 105
Fishermen Catch Time
41 30 30 106
42 107
25 25
43 108
44 20 20 109
Number
Hours
45 15
110
15
46 111
47 10 10 112
48 5 5
113
49 114
50 0 0 115
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
51 116
52 Distance to coast Length of net 117
10000 1400
53 118
9000
54 8000
1200 119
55 7000 1000 120
56 121
Meters
Meters
6000
800
57 5000 122
600
58 4000 123
59 3000 400 124
2000
60 200 125
1000
61 126
0 0
62 Month 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 127
63 Season Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter 128
64 129
65 Fig. 3. Monthly trends of the estimators for fishing effort of a small-scale gillnet marine fishery from Río de la Plata (Argentina). The numbers on the x axis represent months. 130
1 C. guatucupa
66
2 Occasional 67
Abundance [log (individuals/100 m/24 h)]

3 M. furnieri 68
4
4 69
5 M. schmitti 70
6 71
7 P. signata Dominant 72
2
8 73
Rare
9 U. canosai 74
S. brasiliensis
10 75
11 76
P. saltatrix M. ancylodon
12 0 U. brasiliensis 77
S. acanthias
13 B. aurea
S. guggenheim
78
14 P. porosissimus 79
15 G. galeus 80
P. punctatus G. barbus
16 -2 81
P. nudigula C.callorhynchus
17 T. lepturus 82
M. sp. N. cepedianus
18 M. americanus
83
19 84
M. goodei
20 -4 P. brasiliensis 85
21 A. castelnaui 86
C. orbignyanus
A.brasilianus
22 C. bergi
87
M. spp.
23 P. orbignyanus 88
P. paru
24 D. tschudii 89
-6 C. taurus
25 S. bonapartii 90
L. grossidens
26 R. horkelii
P. patagonicus
Frequent 91
27 92
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
28 93
29 Ocurrence 94
30 95
31 Fig. 4. OlmsteadeTukey diagram showing the relationship between frequency and abundance of the species landed in the small-scale fishery of Río de la Plata between 2009 and 96
32 2010. The black lines correspond to the mean abundance (vertical) and occurrence (horizontal), and are used to define the occasional, dominant, rare and frequent species. Species 97
names are defined in Table 1.
33 98
34 99
35 100
36 waters (Log (CSAT) < 1.022) were predominated by Squatina gug- associated with the relative abundance of fish. During the winter, 101
37 genheim and Genidens barbus, and during the dominance of the season with the highest average yield (761.58 Individual/ 102
38 brackish (Log (CSAT) 1.022) waters by P. signata, M. furnieri, and (100 m/24 h)), the fishermen soaked gillnets for a shorter time but 103
39 U. brasiliensis. used longer nets. In contrast, when the CPUE decreased and 104
40 reached the lowest values during summer (56.91 Individual/ 105
41 4. Discussion (100 m/24 h)), the fishermen preferred to soak their gillnets for 106
42 longer but using shorter nets. 107
43 This study has shown that the small-scale gillnet fishery along The RdP small-scale gillnet fishery showed a multispecific na- 108
44 the southern boundary of Río de la Plata (RdP) is based on a few ture which is different from the gillnet fishery developed in San 109
