CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In recent decades, automotive service centres have come full circle and evolved to
provide a much wider range of services including sizable convenience store and food
inventory, coffee and fast food services, as well as other automotive functions such as
automated car washes. Automotive repairs are now rarely a component of new
automotive service and fueling centres. In addition to vehicle refueling, modern
automotive sevice centres are mostly open 24 hours a day and often contain a
multitude of ancillary convenience services such as public washrooms, pay phones,
bank machines, convenience products, etc., providing these services in times of
emergency not only to residents but also to taxi cabs, and commercial and police
vehicles.(brampton.ca)

An automobile repair shop (also known regionally as a garage or a workshop) is an

establishment where automobiles are repaired by auto mechanics and technicians. A
motor vehicle service or tune-up is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a
set time interval or after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. The service
intervals are specified by the vehicle manufacturer in a service schedule and some
modern cars display the due date for the next service electronically on the instrument
panel.(wikipedia.org)

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

March 23, 2015 | Raya

In 1769, French inventor Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a three-wheeled steamer to

help the French army haul artillery pieces. Although his contraption was considered to
be too slow and impractical, Cugnot is still regarded as the creator of the first
motorized road vehicle. In 1805, Oliver Evans, who built an incredibly slow machine
designed to work on both land and in water for the City of Philadelphia Department of
Health, is considered to be the first American to create a motorized road vehicle.
Commercial production of automobiles began in 1896 in the United States, ten years
after Karl Benz received a German patent for his invention of the first automobile
powered by an internal combustion engine. Along with his wife, Bertha, he founded
the German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

The early 1900s boomed with various types of motorized vehicles being developed
around the world. In the United States Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle
Company (later known as Oldsmobile) dominated this era of automobile production.
As a result of superior promotional and marketing efforts, sales of the Oldsmobile
approached 5,000 in 1904 which, at the time, was unheard of in the industry. The
Thomas B. Jeffrey Company developed the world's second mass-produced
automobile called the Rambler. In 1902, 1,500 Ramblers were built and sold, and by
1904 production reached 2,342 units.

Perhaps the most famous car of all time is Henry Ford's Model T. In order to keep
costs low, Ford focused efforts on improving production methods. His moving
assembly line began operation in 1913-1914 making it possible to lower the cost of
the Model T and, as a result, increase sales and potential customers. In response to
consumer demands manufacturers have reinvented the automobile numerous times
over.(torontopubliclibrary,2015)

1.2 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM

Majority of existing automobile service centers are substandard or converted

buildings thus lacking major facilities such as storage for tools and spare parts, limited
service bays and a garage. This project is aimed at solving this problems and
enhancing it such that it will cater for a robust maintenance of vehicle from minor to
major repairs and remodeling a car to a near new brand one.

1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY

To design a functional automobile service center

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 Introduction of solar panels.

 To provide automobile maintenance and service with high functionality and
sophisticated operations at the most minimal cost.
 To undertake a comprehensive review of relevant literatures relating to the
design.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

An automobile service center:

 Helps to boost the economy of the society

 Prolong the lifespan of automobiles through regular maintenance at the
workshop
 Saves time and money

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project covers the following areas: Spray workshop, Car wash, Lube bay, Tool
room,wheel and balancing unit.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Limited information: Most information about this project are difficult to find online or
are not available.

Financial constraint: money has been a major issue during research and has limited
the scope of this project.

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Primary and secondary methods were used to get basic information about this project
through case studies, online research and journals relating to the project.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Automobile: a usually four-wheeled vehicle designed primarily for passenger

transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a
volatile fuel.

Car Wash: is a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior of
motor vehicles. Car washes can be self-service, full-service, or fully automated.

Spare part: an extra part of a vehicle or machine kept for use in emergency or
replacement.

Service Bay: a space designed and constructed for the placement of any motor
vehicle for repair, servicing, or washing.
Oldsmobile: An American car brand belonging to GM

Instrument Panel: a surface in front of a driver's or pilot's seat, on which the

vehicle's or aircraft's instruments are situated.

Internal combustion engine: is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel

occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THE EARLY DAYS OF AUTOMOBILE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

By Robert Tate, Automotive Historian and Researcher

Plate 2.1 Source: National Automotive History Collection

For many years, American automobile manufacturers and service stations alike have
emphasized the importance of maintenance and repair when owning and operating an
automobile.

