“Basic Pump Knowledge”

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 Classification of Pump

Centrifugal
Dynamic Rotodynamic Mixed Flow
Axial Flow

Pump Type
Screw Pump
Rotary
Gear Pump

Displacement

Diaphragm
Reciprocating Piston
Lobe

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 Flow of Pump
Centrifugal

Mixed flow

Axial flow

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 PUMP TYPES & THEIR SPECIFIC SPEEDS

HEAD

HEAD, POWER
HEAD, POWER

HEAD, POWER
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY
POWER

CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

CENTRIFUGAL VERTICAL TURBINE AXIAL FLOW

SPECIFIC SPEED, ns (Single Suction)

10 20 40 60 120 200 300 SI

500 1,000 2,000 3,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 US

RADIAL-VANE FRANCIS-VANE MIXED FLOW AXIAL FLOW

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 Pumping System Characteristics
• Head
• Resistance of the system Destination

• Two types : static and friction Static

head

• Static head Source

• Difference in height between

source and destination
• Independent of flow Static
head

Flow
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 Pumping System Characteristics
• Friction head
• Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
• Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow
rate, nature of liquid
• Proportional to square of flow rate
• Closed loop system
only has friction head
(no static head)

Friction
head

Flow
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 Pumping System Characteristics
In most cases :
Total head = Static head + friction head

System
curve System
Friction curve
head
System
System
head
head Friction
Static head
head

Static head

Flow Flow

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 Pumping System Characteristics

Pump performance curve

• Relationship between
head and flow
• Flow increase
Head
• System resistance increases
• Head increases
• Flow decreases to zero
Flow
• Zero flow rate : risk of Performance curve for
pump burnout centrifugal pump

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 Pumping System Characteristics

Pump operating point

• Duty point : rate
of flow at certain Pump performance
head curve

• Pump operating Pump

operating
point : Head System point
intersection of curve
pump curve and
Static
system curve head

Flow
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 Total Head
H = Ha + Δh + Hl = (Hd + Hs) + (Δhd – Δhs) + Hl

• H = Total head
• Hd = actual head of discharge line = actual height from pump centre
line up to discharge liquid level
• Hs = actual head of suction line = actual height from pump centre
line up to suction liquid level
• Ha = actual head = level difference between discharge liquid level &
suction level
• Δhd, Δhs = pressure head acting on discharge & suction water level
• Δh = pressure head difference acting on liquid level = Δhd-Δhs
• Hl = various losses of head incurred by pipe, valve, discharge, etc

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 When both of suction water level and discharge water
level are under atmospheric pressure

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 When both of suction water level and discharge water
level are under pressure

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 Calculating Head Loss Hv as a function of I.D of Pipe
D, Velocity & Capacity

L
Hv = ------------------- x Friction Loss
1000

with,
L = length of pipe

For example :
Lpipe = 1000 m
Elevation = 50m
Pstandby = 10 m

Total Head = (Hv + Elevation + Pstandby) x Safety Factor

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 Cavitation
Very destructive phenomena that occurs when the
pressure of the fluid drops below vaporization point.
The result is the formation of tiny bubles that
colapses when pressure increase on the impeller.
Those implosions work as small “explosions” on the
impeller that will destroy it.

It’ll happen mainly for 3 reasons:

 Bad system design.
 Clogging of pre-filters.
 Valves closed on the suction side.

Cavitation is audible in the form of high pitch

screeching.
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 Cavitation
NPSH = Net positive suction head
Pressure on the centre of the impeller. A centrifugal
pump, to operate, needs to be pressurized. There
are two different NPSH :

 NPSHA: Available NPSH – takes into account

friction losses, heights and vapour pressure of the
fluid.
 NPSHR: Required NPSH – manufacturer data that
determines point of cavitation under specified
conditions.

NPSHA > NPSHR

Otherwise pump will cavitate.
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 CAVITATION
High pressure
Low to high pressure transition
Low Pressure

Cavitation occurs when vapour bubbles form

and then subsequently collapse as they move
along the flow path in an impeller.

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 Examples Of Cavitation

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 How to determine NPSHav ?

hsv : Available suction head

Ps : Pressure acting on suction water level
Pv : Absolute saturated vapour pressure of fluid under operating temp
ϒ : Weight of fluid per-unit volume under operating temp
hs : Height from suction water level up to reference level of impeller
: Total head loss in suction line

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 Calculating the Power Consumption
• The pump power input P of a centrifugal pump is
the mechanical energy at the pump coupling or
pump shaft absorbed from the drive. It is
determined using the following equation :

ρ.Q.H
P = ---------- in kW
367.ɳ

with,
ρ = density in kg/dm³
Q = flow rate in m³/h
H = total head in m
367 = conversion factor (constant)

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 TYPE OF PUMP INSTALLATION
F.L
ADVANTAGE
•EASIER INSTALLATION &
INITIAL SETTING
•EASIER MAINTENANCE
•LOW COST OF CIVIL WORK
•DRIVER SAFE
FROM FLOODING
DISADVANTAGE
•NEED PRIMING, COMPLEX
PROCEDURE OF STARTING
•FOR CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC
START & STOP, NEED AUTOMATIC
PRIMING
•VERY HIGH RISK OF CAVITATION,
BADLY AFFECTING PERFORMANCE,
SHORTENING PUMP LIFE
•LARGER SPACE REQUIREMENT
F.L
P.L
ADVANTAGE
•DO NOT NEED PRIMING, SIMPLE
STARTING PROCEDURE
•EASY INSTALLATION &
INITIAL SETTING
•EASIER MAINTENANCE
•VERY LOW RISK OF CAVITATION,
ASSURING GOOD PERFORMANCE
PUMP LONGER LIFE
DISADVANTAGE
•DRIVER NOT SAFE
FROM FLOODING
•HIGHER COST OF CIVIL WORK
•LARGER SPACE REQUIREMENT
F.L
P.L
ADVANTAGE
•DO NOT NEED PRIMING, SIMPLE
STARTING PROCEDURE
•EASY INSTALLATION &
INITIAL SETTING
•VERY LOW RISK OF CAVITATION,
ASSURING GOOD PERFORMANCE
PUMP LONGER LIFE
•SMALLER SPACE REQUIREMENT
DISADVANTAGE
•DRIVER NOT SAFE
FROM FLOODING
•MORE COMPLEX MAINTENANCE
F.L
M.L
P.L
ADVANTAGE
•DO NOT NEED PRIMING, SIMPLE
STARTING PROCEDURE
•VERY LOW RISK OF CAVITATION,
ASSURING GOOD PERFORMANCE
PUMP LONGER LIFE
•DRIVER SAFE FROM FLOODING
•EASIER MAINTENANCE
•SMALLER SPACE REQUIREMENT
DISADVANTAGE
•HIGHER COST OF CIVIL WORK
•UNEASY INSTALLATION &
INITIAL SETTING
Design Features
Installation Options (Vertical Pump)
Discharge nozzle Two-floor
above floor installation
Discharge nozzle
below floor