45 species and that the variability in the fishery landings suggest that Blas Bay (40 360 S 62 080 W), southern coastal area, which is 110
46 certain species become more or less catchable by the gillnet over monospecific and active mainly from October to December 111
47 the course of the year. The fishing effort and resource use by the (Llompart, 2011). Although both fisheries captured the same coastal 112
48 small-scale gillnet fishery appears to be conditioned by the avail- fish assemblage (Jaureguizar et al., 2006b; Llompart et al., 2013) 113
49 ability of resources in the fishing grounds. This, in turn, results from and used the same net (90e120 mm), the RdP gillnet fishery 114
50 the combination of the species reproductive behavior and the landings were mostly based on Cynoscion guatucupa, Micropogonias 115
51 predominant environmental conditions mainly determined by the furnieri, Mustelus schmitti and Parona signata, which represented 116
52 location of RdP boundary, whose spatial extent is mainly forced by ~93% of spring landings composition, while in the San Blass gillnet 117
53 the wind patterns and freshwater discharge. Most of the landed fishery 96% of spring landings consisted of M. schmitti. This differ- 118
54 species were rare (76.3%), with five species frequent (13.2%) and ence can be related to the high aggregation of this small shark 119
55 only four species were dominant (Cynoscion guatucupa, Micro- during its mating and reproduction time, when adults enter the bay 120
56 pogonias furnieri, Mustelus schmitti and Parona signata) accounting during spring and remain until the summer (Colautti et al., 2010). 121
57 for 98.6% of total landings. These species are identified as the most The RdP gillnet fishery also showed significant decadal differences 122
58 typical species of the RdP estuarine and inner coastal assemblages in the species composition of the landings. During the course of the 123
59 of Argentina (Jaureguizar et al., 2006b), and belong to the varied present study (2009e2010) more species were landed (n ¼ 38) 124
60 coastal fishing group (depths less than 50 m) which is shared with than was recorded in 1999 (n ¼ 14; Lagos, 2001). The species that 125
61 the industrial trawl fishery. The increase in fishing effort (length of contributed the most to the small-scale landings during 1999 126
62 net/h) during winter months and the inverse relationship observed (Lagos, 2001) were the same as the ones observed in this study; 127
63 between catch time and length of soaked gillnet, taking into ac- however, the species composition of the landings showed strong 128
64 count that the fishing area and the net characteristics were con- differences. The small-scale landings mainly consisted of M. furnieri 129
65 stant throughout the year, indicates that this trend may be and P. signata in 1999, while in 2009e2010 the main species landed 130
1 80 Mustelus schmitti Cynoscion guatucupa 66