During the early days when automobiles had left the factory, the routine maintenance
and repair was largely left up to the owner as the auto repair industry was still in its
formative stages. For the early generations of cars and car drivers, how long an
automobile remained in good operating condition was left up to the owner and their
routine service visits. Before the days of computer and technology most automotive
service garages and/or dealerships relied on employees that were skilled and worked
with their hands to use the right equipment to service the automobile.

Many early auto dealers started out of existing garages. Business owners of the early
dealership soon discovered they could create a market not just for sales but for repair
as well. Between 1900 and 1930 the American automobile business was built by
tinkerers and visionaries and the repair and maintenance industry was no different. In
1932, automobile manufacturing reached its lowest point since 1918 and the advent of
the used car rose to great prominence in the automotive community.
During the Great Depression, many consumers held onto their vehicles for longer
periods of time and the lubrication of the vehicle became a matter of great importance
to extend its running life. Author and Automotive Historian

Plate 2.2 Source: National Automotive History Collection

Robert Genat wrote, “The Depression of the early 1930s proved devastating for the
marginally financed automakers. Dealerships for the top-selling cars survived the
drought by virtue of their parts and service departments for maintenance and repair of

consumer automobiles.” The typical driver from

Plate 2.3 Source: National Automotive History Collection

1900 to 1932 had neither the time, the tools, nor the technical training to master all of
the details of automotive mechanics. There were both good and poor repair shops and
service stations during the early days of the automotive industry. The good shops
employed a high-grade mechanic who took a personal and continuing interest in
keeping many automobiles in good running condition for a reasonable price.
During the early days, older vehicles had their chassis lubricated on a regular basis
because many of the chassis parts were exposed to dust, dirt, rain and many other
problems related to unpaved roads. In 1921, the auto “Wash Bowl” was invented to
easily clean the dirt from the underbelly of the vehicle. For 25 cents, motorists could
drive their vehicles around a washbowl to remove the mud and dirt from the running
gear. The vehicle would later be sprayed with forced water and polish and wiped
down. The Wash Bowl could handle between 75 to 100 vehicles an hour.
(motorcities.org)

Plate 2.4 Source: National Automotive History Collection

2.2 TYPES OF AUTOMOBILE;

The automobiles are classified by the following ways,

1. On the Basis of Load:

 Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle (HMV),

 Light transport vehicle (LTV), Light motor vehicle (LMV),

2. On the Basis of Wheels :

 Two wheeler vehicle, for example : Scooter, motorcycle, scooty, etc.

 Three wheeler vehicle, for example : Autorickshaw,

 Three wheeler scooter for handicaps and tempo, etc

 Four wheeler vehicle, for example : Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.
  Six wheeler vehicle, for example : Big trucks with two gear axles.

3. On the basis of Fuel Used:

 Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.

 Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc.

 Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.

 Steam vehicle, e.g. an engine which uses steam engine.

 Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied

4. On the basis of body style:

 Sedan Hatchback car.

 Coupe car Station wagon Convertible.

 Van Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.

5. On the basis of Transmission:

 Conventional vehicles with manual transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.

 Semi-automatic

 Automatic : In automatic transmission, gears are not required to be changed

manually.

6. On the basis of Drive:

 Left hand drive

 Right hand drive

7. On the basis of Driving Axle

 Front wheel drive

 Rear wheel drive

 All wheel drive

8. Position of Engine:

 Engine in Front - Most of the vehicles have engine in the front. Example :
most of the cars,

 Engine in the Rear Side Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear.
Example : Nano car.(BrainKart.com)

2.3 OVERALL PROJECT DESIGN

1. Organization and Circulation

a. The vehicle complex should comprise space for several facilities to support vehicle
administrative and maintenance functions.

 Vehicle Operations Administrative Facility - Organize the functional areas

around a central corridor to provide convenient access. This will allow each
area to function independently, while controlling access to ensure safety and
security.
 Vehicle Maintenance Facility - Could ideally house multipurpose vehicle
maintenance, special purpose vehicle maintenance, and applied trades.
 The main entrance to this facility should provide direct access to the customer
service center.

b. The open floor plan and internal circulation corridors should provide access to all
administrative areas. Internal corridors should have a minimum width of five feet to
facilitate reconfiguration, and they should match the adjoining office space in ceiling
height, ceiling material, and floor material.

c. Restrict public access between the administrative offices and the maintenance
functions for safety purposes, and access to provide security.

d. The lounges and rest rooms should have centralized, prominent locations with easy
access from the circulation corridors.

e. The repair bays consist of large open areas with drive-through lanes and a
mechanics’ aisle at the front of the service bays.
Figure 2.1: Site Organization for the Vehicle Operations and Vehicle Maintenance
Complex.

