CBLM Tle-Afa LG Gr. 10 Animal Production

Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-
VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING AND MANAGING

BREEDING STOCKS
MODULE 1
QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : SELECTING AND MANAGING BREEDING
STOCKS
NOMINAL DURATION : 30 HOUR
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in effectively
selecting and managing breeding stocks.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. identify different breeds for specific breeding objectives.

2. select suitable and superior breeds of goat and sheep.
Pre-Test
Let us find out how much you already know about the suitable superior breeds
of goats based on industry standards.
Read the test items and select the letter of best answer. Write the correct
answer on a sheet of paper. (Please do not write anything on the module).
1.Which breed from Nubia has a long, drooping ear, distinct Roman nose and a
prominent head?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
2.Which breed has straight nose and erect ears, with an average milk
production of three liters a day.
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
3.Which breed has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg

at maturity?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
4.Which breed has small but hardy which weighs about twenty-five kilograms
at maturity.
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
5.What is the ideal weight of large size or upgraded does for the first breeding?
a. 25 kg
b. 20 kg
c. 15 kg
d. 10 kg
6.What is the ideal age of bucks that are ready for breeding?
a. 3 – 4 months-old
b. 4 - 5 months-old
c. 5 – 7 months old
d. 8 – 10 months-old
7.Which of the following choices is the average heat of a doe?

a. 15 days
b. 16 days
c. 17 days
d. 21 days
8.Which of following is NOT a sign of heat?

a. bleating
b. swollen vulva
c. frequent urination
d. labored breathing
9.The period from conception to kidding is called ______.

a. heat period
b. heat cycle
c. brooding period
d. gestation period
10.What is the average gestation period of goats?

a. 60 days
b. 114 days
c. 150 days
d. 350 days
11.The process of mating a native or unimproved parent with an improved

one is known as _______.
a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding
12.It is the mating of purebred buck to purebred doe.

a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding
13.It is the mating of two different breeds.

a. upgrading
b. line breeding
c. crossbreeding
d. pure breeding
14.The heat duration of a doe is ______.

a. 2 – 3 days
b. 3 – 5 days
c. 5 – 7 days
d. 7 – 10 days
15.If the doe does not get pregnant after being bred over three heat periods,
she should be _______.
a. bred again
b. fed with concentrates
c. injected with hormones
d. culled out
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
LESSON 1: DIFFERENT BREEDS FOR SPECIFIC BREEDING

OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the identification of different breeds of small

ruminants for specific breeding objectives.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Breeds of goat commonly raised in the Philippines are identified.

2. Suitable breeds of goats are identified based on industry and BAI
standards.
3. Specific breeding objectives for goat production are identified.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Breed – the distinct characteristics of an animal which are generally
transmitted from generation to generation
Type – a group of animals raise to serve a certain purpose
Doe – female goat used for breeding
Buck – male goat used for breeding
Types of Goat
 Meat type- intended for the production of chevon.

Example: Boer
 Dairy type- intended for the production of milk

Examples: Saanen, Toggenburg, Alpine
 Dual purpose type- raised for both meat and milk

Examples: Nubians, Jumna Pari
Different Breeds of Goats and Their Characteristics
1. Nubian. This breed comes from Nubia, Northeastern Africa. Its average weight
is 65 kilograms. Some are brown with horns while other is hornless. It has
long drooping ears, a distinct Roman nose and a prominent head. Its coat
color may be black, tan and white, or red and white. It produces an average of
two liters of milk daily. This breed is found to have a satisfactory performance
in the Philippines which can thrive in plains or a rolling to hilly areas.
Nubian
2. Saanen. A native of the Swiss Alps, its weight is about 65 kilograms at maturity.
Some are hornless, although horned but disbudded ones are preferred. It has
a straight nose and erect ears. Its color is either pure or creamy white. The
average milk production is 3 liters/daily with butter content of about 4.3%.
This breed thrives well in higher elevations, approximately 1,000 meters above
sea level or higher.
Saanen
3. Philippine Goat. Small but hardy, it weighs 25 kilograms at maturity. It has

average daily milk production which is 350 liters butterfat content of about
4.6%. Its coat color is red, white or black or a combination of three colors.
This type of goat is found throughout the country, and thrives in all Agro
Economical Zone(AEZ).
Philippine Goat
4. Boer. It has half-drooping ears, a distinct Roman nose and a prominent
forehead. Its head, neck and the tip of tail are brown to reddish brown, while
the rest of its coat is white. Its average weight is 75 kilograms at maturity. It is
a meat type breed. It thrives in a well-drained hilly to rolling areas.
Boer
5. Upgraded. It is a cross of a purebred (Nubian, Saanen or Boer) and Philippine

goat. It can weigh 35 kilograms at maturity. It is resistant to diseases and is
adaptable to all AEZs.
Upgraded
6. Toggenburg. This breed originated in Switzerland. It is smaller than the

Nubian and Saanen. Its distinguishing features are white markings on the face,
legs and tail. The ears are erect like the Saanen.
Toggenburg
7. Alpine. This is a European breed. The color ranges from off-white to red or
black.
Alpine
Breeding Objectives
Breeding of goats aims at increasing existing population in the inventory.

It also improves herd performance by optimizing their genetic potential
primarily for important economic traits.
LET US REMEMBER
The success of goat production will primarily depend on the kind and
types of animals used as foundation stocks. Take extra care in choosing your
foundation stocks. Choose goat breeds that are adaptable to the locality.
Self-Check
I. Read the test items carefully and select the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook. (Please do not write
anything in this module).
1. Which breed has a straight nose and erect ears, with an average milk
production of three liters a day?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
2. It has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg at

maturity.
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
3. What is the ideal body shape of doe for breeding?

a. angular and wedged-shape
b. boxed-shape
c. triangular shape
d. any shape
4. Which breed has small but hardy which weighs about twenty-five
kilograms at maturity?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
5. Which of the following breed is not a dairy type?

a. Saanen
b. Toggenburg
c. Boer
d. Alpine
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1
Make a survey of the backyard goat raisers in the community. Following the
matrix below, fill up and jot down the breed, type and distinguishing features, of each
breed. Determine the most common breed in the community.
Breed Distinguishing Type

Features
RESOURCES
Pictures of different breeds of goats clipped from the internet

Local goat raisers
School Goatery project
Digital Camera
Learning guide/Module
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends

Series No. 24-G
Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in Ruminant

Production
CLSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology
DA Pamphlet on Goat Production
http://www.sheep101.info/breeds.html
LESSON 2 : SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with identification and selection of suitable superior

breeds of cattle and buffaloes based on Bureau of Animal Industry standards.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Type and breeds of goats are distinguished based on their physical

appearance.
2. Suitable and superior breeds of goats are identified based on Bureau of
Animal Industry standards.
3. Suitable and superior breeds are selected based on industry standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Selection the process of choosing desirable animals
from a herd
Stock livestock
Herd a group of livestock
Buck Mature male goat for breeding
Doe mature female goat that had kidded or given
birth
Doeling Mature female goat that has not yet kidded
Kidding act of delivery in goat; giving birth
Kid young goat
Selection of Stock
Selection is the method used by animal raisers to make long-term genetic

change. It is the process that determines which individual animals become
parents, how many offspring produced and how long they remain productive in
the breeding population.
In selecting the breeding stocks, consider both the physical features and
the reproductive performance of the animals. If performance data are available,
choose stocks based on the number of offspring weaned per year per doe exposed
to buck, mortality, and length of production life for each sex and incidence of
major defects.
For female breeding stock, consider the blood composition, constitution
and vigor, breeding quality, and aggressiveness. Choose the breeder male that is
the heaviest in the herd, born of prolific females, and capable of transmitting its
good qualities to its progeny. It should be active and always ready to mount on a
breeder female in heat. In evaluating a buck, check its reproductive parts by
palpating the animal’s sex organ. There should be two testicles, both descended
and about equal size.
These must be firm remaining large throughout the year and can slip freely up
and down the scrotum. There should no adhesions or swelling in the sac.
On the other hand, choose female breeding stock based on reproductive
capacity, temperament, and motherly instinct. Regardless of breed, select breeder
females with good mouth and normal genitals and udder.
For both sexes of breeders, consider the large size, straight and strong legs,
bright eyes, and high feeding capacity for these are desirable characteristics.
Major considerations when choosing goats to be raised:
Doe
a. alertness
b. clear eyes
c. good body conformation
d. long body
e. long, straight, and strong legs
f. shiny coat
g. well-developed udder
h. angular and wedge-shaped body
i. good temperament and motherly instinct
j. resistance to diseases
k. adaptability to environment
Buck
a. alertness
b. clear eyes
c. long body
d. good body conformation
e. long, straight, and strong legs
f. masculine appearance
g. broad chest
h. well-develop sex organs
i. aggressiveness
j. resistance to diseases
k. adaptability to environment
LET US REMEMBER
In selecting goat as breeders or replacement stocks, consider the breeding

objective or purpose for which these goats will be raised and utilized, either for
meat and/or milk and other important economic traits. Thus, traits such as
growth rate, prolificacy, body size, milk yield, resistance to diseases, and
adaptability to environment and production conditions when choosing which
goats are to be raised.
Self -Check
Match column A with column B by writing the correct answer on your notebook.
Column A Column B
1. Stock a. the process of choosing

2. Selection desirable animals from a
3. Herd herd
4. Buck b. livestock
5. Doeling c. a group of livestock
6. Kidding d. mature female goat that
7. Doe had kidded or given birth
8. Kid e. Mature female goat that
has not yet kidded
f. act of delivery in goat;
giving birth
g. young goat
h. Mature male goat for
breeding
RESOURCES:
Pictures of different breeds of goats clipped from the internet

Local goat raisers
School Goatery project
Digital Camera
Learning guide/Module
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends Series

No. 24-G
Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in Ruminant

Production
http://www.sheep101.info/breeds.html
Post-Test
Read the test items and select the letter of best answer. Write the correct answer on a
sheet of paper. (Please do not write anything on the module).
1.Which breed from Nubia has a long, drooping ear, distinct Roman nose and a
prominent head?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
2.Which breed has straight nose and erect ears, with an average milk
production of three liters a day.
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
3.Which breed has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg

at maturity?
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
4.Which breed has small but hardy which weighs about twenty-five kilograms
at maturity.
a. Nubian
b. Saanen
c. Boer
d. Philippine goat
5.What is the ideal weight of large size or upgraded does for the first breeding?
a. 25 kg
b. 20 kg
c. 15 kg
d. 10 kg
6.What is the ideal age of bucks that are ready for breeding?
a. 3 – 4 months-old
b. 4 - 5 months-old
c. 5 – 7 months old
d. 8 – 10 months-old
7.Which of the following choices is the average heat of a doe?

a. 15 days
b. 16 days
c. 17 days
d. 21 days
8.Which of following is NOT a sign of heat?

a. bleating
b. swollen vulva
c. frequent urination
d. labored breathing
9.The period from conception to kidding is called ______.

a. heat period
b. heat cycle
c. brooding period
d. gestation period
10.What is the average gestation period of goats?

a. 60 days
b. 114 days
c. 150 days
d. 350 days
11.The process of mating a native or unimproved parent with an improved

one is known as _______.
a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding
12.It is the mating of purebred buck to purebred doe.

a. pure breeding
b. upgrading
c. line breeding
d. crossbreeding
13.It is the mating of two different breeds.

a. upgrading
b. line breeding
c. crossbreeding
d. pure breeding
14.The heat duration of a doe is ______.

a. 2 – 3 days
b. 3 – 5 days
c. 5 – 7 days
d. 7 – 10 days
15.If the doe does not get pregnant after being bred over three heat periods,
she should be _______.
a. bred again
b. fed with concentrates
c. injected with hormones
d. culled out
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 2 Module Title: MANAGING BREEDERS AND THEIR

PROGENIES
MODULE 2

MODULE TITLE : MANAGING BREEDERS AND THEIR
PROGENIES
NOMINAL DURATION : 40 HOURS
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

managing breeders and their progenies.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
1. monitor and assist kidding/ lambing;

2. perform the different methods of breeding;
3. perform weaning of lambs/ kids;
4. perform dehorning/disbudding, dewattling, hoof trimming and
castration.
Pre-Test
Let us find out how much you already know about managing the doe and
its progenies and the practices involved in caring for the kids.
I. Read the questions and select the best answer. Write the letter of your
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the first milk of the doe.

a. lactose
b. prolactin
c. colostrum
d. enzyme
2. What is the best age to castrate a goat?

a. 2-4 weeks old
b. 5-8 months old
c. 9-11 months old
d. 1 year old
3. When is the best time to castrate the kid?

a. noon time
b. night time
c. early in the morning
d. any time of the day
4. Disbudding is done when the kid is about _______.
a. 1 day old
b. 1 week old
c. 2 weeks old
d. 3 weeks old
a. What will you do to the goats to avoid malformation of the toes?

a. Disbud the animal.
b. Hoof trims the animal.
c. Castrate the animal.
d. all of these
b. What percent of protein is contained in a starter feed for kids?

a. 14%
b. 16%
c. 18%
d. 22%
7 It is a concentrate feed requirement per grower and full grown goat.

a. 0.5 kg.
b. 1 kg.
c. 1.5 kg.
d. 2 kg.
8. The act of giving birth is called _______.

a. gestation
b. parturition
c. lactation
d. castration
9. Milking should be done at _______.

a. 6:00 am and 6:00 pm
b. 9:00 am and 1:00 pm
c. 1:00 am and 1:00 pm
d. any time you want
10. What percent of crude protein in the concentrate feed is needed

by a milking doe?
a. 22-25% c. 16-20%
b. 18-22% d. 14-18%
LESSON 1: DIFFERENT METHODS OF BREEDING
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the reproductive phenomena and different

breeding practices in goat.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Reproductive phenomena of small ruminant are discussed.

2. Average duration of estrus is determined based on farm record
3. Estrus cycle of does/ewe is computed based on the reproductive cycle
of the animals.
4. Puberty age of small ruminants is explained thoroughly.
5. Post partum heat is monitored based on farm records.
6. Kidding interval is discussed.
7. Systems and types of breeding are practiced.
8. Breeding practices are discussed properly.
9. Breeding is performed using standards breeding procedures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Breeding - the act of biological reproduction

Heat period/Estrus period - the period when the female is receptive
to male
Artificial Insemination (AI) - a reproductive technology in which semen is
collected from the males and then used in fresh or frozen form to breed
females through artificial means
Heat Cycle - the interval between two successive heat periods
Breeding Practices for Does
A doe may be bred for the first time when she is about eight months old,
well grown, in good health, and weighs not less than 15kg for native and 20kg
for crossbreeds.
Two services are recommended for maiden does. Although one service
can make a doe pregnant as goats are generally prolific. When hand mating is
being practiced, breed the doe upon observation of heat and repeat 12 hours
after. Does with estrus period lasting for three days may be bred on the third
day.
Best result is obtained when a maiden doe is bred on her second cycle
after eight months. This enables caretaker to establish the duration of estrus,
the estrus cycle, and the degree of manifestation of estrus.
Does can be returned to the herd after breeding .If the does return to
heat in about 21 days, they should be rebred. Failure of the does to conceive
after breeding with proven bucks for 2 cycles can be a good reason for culling.
Reproductive Phenomena in Goats
Particular Parameter
Age of puberty 4-8 months
Estrus 2-3 days
Estrus cycle 18-24 days (average 21 days)
Ovulation 33 hours after the beginning of estrus
Gestation length 142-155 days (average 150 days)
Kidding interval
Pure breed 240 days
Native 210-260 days
Breeding Practices for Bucks
Bucks are allowed to serve does for the first time when they are already
eight months old. However, he is only capable of light service at this stage. The
buck should not serve more than 20 does before one year old. In hand
mating/controlled mating, it is also not advisable to use a mature buck to more
than four services weekly. In unrestricted breeding, the breeding load should be
one buck for every 25 does or less depending on the size, terrain and vegetation
of the pasture.
Avoid the trauma brought about by a large-sized buck servicing a native
doe.
In general, never allow bucks to run with the herd unless herding is a
part of the management practice. This is to prevent some of the does from being
bred too young.
The bucks may be kept as long as they are productive, provided they are
not allowed to breed their own daughters.
Exchanging or loaning bucks to other farms will allow other goat raisers
to avail of genetic superiority of a buck and can prevent inbreeding. However,
undertake utmost care and precautions so as not to overuse the buck and the
possible spread of reproductive and other contagious diseases.
System of Breeding
 Upgrading/ Grading up- used to infuse exotic bloodline of bucks to an

existing breed, usually native female.
Grading up with a purebred buck will produce kids with the

following blood composition.
Purebred buck X Native doe
Purebred buck X (50% purebred: 50% Native doe)

Purebred buck X (75% purebred: 25% Native doe)
87.5% Purebred buck: 12.5% Native

 Pure breeding- a purebred buck is mated to a pure bred doe of the
same breed, this mating is also called straight breeding. Pure
breeding is practiced when a raiser wants to maintain primarily the
purity of his stocks. This mating scheme is usually observed among
nucleus farm, which are mandated to produce breeders for the
multiplier farms.
 Crossbreeding- is achieved when bucks of one breed or breed
combinations are mated to does of another breed or breed
combination.
Signs of In Heat Doe
 mounting other animals irrespective of sex or stands still when

mounted by other goats
 shaking of tail from side to side especially if other goats rub over her
 bleating
 mucus discharge from the vulva
 swollen vulva
 nervousness
 frequent urination
 decrease in appetite
Types of Breeding
Hand Mating
This type of breeding involves the complete confinement of the buck in a

separate quarter and not allowed to be mixed with the rest of the herd. When a
doe is “in heat”, they are brought to the breeding pen where they are mated to
buck with or without the assistance of the caretaker.
Hand mating has the following advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
1. Keeping record is easier and more accurate, ensuring better care for
kidding does.
2. Buck does not waste energy in mounting.
3. “Settled does” are separated from others and are not disturbed;
hence, the risk of abortion is lessened if not avoided.
Disadvantages:
1. More time and effort are required in identifying doe in heat so as not
to miss breeding with the buck.
2. A separate pen for the buck is required
Pasture mating
This permits the buck to run with the herd throughout the breeding
season or throughout the year. This type saves labor in the daily inspection of
the herd for in heat does and driving them to the breeding pen for mating.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
A reproductive technology in which semen is collected from bucks and

then used in fresh or frozen form to breed does through artificial means.
Artificial Insemination offers a great potential in accelerating the generic
improvement of the goat population since AI allows a size to produce potentially
hundreds if not thousands of progenies.
Materials needed for AI
 Artificial vagina (7cm. in diameter and 15cm. long) for semen

collection
 Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation.
 Catheter for semen deposition filled with either rubber bulb or a 2 ml.
syringe.
 Speculum for opening the vagina.
 Flashlight/penlight

Semen Evaluation
As soon as the semen is collected, it is evaluated for motility and
concentration. Good quality semen can be used immediately as liquid or fresh
undiluted semen or it can be diluted to serve more does from only one
ejaculation using extenders.
Steps in Artificial Insemination
 Place the doe in a breeding stall, to hold the doe firmly and elevate its
rear quarters. In the absence of stall, support the doe by the knee just
in front of her udder.
 Clean the vulva and the surrounding area with ordinary tap water.
 Lubricate the speculum with KY jelly-oil or Vaseline.
 Insert the speculum gently not with a jerk, through the vulva into the
vagina.
 The insertion is usually followed by twisting motion with slight
amount of pressure. The speculum must be inserted following the
angle of the rung.
 Using a flashlight manipulating the speculum, locate the cervix.
 With the correct amount of semen previously loaded into the 1ml.
pipette catheter, introduce the opened end through the speculum into
the cervix
 The catheter must be put gently through the cervical opening. Semen
deposition must be made from 1 to 1.5 cm. inside the cervix.
Releasing the semen behind. The first fold, approximately 0.6cm is
permissible in virgin does.
 Deposit 1-0.2ml of semen containing 120-125 million sperm cells by
pushing the syringe plunger or pressing the rubber slowly and
holding it at the position, until it is withdrawn from the cervix. If a
speculum is not available, a rubber hose 2cm. in diameter and 15cm.
long may be used. Both ends must be smooth. To get high conception
rate, make technique of semen deposition as natural as possible. Use
semen of high quality, inseminate the animal at the right stage of
estrus and use only clean sanitized equipment.
Administering Artificial
Insemination (AI) in small ruminant
Signs of Pregnancy
 absence of estrus
 prominence of the milk vein
 gradual enlargement of the udder
 gradual increase of belly size
Guidelines in Culling or Removing Unproductive Breeder
 Cull does that do not settle in spite of repeated mating with a proven
buck, considering that mating was properly timed.
 Cull does with poor maternal instinct (mothering ability). They lose
their kids from natural causes such as lack of milk or refusal to nurse
their kids.
 Cull bucks or does producing undesirable hereditary traits.
 Cull bucks or does that react to diseases such as brucellosis.
 Cull bucks that can no longer mount due to old age. Remove also
sterile bucks.
 Cull does that have difficult or complicated kidding.
Gestation period
This is the period from conception to kidding. Normally, it is from 145 to

155 days or five months, or an average of 150 days.
Gestation table for goats (based on average gestation period of 150 days)
Will Fresher:
When Bred In: (Breeding date less
number below*)
Month Day
January June 1
February July 0
March August 3
April September 3
May October 3
June November 3
July December 3
August January 3
September February 3
October March 1
November April 1
December May 1
*To determine day due to kid, take breeding day and subtract the number
indicated.
Reproductive Failures
There are many reasons why doe fails to reproduce.