800
2 67
Ind/100 m/24 h
Ind/100 m/24 h
3 60 600 68
4 69
40 400
5 70
6 20 200 71
7 72
8 0 0 73
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 74
10 4 Squatina guggenheim 400 Micropogonias furnieri 75
11 76
Ind/100 m/24 h
Ind/100 m/24 h
12 3 300 77
13 78
2 200
14 79
15 1 100
80
16 81
17 0 0 82
18 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 83
19 Galeorhinus galeus Parona signata 84
1.5 25
20 85
Ind/100 m/24 h
Ind/100 m/24 h
21 20 86
22 1 87
15
23 10
88
24 0.5 89
25 5 90
26 0 0 91
27 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 92
28 Squalus acanthias Stromateus brasiliensis 93
4 10
29 94
8
Ind/100 m/24 h
Ind/100 m/24 h
30 3 95
31 6 96
2
32 4 97
33 1 98
2
34 99
35 0 0 100
36 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
37 0.6 Callorhinchus callorhynchus 0.6 Trichiurus lepturus 102
38 103
Ind/100 m/24 h
Ind/100m/24 h
39 0.4 0.4
104
40 105
41 106
0.2 0.2
42 107
43 108
0 0
44 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 109
45 Month Month
110
46 111
47 Fig. 5. Monthly yield (Ind/(100 m/24 h)) of some species landed in the small-scale gillnet fishery of Río de la Plata. Note the different scales of CPUE (y) axis. The numbers on the x 112
48 axis represent months. 113
49 114
50 115
51 was C. guatucupa, which represented 55% (summer), 30% (autumn), coastal and shelf) and the available information indicates that it is 116
52 68% (winter) and 54% (spring) of total seasonal landings. Micro- in a critical state (Carozza et al., 2004; Carozza, 2010), overexploited 117
53 pogonias furnieri and P. signata showed an important decline in (Vasconcellos and Haimovichi, 2006), or fully exploited at a higher 118
54 their contributions to the total landings after 10 years. The contri- level than its biological potential (Carozza and Rey, 2010). Similar 119
55 bution of M. furnieri declined from 64% to 22% in summer, from 46% differences were observed in the 1990s for the artisanal fishery in 120
56 to 24% in autumn, from 28% to 23% in winter, and from 64% to 22% the Bahia Blanca estuary (39 S), south of Buenos Aires province 121
57 in spring. Furthermore, P. signata showed a similar pattern, falling pez Cazorla et al., 2014), where the catches of C. guatucupa
(Lo 122
58 from 17% to 8.5% in summer, from 44% to 3.8% in autumn, and from dropped from 50% of total annual landings in the early 1990s to 15% 123
59 51% to 1.8% in winter. The decadal differences in the landing profiles at the end of the 1990s. This fishery subsequently collapsed be- 124
60 are likely to be associated with strong declines in all traditional tween 2000 and 2004, possibly as a result of overfishing by the 125
61 fishery resources (i.e. M. furnieri, C. guatucupa, M. schmitti) as a industrial trawling fleet in the El Rincon area. The decreasing catch 126
62 result of the fishing down marine food webs process in the of the main fished species together with the decreasing options to 127
63 ArgentineaneUruguayan Common Fishing Zone (Milessi et al., diversify catches could be the cause of the observed reduction in 128
64 2005; Jaureguizar and Milessi, 2008). The main coastal fishery the landings by-catch, because of the need to increase income from 129
65 resource, M. furnieri, is targeted by different fisheries (artisanal, the traditional fisheries products and maintain fishing activities. 130
1 Table 2 marine species intrusions into the estuary (Jaureguizar et al., 66