2. Architectural Character, Materials, and Finishes

The architectural and interior design of the vehicle operations and vehicle
maintenance facilities should be integrated. Both involve functional analysis and
consideration of the appropriate environmental character, building organization and
circulation, and future expansion requirements, as well as finishes and furnishings.

a. The design should reflect the regional and local base architectural style or
character. Review the base Architectural Compatibility Guide to assure the design
complements existing architecture.

b. The overall complex should present a cohesive architectural image.

c. Provide a variety of spaces and sub-spaces to accommodate different size groups

and activities. Use modular systems furniture to economize on space, to provide
flexibility, and to promote a sense of organization and visual order.
d. Consider the use of natural light whenever possible. Some areas that would benefit
from natural light include the entrance corridor, the drivers’ lounge, the central
circulation paths, and the service bays.

3. Supervision and Security

a. Locate the vehicle operations administrative facility at the main entrance to the
complex.

b. Provide a security guard station and dispatch area for the entire complex. This
location should provide an optimum point for supervision of vehicle movement and
processing.

c. Locate the vehicle maintenance facilities within a secured complex, fenced, and
visible from the vehicle operations facility

4. Flexibility and Expansion Potential

a. Whenever possible, provide for future expansion of the vehicle operations and
vehicle maintenance complex. Vehicle inventory requirements may lead to increased
parking areas and expansion of the fenced, secure area.

b. Vehicle maintenance buildings should be designed so that additional service bays

can be added as needed.

5. Disabled Access

a. All areas should be barrier-free and accessible to the physically disabled in

accordance with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Uniform Federal
Accessibility Standards criteria.

b. The site and building design should enable physically disabled persons to act
independently and access all areas of the facility. Accommodate level changes with
ramps suitable for wheelchair access, indoors and outdoors.

6. Special Considerations for Renovations

a. When adding to existing facilities, provide an open flexible floor plan.

b. Survey, audit, and analyze existing buildings for energy efficiency upgrade.(Ashad
Qureshi,2016)

2.4 SERVICE QUALITY GAP ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE SERVICE

CENTERS

Service quality is defined by various researchers in various ways. The technical

quality, functional quality and reputational quality are the components of service
quality identified by Gronroos and used SERVQUAL as the most often approach for
measuring service quality to compare customers' expectations before a service
encounter and their perceptions of the actual service delivered.(Gronroos, C.,1982)
The SERVQUAL model has been the predominant method used to measure
consumers’ perceptions of service quality. It has five dimensions or factors. Adele
Berndt explains these five dimensions with respect to automobile service centre as
follows:

1. Reliability (Promised delivery): Dealerships are known to contact the customer

promising that the vehicle will be ready for delivery at a specific time. It is the most
important dimension of service quality.

2. Assurance (Confidence and trust): At dealership, the main source of assurance is

with the service adviser, their knowledge and manner of interaction with the customer
inspires trust in the organization.

3. Tangibles (Physical cues): Tangible cues that form part of this dimension include
the signage, parking and layout of the dealership itself.

4. Empathy (Importance): In the case of dealership, this can be seen in the interactions
between the organization and the customer, and the nature of this interaction.

5. Responsiveness (Willingness to serve): This refers to the changes that have been
observed in service hours from just being weekdays to include weekend and night
services, due to the changes in the needs of customers.(Adele Berndt.,2009) Study on
satisfaction with hospital services included communication with patients,competence
of staff, staff demeanor, quality of the facilities, and perceived costs.(Andaleeb, S.
S.,1998) In case of automobile service centers, delay in delivery is an important factor
in dissatisfaction of customers.(Katarne Rajnish,2010) Service quality can be
measured in terms of customer perception, customer expectation, customer
satisfaction, and customer attitude. Service quality may be defined as customer
perception of how well a service meets or exceeds their expectations. (Sachdev, S. B.,
and Verma, H. V.,2004) Factors that determine user satisfaction with the quality of
services provided on railway platforms are availability and quality of refreshments,
effectiveness of information systems, behavior of railway staff, basic amenities
provided on platforms, and safety and security.(Geetika, Shefali Nandan,2010)

2.4.1 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

To know expectation and perception about automobile service centre’s service quality
from vehicle owners in Pune city, respondents had given their views regarding how
ideal showroom would be and how actually it is. The respondents rated 17 factors of
service quality which are as follows:

1. Tangibility: Modern Equipment, Physical Facility, Neat Dress Code of

Employee,Attractive Material.