 It receives infertile sperm from the buck.
 It has abnormal egg.
 It suffers from female diseases such as brucellosis and vibriosis.
 It has hormonal malfunction.
 It has an over fat condition.
 Due to very hot weather which causes the fertilized egg to be aborted.
 It is too weak (not in good physical condition).
 The doe is a hermaphrodite.
LET US REMEMBER
Small ruminant production is very profitable animal venture provided

knowledge and skills in breeding management and care of pregnant does are
properly observed.
Self-Check
I. Read the following test items carefully and select the letter of the best
answer. Write it in your activity notebook. (Please do not write anything
in this module).
1. What is the average gestation period of does?

a. 283 days
b. 310 days
c. 114 days
d. 150 days
2. The average estrus cycle of a doe is _______.

a. 144 days
b. 60 days
c. 312 days
d. 21days
3. It is the mating of two different breed.

a. upgrading
b. line breeding
c. pure breeding
d. cross breeding
4. Why is it not advisable to allow the buck to run with the herd during
the breeding period?
a. to avoid injuries of the doe
b. to minimize abortion
c. to lessen the cost of feeds and biologics
d. to prevent the does from being bred too young
5. How do you know if the doe is about to deliver?

a. The doe becomes nervous and emits a low bleat.
b. It appears hollow in the flank.
c. Paws beddings around.
d. All of these
II. Problem Solving
1. Kuya Lito bred his doe April 7, 2009 and his doe settled. What is
the expected date of kidding?
2. Based on problem number 1 what is the expected heat recurrence in case
the doe did not settle?
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1
1. Let us proceed to the goatery project and make an inventory of the stocks.
List down the number of the following:
a. Pregnant Does
b. In Heat Does
2. List down your observations in the aforementioned does in your activity

notebook.
RESOURCES
Artificial Insemination (A.I.) kit

School Goatery Project
REFERENCES
Training Regulation and Competency-Based Curriculum for Ruminant

Production

Series No. 24-G
DA Pamphlet on Goat production
PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No. 9
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources and Research and

Development
LESSON 2 : MONITOR AND ASSIST KIDDING/LAMBING
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the proper management of a doe and its progenies.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Signs of kidding/ lambing are discussed thoroughly.

2. Signs of kidding / lambing are monitored based ob breeding records.
3. Assistance is rendered during parturition following the standard
procedures.
4. Post- parturition activities are properly performed based on standard
procedure.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Colostrums -first milk of the doe after kidding
Progeny -the offspring of an animal
Placenta -constitutes the chief part of the afterbirth which is expelled after
parturition
Parturition -the act of giving birth.
Kidding Pen
Place the doe/ewe in a clean, well-lighted, and comfortable pen that has
been disinfected. Clean and dry rice straws or dried banana leaves are good
bedding materials.
Kidding
The signs of approaching kidding are as follows:
 The udder and teats enlarge two months before kidding.

 Doe become nervous and bleats low.
 She appears hollow in the right flank and definitely hollow on both
rumps.
 A slight mucous discharge may appear and may be seen several days
before kidding, followed by a slightly different discharge, more opaque,
and slightly yellow.
 She may paw her beddings around.
Materials Needed During Kidding/Lambing
 piece of string
 clean cloth
 sharp knife or blade
 Tincture of iodine
 oil
The kid / lamb should be born within an hour after the doe begins to
have strong labor contractions. If this does not occur, examine the doe for any
kidding/ lambing difficulty.
Steps to undertake when the doe experiences difficulty in kidding:
 Trim your finger nails.

 Wash your hands with antiseptic.
 Disinfect hands and arms past the elbow with a disinfectant like
alcohol.
 Have another person scrub the rear quarters of the doe with some
disinfectant.
 Gently and slowly insert your hand into the birth canal and feel for
the head, legs and tail.
As soon as the kid/lamb is born, the following steps should be followed:
 Wipe its body and remove mucus clogged from the nose of the
newly born kid/lamb.
 Tie a string around the umbilical cords about 2-3 cm from the
base of the navel.
 Cut cord after the knot and dip the navel in tincture of iodine.
 Place kids in a kidding box and expose them under the sunshine to
dry-off if possible.
 Assist newly-born kids to suck the first milk or colostrums which
act as antibodies.
 Dispose placenta and dead kids properly.
 If the doe dies while kidding, give kids a liberal dose of any
vegetable oil or a little milk mixed with fresh egg white. Then, hand
feed the kids with milk individually up to three months when they
are already ready to eat concentrate feeds.
 Castrate male kids not intended for breeding purposes one month
after kidding.
 Wean three-month old male and female kids from the mother as
growers. After choosing replacement stocks, remaining growers are
sold at farm gate price.
It is important for the kid/lamb to receive the first milk or colostrums. It
is essential both as laxative and internal antiseptic as it removes the meconium
or fecal matter from the kid. After several hours, a full udder indicates that the
kid/lamb has not yet suckled its first milk supply. Tie and lead the kid/lamb
direct towards the teats.
If for any reason the kid/lamb cannot be fed colostrums or the mother
died while kidding/lambing, give the animal a liberal dose (from a teaspoonful
to a tablespoonful) of any vegetable oil or a little milk with the white of fresh egg.
This is to start the bowels to function normally. It may become necessary at this
time to give an enema by using a baby syringe.
In farms where the electricity and refrigeration are available, store excess
colostrum in freezers. To feed the weak kids or those born from does with
inadequate colostrums, thaw the frozen milk by slow heating, then feed
lukewarm.
Allow them run with the does/ewe for 3-5 days. If the lactating mothers
are intended for twice-a-day milking, keep the kids/lamb in the pen and
individually hand feed with milk. The same person should care for the
kids/lamb and supervise their daily feeding. Train the kid/lamb with patience
and kindness to enable them to react to friendly handling and to avoid
excitement.
Observe closely their condition and development. Guard against wet
bedding in pen. Beddings may seem dry on top but wet underneath. Change
beddings two or three times daily.
In a less intensive production or if milking is only once-a-day, allow the
kid/lamb to run with the older stocks. However, keep them in the night shelter
where creep feeds and fresh water are available. Protect kids/lamb from
predatory animals.
LET US REMEMBER
Small ruminants are simpler to keep than that of large ruminants.

Nonetheless, appropriate management even before the kid/lamb is born, has to
be employed to ensure profitability and success of the enterprise.
Self-Check
I. Read the questions carefully and select the letter of your choice. Write
your answer in your activity notebook. Do not write anything in the
module.
1. Which of the following is not needed during kidding /lambing?

a. hot iron
b. piece of string
c. clean cloth
d. tincture of iodine
2. What is the ideal age for weaning a kid/lamb?

a. 4 weeks
b. 5weeks
c. 2 months old
d. 3 months old
3. What is the ideal length of the umbilical cord retained when cut?
a. 0.5-1cm from the base of the navel
b. 1.0-1.5cm from the base of the navel
c. 2.0-3.0cm from the base of the navel
d. 3-5cm from the base of the navel
4. Why do we give colostrums to a newly born kid?

a. It contains antibodies to fight secondary infections.
b. It is rich in protein.
c. It is rich in fats.
d. It is rich in minerals.
5. If the kid cannot be fed with colostrums due to the death of the doe, what
should be given to the kid?
a. a little milk with the white of a fresh egg
b. plenty of fresh water
c. liberal feeding of skimmed milk
d. ad libitum feeding of starter feeds
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2
Proceed to the school goatery project. Form a group of five and assist the
doe/s in kidding. Using the rating scale below, apply what you have learned in
this lesson.
Suggested rating scale on kidding

Rating Student grouping
Criteria
% 1 2 3 4 5
1. Performed the correct steps in 40
kidding
2. Prepared all necessary 25

materials for kidding
3. Used appropriate tools and other 15

equipment
4. Proper administration of 10
biologics
5. Working habit 10
Total 100
RESOURCES:

Tools and Medicines
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine

Recommends Series No. 24-G
Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in

Ruminant Production
Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology

LESSON 3 : PERFORM OTHER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the proper way of dehorning, castrating,

dewattling and hoof trimming.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Animals are identified based on ear tag/ notches.

2. Age of kids to be dehorned, castrated, and dewattled, and hoof trimmed
are determined based on standards.
3. Proper ways of dehorning, castrating, dewattling, and hoof trimming of
growing kids/ lamb are performed
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Castration –a surgical operation that removes the primary sex organ

(testes)
Wattles- flesh hanging from the throat area of a goat
Disbudding –the process of controlling the growth of horns
Dewattling –the process of removing the wattles of goat
Frog –the soft part at the center of the hoof
Castration
Castrate male kids intended for meat as early as possible, preferably at
the age of 2 – 4 weeks. Castration should be done in the morning to avoid severe
bleeding.
Steps in Castration:
 Lay the buck kid on its back.

 Keep the goat from moving.
 Inject the kid with penicillin antibiotic. Fig 1.
 Draw the hind legs forward.
 Apply 3% creoline solution or tincture of iodine to disinfect the scrotum
and its surrounding area.
 Cut across the scrotum carefully then slowly push the testicles out. Fig 2.
 Cut two connecting tissues with a sterilized knife or blade.
 Apply tincture of iodine and dust sulfanilamide powder over the wound.
In areas where tetanus is known to occur, a preventive dose of tetanus
anti-toxin (TAT) is recommended.
Fig.1. Injecting penicillin to buck kid

(Courtesy of BNAS students)
Fig.2. Castrating buck kid
Disbudding
Horns are dangerous on a mature animal. But they are painful to remove
from mature goats. Remove the horn buds when the kids are about three weeks
old. Use hot iron cautery.
Fig.3. Disbudding kids
Steps:
 Clip the hair around the base of the horn bud.
 Restrain the animal properly to avoid unnecessary burning.
 Heat the dehorner red hot. This instrument can be made at home from
an iron pipe 1.3 cm in diameter.
 When ready, press down the red-hot dehorner over the bud and quickly
remove it.
 Cover the burnt area with Vaseline.
Dewattling
Wattles of goats are subject to infection. To avoid this, remove the wattles
by using a pair of sharp scissors and cut each wattle at its base.
Hoof Trimming
This practice aims to prevent malformation of the toes and to prevent foot
rot that results from manure getting inside the untrimmed hoof. A sharp knife,
pruning shears, or a broad sharp chisel can be used to trim.
Trimming is easily done in damp cold weather when the hooves are more
pliable. Brittle hooves need a hoof ointment or softening can be accomplished by
letting the goat stand on damp floor for several hours before trimming. Fig4.
How to Trim the Hoof:
 Hold the feet of the goat between your knees.

 With a pruning shear, trim down the excess hoof until the feet are like those
of a newly born kid.
 Edges of the hoof must be of the same level with the frog (the soft part of the
center).
 Whittle the frog with utmost care since this is the most sensitive part
of the hoof.
Fig.4. Hoof Trimming
Goats and sheep are small ruminant; hence, their upkeep is simpler than
that of large ruminants. Nonetheless, appropriate management practices even
before the kid/lamb are delivered; have to be employed to ensure profitability
and success of the enterprise.
Determining Goat Age
Choose young, healthy animals. You can estimate the age of a goat by
looking at the teeth (Fig.5). Goats have eight front incisors on the lower jaw. For
animal younger than one year, the set is complete; their small, sharp incisors
are temporary. Yearlings have two permanent front incisors; the rest of their
teeth are temporary. A two-year old goat has four large front teeth while a three-
year old goat has six teeth. They develop a complete set of incisors at the age of
four. As goats grow older, teeth become worn out, spread far apart, become
loose and finally drop out.
Fig.5. Dentition in goats
Two permanent teeth replace two temporary incisor

teeth in the center.
1-year age
.
Two additional permanent teeth appear for a total of

four permanent teeth.
2-year age
Six permanent teeth are present, the last two being

found on either side of the two-year old teeth.
3-year age
Full mouth. There is a complete set of eight

permanent teeth.
4-year age
Identification of Animals
In any recording program, proper identification of animals is necessary.

This is essential for their registration and breeding, feeding, selection, kidding,
and culling. Identification is either permanent or temporary. Permanent
identification includes color patterns such as photographs, tattooing, ear
notching, and branding. Temporary identification consists of ear tags and neck
chains.
LET US REMEMBER
Other management practices such as castration, disbudding, dewattling

and hoof trimming are very essential in goat production for they would not only
decrease risk in the employment of routinary activities but most especially they
would improve performance or productivity of the general herd.
Self-Check
Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. It is the process of controlling the growth of horns.

a. dewattling
b. disbudding
c. caponizing
d. castrating
2. How many permanent teeth does a 1 year-old goat have?

a. 8
b. 4
c. 6
d. 2
3. How many permanent teeth does a two year old goat have?
a. 8
b. 6
c. 4
d. 2
4. What is the ideal age for castration of a kid?

a. days old
b. 2 – 4 weeks old
c. 1– 2 months old
d. 1 year old
5. Castration should always be done _______.

a. at noontime
b. at night time
6. Why is colostrum very essential to a newly born kid?

a. It is very rich in fat.
b. It is very easy to digest.
c. It contains antibodies.
d. It is rich in Vitamin B complex.
7. What management operation aims to prevent malformation of the toes to

prevent foot rot?
a. dewattling
b. disbudding
c. hoof trimming
d. caponizing
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.3
Let us proceed to the goatery project and identify the kids ready for
disbudding, castrating and dewattling. Do the actual castration, disbudding and
hoof trimming. You will be rated based on the suggested rating scale.
RATING Student
CRITERIA
% 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Follow the correct steps in 40%
_________
2. Proper use of tools,
equipments, PPE 30%
3. Workmanship 25%
4. Speed 5%
TOTAL 100%
RESOURCES
Tools for castration, dewattling and disbudding

School goatery project
Pictures of Breeding Station
REFERENCES
Training Regulation and Competency-Based Curriculum for

Ruminant Production
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology

LESSON 4 : PRACTICE WEANING KIDS AND SEPARATE LACTATING

DOES/EWES FROM THE BUCKS/RAMS
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the management practices for lactating breeders
and weaning of kids/ lamb.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Age of kids/ lamb for weaning is determined.

2. Lambs/ kids are properly weaned.
3. Feeding management during weaning is practiced.
4. Lactating does/ ewes are separated from the breeder males..
5. Management of practices of lactating does are performed.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ad libitum feeding –unlimited or liberal feeding

Weaning –separating the kids from the does
Concentrates –grains or feeds that are low (less than 18%) in crude fiber, but
high in digestible nutrient content.
Roughage –fibrous herbage which has a high fiber content but low in digestible
nutrient.
Herd –a group of goats
Weaning
Weaning of kids depends on the system of management and operation

under which goats are raised. For dairy purpose, kids may be weaned totally
from does immediately or at least three days after kidding and then raised by
hand feeding.
If milk is a secondary factor in raising goats, wean the kids at the age of
not less than three months. By this time, the kids must have experienced
consuming solid foods, particularly concentrates and roughage.
At weaning, separate the buck kids from the kid herd. This would prevent
some of the doe kids from being bred too young. Breeding them too young
stunts kids’ growth.
Care of Lactating Does
Keep milk-type goats in a quiet environment before and during milking.

Noise and sight of strangers affect the goats’ nervous system and cause their
milk to decrease.
Clip hair in the udder regularly. This prevents contamination of the milk
during milking. Separate the buck from the milking herd to avoid tainting in
the milk.
To get the best milking results, the following are important points to
consider:
 quietness
 gentleness
 regularity of milking process
Preparing the doe before milking
 To make the milking process easier, provide a milking stand or goat

holder.
A goat X – holder is used when milking goat in a squatting position. Use
bamboo in making the holder (Fig. 6).
Fig.6. Goat Holder for milking goat in a squatting position
 Comb or brush the goat well.

 Clean the milk bucket thoroughly. A stainless steel or hard plastic bucket
is preferred.
 Wash hands well.
 Clean the udder using soap and lukewarm water just before milking.
 Dry the udder with clean towel or soft cloth.
Fig.7. Milking Stand for goats
Milking periods must be established and strictly adhered to. If milking is

done twice a day, e.g. 6:00am and 6:00pm the process should not be delayed or
advanced. Possibly, the same personnel should be used. Goats can withhold
milk, so unnecessary changes in the routines should be avoided.
Proper Steps of Milking Doe
1. Wash hands with soap and water and 2. Do the same on the udder and parts
dry them before starting to milk. around it.
3. Grasp the teat with the thumb 4. Close the second finger and
and first finger. milk will squirt out. Discard
the first stream for it is high
in bacteria.
5. Close the forefingers and 6. Close the little finger and tear
press a little steadily. with the whole hand.
7. Release the teat so that it will be 8. Feel the teat again if all the milk
filled with milk. has come out.
9. Again grasp the teat with your 10. Run your fingers down to
thumb and first finger. the teat to force milk to come
out.
Feeding Lactating Goat
Forage alone cannot increase milk production among lactating does.