2 Contribution (%) of common species (90% similitude, defined by SIMPER analysis) to 2003b, 2006b, 2007; García et al., 2010; Barletta et al., 2010). 67
seasonal yields and fishing sites of small-scale fishery along the boundary of Río de
3 Similar results were observed at Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay 68
la Plata. SP indicate the average similitude (AS) of yield by season. Values in bold
4 indicate the species that contributed to top 70% of similitude. (Bulger et al., 1993; Able et al., 2001), where the 25e27 isohaline 69
5 was identified as the edge of the brackish water for the strictly 70
Specie Spring Summer Autumn Winter
6 marine species. The location of the salinity front differs on average 71
7 AS: 64.97 AS: 60.74 AS: 56.18 AS: 61.45 100 km along the Argentine coast between winter (~36 S) and 72
8 Brevoortia aurea 1.8 2.57 2.56 0.25 spring (~37 S) (Jaureguizar et al., 2007), associated with the 73
9 Cynoscion guatucupa 23.21 17.73 19.38 38.45 combined influence of the seasonal distribution of shelf water 74
10 Genidens barbus 1.31 3.68 1.81 <0.1 75
masses in the Southwestern Atlantic Coastal System and the
Macrodon ancylodon 5.71 13.85 5.5 <0.1
11 Micropogonias furnieri 17.97 27.19 19.33 25.52 discharge pattern of RdP, which is coupled to the wind seasonality 76
12 Mugil sp. 2.51 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 and regulated by the bathymetry and the Coriolis force (Lucas et al., 77
13 Mustelus schmitti 14.36 9.25 15.16 2.78 2005). Within each season, the location of the front is also strongly 78
14 Parona signata 11.34 12.54 17.8 15.48 associated with the blended influence of synoptic wind stress and 79
Squatina guggenheim 3.69 3.22 7.03 0.19
15 freshwater discharge (Jaureguizar et al., 2007). During spring, the 80
Stromateus brasiliensis 5.05 <0.1 0.35 0.97
16 Trichiurus lepturus 3.25 1.89 <0.1 minimum southward intrusion of RdP into the coastal system (36 81
17 Umbrina canosai 2.55 0.91 1.5 10.28 420 S, near Las Toninas) occurred when outflow wind stress was 82
18 Urophycis brasiliensis 4.87 4.36 3.68 0.13 weak (4.8 m/s, from 120 to 85 ) and freshwater discharge was low 83
19 Specie Las Toninas danos
Punta Me (~19,000 m3s1); the intrusion was maximum (37 360 S, covering 84
20
AS: 56.70 AS: 59.04
the fishing ground) when the freshwater discharge was higher 85
21 (~22,000 m3s1). Under similar freshwater discharge, the along- 86
Micropogonias furnieri 27.52 20.27
22 shore wind stress associated with opposite wind conditions drove 87
Cynoscion guatucupa 25.73 22.65
23 Parona signata 17.54 13.22 an intermediate intrusion (37 180 S) of RdP into the coastal system 88
24 Macrodon ancylodon 7.35 3.24 (Jaureguizar et al., 2007). This seasonal movement of the salinity 89
25 Mustelus schmitti 5.95 15.6 front, which constitutes the boundary between the estuarine and 90
26 Urophycis brasiliensis 4.31 2.33 marine systems, mean that the small-scale gillnet fishery is in fact a 91
Squatina guggenheim 2.92 3.42
27
Stromateus brasiliensis <0.1 4.15
trans-ecosystem fishery. 92
28 Umbrina canosai <0.1 5.81 During the study period, the environmental conditions were 93
29 characteristic of El Nin ~ o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. The 94
30 However, the recent collapse in the C. guatucupa artisanal fishery ENSO warm phase (El Nin ~ o) from austral winter (JuneeAugust) 95
31 pez Cazorla et al., 2014) together with the increasing industrial
(Lo 2009 to austral autumn (MarcheMay) 2010 was moderate (Wang 96
32 fishing effort (double the number of vessels and quadruple the et al., 2012). El Nin ~ o episodes produce excess precipitation in 97
33 fishing hours compared with the 1990s) targeting C. guatucupa in southern Brazil, Uruguay and northeast Argentina which directly 98
34 the Rio de la Plata area (Ruarte et al., 2000) puts at risk the future of affects runoff and stream flow in the major rivers of the region 99
35 this small-scale gillnet fishery based on C. guatucupa. (Mechoso and Perez-Iribarren, 1992). This event would explain the 100