2. Reliability: Timely Delivery of vehicle, Interest in solving customers’ problem,

Provide PromisedServices, Produce Error-free record.

3. Responsiveness: Well informed about services,Prompt service to customer,

Willingness to help,Never too busy to respond.

4. Assurance: Feel safe while dealings, Courteous personnel, Knowledge of

personnel.

5. Empathy: Individual attention, Convenient operating hours.

Table 2.1 Consolidated table of mean ratings for different service quality factors

The mean of the ratings given to these factors is calculated and then a combined mean
for each factor.Similar process is done for combined standard deviation in ratings
given.Table 2.1 depicts that the expectation for reliability factor are high i.e.(6.9)
whereas tangibility factor has got lowest combined mean that is (6.03). The perceived
combined mean represents current condition of an service centers, the attributes such
as Assurance has got highest combined mean i.e.(6.09) where as empathy has got
lowest rating that is (5.59).

Testing of Hypothesis 1: The difference of mean rating for expected (µe) and
perceived (µp) values of service quality in personal vehicle users is significant.In the
above test, samples used are dependent and the effect of actual working conditions
(perceived quality) on service quality is tested. So the above hypothesis is tested by
using paired t-test. The mean ratings for five service quality dimensions and tabulated
t value are shown in table 2.2 Table 2.2 gives a clear indication that the gap between
expected and perceived service quality is considerable in case of automobile service
centers for personal vehicles.The users of personal vehicles hold higher expectations
from service centers as the product is put to their personal use. Though service centers
are equipped with modern technology, the factors like reliability, responsiveness and
empathy are lacking. Amongst which reliability of servicesare highly expected near to
ideal (mean rating = 6.90).
Table 2.2 RESULT OF PAIRED T TEST VALUES FOR H1.

Testing of Hypothesis 2: The difference of mean rating for expected (µe) and
perceived (µp) values of service quality in commercial vehicle users is significant.

In the above test also, samples used are dependent and the effect of actual working
conditions (perceived quality) on service quality is tested. So the above hypothesis is
also tested by using paired t-test. The mean ratings for five service quality dimensions
given by commercial vehicle users and tabulated t value are shown in table 2.3.
The commercial vehicle users also show similar response about service centers like
the other sample. The difference between mean ratings of expected and perceived
tangibility factors is statistically not significant. The observed reason is that customers
have lower expectations about tangibility factors. The dissatisfaction about services of
automobile service centers lies with the factors like on time delivery and services as
promised, as delay in delivering vehicles affects the business of customers.(Suhas
Ambekar,2013)
Table 2.3 RESULT OF PAIRED T TEST VALUES FOR H2

2.5 SEVERAL ASPECTS OF PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE APPLIED TO

VEHICLES

Predictive maintenance is a new approach to maintaining the conditional type

maintenance, in the sense that, with the help of a specific apparatus, table 2.4 (digital
vibrometers, digital multimeters, diagnostic testers and scanners, infrared
thermometers, thermal imaging cameras etc.), measurements of the state and process
quantities (pressure, temperature, flow, voltage, intensity, vibrations, wear, etc.) can
be made periodically during the operation of the equipment and on the basis of the
obtained results the evolution of the measured quantities can be appreciated, the limit
operating state can be assessed and, implicitly, the moment of the execution of the
preventive maintenance before the failure of the components concerned can be
estimated.In the absence of specialized equipment, the estimation of maintenance
interventions can also be made on the basis of predicting the reliability of the
components or equipment, using calculations of reliability specific to the laws of
repartition of defaults used in the estimation of reliability (exponential, normal, log-
normal distribution law, Weibull), allowing the estimation of sizes such as time
functioning distribution, average good functioning time, failure intensity, etc.

Predictive maintenance has the advantage of always maintaining the vehicle in a state
of operability or availability. From an economic point of view, only work statistics
can show consumed budgets and their mathematical evolution. One of the effects of
predictive maintenance lies in the fact that there are no major interruptions due to
major failures due to the replacement of the foreseen parts (fig.2.2).(Ioan VIRCA,
Dorel BADEA,2019).
Fig.2.2. Importance of predictive maintenance

Table 2.4. Specific predictive maintenance equipment in the field of vehicles

2.6 PREFERENCE ON CAR MAINTENANCE

Proper maintenance is crucial to ensure a car’s roadworthiness in terms of safety and

it being environmental friendly. Basically, car users have several options as regards
car maintenance; which can be carried out either by authorised service centres (SCs),
general workshops (GWs), or through self-maintenance; or a mix of the three choices
(Mohd Jawi et al., 2017; Abdul Wahab et al., 2017). Despite all the arguments, both
SCs and GWs have remained relevant in the market and competed with each other by
offering better packages or promotions to lure consumers.