For milk production, the does should be fed with good quality forage and
concentrates containing 16 – 20% crude protein at the rate of about 0.5
kilograms per liter of milk produced. Provide vitamin-mineral and salt, ad
libitum.
LET US REMEMBER
Proper management of lactating does and weaning kids is very

important in goat raising for it manifests how well a raiser implements all
the skills in this particular aspect in goat farming.
Self-Check
I. Select the best answer of the following questions and write the letter of
your choice in your activity notebook (Do not write anything on the
module)
1. It is called unlimited or liberal feeding.

a. restricted feeding
b. skip a day feeding
c. ad libitum feeding
d. limited feeding
2. What is the best age of weaning kids after birth?

a. 1-2 weeks
b. 1 month old
c. 2-3 weeks
d. 3 months old
3. Why do we separate buck kids from the kid herd?

a. to prevent doe kids from being bred too young
b. to prevent accidents of the animals
c. to minimize feed cost
d. to prevent cannibalism
4. How do we make the milking process easier for does?

a. Provide the doe with dry beddings.
b. Wash the hands well.
c. Provide a milking stand or holder.
d. all of the above
5. What is the required crude protein for lactating does?

a. 22% CP
b. 35% CP
c. 16-20% CP
d. 14% CP
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.4
Proceed to the school goatery project and identify the lactating does.
Perform the extraction of milk following the correct procedure discussed
previously. You will be rated as follows:
Suggested rating scale in milking

Rating Students
Criteria
% 1 2 3 4 5
1. Performed the correct steps in 40
Milking
2. Completed of necessary 25
materials for milking
3. Used materials appropriately 15
4. Working habit 15
5. Speed 5
Total 100
RESOURCES
Illustrations clipped from books and pamphlet
School goatery project
REFERENCES
Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production II

Series No. 24-G
Training Regulation and Curriculum-Base Competency Handbook for

Ruminant Production
CSU Pamphlet Goat Technology

Post- Test
I. Read the questions and select the best answer. Write the letter of your
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the first milk of the doe.

a. lactose
b. prolactin
c. colostrum
d. enzyme
2. What is the best age to castrate a goat?

a. 2-4 weeks old
b. 5-8 months old
c. 9-11 months old
d. 1 year old
3. When is the best time to castrate the kid?

a. noon time
b. night time
4. Disbudding is done when the kid is about _______.

a. 1 day old
b. 1 week old
c. 2 weeks old
d. 3 weeks old
5. What will you do to the goats to avoid malformation of the toes?

a. Disbud the animal.
b. Hoof trims the animal.
c. Castrate the animal.
d. all of these
6. What percent of protein is contained in a starter feed for kids?

a. 14%
b. 16%
c. 18%
d. 22%
7. It is a concentrate feed requirement per grower and full grown goat.

a. 0.5 kg.
b. 1 kg.
c. 1.5 kg.
d. 2 kg.
8. The act of giving birth is called _______.

a. gestation
b. parturition
c. lactation
d. castration
9. Milking should be done at _______.
a. 6:00 am and 6:00 pm
b. 9:00 am and 1:00 pm
c. 1:00 am and 1:00 pm
d. any time you want
10.What percent of crude protein in the concentrate feed is needed

by a milking doe?
a. 22-25%
b. 18-22%
c. 16-20%
d. 14-18%
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 3 Module Title: HOUSING AND OTHER FACILITIES

MODULE 3

MODULE TITLE : HOUSING AND OTHER FACILITIES
MODULE INTRODUCTION

providing housing system and other facilities.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
1. Construct housing for small ruminant.

2. Provide other support activities in housing small ruminants.
Pre- Test
I. Read the questions and write the letter of your answer in your activity
notebook.
1. What is the ideal space requirement of a pair of goats?

a. 1 meter x 2 meters
b. 3 meters x 4 meters
c. 2 meters x 3 meters
d. 4 meters x 5 meters
2. It is the recommended space requirement of a buck.

a. 1 meters2
b. 3 meters2
c. 2 meters2
d. 4 meters2
3. At what part of the barn will you construct the kidding pen?
a. front part of the barn
b. farther end of the barn
c. center part of the barn
d. any part of the barn
4. It is the desired elevation of the flooring of a goat house from the ground.
a. 1-1.5 feet
b. 1 – 1.5 meters
c. 0.5 – 1 meter
d. 10-20 meters
1
5. What is the suggested height of a pen from the flooring up to the roofing?
a. 1-1.5 feet
b. 1-1.5 meters
c. 0.5 – 1 meter
d. 2-3 meters
6. What is the importance of constructing a loafing?

a. for isolating newly-acquired stocks
b. for isolating sick animals
c. for serving as an exercise area of the animals
d. all of the above
7. What is the desired size of the loafing area?

a. 3-4 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
b. 2 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
c. 10 times of the floor space
d. 20 times of the floor space
8. Which of the choices below is the prescribed height of the wall

partition of buck pens?
a. 0.5-1 meter
b. 1.35-1.5 meters
c. 2.0-2.5 meters
d. 3.0-3.5 meters
9. It is a facility used to store fodder or forage adjacent to the goat shed.
a. hay rack
b. fodder rack
c. mineral box
d. water container
10. What is the recommended height of the goat fence to be

constructed?
a. 0.5 meter
b. 1 meter
c. 1.5 meters
d. 2 meters
2
LESSON 1: HOUSING SYSTEM AND OTHER MATERIALS OF

THE GENERAL HERD
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with housing the system and other materials of the
general herd.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Factors for site selection are considered.

2. Different types of goat houses are identified.
3. Roofs and their designs are illustrated according to requirements.
4. Appropriate floor space requirements for goat at different ages are
identified according to requirements.
5. Recommended floor space area of goat at different physiological stages is
computed based on established formula and procedures.
6. Importance of constructing appropriate pens and partitions is explained
thoroughly.
7. Materials needed in the construction of goat houses are identified.
8. Housing for the animals is constructed according to plan.
9. Proper fencing of goat ranch is discussed.
10. Appropriate fencing materials are identified and installed.
11. Maintenance of infrastructure, facilities, tools and equipment in the
goatery is observed based on the industry and Bureau of Animal Industry
standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Loafing area – a place where the animals stay together before they are
feed to the pasture area.
Predators– animals that prey on or eat other animals.
Whether the goats are on range or on confined feeding, housing provisions are
necessary. Basically, a goat house or shed must provide shelter for the animals
against the elements and protection from other animals.
Factors to consider in site selection for goat houses:

 It should be accessible.
 It should be protected by natural windbreak.
 It should be near to the source of water.
3
Housing
The type of goat houses is dictated by the prevailing system of production

and husbandry. Unlike other livestock, goats prefer to stay on elevated places
like benches, steps of houses, and piled lumber. Regardless of the types, goat
houses must be well-drained, and easy to clean. The materials to be used must
be suitable to local conditions and depend upon the availability of the materials
in the locality and the financial capability of the raiser. Nevertheless, it should
be recognized that a good goat house must be able to serve the basic purpose
for which it is built.
The goat house should be located in the area in the farm where it would be
accessible, protected by the natural wind breaks and easy supplied with water.
Its design is should be suit the desired performance and control of the goat
husbandry, and breeding measure such as feeding, breeding and selection
reproductive events, kid raring sanitation and hygiene.
Fig. 1 Goat House with all the essential fixtures

Galvanized iron sheet
nipa shingles, or
coconut fronds
Feed trough
Bamboo cocolumber,
or lumber slabs
Slatted flooring
1cm spacing
Feed trough
Brooder box waterer
4
The primary function of a goat house is to provide protection for the animals
against:
 Climatic elements
o Rain
o Wind
o Temperature
 Protection against theft
 Predators
 Infectious diseases
 Traumatic injuries
The need for a functional house is further elaborated, particularly when

kidding occurs during the rainy season. As a defense mechanism, goats would
run and seek shelter at the first instance of rain to avoid respiratory ailments to
which they are known to be very susceptible.
Its design should suit the desired performance and control of goat
husbandry and breeding measures such as:
 feeding
 breeding and selection
 reproductive events
 kid rearing
 sanitation and hygiene
Flooring and Its Area
For goats raised in the backyard, the shed may be constructed of bamboo
and roofing materials of cogon, nipa, or anahaw leaves (Fig. 2) A shed 2-m wide
and 3-m long is sufficient for a pair of goats, although extra space is needed for
the kids. The floor can be constructed with bamboo or wooden slats, evenly
spaced to allow manure to pass down. If bamboo slats will be utilized as
flooring material, it must be of thicker dimension and should be laid out evenly
and nailed to floor joints.
Fig.2. An ideal goat house with elevated flooring and feeding trough
(Courtesy of Solana Breeding Station, Solana, Cagayan)
5
Strong enough to prevent any leg injury, it must be elevated from the
ground for ease of cleaning and periodic removal of the goat manure. A feed box
for the salt, concentrates, or forages, and watering trough may be provided in
the shed, especially during inclement weather. The feed box should be
constructed in a way that would discourage its use as sleeping area by young
animals.
For goats raised in semi-commercial or commercial scale, there are two
essential elements to consider: building cost and comfort and welfare of the
goats. It is an ideal approach to construct the goat house at lesser cost but it
should not compromise the animal’s comfort and welfare. The floor can be
made of wooden slats 2.5 cm thick and 5 cm wide. A space interval of
approximately 1 cm between slats is recommended to avoid leg accidents owing
to slips between the slats. The floor must be elevated 1-1.5 m to facilitate air
circulation and ease of manure removal. Concrete ground floor under slatted
flooring is recommended for ease of manure collection. Table 1 presents the
recommended floor space area for goats at different ages.
The estimation of the total floor area of the goat house should be based
on the number of breeding females and their reproductive parameters. These
include conception rate of 80%, kidding interval of eight months for 1.5 kidding
per year), an average kidding size of 1.5 kids per kidding:, a disposal age of one
year for grower animals, an annual replacement rate of 20% for female breeders,
and 80% livability rate up to one year of age. However, the idea for possible
expansion should also be considered in the layout of the goat house.
Table1. The recommended floor space area for goats at different ages
Category Floor Space ( m2)
Breeding female 1.5
Breeding buck 2.0
Young stock (up to one year old) 1.0
If ever there is an expansion, you have to consider the layout of the goat house.
Example: 25-doe level

1. Breeder female (doe)
25 does x 1.5 m2 doe = 37.5 m2
2. Breeder male (buck)

1 buck x 2.0 m2 buck = 2.0 m2
3. Young stock
25 x 80% conception x 1.5 kids kidding x
1.5 kidding/year x 80% livability rate
= 36 offspring /year x 1.0 m2 animal = 36.0 m2
Total floor area =75.5 m2

Total number of goat =62 heads
Pens and Partitions
Goats of different physiological stages should be separated. This can be

achieved by strategic construction of partitions or walls to make pens. About
four pens are needed to separate the different classes of goats. These would
include kidding and rearing pen, buck pen, dry does and doeling pen, and
grower pen. The pen allocated for does that are ready to give birth should be
6
located at the farther end of the barn to give the does a quiet environment
during kidding and subsequent rearing of the newly-born kid(s). Locate the pen
designated for the bucks beside the pen of the dry does and doelings. The
presence of a buck has a positive effect on the occurrence of estrus in goats.
The wall or partition of the buck pen should be made of stronger materials and
have a height of 1.35 – 1.5 m. This would discourage the buck from jumping
over and prevent untimely mating with female grower goats. The buck pen size
should accommodate the number of male breeder animals required based on
the male to female ratio of 1:20 – 25. The grower pen will accommodate all the
male and female goats weaned at three months old. If the male grower goats
were not castrated before weaning, construct a movable partition to separate
the female from the male grower goats to prevent untimely breeding of the
animals.
The door for each pen should be constructed at its corner along the alley
for control of animal movement. It should be hinged and attached to a post that
would allow its movement only towards the inside of the pen. Design the
peripheral walls of the goat house in such a way that air circulation inside the
goat house is improved and the excessive draft inside is prevented.
Fig.2. Kidding Pen

(Courtesy from Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)
Roof and Its Design
The design of the roof should be considered to ensure adequate

ventilation. A goat house with a 2-3 m high roof from floor and sloping to 1.5 m
behind is suggested. Indigenous roofing materials such as anahaw, nipa, or
cogon leaves may be used. If galvanized iron (G.I) sheets are to be used for
roofing, it must be attached to provide maximum comfort for the animals.
Under Philippine conditions, the open roof type (monitor type) is recommended.
This type allows the warm air inside to flow out of the building. The improved
circulation of air inside the building provides fresh air to the goats and prevents
build-up of odors and gases given off by goats’ breath and their waste.
Other Facilities Inside the Goat House
Feeding trough can be constructed along the alleys and/or at the side of
the house. Provide a feeding space of about 40 cm for each mature animal.
Feed wastage minimization and contamination, and ease in feeding and
cleaning the trough should serve as the guidelines in the construction. The
cross-sectional dimension of the feeding trough should follow a half-trapezoidal
form measuring 20 cm at the bottom x 15 cm at the lower perpendicular side x
40 cm at the higher slanted side. Its bottom should be made of wooden planks
so it can be utilized for concentrate feeding. The bottom of the trough should be
7
elevated off the floor to discourage the kids from jumping into it. The lower
perpendicular side of the trough that will be fastened at the outside of the wall
will have partitions of vertical spacing enough for the goat to put its head
through during the feeding. The provision for drinking water can be located and
attached outside the pen. The drinking water is now maintained clean and is
prevented from getting spilled or contaminated with urine and or feces. Movable
kid boxes measuring 20cm deep x 30cm wide x 45cm long can be constructed
and placed inside the rearing pen. This will provide protection to kids from
catching pneumonia, especially during the cooler months.
Feeding Facilities
The following feeding facilities must be provided in a goat house

 Fodder rack elevates the feeder 1 foot above the floor and attaches it to
the goat shed from outside.
 Water container like plastic basins, pails or drums cut into two can
serve the purpose. Place this outside of the pen to avoid contamination
with urine.
 Mineral box is a bamboo tube with two or more slits at the bottom can
serve as container for the ordinary table salt for the goats to lick. Hang
the bamboo tube inside the house.
 Hay rack is where the fodder/forage is being stored. It is under a shed
adjacent to the goat shed.
Isolation/Quarantine Area
It is necessary that a separate shelter measuring 3 m 2 be constructed for

isolation of sick animals. This should be located away from the main goat
house to control the rapid spread of highly infectious disease. The provision for
footbath should be located at the entrance of this facility.
Loafing Area
This facility can be considered optional where the type of housing

provides multi-level flooring that resembles that of bleachers in a stadium. The
loafing area is interchangeably called as exercise lot. However, the area can
have other functions such as providing an area for gathering all the animals in
one place before letting loose the goats in the pasture or during the midday
break of herding and the animals can be secured during this idle time.
Additionally, a semblance of animal control can be implemented during the time
when the goats are about to be driven back to respective pens.
An area of about 3-4 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat
house can be enclosed with a fence. This may be located in a well-drained area
adjacent to the goat house and provided with natural or artificial shade where
goats may ruminate under it. Elevated benches or bleachers may be
constructed or natural outcrops of rocks may be designed as an exercise area
especially for those highly active young animals and since goats preferentially
rest on elevated places. Feeding racks for hay, straw, forages, or silages may be
constructed and placed inside the premises of the loafing area. The same
guidelines in the construction of feeding troughs should be followed. Its
elevation from the ground will not pose any problem to the goats because of its
bipedal stance during browsing.
8
Fencing
Goats are among the animals considered the hardest to confine, thus,
provision for fencing is one way of controlling them in the pasture. The fence
may be constructed by using 1 ft high hog wire nailed to a wooden post or tied
by a G.I. wire (gauge = 16) to a concrete post. The post’s base should be buried
deep enough and these are planted every
5m-distance. In addition, it is necessary to stretch one strand of barbed wire at
the bottom of the hog wire, as goats can squeeze themselves between any gaps
along the fence. Also, another strand of barbed wire should be stretched 1ft
above the hog wire to discourage goats from jumping over the fence. This way,
a high fence can be constructed to successfully confine the goats in the pasture.
Between the concrete or wooden posts, 3-4 kakawate posts can be staked as
additional support to the fence that may become replacement to rotten wooden
pots. The establishment of live fences with fodder trees such as kakawate, ipil-
ipil, etc. can aptly provide for additional feed resource for goats, especially
during times of feed scarcity.
Approximately, a hectare of pasture lot measuring 100m on its four sides
or about 400 m perimeter length can be effectively fenced by using 10 rolls of 4-
ft high hog wire and 10 rolls of 30-kg barbed wire,80 pieces of concrete or
wooden posts, and 240-320 pieces of kakawate post as fence reinforcements.
Fencing cost is estimated to be as low as P26, 000 to as high as P40, 000/ha
depending on the materials used.
Fig.3. Simple fencing of

a goat ranch
(Courtesy of BNAS Goatery Project)
LET US REMEMBER
Preventive maintenance is the systematic care and protection of tools,

equipment, machines and vehicles in order to keep them in a safe, usable
condition limit downtime and extend productivity. We must always be aware
that maintenance tasks themselves are potentially hazardous and can result in
injury. The successful maintenance program is:
 well organized and scheduled

 controls hazards
 defines operational procedures
 Trains key personnel
9
Proper Care and Maintenance of Tools and Equipment:
 Use tools for their intended purpose acutely.

 Clean the tools immediately after using them.
 Keep tools in their proper places.
 Always cover sharp pointed tools w/cork.
 Be sure are in good working condition before using them.
 Handle and use tools property.
Self-Check
I. Select your best answer and write the letter of your choice in your activity
notebook.
1. What are the essential things to be considered in constructing a goat

house?
a. good ventilation
b. good drainage
c. ease in cleaning
d. all of the above
2. It is the desired elevation of the flooring of a goat house from the

ground.
a. 1 – 1.5 feet
b. 1 – 1.5 meter
c. 0.5 – 1. meter
d. 10.20 meters
3. What is the suggested height of the roofing from the flooring?
a. 1 – 1.5 feet
b. 1. - 1.5 meters
c. 0.5 – 1 meter
d. 2 – 3 meters
4. Why do we construct quarantine area?
a. to house visitors
b. to keep tools and equipment
c. to isolate sick animals
d. none of the above
5. How many rolls of 4-feet high hog wire is needed in a 1-hectare

pasture land?
a. 5 rolls
b. 8 rolls
c. 6 rolls
d. 10 rolls
10
ACTIVITY SHEET 3.1
I. Based on the space requirement of the different stages of growth of goats,

compute the floor space requirement given the following data:
a. 36 does
b. 2 bucks
c. 22 young stocks
RESOURCES
School Goatery Project/ Breeding Station
REFERENCES


Ruminant Production
Post-Test
I. Read the questions and write the letter of your answer in your activity
notebook.
1. What is the ideal space requirement of a pair of goats?

a. 1 meter x 2 meters
b. 3 meters x 4 meters
c. 2 meters x 3 meters
d. 4 meters x 5 meters
2. It is the recommended space requirement of a buck.

a. meters2
b. 3 meters2
c. 2 meters2
d. 4 meters2
3. At what part of the barn will you construct the kidding pen?
a. front part of the barn
b. farther end of the barn
c. center part of the barn
d. any part of the barn
11
4. It is the desired elevation of the flooring of a goat house from the ground.
e. 1-1.5 feet
a. 1 – 1.5 meters
b. 0.5 – 1 meter
c. 10-20 meters
5. What is the suggested height of a pen from the flooring up to the roofing?
a. 1-1.5 feet
b. 1-1.5 meters
c. 0.5 – 1 meter
d. 2-3 meters
6. What is the importance of constructing a loafing?

a. for isolating newly-acquired stocks
b. for isolating sick animals
c. for serving as an exercise area of the animals
d. all of the above
7. What is the desired size of the loafing area?

a. 3-4 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
b. 2 times as wide as the total floor space of the goat house
c. 10 times of the floor space
d. 20 times of the floor space
8. Which of the choices below is the prescribed height of the wall

partition of buck pens?
a. 0.5-1 meter
b. 1.35-1.5 meters
c. 2.0-2.5 meters
d. 3.0-3.5 meters
9. It is a facility used to store fodder or forage adjacent to the goat shed.
a. hay rack
b. fodder rack
c. mineral box
d. water container
10. What is the recommended height of the goat fence to be

constructed?
a. 0.5 meter
b. 1 meter
c. 1.5 meters
d. 2 meters
12
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 4 Module Title: FEEDING SMALL RUMINANTS

MODULE 4

MODULE TITLE : FEEDING SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module deals with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in
efficient feeding of goats and sheep.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
1. feed the small ruminants.