36 Considering the estuarine use functional group suggested by higher than mean [RdP mean ¼ 24,000 m3s1 (Jaime et al., 2002), 101
37 Elliott et al. (2007), the species composition of the landings reflects RdP Q3 ¼ 28,000 m3s1 (Guerrero et al., 2010)] freshwater 102
38 the influence of brackish water on the small-scale fishery, where discharge, with maximum discharge in December (49,800 m3s1), 103
39 18% of species were estuarine and the rest were marine migrants that produced the observed fresher water and warmer tempera- 104
40 (26%), marine stragglers (50%) or anadromous (4%). In all functional tures throughout the year. This variation coincided with the change 105
41 groups, the species classified as rare (low abundance and occur- of salinity and temperature observed under Low/Normal/High 106
42 rence) were predominant and they are mostly batoidea (Atlantor- freshwater discharge of RdP (Guerrero et al., 2010). Although the 107
43 aja. castelnaui, Sympterigia bonapartii, Rhinobatos horkelii, temperature showed a pronounced seasonal cycle, typical of 108
44 Myliobatis goodie, Myliobatis spp., Discopyge tschudii), large sharks temperate regions, it was warmer than the seasonal mean obtained 109
45 (Carcharias taurus), flatfish (Paralichthys patagonicus, Paralichthys over the long term for this coastal region (Guerrero et al., 1997a, 110
46 orbignyanus) and cylindrical fish (Conger orbignyanus, Percophis 2010). The waters showed temperatures higher than 21 C in 111
47 brasiliensis). Several authors distinguished the presence of these summer (mean 21.21 C, Guerrero et al., 1997a) and 11 C in winter 112
48 species in the shallow coastal waters (<25 m depth), which are (mean 9 C, Guerrero et al., 1997a). The observed seasonal salinity 113
49 used as nursery, mating (Mabragan ~ a et al., 2002; Massa et al., 2004; pattern coincided with the salinity cycle denoted for this coastal 114
50 Colonello et al., 2007) or spawning areas (Macchi and Acha, 1998; region (Guerrero et al., 1997a, 2010), with maximum southward 115
51 Militelli and Macchi, 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2007; Militelli, 2011). brackish water extent in summer and minimum in winter as reflect 116
52 The low abundance and occurrence of these rare species in the by the CSAT pattern (Fig. 1). The nearshore salinity values mostly 117
53 small-scale landings could be associated with the low catchability reflect that influence, where the lowest salinities occurred in 118
54 of bottom gillnets when used for these kinds of species. In the autumn (26.88 ± 3.61), intermediate in spring (28.52 ± 3.3) and 119
55 artisanal elasmobranch fishery of Sonora (Mexico), Bizzarro et al. summer (28.08 ± 2.75), and the highest in winter (31.27 ± 2.08). 120
56 (2009) denoted an important landing of batoids (Rhinobatos pro- However, the summer salinity field value did not reflect the CSAT 121
57 ductus, Dasyatis dipterura, Gymnura spp. and Rhinoptera steindach- pattern. The higher than expected salinity from the sample 122
58 neri) using gillnets with mesh size from 8.9 to 33.0 cm. Therefore, collected at the beach may have been due to higher evaporation in 123
59 the smaller mesh size used in the artisanal fishery in the study area the shallow (<1 m) than in deeper waters. The wind pattern 124
60 considered here (90e120 mm) could explain the low susceptibility observed throughout the year, which showed a weak balance in the 125
61 of large rays and skates. occurrence (~50%) among inflow and outflow winds (Fig. 2B), 126
62 The fishing grounds of this small-scale gillnet fishery coincide coincided with the general wind pattern described by several au- 127
63 with the RdP boundary between the estuarine and marine systems thors for RdP (Guerrero et al., 1997a,b; Simionato et al., 2004; Lucas 128
64 where the 30 isohaline intersects the bottom (Guerrero et al., et al., 2005). Therefore, under the normal wind conditions observed 129
65 1997b; Framin ~ an et al., 1999), and represents the boundary for during this study, the higher RdP discharge intensified the warm 130