By comparing the findings from the current study in Klang Valley and from the
automotive ecosystem study by the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research
(MIROS) (Mohd Jawi et al., 2017), it is shown that the percentage of car users
sending their cars at SCs and GWs is quite similar either in Klang Valley or in
Kuching, Sarawak (Figure 2.3). The current study is based on 298 respondents in
Klang Valley (KV1), while previous MIROS’ studies were based on 500 respondents
in the Klang Valley (KV2), and 300 respondents in Kuching (Kuching) (Abdul
Wahab et al., 2017). Nevertheless, more consumers in Kuching chose GWs. In
addition, customers who did not go to either SCs or GWs and chose to self-maintain,

send to a family member or friends are categorized as “Others”, with their number
significantly smaller. Clearly, car brand owners are finding it difficult to persuade
their customers to return for aftersales service at their SCs. In order to persuade
customers for aftersales service, Proton, for an example, has reduced up to 30% of the
charges and maintenance cost by Proton SCs starting 1st June 2017 (Abg Gyl, 2017;
Samsuri, 2017). Moreover, to compete with GWs, many car brand owners or
representatives strive to improve their users’ experience of aftersales service through
additional services and facilities such as offering courtesy car, pick-up services,
reducing waiting time, providing Internet service, comfortable waiting area, free food
and beverages and so on (e.g. Alias, 2017; Ridzuan, 2018).
Figure 2.3: Comparison of findings on users’ preference for car maintenance

CHAPTER THREE

GENERAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE WORKSHOP AREA

Fig 3.1: Representation of hall heights, ceiling and wall-mounted equipment

Legend:

1 Minimum hall height (depending on function)

2 Power indicator lights with LAN connection (between two workbays, height 200
cm, feed lines for length adjustment with 40 cm gas springs, LAN leads of flexible
design along adjustable-length section)

3 Light strips (at right-angles to vehicle centreline, along the entire workbay height
350 cm)

4 Exhaust emission extractor (surface-mounted height 400 cm from the floor).

5 Lubricating oil supply and disposal

6 Window sill duct (electricity, compressed air and LAN, height 120 cm from the
floor)

7 Workbench
The workshop floor must be able to withstand a pressure of 150 N/mm². A
straightening bench incl. accessories and the vehicle add up to more than 11.000
pounds. Distributed over three rollers, this results in forces in excess of 57 N/mm².
Therefore, it is recommended to have a full brick floor laid with the vibration process.
The load assumption for a workshop floor is at least 10 KN/m². The strength category
of the concrete floor for vehicle hoist workbays should be C25/30.
Technical equipment

If required, install additional light strips along vehicle's centreline outside the
vehicle's contours (incl. with doors open).
Roof passages:

Required for exhaust emission extractors, for painting booths and for welding smoke
and grinding dust extractors.(bmwgroup-wep.com)
Fig. : Wall-mounted equipment

Fig. 2: Ceiling-mounted equipment

3.1 ACCESSIBILITY

July 10, 2019. Courtesy of Häfele.

Universal accessibility in architecture refers to the capacity that all people have to
access and inhabit a space regardless of their cognitive and physical capacities, and it
is a subject that cannot be dismissed.(archdaily.com)

Types of Accessibility Issues

Visual (e.g., color blindness)

Motor/mobility (e.g., wheelchair-user concerns)

Auditory (hearing difficulties)

Seizures (especially photosensitive epilepsy)

Learning/cognitive (e.g., dyslexia)

Ability barriers can also arise for any user:

Incidental (e.g., sleep-deprivation)

Environmental (e.g., using a mobile device underground).(interaction-design.org)

Why Building Accessibility Matters

Good building accessibility means creating spaces that are designed to be user-
friendly for everyone, including people who use wheelchairs, canes and mobility
scooters, and those with vision and hearing impairments. Eliminating barriers to
physical access can help business owners increase revenues while improving the
safety of all building users.