2. establish and maintain pasture grasses for the flock/herd.
3. employ other support activities in feeding the small ruminants.
Pre-Test
Let us find out how much you already know about feeds and health
programs of goat. Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your
choice in your activity notebook.
1. How many goats could be raised in a hectare of well-developed pasture?

a. 5-10
b. 20-30
c. 10-20
d. 35-50
2. All of the following are roughages except for one:

a. centrocema
b. paragrass
c. napier
d. soybean oil meal
3. Which of the following grains is the most popular feed for goats?
a. sorghum
b. wheat
c. rice
d. corn
4. Which of the following is not a component of UMMB?

a. molasses
b. Dicalcium Phosphate
c. urea
d. Potash
1
5. How many percent of feed concentrates should be given to goats
based on their body weight?
a. 1%
b. 3%
c. 2%
d. 4%
6. This is a kind of feed given to dry does in preparation for gestation and
lactation.
a. forage
b. concentrate high in fiber
c. UMMB
d. mineral supplements
7. How many grams of UMMB are given to poorly grazed goats of 15 – 20 kg

body weight per day?
a. 20-30grams
b. 31-40 grams
c. 41-50 grams
d. 51-80 grams
8. A kind of feed that contain relatively high amount of fiber content is

called _______.
a. feed additives
b. roughage
c. concentrates
d. minerals
9. How many kilos of concentrate are given to bucks 2 weeks before and
during the breeding period?
a. one kg /day
b. two kg/day
c. three kg/day
d. four kg/day
10.How many kilos of concentrate is given to milking does for every kilo of
milk produced?
a. one kilo
b. two kilos
c. three kilos
d. one half kilo
2
LESSON 1: FEEDING GUIDE FOR GENERAL HERD
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with feeds and feeding management for goats/sheep
based on industry standards.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Feeding practices for goat and sheep are explained.

2. Kinds of feeds for goats and sheep are enumerated.
3. Appropriate forage crops are provided based on industry standard.
4. Feed the animals as required and based on Bureau of Animal Industry
standard.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Milking/Lactating doe – nursing goat
Feedstuffs – ingredients used in the formulation of feeds
Legume plants – pod-bearing plants such as centrocema, ipil- ipil
Silage – fermented feed material stored in a silo for feeding
Silo – a structure usually sealed when full to exclude air and used for
storing silage UMMB(Urea Molasses Mineral Block) is a feed supplement
given to the ruminant animals to supply the needed minerals
Roughage- feed contain high in fiber but low in digestible nutrients
Concentrate- feeds low in fiber but high in digestible nutrients
Feed additives- chemical compound added to the feeds but does not supply
any nutrients
Ration –amount of feed given to the animal within 24 hrs
Colostrums- first milk secreted after kidding
Feeding Habits of Goats
Goats require all the nutrients necessary for the maintenance of body
functions meat and milk production growth and pregnancy. The best and most
economical method of nourishing goat is by providing with unlimited access to
fresh water, grass and legumes. They can also b fed with 2-3 kg of of fresh
leaves of trees and shrubs such a leucena gliirida, and flemingia.
Goats also look through on leaves of shrubs and bushes for their feeding
requirement. Goats can be raised solely on improved pasture. Brush land, with
common pasture grasses, legumes and different species of plants, is an ideal
place to raise goats. A well-developed pasture can sustain 35-50 goats per
hectare.
3
Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats
Goat feeds are classified according to the amount of a specific nutrient or

the amount of digestible nutrients they provide. There are five classes of feed
ingredients, namely:
Roughage. These are feeds containing relatively large amounts of fiber or

non-digestible material. This group of feeds includes freshly-cut grasses and
legumes, hay, silages fodder, and other green herbages.
Concentrates. These are feeds with high digestibility. They are relatively
low in fiber and include all grains and many by-products of grains and animals,
such as rice bran, corn bran, tiki-tiki, soybean oil meal, meat and bone meal,
and molasses.
Feed Additives. These are chemical compounds that are included in
animal rations but which do not supply nutrients to the animal. Examples of
these additives are antibiotics, antibacterial agents, anti-microbial combinations,
stimulants, tranquilizers, and enzymes.
Mineral Supplements. The most obvious function of mineral elements in
the body is to provide it structural support. Salt, oyster shell, limestone, and
wood ash are some examples of mineral supplements.
Vitamin Supplement. Examples of vitamin supplements available in the
market are Duphasol, Vitamin, etc. These supplements, however, are seldom
needed in goat feeds.
Local Ingredients for Goat Feed
Listed below are some of the common ingredients for goat feed which are
probably readily available in your area:
Corn. This is the most popular grain used for feeds. It ranks high in
total digestible nutrients (TDN) low fiber, and higher in fat than any other
cereal grain (except oats) and contains 8-9% crude protein. It contains
vitamin A and yellow pigmenting compounds.
Corn bran. (known locally as tahup) .This is a by-product of corn
milling. It consists of broken grains of corn and bran. It contains the
plumules of the corn grain and is rich in protein (10-12% crude protein).
Rice bran (called tiki-tiki locally). The good quality fine rice bran
contains an adequate amount of fat. First-class rice bran contains
approximately 11% crude protein.
Sorghum. This is very similar to corn in feed value except that it is
lower in fat. Its protein content ranges from 5-9%. It makes, therefore, a very
good livestock feed and substitute for corn when it is priced lower than corn.
Copra meal. This is what is left of the coconut meat after the oil has
been removed or extracted. It contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates
but it is used mainly for its protein content (21% crude protein).
Soybean oil meal. This is a by-product after extracting the soybean
oil. It contains about 44% crude protein and is also a good source of energy.
This could be substituted by mongo.
Mongo. Although this legume is a human food, it can also be given to
goats in place of soybean oil meal. It contains about 24% crude protein.
Molasses. These are practically all carbohydrates with only three
percent crude protein. It is a by-product of the sugar industry and is sold in
a dark and semi-liquid (thick) state.
4
Ipil-ipil. As a leaf meal, ipil-ipil contains 21% crude protein. It is also
a good source of vitamin A.
Feed used by the commercial raiser are based largely on the

silage ,sugar cane tops and chopped sugar cane with rice bran and copra
meal tapioca, pine apple pulp local cottonseed meal ,wheat pollard and
brewery spent grain .
Plant materials that can be made as silage:

1. sugar cane tops
2. grasses
3. corn
4. sorghum
5. farm by product
6. Mixture of grasses and legumes
The basic process of silage making or ensiling is the preservation of the

succulent or high quality forage under the anaerobic condition or the exclusion
of air principally oxygen from the ensiled forages. The transformation of the
green forage into silage takes place in the silo .where the green forage is place in
a compact mass. The plant cells and the aerobic organism continue to respire
thus rapidly consuming the oxygen in the entrapped air and in turn giving
carbon dioxide .When the oxygen is totally consumed by the bacteria aerobic
activities stop creating oxygen free –atmosphere inside the silo.
Table1. List of Common Philippine Feedstuffs for Goat Production

Feedstuff Dry matter TDN CP DCP
___
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Concentrates:
Copra meal 89.6 78.6 20.6 14.5
Corn gluten feed 90.1 74.9 20.2 17.1
Corn, grain 88.8 84.2 08.1 07.7
Rice bran, cono 88.0 69.1 12.3 08.3
Rice bran, kiskis 89.0 46.6 06.2 04.5
Soybean oil meal 88.4 76.0 44.0 41.0
Molasses, cane 76.3 53.6 02.0 00.4
Corn bran 88.0 72.1 10.5 05.6
Green roughages:
Napier grass 27.5 12.6 ____ 1.6
Para grass ___ 15.3 ____ 0.90
Guinea grass 20.4 16.0 ____ 1.40
Centrosema 24.2 11.8 ____ 3.16
Tree Leaf/Browse Plant
Banana 94 ___ 9.8 5.7
Kakawati 25.3 ___ 6.52 ___
Ipil-ipil 13.30 ___ 27.80 22.50
Santan 27.68 ___ 4.02 ___
Caimito 48.32 ___ 4.98 ___
Camachile 34.78 ___ 9.96 ___
Gumamela 19.10 ___ 4.14 ___
Bamboo 42.00 ___ 7.60 3.54
Acacia 43.00 ___ 9.10 ___
5
Sources of Ca and P % Ca %P
Steamed bone meal 28.00 14.00

Dicalcium phosphate 28.00 14.00
Oyster shell powder 33.00 00.00
============================================================SOUR
CE: Nutrients Composition of Some Philippine Feedstuffs, 1974
Goat Rations
Below are examples of formula of 100 kg for practical goat concentrates:
Kind of ration Ingredients Parts by weight

(kg)
General purpose ration First class rice bran 8.0
for all ages of goats Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.0
(not for milking does) Molasses 0.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Homemade ration First class rice bran 5.0
(General purpose) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 3.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Milking ration # 1 Shelled corn 50.0
Copra meal 29.0
Rice bran 20.0
Oyster meal 0.5
Salt 0.5
Milking ration # 2 Ground yellow corn 33.0
Fine rice bran 33.0
Copra meal 33.0
Salt 0.5
Ground oyster shell 0.5
Milking ration # 3 Rice binlid 28.0
Rice tiki-tiki 20.0
Copra meal 30.0
Molasses 8.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 8.0
Meat and bone meal 5.0
Salt 1.0
Milking ration # 4 Tiki-tiki 18.0
Rice binlid 11.5
Ground corn 11.5
Copra meal 21.0
Limestone 1.0
Salt 1.0
Fattening ration Tiki-tiki 77.0
Limestone 6.0
Salt 2.0
You can modify the above formulas depending on availability and price of feed
ingredients.
6
Table2. Suggested feeding guides for goats
Age Feed Amount per Day
Birth – 3 days Colostrum Ad libitum
(3-5x feeding)
4 days – 2 weeks Whole milk (goat milk) 0.5-1L/kid

divided into 3x feeding
Vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum
2 weeks – 16 weeks Whole milk or milk 0.5-1L/kid

replacer divided into 2x feeding
Grass-legume hay or Ad libitum
quality fresh forages
Vitamin-mineral mix Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum
Starter (22% CP) Increasing amount
without causing digestive
upset
4 months to kidding Forages, vitamin-mineral Ad libitum

mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates Up to 0.5kg/head
(18-20% CP)
Dry, pregnant, bucks Forages, vitamin-mineral Ad libitum

mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates 0.3-0.5kg/L milk
(16-18% CP) produced
Whole milk can be goat or cow milk. Milk substitutes can be used after two
weeks.
Formula I Ground corn – 12; rice bran – 24; copra meal – 40; soybean
oil meal – 8; meat and bone meal – 10; molasses – 5; and
salt – 1kg
Formula II Copra meal – 50; wheat pollard – 32; molasses – 5; and salt
– 1kg
Formula III Copra meal – 40; corn – 25; soybean oil meal – 15; rice bran
– 10; molasses – 8; bone meal – 1; and salt – 1kg
Different forages that can be given to the goat
7
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1
1. Prepare a feed formula using the available feedstuffs in the locality.

2. Proceed to the Goatery Project and make a UMMB.
RESOURCES
Feeding guide
Handout
Forage grasses
Animals
REFERENCES

Series No. 24-G

Ruminant Production
8
LESSON 2 : ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN PASTURE GRASSES FOR

THE FLOCK /HERD
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the establishment and maintenance of pasture

grasses for the flock/herd.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Different species of forages are identified.

2. Different species of forages are planted according to standard farm
procedures.
3. Rotational grazing is observed according to requirements and Bureau of
Animal Industry standards.
4. Cut and carry is practiced based on standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Forage –feed materials for ruminants, usually with lower nutritive value and
digestibility than concentrate.
Fodder- feed materials for ruminants either fresh or dried but usually coarse
Pasture Grasses
The best and method of the most economical method of nourishing the
goat is by providing the animal with unlimited access of fresh water and
legumes.
Forages are grasses or legumes usually grown in the grazing area or field.
The factors that determine the feeding value of forages are the season of the
year and the geographical location, during the rainy season. The water content
of the forages runs as high as the 90% diminishing the nutrient contents.
Topical forages require high management to obtained maximum quality and
quantity of digestible nutrients one of the commonly used forages among the
ranches today is the Napier grass. Corn as forage is also now used and
practiced in the country and regions as well.
9
Fig.1.Napier grass (Pennisetum purpereum)
It is a robust can like perennial species, reaching the height 2-5 meters
when mature .It spread by short of, stout underground stem to give stool up to
1 meter across. Its leaves are broad and tapering with a strong midrib, its flower
is cylindrical, golden yellow and from 10-25cm long. It is advisable that the
grazing frequency be adjust so that the Napier stand are grazed whenever the
grasses reach75-100cm long. A month of interval would assure production of
forage of desired quality.
Fig.2. Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)
10
It is a creeping perennial plant with stout above the ground runners
which root fully at the nodes. It grows well under the warm, moist conditions
thus it most suitable for the lower flat lands and any area where poor drainage
is a problem.
Fig.3.Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
It is a coarse leafy, deep rooted perennial with a typical stool forming

habit .The leaves are long and broad and well distributed along the stem. It can
survive in long drought period but show best performance in a humid
environment. It is adaptable to wide variety of soil but will not tolerate poorly
drain soil.
Fig.4. Centrocema (Centrozema pubescens)
11
Fig.5.Star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus)
How to Feed the Goat
 Feeding the dry doe. A pregnant, dry doe should be adequately fed with
quality feeds in order to build reserves for coming lactation and also to
nourish the developing fetus or fetuses. Nutritious grasses and legumes
whether cut or in pasture, will normally be sufficient to support the doe.
However, if the pregnant doe looks thin, give her about one-half to one kilo of
concentrate every day. A concentrate high in fiber (such as plain corn or rice
bran) can be given a few days before kidding and will act as laxative. The
lessening of the contents of the digestive tract can help the doe to kid more
easily.
 Feeding the milking doe. Feed the milking doe with as much high
quality grasses and legumes as many as they can eat. For every kilo of milk
that a doe gives, feed her with one kilo of concentrate. Fresh water and
mineral lick-brick or loose coarse salt should be provided to the doe freely. If
the doe does not consume all of her concentrate, reduce the next day’s
feeding by the amount she did not eat. From time to time increase her feed
to see if she needs more than what you are giving her.
 Feeding the buck. Your buck for breeding should be fed properly. When
it is not being used, feed him at least one-half of concentrate every day plus
give him plenty of grasses and legumes. However, do not overfeed the buck
with concentrate for this will make him fat and non-aggressive. But when he
is scheduled for service, increase his concentrate to one kilo per day two
weeks before and during the breeding period in order to keep him fertile and
in good condition.
12
 Feeding the young goats. The goal of feeding yearlings or young goats is
to provide them nutrients for maintenance and growth. Adequate space for
exercise plus abundant quality grasses and legumes are important for
yearlings. Feed them with concentrate that is at least 1% of their bodyweight.
 Feeding the kid. Let the kid stay with the mother for the first month.
Follow this schedule until the kid is ready to be weaned at 3-4 months old.
Bottle-feed the kid in cases when:

 there are more than two kids from a doe
 a doe is unable to nurse her own kids due to sickness
 a doe dies after delivery
 goat’s milk is preferred for consumption or for sale
The baby goat to be bottle-fed should be separated from its mother

three to four days after birth. Warm the milk to be fed to about 103 to 105 oF
during the first week. Powdered milk can also be used to
feed the kids.
Salt for the Goats. Goats need salt everyday. Apart from providing salt in the
mixed concentrate, it should be available in a free choice supply. This means
that salt blocks or salt granules (common salt) should be made available in a
place where the goats can have it any time of the day. One way of providing salt
to your goats is to put the granules in bamboo tubes with holes around it. Pour
water into the tube every now and then (especially when goats come in from
grazing) so that they could lick it freely. Provide your goats with shade and
water. Trees provide good cover from the intense heat of the sun. In some cases,
a simple shed can be put in the pasture area. You can use local materials like
cogon, nipa or bamboo shingles for the roofing.
Alternative Feed Resources
 Tree leaves and shrubs

 Banana stalks
 Peanut hay
 Gumamela
 Ipil-Ipil
Strategic Concentrate Supplementation
Concentrate supplementation is seldom practiced because it entails

additional costs to farmers. However, feeding with high protein and energy feeds
during critical stage of production (i.e., last month of feeding period among
market stocks or the last month of pregnancy period among does) is found to be
profitable.
13
Fattening Stocks
If market demands pay an extra peso for finished goats, supplement

grower stocks with concentrate mixture one month before selling the animals.
This improves the meat’s quality.
Breeding Stocks
When production of kids is desired at regular short intervals of 6-8 months,

concentrate supplementation becomes necessary. Feeding concentrate mixture
one month prior to lambing until the does are bred again results in the following:
 bigger kids with higher survival

 more milk from does resulting in heavier weaning kids
 early and regular post-lambing estrus
 high succeeding pregnancy rate
 better body conditions of does and kids during lactation period
Use of Urea in Goat Diets
Goats are efficient in utilizing non-protein nitrogen in the diet. The

capacity of microorganisms to utilize nitrogen into microbial protein makes it
possible to incorporate a small amount of urea in the ration of goats, primarily
to increase utilization of low-quality roughages. High concentration of ammonia
in the blood is toxic and fatal to ruminants. Hence, urea as supplement for
goats must be used with caution. The following guidelines are recommended for
the safe use of urea:
Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than
- 1% of the ration (DM basis), or
- 2-3% of the concentrate mixture (air-dry basis), or
- 25-30% of the total dietary protein
Give adequate source of energy (molasses, corn, etc.).
Provide sufficient amounts of minerals, particularly sulfur in case molasses is
used.
If possible, provide daily allowance of urea in small amounts throughout the day
instead of just one feeding.
Mix urea well with other feed ingredients.
The use of Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) is highly recommended,
particularly when goats are grazed on poor quality pastures. UMMB is a low-
cost protein, energy, and mineral lick supplement for ruminants. It contains
macro and micro minerals that are commonly deficient in fibrous feeds. A 15-20
kg goat needs 50-80 g/day of UMMB.
UMMB has the following composition:
Ingredient Part by Weight (%)

Molasses 38.0
Rice bran (D1) 38.0
Urea 10.0
Salt 1.0
Dicalcium phosphate 3.0
Cement 10.0__
Total 100.00
14
LET US REMEMBER
Feed is a very important requirement in any livestock production. Even

with good genetics, management, and elaborate housing, animals will only
remain healthy and productive if fed and nourished properly.
Self-Check
Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice in your activity
notebook.
1. How many goats should be raised in a hectare of a well-developed

pasture?
a. a. 5-10 c. 20-30
b. b. 10-20 d. 35-50
2. All of the following are roughages except for one.
a. rice bran c. napier

b. ipil-ipil d. para grass
3. These are chemical compounds which are included in the ration but do
not supply nutrients to the animal.
a. a. roughages c. feed additives

b. b. concentrates d. mineral supplements
4. Which among the choices below is the most popular grain used for goat
feeds?
a. a. sorghum c. rice
b. b. corn d. wheat
5. How many percent is the crude protein content of soybean oil meal?
a. 11% c. 24%
b. 21% d. 44%
6. Why do you give laxative feeds to your pregnant doe a few days before
kidding?
a. to induce the doe to produce more milk

b. to help the doe kid easily
c. to produce healthy kids
d. to prevent the doe from digestive upset
a. molasses c. dicalcium phosphate

b. urea d. phosphate
15
8. How many grams of UMMB are required to a goat weighing 15-20
kilograms?
a. a. 20-30 c. 40-50
b. b. 30-40 d. 50-80
9. How many kilograms of concentrate is given to bucks before and during

breeding period?
a. 2 kg per day for one week

b. 1 kg per day for three weeks
c. 1 kg per day for two weeks
d. 2 kg per day for two weeks
10. How many kilograms of concentrate is given to milking does for every
kilo of milk produced?
a. 1 kg c. 2 kg
b. 3 kg d. ½ kg
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.2
1. Proceed to the pasture grassland and collect some forages for the animals
in the herd.
2.
RESOURCES
Feedstuffs available in the locality