1 Table 3 66
2 Discriminate species (90% of dissimilitude) determined by SIMPER analysis for seasonal yield of small-scale fishery along the boundary of Río de la Plata. (Species in bold are 67
manly diagnostic of season of top column).
3 68
4 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 69
5 Spring Macrodon ancylodon Mustelus schmitti Cynoscion guatucupa 70
6 Brevoortia aurea Umbrina canosai Micropogonias furnieri 71
7 Genidens barbus Macrodon ancylodon Umbrina canosai 72
Trichiurus lepturus Pomatomus saltatrix Parona signata
8 73
Brevoortia aurea Squalus acanthias
9 Squatina guggenheim Brevoortia aurea 74
10 Trichiurus lepturus Prionotus punctatus 75
11 Genidens barbus Callorhinchus callorhynchus 76
12 Galeorhinus galeus 77
13 Summer Stromateus brasiliensis Mustelus schmitti Cynoscion guatucupa 78
14 Cynoscion guatucupa Cynoscion guatucupa Mustelus schmitti 79
Mustelus schmitti Micropogonias furnieri Umbrina canosai
15 80
Parona signata Parona signata Micropogonias furnieri
16 Micropogonias furnieri Pomatomus saltatrix Parona signata 81
17 Umbrina canosai Umbrina canosai Squalus acanthias 82
18 Urophycis brasiliensis Squatina guggenheim Stromateus brasiliensis 83
19 Squalus acanthias Brevoortia aurea Porichthys porosissimus 84
Porichthys porosissimus Stromateus brasiliensis Callorhinchus callorhynchus
20 85
Mugil sp. Trichiurus lepturus Prionotus punctatus
21 Squatina guggenheim Menticirrhus americanus 86
22 Prionotus punctatus 87
23 Myliobatis goodei 88
24 Autumn Stromateus brasiliensis Macrodon ancylodon Cynoscion guatucupa 89
25 Cynoscion guatucupa Urophycis brasiliensis Micropogonias furnieri 90
26 Micropogonias furnieri Genidens barbus Umbrina canosai 91
Parona signata Parona signata
27 92
Squalus acanthias Stromateus brasiliensis
28 Urophycis brasiliensis Squalus acanthias 93
29 Porichthys porosissimus Porichthys porosissimus 94
30 Mugil sp. Callorhinchus callorhynchus 95
31 Prionotus punctatus Prionotus punctatus 96
32 Winter Mustelus schmitti Macrodon ancylodon Mustelus schmitti 97
33 Stromateus brasiliensis Brevoortia aurea Macrodon ancylodon 98
Macrodon ancylodon Urophycis brasiliensis Squatina guggenheim
34 99
Urophycis brasiliensis Genidens barbus Pomatomus saltatrix
35 Porichthys porosissimus Squatina guggenheim Brevoortia aurea 100
36 Mugil sp. Urophycis brasiliensis 101
37 Squatina guggenheim Trichiurus lepturus 102
38 103
39 104
40 105
41 (spring-summer) conditions with longer and greater southward noted that the artisanal fishing calendar in the estuary of Patos 106
42 spatial coverage of brackish water, which intensified the trans- Lagoon (Brasil) is, according to fishers, strongly affected by the 107
43 ecosystem fishery. strength of the intrusion of salt water and the rainfall regime. 108
44 The predominant environmental conditions along the fishing However, studies in the southwest Atlantic coastal system, e.g. San 109
45 grounds would affect the fishing calendar. Kalikoski et al. (2010) Blas Bay (Llompart et al., 2013) and marine coastal areas of Brazil 110
46 (Pinheiro et al., 2009) found that the temporal variation in fish 111
47 assemblages was mainly related to reproductive activities. Since 112
48 100%
the temporal pattern of fish species behavior in for a coastal region 113
49 is influenced by both physical and biological conditions, it follows 114
Relative contribution
50 80% that these conditions must also influence the fishing calendar. The 115
51 60% highest CPUE of some species occurs before (Micropogonias furnieri, 116
52 Cynoscion guatucupa, Parona signata) or during (Mustelus schmitti, 117
40%
53 Squatina guggenheim) the reproductive period, whereas in other 118
54 20% species it appears to be associated with favorable environmental 119
55 conditions during cold months (Squalus acanthias, Callorhinchus 120
0%
56 callorhynchus, Galeorhinus galeus) or warm months (Trichiurus 121
us
sis
eri
tus
pa
eim
trix
s
n
sis
s
as
itti
ata
ai
uru
rbu
do
im
57 122
os
lepturus). Therefore, the blend of the species reproductive behavior