Common Accessibility Features

Features such as low-slope ramps, power-assisted doors, elevators and accessible

washrooms are often used to improve building accessibility. At the same time,
lighting, signage and even the color of the walls can impact how user-friendly a space
is. Construction and design experts leverage best practices to help property owners
and managers provide accessible, safe areas to all.(usiinc.com)

3.2 LIGHTING

Since auto repair center lighting has to meet a variety of specific needs, here are a few
tips on selecting the right auto repair center lighting applications for your needs.

Evaluate Efficiency

When choosing auto repair center lighting applications, the first thing to look at is
efficiency. You are running a business after all, and choosing lighting solutions
that are not cost effective would just be bad business. Here are a few tips for
choosing efficient lighting.

 Look at lumen output versus wattage. This will tell you how much energy is
needed to create the illumination specified by the light source. The goal here is
to choose something that doesn't use a lot of energy (low wattage) while
producing the high light output (high lumens) you desire so that you get
powerful illumination output while consuming less energy.
 If you find a light source that offers higher lumen outputs, don’t automatically
assume that is the best option. If it requires more wattage, it is not the most
efficient option.
 Stay away from fluorescents. While they were once the standard choice for all
types of lighting, the lighting industry has advanced beyond the primitive
capability and shorter life span of fluorescents. For example, LED or induction
lighting would be a much better choice in terms of performance and longevity
than compact fluorescents.
 Choose quality over price! Initial costs for lighting your auto repair center will
be a factor for any location, but when you buy cheap products, you get cheap
results. It is better to invest more upfront and get a long-lasting lighting
solution that meets your needs than to pay more in the long run on
replacements and repairs.

Consider Durability

Durability is the second biggest factor when choosing lighting for your auto repair
center. When we say durability, it means a few things.

 Damage Resistant. When working in an auto repair center, accidents are

bound to happen. You want to choose lighting solutions that are more or less
impact resistant, waterproof, dustproof, and shatter proof. A good way to
determine this is to look for the NEMA or IP rating to make sure it meets your
needs. You can also check if a fixture is UL listed wet or damp for added
protection.
 Longevity. This factor is determined by how long the fixture will last and how
long the bulbs last before needing to be replaced or repaired. A few good
materials or options to choose for a longer-lasting product would be
polycarbonate coverings, LED bulbs, and die cast steel or aluminum housings.
Remember, choose quality over convenience or cost for a longer lasting
solution. LED’s are also better in terms of maintenance because they will need
fewer repairs than other options since they don’t have filaments or electrodes.

Different Lighting Areas, Different Lights

You should also consider the area when choosing the lighting solution. For
instance, work areas will need lighting that is brighter than your client waiting
area. If you have work bays open to the elements, you have to get lights that can
handle being exposed to outdoor elements.(warehouse-lighting.com).

3.3 VENTILATION

Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove 'stale' air and replace it with 'fresh'
air.This helps to:

 Moderate internal temperatures.

 Reduce the accumulation of moisture, odours and other gases that can build up
during occupied periods.
 Create air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.

Very broadly, ventilation in buildings can be classified as 'natural' or 'mechanical'.

 Mechanical (or 'forced') ventilation tends to be driven by fans.

 Natural ventilation is driven by 'natural' pressure differences from one part of
the building to another. Natural ventilation can be wind driven, or buoyancy
driven.

Whilst natural ventilation may be preferable, mechanical ventilation may be

necessary where:

 The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.

 Local air quality is poor, for example, if a building is next to a busy road.
 Local noise levels mean that windows cannot be opened.
 The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the
wind.
 Air cooling or air conditioning systems mean that windows cannot be opened.
 Privacy or security requirements prevent windows being opened.
 Internal partitions block air paths.
 The creation of draughts adjacent to openings.

NB: Some of these issues can be avoided or mitigated by careful siting and design
of buildings.
Mixed-mode' ventilation uses both natural and mechanical ventilation, for
example, allowing the opening of windows, but also providing a mechanical air
distribution system.(designingbuildings.co.uk)

3.3.1 GARAGE VENTILATION

In a garage or workshop where exhaust gases like Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
NOx from vehicles are very dangerous - proper ventilation is very important.

Garages or workshops with floor areas more than 500 ft2 (50m2) should always
have mechanical ventilation with fans. Smaller garages can have natural
ventilation with evacuation of air through ducts with larger area than 0.2% of the
floor area.