Sample of forages in the school
UMMB raw materials
REFERENCES

Series No. 24-G

Ruminant Production
16
Post-Test
Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your choice in your activity
notebook.
1. How many goats could be raised in a hectare of well-developed pasture?

a. 5-10
b. 20-30
c. 10-20
d. 35-50
2. All of the following are roughages except for one:

e. centrocema
a. paragrass
b. napier
c. soybean oil meal
3. Which of the following grains is the most popular feed for goats?
a. sorghum
b. wheat
c. rice
d. corn

a. molasses
b. Dicalcium Phosphate
c. urea
d. Potash
5. How many percent of feed concentrates should be given to goats

based on their body weight?
a. 1%
b. 3%
c. 2%
d. 4%
6. This is a kind of feed given to dry does in preparation for gestation and
lactation.
e. forage
a. concentrate high in fiber
b. UMMB
c. mineral supplements
7. How many grams of UMMB are given to poorly grazed goats of 15 – 20 kg

body weight per day?
e. 20-30grams
a. 31-40 grams
b. 41-50 grams
c. 51-80 grams
17
8. A kind of feed that contain relatively high amount of fiber content is
called _______.
e. feed additives
a. roughage
b. concentrates
c. minerals
9. How many kilos of concentrate are given to bucks 2 weeks before and
during the breeding period?
e. one kg /day
a. two kg/day
b. three kg/day
c. four kg/day
10.How many kilos of concentrate is given to milking does for every kilo of
milk produced?
a. one kilo
b. two kilos
c. three kilos
d. one half kilo
18
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 5 Module Title: IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH

PROGRAM
MODULE 5

MODULE TITLE : IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH
PROGRAM
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for an
efficient implementation of herd health programs for small ruminants.
EXPECTED OTCOME
1. practice appropriate preventive and control measures;

2. adopt immunization/medication program in accordance with industry
standard.
Pre-Test
Let us find out how much you already know about diseases and parasites
affecting small ruminants and their prevention and control. Read the questions
carefully and write the letter of your choice in your activity notebook.
1. What will you do to the newly arrived stocks on the farm?
a. Let them join the flock immediately.

b. Isolate them for 30 days.
c. Feed them with UMMB.
d. Allow them to graze in the pasture.
2. What parasite attacks the liver of small ruminants?
a. tapeworm
b. lice
c. roundworm
d. liverfluke
3. How many grams of UMMB is given to grazing animals per day?
a. 10 - 20 grams
b. 20 -40 grams
c. 40 – 50 grams
d. 5 – 10 grams
1
4. When do you deworm pregnant does in confinement?
a. one week before kidding

b. two weeks before kidding
c. three weeks before kidding
d. anytime before kidding
5. What is the best way of preventing hemorrhagic septicemia?
a. Keep animal in dry grounds.

b. Burn dead animals.
c. Removal of predisposition early.
d. Treat with hydrogen peroxide.
6. How long should the animal undergo fasting prior to deworming?
a. 10 – 20 hours
b. 24 – 30 hours
c. 12 – 24 hours
d. 24 – 48 hours
7. How do you determine the presence of external parasites

in goats?
a. ruffled hair coat

b. potbelly
c. mucus discharge
d. diarrhea
8. How do you control internal parasites?
a. Drench the animal with antibiotics.

b. Delouse the animals.
c. Drench the animal with antihelminthic.
d. Vaccinate the animal.
9. What should the herdsman do to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the

herd?
a. vaccination
b. isolation of sick animals
c. strict hygiene and sanitation
d. all of the above
10. Nasal discharge, swelling of the throat and brisket are symptoms of _______.
a. bacterial pneumonia
b. infectious arthritis
c. hemorrhagic septicemia
d. foot and mouth disease
2
LESSON 1 : DISEASES AND PARASITES AND THE PREVENTIVE

MEASURES BASED ON INDUSTRY AND BAI STANDARD
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?
This lesson deals with diseases and parasites of goats/sheep, their

prevention and control.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Different diseases and parasites of goats are identified.

2. Preventive measures against diseases and parasites of goats are strictly
followed.
3. Common parasites and diseases of small ruminants are effectively
controlled.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Vaccinate – to inoculate with a vaccine as a preventive or therapeutic

measure
Delouse – to remove lice or other external parasites using insecticide
Disease – abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism
Parasite – an organism that lives on or in another organism at whose
expense it obtains nourishment and shelter
Disease Preventive Measures
 Start with healthy breeder stocks. When buying or selecting your breeder
stocks, examine the animals for the presence of superficial
lumps/abscesses by running your hands on the neck, abdomen and
pelvic regions. The presence of lumps/abscesses indicates caseous
lymphadenitis and there is a high possibility that they could infect the
herd. Check also the mouth for the presence of wart like lesions. Provide
good housing. It should be elevated, and can be cleaned easily.
 Deworm newly bought animals with an effective dewormer (e.g.,
Vermisantel, Ivermectin. Levamisole) upon arrival in the farm and isolate
these for 30 days.
 In regions where Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) has high incidence,
vaccinate the animals with FMD vaccine. Likewise, if hemosep vaccine is
available, vaccinate them as well.
 Check for the presence of lice. A practical way to do this is to observe the
haircoat of the animals. If their haircoats are always ruffled and they are
always scratching their body using their head, horns, or against the wall,
it suggests that they have lice. Delouse the animals with an effective
insecticide (i.e., asuntol ivomec, and neguvon powder, and follow the
instruction for application)
3
Fig. 1 Delousing with an effective insecticide
 Provide salt lick in a perforated bamboo tube and UMMB to supplement

their diet. Provide adequate amount of water for the animals.
 Confine the animals during rainy season and provide them forages and
tree leaves (e.g., ipil-ipil, madre-de-cacao, among others).
 Grazing animals, allow them to graze when the sun is relatively high (i.e.,
when the dews on the grasses already subsided) since the infective larvae
are present on the blades of grasses on the presence of dews. Suckling
kids should not be allowed to join their nannies during grazing. They
should be penned up to avoid early exposure to infective larvae in the
pasture.
 For bucks to be introduced as breeder in the herd, have them checked
against brucellosis, leptospirosis, and caprine arthritis and encephalitis
(CAE). Submit coagulated blood or serum samples to the Regional Animal
Disease Diagnostic Laboratory near your place.
Parasites
These are two kinds of parasites.

 external/ecto parasites – lice, ticks, mange
 internal/endo parasites – round worm, tapeworm
Goats are more susceptible to internal parasites than cows and carabaos.
It is believed that internal parasites are the secondary – if not the primary –
cause of most deaths that occur in goats in the country. Your success or failure
in goat raising will primarily depend on how on you to control the herd..
However, for a positive diagnosis, it is recommended to consult a veterinarian,
the livestock technician or any livestock authority in the area.
 Stomach worms. The most common disease to which goats, particularly
the kids, fall victims is parasitism caused by stomach worms. This parasite is
thread-like in appearance, measuring three-fourth to one inch in length. It is a
blood-sucking organism causing affected animals to become thin, pale and
weak and even lose its appetite when large numbers of the parasites are present
in the body.
4
 Tapeworm. Tapeworm offers a serious problem to goat raisers because of
the high mortality occurring among infested kids. The infestation of the animals
in the herd, however, does not take place as rapidly as in the case of stomach
worms. The infected animal becomes thin and weak with a pale mucus
membrane. Segments of the tapeworm can be seen in droppings, and look like
grains of cooked rice. For control, deworm your goats with Yyomesan or
Valbazen.
 Liverfluke. The liver fluke attacks the liver of the goats, cows or carabaos.
While animals are grazing in low, wet areas, the fluke is ingested into the
stomach and soon, it travels to the liver. Since the fluke has part of its life cycle
inside a small snail, the eradication of the snail will soon result in athe
disappearance of the liver fluke in your pasture area. Snails can be eradicated
by letting ducks “pasture” in the area.
 Roundworm. Eggs are laid by the mature worms while they are still in
the stomach or intestines of the goat. The eggs are passed out with the
droppings and hatch on the pasture into the infective larvae.
 Scabies or Mange. Although this occurs under ordinary conditions of
management, it is more severe during wet months. Itchiness, loss of hair, and
scabby skin are the usual signs. Spray regularly with insecticide. Dip in or
spray with Asuntol.
 Lice. This is usually associated with poor nutrition, unsanitary
conditions, overcrowding and other general management failures. The usual
signs are itchiness, rough hair coat ”dandruff” and poor body condition. To
prevent its emergence, dip in or spray the animal with insecticide like Asuntol.
General guide on worm control
Strategic worm control
This is a preventive practice that involves careful planning in the use of

chemical dewormers for animals. Once parasitism is suspected because of
symptoms like diarrhea, ruffled hair coat, and lack of appetite, subject the
animals to some tests to determine their actual worm burden. Such tests
include the monitoring of the packed cell volume (PCV) from blood samples and
fecal egg count (FEC) from the fecal samples. After that, plan out a strategic
worm control program.
This program may involve the use of a medicated feed block or the usual
chemical dewormers. Deworm the animals twice a year-first before the onset of
the rainy season and next during the peak rainy months. Usually, with the
adoption of complete confinement and rapid rotational grazing in the wet season,
only initial deworming is necessary, as these measures maintain the animal’s
worm burden at a tolerable level. Give the succeeding doses after individual
assessment of the animal’s condition through PCV and FEC. These
measurements are very good indicators of resistance or susceptibility of goats to
parasite infection. These aid animal raisers in making better decisions about
deworming.
5
Use of MUMMB Lick
When employing strategic worm control with the feed supplement block,
use both the medicated (i.e., MUMMB) and the non-medicated (i.e., UMMB) feed
blocks (Fig. 2).
Drench with
An effective Peak rainy season
dewormer
Rainy Months
Gradually Shift to Gradually

introduce MUMMB shift back
UMMB (for two months) to UMMB
Fig.2. An Illustration of the strategic worm control using MUMMB
UMMB becomes MUMMB when a dewormer is added for parasite control. Both
blocks can be hung at specific periods in a strategic place in the pen and
allowed to be licked for a maximum period of eight weeks. They are appropriate
when feed resource is scarce or during the rainy season, when endoparasitism
is a problem.
In strategic worm control using MUMMB, the following recommendations

should be considered:
 Months before the rainy season, introduce UMMB gradually to goats.

This is to prepare them to eat mineral supplements and condition their
rumen for medication.
 At the onset of the wet season, deworm with an effective dewormer to kill
standing adult parasite population.
 As the rainy months peak and risk of infection rises, shift to medicated
feed MUMMB. Continue giving this block for two months.
 After that, replace the MUMMB with UMMB and continue
supplementation as needed. Withdraw block gradually.
 Hang the blocks in a strategic place in the pen such that young animals
three months and younger cannot reach them.
 If animals are grazed, give them the block before they set out for the field
and again upon their return to the pen in the afternoon.
 Allow each animal to have 20-40 g of the blocks per day; for a herd,
estimate the number of blocks needed based on individual requirement.
 Prepare just enough blocks, preferably good for six months.
 The blocks can be stored for an indefinite period, as long as they are kept
in a dry place.
 If molds appear at the surface, scrape them off before giving to animals.
6
 For fully confined animals, give medicated blocks to protect the animals
from possible infection from contaminated cut grasses.
 Use medicated blocks for a maximum period of eight weeks. Continuous
use may cause the development of anthelmintic resistance.
 Avoid giving the block to preweaners as the anatomical structure of their
rumen is not yet fully developed; hence, aurea in the block will be toxic.
Strategic Worm Control without MUMMB
When goats are strategically dewormed with chemical dewormers and not
MUMMB, the following considerations should be observed:
For free-grazing goats
1. Kids
- For kids without a good pen and when threadworm is a
problem . Deworm at 2-3 weeks and repeat after 21 days.
- At three months or upon weaning, whichever comes first,
repeat deworming.
2. Adults
- Drench twice a year- first, a month before the onset of the rainy
season; and second, during the peak of the rainy season, and
second during the peak of the rainy months.
- Succeeding treatments will depend on the condition of the
animals. The following FEC and PCV levels should serve as
indicators if deworming needs to be repeated or not.
Drench if FEC exceeds 1000 and PCV is less than 22.

If laboratory analysis is not available and the animal appears
parasitized, consult a veterinarian or an animal technician to
assess animal condition and make appropriate
recommendations.
3. Pregnant Does
- Drench 2-3 weeks before kidding to avoid transplacental
transmission of parasites.
- To avoid accidents, restrain pregnant does carefully when
drenching.
 For confined animals
1. All non-pregnant animals

- Drench animals irrespective of age twice a year- first, a month
before the onset of the rainy season; and second, during the
peak of the rainy months. Succeeding drenches may be given
based on the individual assessment of the animal condition.
2. Pregnant does
- Drench two weeks before kidding to avoid trans-placental
transmission of parasites.
7
3. For transferred and newly purchased animals
- Deworn new animals with an effective anthelminthic at source
to avoid importing of parasites into the farm. An effective
dewormer is one that has not been used in the farm
continuously for over a year and to which worms have not
shown buildup of resistance .
- If animals cannot be dewormed at source, isolate them for one
month in an area of the farm and drench immediately upon
arrival.
- If records on the worm burden of the new animals are not
available and they cannot be immediately gathered, drench
with a broad-spectrum dewormer (e.g., Vermisantel.
Ivermectin.Triclabendazole.)
General Recommendation in Deworming Animals
 Before giving dewormers, withhold feed for 12-24 hours, but give large
amounts of water. This will facilitate easier drug absorption and make
the dewormer more effective. However, if the Levamisole group of
dewormers is to be used, make sure that the animals are not empty prior
to drenching.
 If blanket deworming is to be done before or during the wet season,
drench all small ruminants in the community, especially those sharing
communal pasture areas. This is to avoid possible contamination from
other animals grazing in the village.
 Make sure that each animal gets the right amount of drench. Double
check the recommended dose on the label and relate to the animal’s
weight.
 Get the weekly weights of the animals less than one month of age not
only to track down increases and fluctuations in weight, but also to
facilitate computation of drench dosage, mature animals usually have
uniform weights, with very insignificant rise or fall.
 Place the drench near the base of the tongue to ensure its deposition first
into the stomach (rumen). This will extend its potency and effectiveness.
Drench delivered at the front of the mouth usually reaches the fourth
stomach and becomes less effective.
 Take care not to direct it to the lungs and windpipe.
Diseases and their Causes

Disease is a pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an
organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or
environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or
symptoms.
A disease is also defined as any departure from the normal state of health.
Anything that they may bring about an abnormal condition of any or all tissues
of the body is a disease-producing agent. Among the chief causes of disease are:
 Infectious agents like bacteria and viruses
 Non-infectious agents like chemicals, poisons, poor nutrition and injuries
 Conditions which make the goats susceptible to diseases such as
exposure to cold, long shipment and parasites.
8
Signs of poor health in goats
 standing off from the group

 loss of appetite
 decreased milk production for milking does
 dehydration
 above or below normal temperature
 pale mucus around eyes and in mouth
 runny eyes
 limping
 abnormal general posture and manner of walking
 hair falling out or rough in appearance
 external changes in the different regions of the body
 emaciation in advanced cases
Table 1. Infections, Diseases of Goats, their Mode of transmission,

and Prevention and Control
Disease/
Symptoms Prevention and Control
Mode of Transmission
Mastitis Hot, painful and swollen Treatment: Intramammary
udder. May become red due to infusion of antibiotics. Early and
Direct or indirect inflammation later changing repeated treatment needed to
to dark reddish-blue prevent complication such as
indicating necrosis of udder gangrene and toxemia
tissue. Milk may be
bloodstained, may contain Prevention: Proper treatment of
flakes or clots. Fever, loss of injured teats with antiseptics;
appetite, depression and disinfecting udders for milking
dehydration; gait or and proper milking technique.
movement of doe is affected. Monitor by surveillance to detect
early eases for immediate isolation
and treatment.
Disease/
Foot and Mouth Notify livestock inspector
Fever, vesicles, erosion in
Disease immediately.
between hooves, coronary
band (junction between skin
Direct and indirect Designate quarantine areas and
and hoof), teats and udders,
contact with infected restrict movement of animals;
oral mucosa and tongue.
animals, carriers, disinfect areas with virucidal
implements, and other agents (commercial disinfectant
Raw ulceration follows
infected material. or lye caustic soda).
rupture of vesicles, stingy or
foamy salivation, smacking of
Blister fluid, saliva and Keep animal on dry ground.
the lips, difficulty in feed
other bodily discharges Treat lesions with mild
ingestion; staggering gait and
highly infective antiseptic (5% formation).
lameness. Abortion in
pregnant animals.
Mass immunize all animals.
9
Hemorrhagic High fever, loss of appetite. Prophylactic vaccination.
Septicemia
Respiratory distress, salivation, Removal of predisposition
Ingestion or inhalation of nasal discharge, swelling of when possible. Early
infective agent. Maybe throat and brisket, congestion treatment with parenteral
normally present in the of mucous membrane, diarrhea antibiotics and sulfa drugs.
nasopharyngeal area but becoming bloody later.
predisposition causes
flare-up of infection.
Bacterial Pneumonia Fever, inability to suckle, nasal Burn dead animals or bury
discharge, coughing and under a layer of lime.
Direct ingestion of respiratory distress.
infected udder; navel Antibiotic treatment is only
infection, genital or Gradual emaciation may effective in early and less
intrauterine infection of terminate as pneumonia- acute cases.
doe, contaminated enteritis combination.
environment.
Death common
Tetanus Early stages characterized by Treat wound with hydrogen
rigidity and stiffness of peroxide until completely
Direct infection due to muscles, stilthy gait. healed; use clean instrument
introduction of organism in castrating and dehorning.
in wounds. Castration, Late stages; with titanic
old ulcerating wounds, convulsions, prolapse of third
dehorning complications. eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck
Not contagious to other thrown back; hyperexcitability.
animals.
Bloat and other nervous signs.
Infectious Arthritis Swollen knees, lameness, pain Minimize infection by treating
if pressure is applied on wounds (castration and navel)
Direct, through mouth, affected joint. Fever may be dressing, hygiene
skin open wounds or via present. Joints involved are management specially in
umbilicus. hock, knee, elbow and stifle. areas of confinement.
Animal prefers recumbency, Treatment includes wide
appetite affected with gradual spectrum antibiotics and sulfa
deterioration. drugs.
Brucellosis Infertility. Abortion, retained Blood test and removal of
placenta, persistent vaginal infected animals
Ingestion of discharge. In males, swollen
contaminated feed and and painful testicles with
water. Aborted fetus, subsequent infertility sterility.
fetal membrane,
placenta, urine and
uterine discharge are
main sources of
infection.
Infected males may

transfer disease through
natural/artificial
breeding.
10
Non-parasitic diseases/
Bloat Swollen flank which is Feed straw or fibrous

resonant when tapped. diets before turning loose
Non-contagious Signs of colic such as on lush pasture.
uneasiness, difficult Puncture rumen with
respiration, bloating and large needle.
absence of rumen Oils and fats (mineral)
movements. oil, vegetable oil or
tallow) are satisfactory to
prevent foaming in the
rumen. Commercial anti-
bloat preparations are
Avlinox, Tympanol and
Bloatguard.
Acute Indigestion or Signs appear from 10-36 Avoid sudden dietary
Grain Overload hours after dietary changes.
changes. Depression, Treatment: generally
Non-contagious loss of appetite, unsatisfactory. Early
abdominal distention cases may respond to
causing pain and high antibiotics levels
discomfort. Diarrhea given orally to reduce
develops. population of acid-
Rapid respiration and forming bacteria
pulse, in coordination, (acidosis).
weakness, coma and Indigestion may be
death. treated with antacids like
baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate), magnesium
carbonate or magnesium
hydroxide given orally in
warm water (1 g/kg body
weight) to neutralize
rumen acidity.
Systematic acidosis
requires intravenous
injection of acid
neutralizers like 5%
sodium bicarbonate
repeatedly given.
Care of Sick Goats
Goats are not delicate animals. However, sick goats should not be taken
for granted. They need special attention. The following are some of the things
you should do when a goat shows signs of sickness:
 Separate the goat in a comfortable, well-lighted, and well-ventilated pen.
 Provide fresh grasses, feed and clean water.
 Observe the goat at frequent intervals for changes in its condition.
 Administer recommended treatment.
 Consult a veterinarian or other animal health authorities in your area.
11
LET US REMEMBER
Herd health management is one important aspect of production that

should be given attention. An ideal method of avoiding disease and parasites
can be done by maintaining proper hygiene, strict sanitation and proper
vaccination coupled with proper feeding and nutrition.
Self-Check
Answer the following questions and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.
1. What is the best thing to do to newly arrived stocks?