i
cu
en
hm
thi
r
en
urn
cta
lta
au
ign
nh
ylo
iss
t
ba
n
atu
an
sili
lep
sili
sa
sc
ca
un
ge
sf
as
rtia
58 123
nc
and the influence of water mass movements, forced by regional-

ros
ac
ns
bra
gu
bra
us
sp
nia
lus
ug
us
na
na
on
oo
ide
po
lus
tom
59
ion
124
iur
ag
bri
scale processes, would explain the pattern in the landings species

otu
ste
go
us
cis
ev
do
Pa
n
ua
ys
ch
Um
ate
po
sc
tin
Ge
Mu
ma
ion
Br
hy
cro
60 composition observed in the RdP small-scale gillnet fishery. 125

hth
Sq
Tri
no
cro
ua
op
om
Pr
Po
Ma
Cy
ric
Sq
Ur
Mi
61 The first group of species (Micropogonias furnieri, Cynoscion 126

Str
Po
62 guatucupa, Parona signata) has the reproductive period from 127

Species
63 November to March (Austral springesummer) (Macchi and 128
64 Fig. 6. Relative contributions of discriminate species (SIMPER analysis) of Las Toninas Christiansen, 1996; Militelli, 2007), and during this time the in- 129
65 (grey) and Punta Me danos (white) artisanal fishery yield. dividuals move to spawning grounds adjacent to the small-scale 130
1 SST > = 11.4 SST < 11.4 66

2 67
3 68
4 69
5 70
6 71
7 72
8 73
9 74
10 75
11 Locality = Las Toninas Locality = Punta Médanos 76
2.5
12 77
2
13 1.5
78
14 1.2
SST > = 18.37 SST < 18.37 79
1
15 0.5 80
0.8
16 Log (CSAT) < 1.02 Log (CSAT) >= 1.02 0 81
Cg Gb Ma Mf Ms Ps Sg Uc Ub
17 0.4 1.6
(n=50) 82
18 0
1.2 83
19 Cg Gb Ma Mf Ms Ps Sg Uc Ub 0.8 84
(n=58) 1.6 2.5
20 2 0.4 85
1.2
21 1.5 0 86
0.8 Cg Gb Ma Mf Ms Ps Sg Uc Ub
22 1 87
(n=69)
23 0.4 0.5 88
24 0 0 89
Cg Gb Ma Mf Ms Ps Sg Uc Ub Cg Gb Ma Mf Ms Ps Sg Uc Ub
25 (n=47) (n=16) 90
26 91
danos small-scale fishery landings data. Bars indicate the log10 (x þ 1), where x are the average abundances of each
Fig. 7. Multivariate regression tree for Las Toninas and Punta Me
27 92
species within a leaf. The numbers of samples within a leave are shown in parentheses. Species labels are as follows: Cynoscion guatucupa (Cg), Genidens barbus (Gb), Macrodon
28 ancylodon (Ma), Micropogonias furnieri (Mf), Mustelus schmitti (Ms), Parona signata (Ps), Squatina guggenheim (Sg), Umbrina canosai (Uc) and Urophycis brasiliensis (Ub). Explanatory
93
29 variables: Las Toninas (LT), Punta Me danos (PM), Sea surface Temperature (SST), and Logarithm of Satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (log (CSAT)). 94
30 95
31 96
32 fishery fishing ground, which is associated with salinity fronts of the formation of a southward coastal flow of shelf waters (Palma 97
33 RdP (inner front in the case of M. furnieri or outer fronts in the case et al., 2004). The low salinity conditions in the small-scale fishery 98
34 of C. guatucupa and P. signata) (Macchi, 1997; Jaureguizar et al., ground are therefore forced by a combination of the two processes 99
35 2003a, 2008; Militelli, 2007). In the second group of species, and produces a reduction in the northern flow of cool and high 100
36 mainly chondrichthyes, the adults inhabit offshore waters (>50 m salinity waters (Fig. 1A,B), thus restricting the northern distribution 101
37 depth) during the non-reproductive season (winter) and they s et al., 2011) and allowing a southern
of cold shelf species (e.g. Corte 102
38 migrate into nearshore waters during the reproductive season distribution of warm water species (T. lepturus). Trichiurus lepturus 103
39 (spring, Mustelus schmitti; autumn, Squatina guggenheim) (Massa is a cosmopolitan species being among the more abundant ben- 104
40 et al., 2004; Colonello et al., 2007; Pereyra et al., 2008; Vo €gler thopelagic teleosts of the continental shelf of southern Brazil 105
41 et al., 2008; Cortes, 2012). For those species associated with cold (Haimovici, 1997). Its high densities in the RdP are associated with 106
42 waters (Squalus acanthias, Callorhinchus callorhynchus, Galeorhinus the penetration of subtropical continental water masses during 107
43 galeus) or warm waters (Trichiurus lepturus), the seasonal variation warm periods forced by the southward flow of southern Brazil 108
44 in their abundance is likely to be related to water mass movements waters (Jaureguizar et al., 2004). 109