Required Air Changes per Hour

As a general rule of thumb the minimum

 air changes per hour in a storage garage should be least 4 to 6

 air changes per hour in a repair garage or workshop should be at least 20 to 30

The fresh air supply to the garage can be calculated as

Q=nV (1)

where

Q = total fresh air supply (m3/h)

n = required air changes per hour (h-1)

V = volume of the garage (m3)

CO Emission

Fresh air supply to a garage can be based on the CO emission from vehicles
parked and driving through as

qCO = (20 + 0.1 l1) c1 + 0.1 c2 l2 (2)

where
qCO = CO emission from cars (m3/h)

c1 = capacity (numbers) of parked cars in the garage

l1 = mean driving distance for cars in the parking garage (m)

c2 = numbers of cars driving through the garage

l2 = mean driving distance for cars driving through the garage (m)

Required fresh air supply can be estimated with

Q = k qCO (3)

where

Q = required fresh air supply (m3/h)

k = application coefficient

Typical application coefficients:

k = 2 where people are in the garage temporarily

k = 4 where people are in the garage permanently - service shops or

similar.

Example - Fresh Air Supply to a Garage

Repair Garage - Fresh Air Supply

The fresh air supply to a repair garage with 10 cars, floor area 150 m2, volume
300 m3 and a mean driving distance for the cars of 20 m - can be calculated as

Required air changes per hour

Fresh air supply due to required 20 air changes per hour can be calculated as

Q = 20 (300 m3/h)

= 6000 m3/h

CO emission
CO emission can be calculated as

qCO = (20 + 0.1 (20 m)) (10 cars)

= 220 m3/h CO

Required air flow due to CO emission can be calculated as

Q = 4 (220 m3/h)

= 880 m3/h air

Comparing the two calculations the fresh air supply should be at least 6000 m3/h.

Local Codes

Local regulations and codes must always be adapted. It is important not to

underestimate the influence of traffic in the garage on the required air flow.

Alternative Systems

A typical ventilation system for a smaller garage The fresh air is supplied through
openings in the outside wall. Polluted air is evacuated through openings close to
the floor and the roof.

Fig 3.: A typical ventilation system for a smaller garage

For larger buildings and garages it is common to use outlet air from the ventilation
systems in the surrounding buildings as fresh make-up air to the garages.

Air with room temperature (or temperature after the heat recovery unit) is supplied
to the garage. Polluted air is evacuated through openings close to the floor and the
roof.(engineeringtoolbox.com)
Fig3.:Ventilation system for larger buildings and garages

3.4 SAFETY

3.5 CIRCULATION
The term 'circulation' refers to the movement of people through, around and
between buildings and other parts of the built environment. Within buildings,
circulation spaces are spaces that are predominately used for circulation, such as
entrances, foyers and lobbies, corridors, stairs, landings and so on.

Circulation spaces may be categorized as those facilitating horizontal circulation,

such as corridors, and those facilitating vertical circulation, such as stairs and
ramps. They may also be restricted to specific users groups, for example, in
buildings used by the public there may be public circulation spaces, and also,
restricted access private circulation spaces. They may be closed spaces such as
corridors, or open spaces such as atria and in some cases may serve multiple
functions.

The size of circulation spaces may be determined by factors such as; the type of
use, the numbers of people using them, the direction of travel, crossing flows and
so on. In complex buildings such as hospitals or transport exchanges, signage or
other forms of wayfinding may be necessary to help people navigate circulation
spaces. (designingbuildings.co.uk)

When considering the various circulation routes, you want to make sure the
pathway is unobstructed and well illuminated. If the circulation route is a fire
escape route, then you also want to ensure that this is the quickest and safest route
out of the building. In design practices, the flow of the circulation is one of the
first areas considered; the circulation will often inform the rest of the interior
proposal.

Designers often communicate different circulation routes as storyboards, or as a

map on a floorplan. You can also highlight the different types of circulation route
by exploding the 3D perspective or axonometric of the building and colour coding
your routes.

In restaurants, bars and cafes circulation routes are important for both staff and
guests. For instance, circulation largely affects the relationship between the
kitchen and table service, when planning this type of circulation route you need to
consider time and efficiency and consider the best route for avoiding incidents.
For guests, you should consider the circulation routes to access the bathrooms,
 considering access and flow routes which will not getting in the way of staff under
pressure or ending up in private area. Circulation routes should be used to keeping
minimal interference between front and back of house.