2. From the choices below which parasite attacks the liver of small
ruminants?
a. tapeworm
b. lice
c. roundworm
d. liverfluke
a. 10 - 20 grams
b. 20 -40 grams
c. 40 – 50 grams
d. 5 – 10 grams
4. Which of the choices below is the best time to deworm pregnant does in
confinement?

a. Keep animal on dry grounds.

c. Remove affected animals.
a. 10 – 20 hours
b. 24 – 30 hours
c. 12 – 24 hours
d. 24 – 48 hours
12
7. How do you determine the presence of external parasites in goats?

b. potbelly
c. mucous discharge
d. diarrhea
8. Which of the choices below is the best way to control internal parasites?

9. What should the herdsman do to prevent the occurrence of diseases in

the herd?
a. vaccination
d. all of the above
10.Nasal discharge, swelling of the throat and brisket are symptoms of

_______.
13
ACTIVITY SHEET 5.1
Proceed to the school goatery project and administer antihelminthics to

the animals. You will be rated as follows:
Rating Student
CRITERIA
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Proper procedure in the
administration of
45%
antihelmintics.
2. Correct Dosage
35%
3. Proper use of tools
15%
4. Speed
5%
Total 100%
RESOURCES:
Drenching gun
Syringe and set of needles
Antihelmintics and other biologics
REFERENCES:

Technology and Home Economics IV, SEDP Series, Quezon
City, Diliman 1104, 1994
Faylon, Patricio S. The Philippine Recommends for Goat Framing

Los Baños, Laguna, 2008

Ruminant Production
CSU Pamphlet on Goat Production Technology
14
LESSON 2 : IMMUNIZATION/ MEDICATION PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the kinds, procedures, rules and effects of
handling vaccine.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Kinds of vaccine are explained.

2. Rules in handling vaccines are strictly followed according to Bureau of
Animal Industry (BAI) standard.;
3. Effects of vaccines and vaccination are discussed.
4. Procedures in vaccination are performed using standard BAI procedures;
5. Immunization program is practiced in accordance with the industry
standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Vaccination – the inoculation of vaccine to prevent disease

Intramuscular - in the muscle
Subcutaneous - under the skin
Toxoid - product containing a treated toxin (e.g. tetanus toxoid)
Vaccine - any microbial preparation used for disease prevention
Withdrawal - amount of time before legal slaughter/use for food
Anthelminthics – drugs administered as drench, bolus, or mixed in feed
to get rid of internal parasites, such as worms and flukes
Here are the common vaccines for goats:
Goat Vaccinations
Vaccine Disease Protected Against When to Give
Does: Fourth month of

pregnancy
CDT Enterotoxemia and Tetanus
Kids: 1 month old and one
month later
All: Booster annually
Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia
Two doses 2–4 weeks apart
Pneumonia Haemolytica pneumonia
Kids: 6 months old, 3 weeks
CLA Cornybacterium pseudotuberculosis
later and annual booster
Rabies Rabies Annually
First 28–45 days of
Chlamydia Chlamydia abortion
pregnancy
Annually
Soremouth Orf
15
All goat vaccines are formulated to be and so must be given as injections.
Follow these guidelines when giving a vaccination:
 To minimize the chance of an adverse reaction, vaccinate goats only when

they are in good health.
 Do not use expired or cloudy vaccines.
 Use a 20-gauge, 1-inch or 3/4-inch needle on an adult, or a 1/2-inch
needle on a kid.
 Follow the manufacturer's instructions for dosage.
 Use a new, sterile needle and syringe on each goat.
 Do not mix vaccines.
 For the best effect, do not delay booster shots.
 Keep a record of vaccinations given.
Types of Injections
1. Intramuscular (IM) - in the muscle

2. Intravenous (IV) - in the vein
3. Subcutaneous - (SQ, Sub-Q) - under the skin
 The leg and loin regions should be avoided when giving IM injections. IM
injections can cause damage to the muscle tissue (meat). IM injections
should be given in the heavy neck muscle near the back of the head. The
needle should be inserted into the muscle with a quick thrust. Care
should take to make sure the needle is inserted in the muscle, not just
under the skin. You should pull pack on the plunger to make sure they
the needle has not been inserted into a blood vessel, as evidenced by
blood appearing in the syringe. The medication should be slowly injected
into the muscle.
 SQ injections should be given behind the point of the shoulder, in the
neck region, or on the side of the animal. A SQ injection is given by
making a "tent' with the skin and injecting the solution under the fold of
the skin, parallel with the muscle. The medicine should be slowly
injected.. Sometimes IV injections are necessary to get medicine directly
into the blood stream for a quick response. These are given in the jugular
vein. Most producers rely on veterinarians for this type of injections.
 For SQ injections, a ¾ or 1 inch needle should be used. A 1 inch needle
is recommended for IM injections. For thin solutions, such as vaccines,
an 18 or 20 gauge needles should be used. For thick solutions, such as
penicillin, a 16 or 18 gauge needles may be used. Larger gauges may be
necessary when drawing blood or fluid from an abscess.
 Oral medication or a SQ injection is preferred to an IM injection and
should be given, if allowed. Use the smallest gauge needle possible when
giving injections. A clean needle should be used (each time) when
drawing medications or vaccines from a bottle. No more than 5 cc should
be injected at any one site. You should not inject into a dirty or wet spot.
Unhealthy animals should not be vaccinated. Each time you give an
injection (or administer other animal health products); you should keep a
record of it. Withdrawal times should be strictly adhered to.
16
Goats serve many purposes, whether they are used for meat, as
pets, show animals and working animals. No matter what you use goats
for, they must be vaccinated and cared for properly. Vaccines can keep
your goat healthy and prevent them from catching deadly diseases. Learn
how to vaccinate a goat with the following steps.
1. Know what vaccinations are available for goats. Clostridium perfringens

types C and D + tetanus toxoid and the multivalent clostridial vaccine are
two vaccines that your goat should not be without. Both of these vaccines
cover more than one disease; the multivalent clostridial vaccine is an 8-
way vaccine.
2. Determine what your goats are used for. Special precautions should be
taken if you use your goats for meat. Some vaccines should not be given
a certain number of days before slaughter. If you travel with your goat, it
may need other vaccines.
3. Talk to your veterinarian so you are prepared for disease outbreaks in
your area. Some vaccines are not needed unless a disease has been
found in close proximity to your area.
4. Vaccinate your goats on a schedule. Male goats can be vaccinated once a
year, while pregnant and young goats may need more frequent
vaccinations.
5. Watch your goats for wounds and other health problems. Some vaccines
may need to be given if your goat is wounded or hurt.
Vaccine Administration
To achieve the best possible results from vaccines, carefully follow the
recommendations for storage, handling, and administration found in each
vaccine’s package insert. Here are other steps you can take to help ensure
vaccine safety:
 Inspect vaccines upon delivery and monitor refrigerator and freezer

temperatures to assure maintenance of the cold chain.
 Rotate vaccine stock so the oldest vaccines are used first.
 Never administer a vaccine later than the expiration date.
 Administer vaccines within the prescribed time periods following
reconstitution.
 Wait to draw vaccines into syringes until immediately prior to
administration.
 Never mix vaccines in the same syringe unless they are specifically
approved for mixing by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
 Record vaccine and administration information, including lot numbers
and injection sites, in the patient's record.
If errors in vaccine storage and administration occur, take corrective

action immediately to prevent them from happening again and notify public
health authorities
17
Types of Vaccine
Vaccines come in two basic types: modified live and killed. Modified live
vaccines may contain one or more agents of disease viruses that have been
treated so that they do not cause disease but still reproduce in the animal. The
animal's immune system responds by producing antibodies. These vaccines
closely mimic an infection and should not be used in pregnant animals.
Killed vaccines are made from viruses or bacteria that have been
rendered inactive. The agents are not alive and they do not reproduce in the
animal's body. It is the components of the disease agents which stimulate the
animal's body to produce antibodies which aid in preventing disease if the
animal is exposed. Killed vaccines are generally safe to give to pregnant animals.
Effects of Vaccines
There are numbers of side-effects that may be seen following vaccination,

including the following:
 The organisms in live vaccines can sometimes cause mild signs of the
disease and they can be transferred to other animals in a herd and cause
mild signs of disease in them as well
 Live vaccines may damage the fetus in pregnant animals, so they should
not be used in pregnant animals if a killed vaccine is available.
 Some live vaccines can result in a long term "latent" infection which may
affect blood tests and have implications on the future movement of
animals
 Vaccines can cause a local reaction and irritation at the site of injection
 Hair loss, and sometimes a change of hair colour can occur at the
injection site
 If the vaccine is administered by injection without cleaning the skin
surface infection may be introduced into the site resulting in abscess
formation
 Rarely an individual animal may show a severe shock (anaphylactic)
reaction following vaccination.
LET US REMEMBER
Immunizations are an integral part of an effective herd health program.

Vaccinations help to curtail the emergence of disease and limit its spread from
animal to animal. The goal of a vaccination program is to provide optimal
protection against disease, which requires strategic planning. Certain diseases
are more prevalent or damaging to young stock than mature cows, for example.
Or, some diseases may only cause reproductive losses, and are of more concern
for animals at breeding time.
Keep in mind that vaccinations are only one part of a comprehensive

herd health program. They cannot compensate for an unsanitary environment,
poor ventilation or existing poor health. Also note that one of the most common
reasons vaccinations don’t work is the failure to administer a booster vaccine at
the proper interval.
18
ACTIVITY SHEET 5.2
Proceed to the goatery project. Observe the health status of the herd for
possible abnormalities or parasite infestation and disease infection. Get samples
of parasites and identify them basing on what you have learned earlier then
recommend possible control measures. Perform the necessary treatment using
the recommended biologicals. You will be rated as follows:
Suggested rating sheet for biological administration

Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
(%) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Used appropriate biologicals 30%
2. Administered required dosage 30%
3. Used proper procedures
30%
4. Speed 10%
TOTAL 100%
Self-Check
Answer the following questions and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.
1. Vaccines if not properly administered has side effects. Which of the

following side effects of vaccines is not included?
a. live vaccines may damage the fetus in pregnant animals

b. vaccines can cause a local reaction and irritation at the site of
injection
c. organisms in live vaccines can sometimes cause mild signs of the
d. disease vaccines can increase appetite to the animals.
2. To achieve the best possible results from vaccines, the following are the
recommendations to ensure safety of vaccines, except?
a. inspect vaccines upon delivery and monitor refrigerator and freezer

temperature
b. mix vaccines in the same syringe
c. never administer a vaccine later than the expiration date
d. administer vaccines within the prescribed time periods
3. What kind of injection that should be given in the heavy neck muscle
near the back of the head?
a. intramuscular
b. subcutaneous
c. intravenous
d. wing web
19
4. What kind of vaccine is made from viruses or bacteria that have been
rendered inactive?
a. modified live vaccines

b. killed vaccines
c. conjugate Vaccines
d. subunit Vaccines
5. Vaccines can keep your goat healthy and prevent them from catching
deadly diseases. Which of the following steps is not recommended in
administering vaccines?
a. determine what your goats are used for

b. know what vaccinations are available for goats
c. administer vaccines within the prescribed time
d. watch your goats for wounds and other health problems
RESOURCES:
Drenching gun
Syringe and set of needles
Antihelmintics and other biologics
REFERENCES:

Technology and Home Economics IV, SEDP Series, Quezon
City, Diliman 1104, 1994

http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/Scientific-articles/Animal-
health/Effective-immunization-programs/

Ruminant Production
20
Post-Test
Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your answer in your
activity notebook.
1. What will you do to the newly arrived stocks on the farm?

2. What parasite attacks the liver of small ruminants?
a. tapeworm
b. lice
c. roundworm
d. liverfluke
a. 10 - 20 grams
b. 20 -40 grams
c. 40 – 50 grams
d. 5 – 10 grams
4. When do you deworm pregnant does in confinement?

a. Keep animal in dry grounds.

c. Removal of predisposition early.
a. 10 – 20 hours
b. 24 – 30 hours
c. 12 – 24 hours
d. 24 – 48 hours
7. How do you determine the presence of external parasites

in goats?

b. potbelly
c. mucus discharge
d. diarrhea
21
8. How do you control internal parasites?

9. What should the herdsman do to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the

herd?
a. vaccination
d. all of the above
10. Nasal discharge, swelling of the throat and brisket are symptoms of _______.
22
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 6 Module Title: ANALYZING RECORD

MODULE 6

MODULE TITLE : ANALYZING RECORD
MODULE INTRODUCTION

maintaining and analyzing records for small ruminant production.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
After completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. keep essential records of small ruminants production;

2. analyze essential records in small ruminants production.
Pre-Test
Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.
1. Which of the following is the list of information or activities gathered over

a period of time?
a. project proposal c. record
b. cost and return analysis d. financial report
2. What is left after deducting the expenses from the gross sales?
a. input c. profit
b. output d. liability
3. Which of the following is not a quality of a good record?

a. simple record c. incomplete record
b. detailed record d. accurate record
4. Which record reflects the total number of stock in the project?

a. sales record c. production record
b. individual record d. record of inventory
5. What kind of record where all inputs are reflected?
a. record of expenses c. sales record

b. inventory record d. individual record
1
LESSON 1: KEEP ESSENTIAL RECORDS OF SMALL RUMINANTS

PRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the essential records needed for successful
goat/sheep production.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Different records are enumerated;

2. Essential data needed in accomplishing farm records are collated as
required;
3. Different farm records are accomplished according to standard
procedures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Record – a body of information or statistics, gathered over a period of

time
Input – something needed for farming or industrial production to operate
effectively
Output – the product derived from the operation of a business or project
Quantity – the volume of a certain item.
Inventory – a list of things, especially items of property, assets and other
resources
2
Record Keeping
These management practices are very important since most decisions in

the farm are based on records. Records keeping usually account for the success
or failure of the farm enterprise.
Records should always be simple, complete and accurate.
Types of Records to be kept:
 Production records. These may be growth records or lactation records.

Growth records include date of birth, birth weight, weight at three and
eight months old, average daily gain (ADG), and mortality. Lactation
records include records of amount of daily, weekly, or monthly milk and
fat production of individual does; number of days on milk; other
information such as permanent identification of doe’s date of birth; her
sire and dam; number and sex of kids; and dry dates.
 Reproduction and/or breeding records. Included in these are the date

of kidding, date of service and buck used, pregnancy diagnosis with
specific diagnosis and expected kidding date, estrous period, birth type
(single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval.
 Herd health and disease control records. These include observations

on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis, kidding trouble, foot rot, scours,
and parasitic infestation. Also included are date and frequency of
treatment and vaccination given.
 Feed records. Included in these are amount and kind of grain, roughage
or forage fed, estimated composition of feeds, and relative cost.
 Herd inventory record. The herd inventory report allows you to display
the animals by owner, or by location. You can also select the order in
which you want the animals to be listed.
 Others. Herd inventory record, daily increase or decrease of animal

numbers in herd, pasture production, harvesting, or rotation period,
animal dispersal record, monthly weights of animals in herd, personnel
services record, and expenses records.
3
SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL RECORD
Goat No. or name _____________ Date of Birth ____________________

Sire___________________________ Birth weight (kg) _________________
Dam __________________________ Color ___________________________
Sex ___________________________ Littermates:
______Single
______Twins
______Triplets
Method of Disposal ____________Weight at Disposal (Kg) __________
Date of Date of Kid Birth Milk Lact. Ave. Remarks

Breeding Kidding No. Weight Prod. Days Prod.
Sire
and
Sex
A Sample of Lactation Record
Form1. INDIVIDUAL LIFETIME DAIRY DOE RECORD SUMMARY

Doe No.:_____________
Breed :_______________
Date of Birth :____________
Date of Disposal:_______________
Reasons of Disposal:______________
PRODUCTION RECORD OF DOE

Age Total Actual Production
Lactation Date of Days Weaning
YR.
No. Kidding in milk Milk (liters) % Fat Date
Mo.
Remarks About the Doe BREEDING AND KIDDING INFORMATION ON DOE
Non
serv Breeding dates
Mature ice Date
Sire
Date Date
Sex
Kid
Disposal
Conceived Due Kidded No.
body heat
wt.
____ date
Days of s
Milking
____ Bre Si Bre Si Br Si
Misc d re d re ed re
4
DAUGHTER RECORDS
Doe No.____________ Daughter No. No. Rec. Milk % Fat
Date Born __________
HEALTH RECORD
Reproductive Others
SAMPLE MONTHLY PRODUCTION AND SALES REPORT
Date:____________________
A. PRODUCTION
Product Unit Quantity Standard/appraised Value
B. SALES/DISPOSAL
PR/INV.
Product Unit Qty. Unit Cost Total Cost
No.
5
SAMPLE OF RECORDS OF SALES
For the Month of ________________
Mode of Sale
Qty. Unit Consumer’s Cash Amount
Date Particulars Total
(kg) Cost Name
Amt. O.R. No.
TOTAL _______ _______ __________
SAMPLE OF RECORD OF EXPENSES
Particulars Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost
TOTAL
6
SAMPLE OF FEED RECORD
Kind of Feeds/Feedstuffs Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost
TOTAL
PROJECT INVENTORY
For the month of ____________
Name of Project: _______________________
Balance
Particulars Beginning Production Sales Mortality Cause of Mortality
of the
Month
7
SPECIAL CARE PROGRAM (Endoparasite Control)
Date: ________________________
Classes Name
Medicines Route of Date of Remark
of of Reactions
Administered Administration Administration s
Animal Disease
MEDICATION PROGRAM
Date: _________________
Classes Name
Medicines Route of Date of
of of Reactions Remarks
Administered Administration Administration
Animal Disease
8
LET US REMEMBER
Record keeping is an indispensable management tool in evaluating

production, farm input and output and the overall efficiency of the goat raising
enterprise. All records are useless unless critically-analyzed and properly
interpreted. It should be remembered that records are the key to an efficient
management of any enterprise.
Self-Check
Answer the following test items and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.
a. sales report c. production record