45 forced by regional-scale processes in the South Atlantic Costal During the warm time (SST >11.5 C), the first differentiation by 110
46 System (34 e41 S, SACS) (Guerrero et al., 1997b; Palma et al., fishing location and the later separations of Punta Me danos related 111
47 2004; Lucas et al., 2005). During the winter, under a near-balance to temperature and salinity consecutively reflects the increasing 112
48 effect of onshore and offshore winds in the area (Fig. 2), the sur- extension of RdP water on the small-scale fishery area (Fig. 1). With 113
49 face waters of the RdP present a north-northeast drift along the the exception of the winter season, Las Toninas is always under the 114
50 Uruguayan and southern Brazil coasts and there is a southern influence of RdP waters and this is reflected in the landings 115
51 penetration of shelf waters into the estuary (Guerrero et al., 1997b). composition, which is dominated by estuarine (Macrodon ancylo- 116
52 This environmental condition, where cool and high salinity waters don) and marine migrant species (Urophycis brasiliensis). In Punta 117
53 cover a greater area of the SACS (Fig. 1A,B) and both fishery sites Me danos, during transition month (11.5 < SST < 18.3 C) the RdP 118
54 (Las Toninas and Punta Me danos) have similar landing composition influence is limited (Log (CSAT < 1, Fig. 1B) and the landings 119
55 and are under the influence of the same water mass (SST <11.5 C, composition is dominated by marine species and specially by 120
56 Fig. 7), allows a northern and wider distribution of S. acanthias, Mustelus schmitti, a species that use this area as nursery and 121
57 C. callorhynchus and G. galeus, as observed in Discopyge tschudii breeding grounds during early spring. The growth of southern 122
58 (Cortes et al., 2011) forcing even a winter intrusion (S. acanthias, extension of RdP forced the dominance of brackish water (log 123
59 G. galeus and D. tschudii) into the Río de la Plata (Jaureguizar et al., (CSAT) > 1, Fig. 1A,B) in Punta Me danos during the warmer time, 124
60 2004). As the warm season progresses in the SACS, the RdP coastal and influenced the change in the landing composition, becoming it 125
61 system starts to be under the influence of more frequent northeast more similar to Las Toninas (higher CPUE of M. ancylodon, 126
62 and easterly winds (Fig. 2) that force a southward drift of coastal U. brasiliensis, Micropogonias furnieri). The later restriction of RdP 127
63 waters, generating a freshwater flow along the Argentine coast the intrusion during the wamer season allow the dominance of 128
64 south of RdP (Guerrero et al., 1997b; Simionato et al., 2001) while salty water (Log (CSAT) < 1) and the landing species composition 129
65 on a regional scale the relaxation of the Patagonian gyre generates was characterized by the highest CPUE of Squatina guggenheim that 130
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65 130

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YECSS4576_proof ■ 1 December 2014 ■ 1/13

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science xxx (2014) 1e13

Class Family Specie EUFG Spring Summer Autumn Winter Annual

YECSS4576_proof ■ 1 December 2014 ■ 5/13

1 60000 composition being Micropogonias furnieri, Cynoscion guatucupa and 66

2 50000 Parona signata. The Punta Me danos landing species composition 67

3 40000 showed a little higher similitude (59.6%), with M. furnieri, 68

Average Intensity (ms )

Abundance [log (individuals/100 m/24 h)]

1 80 Mustelus schmitti Cynoscion guatucupa 66

1 Table 2 marine species intrusions into the estuary (Jaureguizar et al., 66

lepturus). Therefore, the blend of the species reproductive behavior

and the inﬂuence of water mass movements, forced by regional-

scale processes, would explain the pattern in the landings species

60 composition observed in the RdP small-scale gillnet ﬁshery. 125

61 The ﬁrst group of species (Micropogonias furnieri, Cynoscion 126

62 guatucupa, Parona signata) has the reproductive period from 127

1 SST > = 11.4 SST < 11.4 66

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