For buildings like museums and galleries, mapping out clear circulation routes can
help communicate different zone locations, where to access the various floors and
the location facilities like toilets and food. This is extremely important in public
buildings of this nature; people will often spend lengthy amounts of time here, so
they will want to know where the various break points and facilities are located
upon their arrival. This will help to inform the visitor plan how they can progress
through the interior during their visit.https://astoundinginteriors.co.uk/how-does-
circulation-effect-design/

3.6 SOUND

3.7 EXTERNAL WORKS

3.7. Site Planning Guidelines

The design principles for site planning for automotive service centres are based
on:

 Developing a strong community character

 Enhancing the visual experience
 Creating an enriched public domain
 Creating a high quality of streetscapes
 Designing for pedestrian comfort

Site planning guidelines are organized under the following headings:

 Site layout and building locations

 Setbacks
 Vehicular access and movement
 Pedestrian access and movement

3.7 Site Layout and Building Locations

General Guidelines for Principal Buildings

 1. Lot size shall be appropriate to the number of different automotive functions
or uses located on the site.
2. Site planning shall ensure that component elements are properly sited in a
compatible manner with the existing and proposed context. For example, in
an area where surrounding buildings are sited close to or at the street line,
service centre site planning should also locate the principal building near the
street line.
3. Siting of buildings and landscaping shall consider Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) issues
4. As a basis for developing all site plans, the siting of the principal buildings at
or near the street line is preferred.

Principal buildings may be sited in a number of ways, depending on whether the site
is a mid-block or corner site:

Mid-block Sites:

1. In large commercial developments, it is recommended that automotive service

centres be placed away from corner locations.
2. Principal buildings may be located at the street, with the long façade along the
street frontage, or along the side lot line, with the short façade located close to
the street.

Corner Sites:

1. Principal buildings may be sited in a number of ways:

i. Parallel to side property lines with short façades facing the street to
allow visibility of main façades and gas bars from other streets
ii. At the corner of the lot with gas bars located diagonally behind the
building
iii. Towards the centre of site, with canopies extending towards the
streetline
2. Where automotive service centers are permitted at signifi cant intersections,
the site plan layout shall locate the principal building at the street line. Side
lot locations are preferred.
 3. Corner locations are permitted, provided that the street-related façade contains
a proportion of glass including vision glass where feasible, and incorporates
an entrance where possible.
4. Siting of the principal building towards the centre of the lot will also be
acceptable if the use of freestanding architectural and landscape elements
such as pergolas are employed to reinforce the street edge, and that the
canopy is of an innovative design to provide visual interest from the street
view. (brampton.ca)

Principal building site at corner Street-related facade containing good

proportion of glass as well as an entrance

3.1.2 Setbacks

Setbacks for buildings and landscaping are intended to reinforce street edges,
encourage architectural interest along pedestrian sidewalks, and create landscaped
areas that are visually pleasing and provide some screening of vehicular site activities.

1. Generally, a minimum front yard setback of 4.5 metres for principal buildings will
be required to create a landscape strip for quality landscaping.

2. Where primary street frontage is not occupied by a building face, a 4.5 meter
landscape strip is also required.

4. Where automotive service centres are located within or adjoining commercial

centres or neighbourhood centres, their principal building should be sited towards the
street to align with those elements of the commercial or neighbourhood centre that
reinforce the street edge.
5. Where service centres are located at corner intersections of arterial roads, at
intersections of arterial roads and collector roads, or at commercial nodes or
neighbourhood centres, the setback of their principal building façade facing the street
shall be a maximum of 6.0 metres.

3.1.3 Vehicular Access and Movement

Automotive service centres generate traffi c by their function, yet they serve
pedestrians and passengers. Planning for vehicular site access and routes should
accommodate functional traffi c requirements and pedestrian safety, and minimize
noise and other negative impacts of their traffi c on adjacent uses and streets.
Minimizing disruption of existing street traffi c and safety should be of high priority.

1. All access shall be designed as per City standards.

2. Access without islands is preferred.

3. Drive-through locations, internal traffi c circulation, parking layout, and all

other transportation aspects will be commented on a case-by-case basis.

4. Entrances and exits for vehicles should be located as far from corner
intersections as possible to minimize disruption of street traffi c fl ow.

Site planning of service centres shall minimize curb cuts and crossing of
sidewalks to reduce disruption of public streetscapes and pedestrian zones.

3.1.4 Pedestrian Access and Movement

4. Pedestrian routes shall be designed to maximize comfort and safety.

5. Pedestrian access and connections shall conform to barrier-free principles of

design and related requirements of the Ontario Building Code.

6. Barrier-free accessible parking spaces and related curb cut design shall be
provided as per the Ontario Building Code.

7. Pedestrian routes must not be obstructed by any kind of product or display and
shall be at least 1.5 meters wide.
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