2. When preparing an inventory report, you should always start on _______.
a. 1st day of the month c. 3rd week of the month

b. 2nd week of the month d. 4th week of the month
3. What is the purpose of making a vaccination program record?
a. to prevent the incident of internal parasites

b. to lessen the lost of inputs
c. to determine the administration of the next vaccination schedule
d. none of these
4. What is the importance of preparing the special care program in the

production of goat/sheep?
a. to prevent the incidence of internal and external parasites

d. none of these

a. records of expenses c. sales record
b. inventory d. individual record
RESOURCES
School Project Record

Charts and Tables
9
REFERENCES:


Ruminant Production
Training Regulation
Competency-Base Curriculum Handbook
Suratos, Cesar P. and Simpliciano, Jocelyn S. Technology and

Livelihood Education-IV St Bernadette Publishing House
Corporation, Rodriquez, Avenue, Cubao, Quezon, City, 2007.
http://www.extension.org/pages/11140/establishing-and-using-a-farm-
financial record keeping
10
LESSON 2 : ANALYZE FARM RECORDS OF SMALL RUMINANTS

PRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the analyzing of essential records needed for
successful goat/sheep production.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Collated data are computed based on standard procedures;

2. Different farm records are analyzed based on standard procedures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Collate - to gather and place in order
Return on investment - a performance measure used to evaluate the

efficiency of an investment
Expense - it is an outflow of cash or other valuable assets from a

person
Income - money received for selling product or service(s). It includes

sales of purchased, breeding or raised livestock.
Income Statement - lists all expenses and income for the farm
during an accounting period
Balance Sheet - the balance sheet provides an overall financial

snapshot of the farm business on a specific date
FARM RECORDS
11
Date:____________________
A. PRODUCTION
B. SALES/DISPOSAL
PR/INV.
No.
12
For the Month of ________________
Mode of Sale
Cash On
Qty. Unit Consumer’s
Date Particulars Total Account
(kg) Cost Name
Amount
O.R. No.
Amt.
TOTAL _______ _______ __________
13
Technical and financial assumptions for goat production
A. Technical Assumption
Production system Pure confinement for 50- and 100-doe

levels, semi-intensive for 10 and 25
levels
Stocks
Doe Native
Buck Upgraded
Anglo Nubian/Boer
Buck to Doe Ratio 1:25
Carrying Capacity 50 animals/ha
Housing (m²)
Doe 1.5/head
Buck 2.0/head
Growing 1.0/head
Type of Housing and Fencing
Materials Permanent/semi-permanent
Male to Female Ratio 1:1
Conception Rate 80%
Kid Size 1.5
Kidding per Year 1.5/year
Culling Rate 20%
Concentrate consumption 100g/day head x 180 days
Forage Consumption 5kg/day
Kinds of Forage Napier and leguminous species
Mortality Rates
Matured 5%
Growing 10%
Kid 20%
B. Financial Assumption
Housing P200/head for 10-doe level and

P500/head for other levels
Fencing P40,000/ha
Land Rent Computed based on rent for rain fed
rice land of 15 cavans/year at
46kg/cavan at P10/kg
C. Financial Assumption
Housing
Fencing
Land Rent
P 1,750/head
Cost of Stock P 6,000/head
Doe (Upgraded; 50 N:50 AN) P 50/service
14
Buck 1 laborer for 50-doe level at 8hrs/day
Buck service at P150/day
Labor 100g/day
P 50/head/year
Concentrate Feed P 10,00/ha
Veterinary Drug and Supply
Forage and Pasture P 4,000/ha
Development
Forage and Pasture P 2,000/head
Maintenance P 4,000/head
Price of Fattener 20kg
Breeder
Average Marketable Weight Ten Years
Life Span of Housing, 18%/annum
Equipment and Fencing 10% of operating expenses(OE)
Rate of Interest on capital
Contingency
Table 2 a. Capital Outlay for 10-doe level
Amount of Capital Investment (Pesos)

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL
Housing 2,000 0 0 0 0 2,000
Forage/Hedgerow 2,000 0 0 0 0 2,000
Dev’t
Stock
Doe (10) 17,500 0 0 0 0 17,500
TOTAL 21,500 0 0 0 0 21,500
Table 2 b. Projected value of sales by type and year, 10-doe level
No. of Heads
Breeder 4 8 4 8 4 28
For 7 14 7 14 7 49
slaughter
Total 11 22 11 22 11 77
Table 2 c. Projected Value of Sales by Type and Year, 10-doe level
Value of sales (Pesos)

Breeder 16,000 32,000 16,000 32,000 16,000 112,000
For 14,000 28,000 14,000 28,000 14,000 98,000
Slaughter
Total 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 30,000 210,000
15
Table 2 d. Projected income statement for 10-doe level under semi-intensive
system
YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR Total
1 2 3 4 5
A. Income
Sale of stocks 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 30,000 210,000

Inventory value 17,500 17,500
Total Income 30,000 60,000 30,000 60,000 47,500 227,500
B. Expenses
Operating expenses
Labor 18,250 18,250 18,250 18,250 18,250 91,250
Cost of concentrate 3,780 5,760 3,780 5,760 3,780 22,860
Veterinary drugs and 1,050 1,600 1,050 1,600 1,050 6,350
supply
Buck service 500 1,000 500 1,000 500 3,500
Light and water 500 500 500 500 500 2,500
Transportation 500 500 500 500 500 2,500
Repair and 0 500 500 500 500 2,000
maintenance
Contingency (10% OE) 2,458 2,811 2,508 2,811 2,508 13,096
Total Operating 27,038 30,921 27,588 30,921 27,588 144,056
Expenses
Overhead Expenses
Depreciation of 400 400 400 400 400 2,000
housing, equipment
Amortization for stocks 7,410 6,708 6,006 5,304 4,602 30,030
and pasture
development
Total Overhead
Expenses 7,810 7,108 6,406 5,704 5,102 32,030
Total Expenses 34,848 30,921 27,588 30,921 27,588 151,866
Net Income -4,848 29,079 2,412 29,079 19,912 75,634
ROI(%) -13.91 94.04 8.74 94.04 72.18 49.80
16
LET US REMEMBER
Once a farm record-keeping system has been established, analyzing the

records can begin. Decision-making can be greatly enhanced by analyzing both
production and financial records and their impact on profitability.
A number of financial analysis tools can be used when accurate and

complete farm records are available. These tools include the balance sheet,
income statement and projected monthly cash flow statement. These three
financial statements provide information for making short and long term
financial decisions.
ACTIVITY SHEET 6.2
Using the different forms of records discussed, fill up the record of

expenses and sales report. Analyze your record and determine whether
your project is gaining or losing.
Assumptions:
Cost of labor – P5, 000.00
Cost of biologics – P850.00
Cost of feedstuffs:
a. rice bran – P7.00/kg
b. ground corn – P12.00/kg
c. soy bean oil meal – P24.00/kg
d. copra meal – P15.00
e. salt – P20.00
Sales of 20 heads of goats at P1, 500.00 per head
RESOURCES
BNAS School Project Record

Charts and Tables
REFERENCES:

Training Regulation
Competency-Base Curriculum
Suratos, Cesar P. and Simpliciano, Jocelyn S. Technology and
Livelihood Education-IV St Bernadette Publishing House
Corporation, Rodriquez, Avenue, Cubao, Quezon, City, 2007.
http://www.extension.org/pages/11140/establishing-and-using-a-farm-
financial record keeping
17
Pos-Test
Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your choice in your
activity notebook.
1. Which of the following is the list of information or activities gathered over

a period of time?
a. project proposal c. record
b. cost and return analysis d. financial report
2. What is left after deducting the expenses from the gross sales?
a. input c. profit
b. output d. liability
3. Which of the following is not a quality of a good record?

a. simple record c. incomplete record
b. detailed record d. accurate record

a. sales record c. production record
a. record of expenses c. sales record

b. inventory record d. individual record
18
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Unit of Competency: RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE AND BUFFALOES)
Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR

BREEDS
MODULE 1
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : RAISE LARGE RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE : SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS
MODULE INTRODUCTION

successful selection of suitable and superior breeds and managing breeder cattle
and buffaloes.
EXPECTED OUT COME
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. identify and select suitable and superior breeds of cattle based on Bureau
of Animal Industry standards;
2. select reliable source of stock for large ruminants production;
3. select suitable and superior breeds
PRE-TEST
Let us find out how much you already know about selecting suitable breeds
and managing breeder cattle. Read and analyze the questions below. Select the
best answer and write the letter of your choice in your activity notebook.
1. Which breed of cattle has Spanish and Chinese origins, and are hardy, resistant
to diseases and prolific?
a. Philippine Cattle
b. Red Sindhi
c. Tharparkar
d. Sahiwal
2. Which breed is like a Red Sindhi in appearance except in color, is beefier and
produces better steers for work purpose?
a. Sahiwal
b. Tharparkar
c. Santa Gertrudes
d. Brahman
3. Which breed can stand to intense heat because of its sweat glands, and has a
large hump over its shoulders, drooping ears and turned – up horns?
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
1
4. Which breed has light gray to silver gray and has a prominent hump and loose
pendulous skin under the throat and along the dewlap?
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
5. Which of the following breeds is NOT Europe in origin?
a. Indu – Brazil
b. Hereford
c. Angus
d. Charolais
Skills Test
Proceed to the school’s large cattle project. From the herd, choose the best
stock basing on your own principles of judging. What made you decide to choose
the animal? What criteria did you use? Why did you use such? Explain fully.
Compare the result of your judging from the result using the score card
found in Lesson 2.
2
LESSON 1
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT BREEDS FOR SPECIFIC BREEDING

OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the identification of the different breeds of cattle and
buffaloes for specific breeding objectives.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Breeds of cattle commonly raised in the Philippines are identified.

2. Suitable breeds of cattle are identified based on industry and BAI
standards.
3. Specific breeding objectives for cattle production are identified.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Breed the distinct characteristics of an animal which are

generally transmitted from generation to generation
Suitable Adapted; appropriate to a purpose
Objective purpose; goal; target
Type a group of animals raised to serve a certain purpose
TYPES AND BREEDS OF CATTLE
DAIRY TYPE
Dairy cattle (dairy cows) are cattle cows (adult females) bred for the ability to
produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows
generally are of the species Bos taurus. Some of the common breeds of this type
are: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Jersey; Holstein Friesian and Red Sindhi X Jersey Cross
breed .
1. Red Sindhi. This is a dual-purpose type breed good for milk and beef. It is red in
color, easy to tame, and can produce an average of 5 liters of milk a day.
3
2. Sahiwal (Montgomery). This is a medium heavy type of dual-purpose breed found
in Rohtak, Karnal, Hissar, Gurgaon district of Haryana, and the Union Territory of
Delhi and in West Uttar Pradesh.
The cows are fairly good producers of milk. These animals have small heads
with long, narrow faces from which emerge short and somewhat horizontal horns,
which grow longer and curve upwards and inwards in bullocks. The barrel is long
compact. Legs are sturdy and long with well-shaped hoofs. The tail is thin and
short. In cows the udder is well developed with prominent teats. These cattle are
generally white or light grey.
Sahiwal Cow Sahiwal Bull
3. Hariana. They are well suited to fast road work, being able to pull a one ton load at 2
miles per hour and cover 20 miles a day. While females are kept primarily for breeding of
oxen, they are also milked. The breed averages 1400 kg of milk per lactation but high
producing animals will produce over 2300 kg in a single lactation. The breed belongs to the
short horned type of zebu and is grey or white. The average cow weighs 310 kg and the
average bull 430 kg.
Hariana Cow Hariana Bull
4
4. Jersey (CCBF, Sunabeda, Koraput(Orissa))
HABITAT: Originated in the channel

Island of Jersey, a small British Island
in the English channel of the coast of
France.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Color: Varies from golden brown and

light grey to light red as well as cream.
Head: Short head with broad forehead

with concave forehead line.
Jersey Cow
Eyes: Large impressive eyes.
Horn: Dehorned
Average Height:
Bull:-127cm
Cow:-120-125cm
Average Weight:-
Bull: 550-600Kg
Cow: 350-400Kg
Average Body Size: Medium size

Average Milk Yield: 4000 Kg per Lactation
Average Fat:- 5% Average SNF:- 9%
Jersey Bull
5. Holstein Friesian
CHARACTERISTICS:
Average age at maturity: 15 to 16

months
Age at 1st calving: 25 months
Average lactation yield: (305 days)

6500kg
Peak yield:(at farm conditions 30-32

liters)
Holstein Friesian Cow
5
The adult body weight :550-650 kg
HF male calves: Average birth

weight 40-42 kg
Age at maturity: 15 to 16 months

(semen production)
Average body weight at sexual

maturity: 280-320 kg
Expected life time production of

Holstein Friesian male calf semen doses: 1.5-1.8 lakhs
6. Red Sindhi X Jersey Crossbreed (CCBF, Chiplima(Orissa))
HABITAT:
Found in Sindh Pradesh of Pakistan &
Orissa, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala,
North East states, Bengal, Bihar,
Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Rajasthan &
Punjab States of India
CHARACTERISTICS:
Body Color: Almond colored body
Body size: Medium sized body
Forehead: Depressed somewhat

concave forehead
Horns: 6-8" in size & grow upward

RS X Jersey Cow
Udder: Capacious & well prominent
Production Performances:
Average/day production: 12-15 Kg

Milk production
Average Lactation yield: 3500-

4000 Kg per lactation
Average Milk Fat: 5%
Average SNF: 9%
RS X Jersey Bull
6
BEEF TYPE
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from
dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of cattle is known as beef. When
raised in a feedlot cattle are known as feeder cattle. Many such feeder cattle are
born in cow-calf operations specifically designed to produce beef calves. While the
principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and
products used in shampoo and cosmetics.
1. Philippine Cattle
Native Cow
The Philippine cattle have Spanish and Chinese origins. In general, the
Philippine or native cattle are hardy, resistant, and prolific. They grow fairly fast
and attain a fair size. They are suited for upgrading into good quality pure bred.
The native cattle are of a dual-purpose type: they are used for work and for
supplying beef.
2. Indian Cattle
a. Ongole
CHARACTERISTICS:
Its popular color is white. Males

have dark grey markings on head,
neck and hump, and black points
on knees and pasterns. Head is
broad and eyes are slightly
prominent. Face moderately long;
bridges of nose to nostrils large;
placid full, bright, elliptical black
eye lashes; ring of black hair
around eyes. Horns are short and
stumpy, growing outwards and
backwards. Thick at base is firm,
without cracks. Ears are
Ongle Cow moderately long, slightly drooping,
alert, tip of ears are black. Neck is
short and thick in bulls,
moderately long in cows. Hump is
7
well developed and erect. Filled up
on both sides and not concave or
leaning to either side. Dewlap is
fleshy and hanging in fold,
extending to naval flap. Chest is
deep and wide, broad between the
forearms; legs are strong, clean
and medium in length, well apart,
firmly and squarely set under the
body; toes pointing straight, tail
head is slopping, deeply molded
and not coarse. Long and fine with
Ongole Bull black switch. Tip of tail vertebrae
reaches just beyond point of
hock.
Milk yield is 600 kg to 2518 kg.

Lactation period is 279 days. Fat
varies from 3 to 5% and SNF 7.8 to
8.8.
Ongole Calf
b. Tharparkar (CCBF, Suratgar (Rajasthan))

HABITAT:
Tharparkar is an important dual

purpose breed raised primarily for its
milking potential. The name
"Tharparkar" has been derived from
the place of its origin- The THAR
desert. The home tract of this breed
is in the Tharparkar district of
southeast Sindhi in Pakistan.
In India, these animals are
now found along the Indo-Pak border
covering western Rajasthan and up
to Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Tharparkar Cow Animals are white or gray in color. In

bulls’ neck, hump and hind quarters
are also black. Forehead broad and
flat and slightly convex above eyes.
Ears are long, broad and pendulous
8
and switch of tail is of black color.
Body size medium.
Tharparkar Bull
Performance Parameters:
PARAMETERS FEMALE RANGE
Average body weight
350Kg 300-400
(adult)
Average age at maturity
36 32-36
(months)
Average age at first calving
45 41-45
(months)
Average calving interval
410 400-450
(days)
Average milk yield in
2000 1900-2400
kg.(305 days)
Average Lactation length 280 240-377
Average Fat % 4.88 4.5-4.9
Average SNF 9.2 8.9-9.7
Beef Cattle Developed in the United States
1. Brahman. This breed is characterized by sweat glands enabling the cattle to

stand intense heat. The bulls are highly nervous and darker on their front and
rear quarters, have a large hump over their shoulders, and have drooping ears
and horn that are usually turned up.
9
2. Santa Gertrudes. This is a crossbreed of Brahman (3/8) and Shorthorn (5/8).
The color is solid cherry red. The ears are somewhat pendulous. The body is
more compact than that of the Brahman, but it retains the loose hide and skin
folds characteristic of the Brahman. This breed is specially adapted to
subtropical climate and semi-arid grazing conditions.
Santa Gertrudes Cow
Santa Gertrudes Bull
Beef Cattle Developed in South America
Indu- Brazil. This breed originated from India and found its way to America
by way of Brazil and Mexico. Its color is light gray to silver gray. It has a
prominent hump and loose pendulous skin under the throat and along the dewlap.
10
Beef Cattle of European Origin
1. Hereford. This breed has a medium to dark cream body color and a white
face. It is noted for its foraging ability.
2. Angus. This breed is polled or hornless and is distinguished from other
breeds by its black color and smooth hair coat.
3. Shorthorn. This breed is noted for its even temperament. Its color varies
from orange to red.
4. Charolais. This breed of cattle has a large body that is white or creamy white
in color.
New Breeds of Beef Cattle

1. Beefmaster. This breed is characterized by its dominant red color. This
breed is about one-half Brahman, one-fourth Shorthorn, and one-fourth
Hereford.
2. Brangus. This is black in color and is part Brahman and part Angus.
3. Charbray. This has approximately one-fourths Brahman and three-fourth

Charolais characteristics.
11
4. Braford. This is a crossbreed of Brahman and Hereford.
BREEDING OBJECTIVES IN IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY OF CATTLE AND

BUFFALOES
Breeding Objective
The term “breeding objective” is a collective term for the traits that are to
be improved by the breeding. It is the ‘ideal’ animal the producer aims to breed.
It is a genetic description that includes all the animal traits affecting profit
(such as carcass weight and weaning rate) as well as how important each trait is to
achieving a change in profit. The breeding objective will be specific to the market
being supplied, to the production and management environment, as well as to the
current level of herd performance.
Breeding objectives for improving the productivity or conserving particular
breeds or genetic groups of livestock depend upon many factors.
Among these factors are;
a. the agro-climatic conditions of the area of inhabitation (including

endemic diseases),
b. agricultural and livestock systems
c. availability of feedstuffs- including crop by-products
d. herd size
e. marketing structure and locally available animal genetic resources
f. socio-cultural and economic level of the livestock owners
g. available infrastructure and facilities
h. desire and capabilities of farmers
i. the political and administrative will
Guidelines for setting the breeding objective
Correct setting of the breeding objective for the market and production
system is critical, as this defines the target for genetic improvement that maximizes
profit for the cattle production. If the breeding objective is inappropriate, the wrong
12
amount of emphasis may be placed on traits (such as carcass weight or mature
weight versus weaning rate) of animals selected for breeding.
The breeding objective lists the animal traits that impact on enterprise
profitability, and give an estimate of the relative importance of each trait (refer to
breeding objective). The economic value of changing each important animal trait is
calculated from financial and production data, preferably as part of setting the
direction, but other approaches can be taken.
LET US REMEMBER
Cattle exhibit many noticeably distinct characteristics. Paying attention to

certain features aids in spotting cattle breeds. Cattle demonstrate different traits
depending on their purpose. Dairy cattle are milk producers and Beef cattle
produce beef products. Popular purebred breeds such as the Holstein or Angus are
easily identifiable. Crossbred cattle display characteristics from two or more breeds.
SELF-CHECK
Directions: Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the best answer.
Write the answers in your activity notebook.
1. Which breed of cattle has Spanish and Chinese origins, hardy, resistant to
diseases and prolific?
b. Red Sindhi
c. Tharparkar
d. Sahiwal
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Red Sindhi cattle?
a. red in color
b. easy to tame
c. can produce an average of 5 liters of milk a day
d. small head with long d and narrow face
3. Which of the following points is an indication of well develop milk organs for
dairy cattle?
a. hips wide apart and high
b. eyes prominent, full and bright
c. good size of teats, symmetrical and well placed
d. clean cut muscle
4. Which breed has light gray to silver gray with prominent hump and loose
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
5. Which breed can stand to intense heat because of its sweat glands, has a large
hump over its shoulders with drooping ears and turned – up horns?
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
13
RESOURCES:
Learning guides/Module
Pictures of different breeds of cattle clipped from the internet
Score Cards
REFERENCES:
THE IV – Animal Production for Beef Cattle,

PCARRD, Los Baños Laguna, 1994
Competency Based Curriculum and Training Regulation Handbook –

Large Ruminants Production
Internet Clippings – Picture of Cattle

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1620_web.pdf
http://informedfarmers.com/setting-objectives-beef-herd/
http://www.ehow.com/how_2092286_identify-cattle-breeds.html
14
LESSON 2
SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with identification and selection of suitable superior breeds
of cattle and buffaloes based on Bureau of Animal Industry standards.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Type and breeds of cattle/buffaloes are distinguished based on their

physical appearance.
2. Suitable and superior breeds of cattle/buffaloes are identified based on
Bureau of Animal Industry standards.
3. Suitable and superior breeds ARE selected based on industry
standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Selection the process of choosing desirable animals from a herd
Stock livestock
Herd a group of livestock
Bull male cattle for breeding
Cow female cattle for reproduction
Heifer young female cattle intended fro reproduction
Calving act of delivery in cattle
Calf young cattle of either sex
SELECTION OF STOCK
Proper identification and selection of stock to raise is one vital factor to

consider in a successful cattle production.
Selection is the process of choosing desirable animals from a herd to become

parents of the next generation. It may be done on the basis of any of the following:
1. The animals’ own phenotypic merit (external features). This is determined

by visual appraisal and performance test.
2. Pedigree information and collateral relatives (brothers, sisters, cousins,

uncle, etc.) information. This is used when early selection is desired or when
a trait is limited to one sex, e.g. milk yield.
15
3. Progeny test. This is based on the performance of the individual’s progeny
or offspring. The accuracy depends on the number of progeny and the
heritability of the trait for which the breed was selected.
In general, selecting animals as parents of the next generation should
be based on the following:
 Comparable production records
 Physical characteristics (e.g. conformation, structural, soundness,
health and freedom from hereditary defects)
 Weaning weights of calves of the respective dams
 Weaning weights and yearling weights for bulls and heifers
 Weight and size of the breeding stock at two years of age
4. Another technique on selection of stock is done through the following score

cards.
Score Card for Dairy Cattle
Stu- Instruc-
Perfect
Scale of Points dent’s tor’s Score
Score
Score
GENERAL APPEARANCE - 20 points
Weight 4
Form, triangular, well-proportioned 5
Quality, hair, fine; skin, pliable; bone, clean 4
Condition, lean, spare, indicating productiveness;
no beefiness 3
Temperament, nervous; disposition, 4
INDICATION OF CAPACITY FOR FEED – 20 points
Face, broad between the eyes and long; muscle,
clean cut; mouth, large; lips, strong; lower
jaws, lean and sinewy 3
Body, wedge-shaped as viewed from front, side
and top; ribs, long, far apart and well-sprung;
breast, full 10
Back, straight, chine, broad and open; loin, broad
and roomy 3
Hips and thurls, wide apart and high 4
INDICATOR OF DAIRY TEMPERAMENT – 20 points
Head, clean-cut and fine in contour; eyes
prominent, full and bright 2
Neck, thin, long neatly joined to the head and
shoulders and free from throatiness and 2
dewlap 2
Brisket, lean and light
Shoulders, lean, sloping, nicely laid up to body; 3
points, prominent; withers, sharp
Back, strong, prominent to tail head and open- 3
jointed 3
Hips, prominent, sharp and level with back 2
Thighs, thin and incurving 1
Tail, fine and tapering 2
Legs, straight; shanks, fine
INDICATION OF WELL-DEVELOPED MILK ORGANS –
20 points 2
Rump, long, wide and level; pelvis, roomy 2
Thighs, wide apart; twist, high and open
Udder, large, pliable extending well forward and
high up behind; quarters, full, symmetrical, 12
evenly joined and well held up to body 4
16
Tents, plumb, good size, symmetrical and well
placed
INDICATIONS OF STRONG CIRCULATORY SYSTEM,
HEALTH, VIGOR, AND MILK FLOW – 20 points 2
Eyes, bright and placid 2
Nostrils, large and open 4
Chest, roomy
Skin, pliable; hair, fine and straight; secretion, 4
abundant in ears, on body and at end of tail
Veins, prominent on face and udder; mammary
veins, large, long, crooked and branching; milk 6
wells, large and numerous 1
Escutcheon, wide and extending high up
TOTAL 100
(Courtesy of U.P. College of Agriculture)
The selection of physical characteristics of cattle is based on their use. Dairy

cattle should match an ideal dairy type, while selection for beef cattle will be for a
beef-type animal. A good dairy cow will be rectangular in shape with good body
capacity and strong legs. Udder conformation is especially critical in the milking
breeds. A beef cow will be stockier with more emphasis placed on muscling. There
is more variation between breeds among beef cattle.
Breed characteristics of high yielding dairy cows:
 Attractive individuality with feminity, vigor, harmonious blending of all

parts, impressive style and carriage
 Animal should have wedge shaped appearance of the body
 It should have bright eyes with lean neck
 The udder should be well attached to the abdomen
 The skin of the udder should have a good network of blood vessels
 All four quarters of the udder should be well demarcated with well placed
teats.
High yielding dairy cow
17
Score Card for Beef Cattle
Scale of Points Perfect Stud- Instruc

Score ent’s -tor’s
Score Score
GENERAL APPEARANCE - 20 points

Weight of Batangas or large type Ilocos bull, not less than 350 kilos 6
Form, deep, broad, low-set, blocky and well-proportioned 4
Quality, hair, fine; skin, pliable; bone, large, dense, and clean 4
Action, walk, active, fast, and elastic 6
Temperament, energetic; disposition, good 2
Condition, fat and well-muscled through out 3
HEAD AND NECK – 10 points
Head, short, broad, and clean 2
Forehead, broad, and full 1
Eyes, full, bright, and clear 1
Ears, medium size, dense 1
Muzzle, broad; mouth, large, nostrils, large and open 1
Lower jaw, angles, wide, and clean 1
Neck, thin, muscular; windpipe, large 2
FOREQUARTERS – 25 points
Shoulders, moderately sloping, covered with muscle, and compact 4
Arms, short, and well-muscled 2
Forearms, long, wide, clean, and heavily-muscled 4
Knees, wide, straight, strong, and clean 4
Shanks, short, dense, and rounded 2
Fetlock joints, wide, deep, strong, and clean 1
Pasterns, short, thick, strong, and moderately sloping 3
Feet, large; heels, wide, soles, concave; hoofs, dense, and waxy 5
BODY – 10 points
Chest, full, deep, wide and low; girth, large 4
Ribs, broad; long and well-sprung 2
Back, broad, straight, muscular, and strong 2
Loins, thick with muscle, short, and wide 1
Underline, low; flanks, full 1
HINDQUATERS – 30 points
Hips, broad, smooth, level, and well-muscled 2
Rump, long, wide, and muscular; tail head smooth, not patchy 2
Pin bones, far apart, not prominent 1
Thighs, deep, broad, strong, and muscular 4
Twist, deep, wide and plump 2
Lower thighs, long, wide, clean, and heavily muscled 3
Hooks, large, strong, wide, deep, and well-set 6
Shanks, short, wide and clean; tendons, prominent 2
Fetlock joints, wide, deep, strong and clean 1
Pastern, short, strong, and clean 2
Feet, large; heels, wide; soles, concave; hoofs, dense, and waxy 5
TOTAL 100
(Courtesy of U.P. College of Agriculture)
18
Basic Beef Cow Biology
Industry Optimum
Trait Target
Reproduction
Birth weight - calves from heifers 70 lbs.
Birth weight - calves from cows 85 lbs.
Age at puberty 14 months
Weight at puberty - Heifers 700 lbs.
Weight at puberty - Bulls 1,100 lbs.
Gestation 285 days
Age at first calving 24 months
Postpartum interval to breeding 75 days
Calving interval 365 days
Calving season 65 days
% Calf crop weaned 85 %
Cow longevity 12 years
Growth
Mature bull weight average. range 1,800 - 2,200 lbs.
Mature cow weight - average 1,100 lbs.
Dry matter intake, late gestation 1.8% of body weight
Weaning weight, steer at 7 months 525 lbs.
Feedlot gain 3.0 lbs. per day
Feedlot feed efficiency (steers) 6 lbs. of feed / lb of gain
Feedlot Days on feed 90 days
http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/courses-jmgay/poebeefindustry.htm
19
Beef bull
(http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?q=beef+cattle&hl)
LET US REMEMBER
The success of a profitable cattle production depends greatly on the proper

selection of suitable stock to compose the herd and the application of appropriate
management technologies.
20
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.2
Direction: Visit the cattle project of the school. Select at least two (2) breeds for
dairy and beef purposes and judge them using the score cards.
Self-Check
A. If you were to select your stock for breeding purposes applying the principles
of selection which you have learned in this lesson, which among the breed of
cattle in the herd would you choose? Why? Explain thoroughly.
B. Fill up the table below with the necessary information needed.

Breed Physical Characteristics Type
RESOURCES:
Pictures of cattle clipped from the internet

Score Cards
Learning guide
REFERENCES:
Animal Production for Beef Cattle, PCARRD, Los Baños Laguna, 1994
Curriculum Based Competency and Training Regulation Handbook – Large

Ruminants Production
Internet Clippings – Picture of Cattle,

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_cattle -
selection.htm
21
Post-Test
Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice in your activity notebook.
1. Which breed of cattle has Spanish and Chinese origins, and are hardy, resistant
to diseases and prolific?
b. Red Sindhi
c. Tharparkar
d. Sahiwal
2. Which breed is like a Red Sindhi in appearance except in color, is beefier and
produces better steers for work purpose?
a. Sahiwal
b. Tharparkar
c. Santa Gertrudes
d. Brahman
3. Which breed can stand to intense heat because of its sweat glands, and has a
large hump over its shoulders, drooping ears and turned – up horns?
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
4. Which breed has light gray to silver gray and has a prominent hump and loose
a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Indu – Brazil
c. Brahman
d. Hariana
5. Which of the following breeds is NOT Europe in origin?
a. Indu – Brazil
a. Hereford
b. Angus
c. Charolais
22
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 2 Module Title: MANAGING BREEDER CATTLE AND

BUFFALOES
MODULE 2

(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE AND
BUFFALOES)
MODULE TITLE : MANAGING BREEDER CATTLE AND
BUFFALOES
MODULE INTRODUCTION

managing breeder cattle and buffaloes.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
1. prepare for breeding large ruminant.

2. breed cattle and buffaloes.
Pre-Test
Directions: Read the items below and choose the best answer by writing the
letter of your choice in your answer sheet.
1. It refers to the age of sexual maturity.

a. puberty
b. estrus
c. breeding
d. heat
2. Bulls and heifers usually reach sexual maturity at the age of _____.
a. 8 – 12 months
b. 13 – 15 months
c. 16 – 18 months
d. 19 – 20 months
3. The average heat cycle of normal cows and sexually matured heifer is
__________.
a. 21 hours
b. 21 days
c. 21 weeks
d. 21 months
4. Ovulation period of cattle takes place ________ hours after the end of estrus.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
1
5. The estrus of exotic breed of cattle usually lasts for 14 to ______.
a. 18 hours
b. 20 hours
c. 22 hours
d. 24 hours
6. All the signs of estrus in cattle except _______.

a. frequent urination
b. reddening of swelling of vulva
c. bellowing or mooing
d. congestion of the udder with milk
7. The uterine involution period newly calved cow is ______.

a. 20 days
b. 22 days
c. 24 days
d. 26 days
8. The postpartum breeding schedule for normally calved cow is _____.

a. 40 days
b. 50 days
c. 60 days
d. 26 days
9. What must be complemented after calving to hasten postpartum breeding

schedule?
a. estrus synchronization
b. artificial insemination
c. hormonal treatment
d. fertility checking
10.A tool used among cow for possible accuracy of estrus in combination with
artificial insemination.
b. hormonal treatment
c. nutritional management
d. postpartum management
1
LESSON 1
PHYSIOLOGICAL REPRODUCTIVE PHENOMENA AND

SYNCHRONIZED ESTRUS OF CATTLE
INRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the physiological reproductive phenomena and the
natural synchronized estrus of cattle and buffaloes.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Physiological reproductive phenomena of large cattle are discussed.

2. Average duration of estrus is determined accordidng to fertility
calendar.
3. Estrus cycle of cows/caracows is determined according to fertility
calendar.
4. Puberty age of large cattle is defined based on evaluation made.
5. Post –partum heat is monitored according to Bureau of Animal
Industry standard.
6. Calving interval is determined with reference to BAI standards.
7. Synchronized estrus is explained.
8. Gestation period is computed using the BAI standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Puberty – age of sexual maturity
Estrus Cycle – the interval between two successive heat periods
Heat period – the period when the cow is ready to accept the service of the bull
Ovulation – the release of egg cells from the ovary
Postpartum – breeding of cows after calving
Gestation period – the period from fertilization to birth
Estrus Cycle
Physically and reproductively healthy bull and heifer calves reach the age
of sexual maturity (puberty) at the age of 6 to 8 months. Normally, cows and
sexually mature heifers undergo periodic heat cycles (estrus cycle) which range
from 18 to 24 days or an average of 21 days.
In exotic breeds, the estrus usually lasts 14 to 18 hours while indigenous
and Zebu grades have a shorter span which is 10 to 12 hours.
Ovulation or the release of oocytes (egg cells) from the ovary takes place
10 hours after the end of estrus.
Reproductively healthy heifers are usually bred at the age of two and
expected to calve at the age of three.
Puberty (sexual maturity) is ten times associated with the respective live
weights of cattle. This is called “Target Weight” in breeding practices. Grades
should weigh at least 150-300 kg and 300 kg line weight for exotic breeds when
bred.
The calving interval of a physically and reproductively healthy cow is one
year.
2
Signs of Estrus
1. Isolating herself from the rest of the herd

2. Mounting on other animals irrespective of sex (mounting heat)
3. Appearing sick and lacking appetite
4. Reddening and swelling of the vulva accompanied by a clear thick mucus
discharge
5. Bellowing or mooing and feeling of restlessness
6. Urinating frequently in small amounts
Pregnancy
The average gestation period of cows is 283 days. The essential hormone
supporting pregnancy is progesterone which is secreted by the corpus luteum.
Signs of Pregnancy
1. Cessation of estrus
2. Prominence of the milk vein
3. Gradual enlargement of the udder
4. Gradual increase of the belly size
Signs of Approaching Calving
1. Relaxation of the ligaments around the tail head and pelvis

2. Swelling of the vulva and thick mucus discharge
3. Congestion of the udder with milk
Postpartum Physiology
Result of studies reveals that the uterus of a newly calved cow returns to
its original size (uterine involution) about 26 days after calving. A much longer
interval between calving and insemination is recommended for optimum fertility.
Breeding newly-calved (postpartum breeding) cow can be done 60 days after
calving. It is therefore, suggested that proper nutritional management be
observed with hormonal treatment must be complimented to hasten postpartum
breeding schedule.
Estrus Synchronization (ES)
This is a management technique used among cows in combination with

Artificial Insemination. This requires the expertise of a technician who will
manipulate the physiological status of the animals for predetermined
occurrence of estrus for possible introduction of semen through Artificial
Insemination.
In general, cows should be allowed to recover from pregnancy and

parturition stress for 60 days. Within this period, a sufficient time for uterus
involution has been provided the cow ready for subsequent pregnancies. Hence,
estrus synchronization can now be made possible.
Early ovarian activities can be induced through Gonodotropin- Releasing
Hormone (GnRH) analog combined with Estrus Synchonization agent. It has
been proven that this treatment combination is very effective as manifested by
an increased number of cows which remained anestrus after 60 days
postpartum.
3
LET US REMEMBER
Success in cattle raising depends on the ability of the caretaker to

observe heat or behavior of animals and his expertise to administer
recommended drugs, hormones or supplements for high conception rates.
Self-Check

a. puberty
b. estrus
c. breeding
d. heat
a. 8 – 12 months
b. 13 – 15 months
c. 16 – 18 months
d. 19 – 20 months
3. What is the average heat cycle of normal cows and sexually mature
heifers?
a. 21 hours
b. 21 days
c. 21 weeks
d. 21 months
4. Ovulation period of cattle takes place ________ hours after the end of
estrus.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20

a. 18 hours
b. 20 hours
c. 22 hours
d. 24 hours
6. Which of the following is not a sign of estrus in cattle _______?

b. reddening or swelling of vulva
e.
7. The uterine involution period of a newly calved cow is ______.
a. 20 day
b. 22 days
c. 24 days
d. 26 days
4
8. The postpartum breeding schedule for a normally calved cow is _____.
a. 40 days
b. 50 days
c. 60 days
d. 26 days
9. What must be given after calving to hasten postpartum breeding

schedule?
e.
10.A technique used among cows for possible manipulation of estrus for
introduction of artificial insemination.
1
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1
Pregnancy and Postpartum Physiology
Solve the following problems:
1. Mr. Domingo brought his Brahman bull to the breeding chute to breed the
Indu-Brazil Cow of Mr. Atanacio on January 14, 2009. When will be the
expected calving date if the cow settled considering the fore-stated average
gestation period?
2. When will be the postpartum breeding schedule if the date of calving is May
10, 2009?
RESOURCES:
Pictures of cattle clipped from the internet
AI Kit
Reading Materials/guide
Tools, materials and implements
REFERENCES:
The Philippine Beef Cattle Industry, 1994, PCARRD,

Los Baños, Laguna
Technology and Home Economics IV (Animal Production), SEDP Series
Villegas, Types of Breed of Farm Animals
Competency Based Curriculum and Training Regulation Handbook (Animal

Production)
2
LESSON 2: BREEDING OBJECTIVES AND SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the breeding objectives and the breeding systems of
cattle and buffaloes.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Breeding objectives are thoroughly discussed.

2. Breeding systems are performed according to the Bureau of Animal
Industry standards.
Let Us Define
Breeding – mating and producing of offspring

Artificial Insemination (AI) –the process of injecting the bull’s semen into the
cow’s female genitalia by an instrument instead of the natural service of the
bull
Semen – male’s reproductive cell
Objectives of Breeding
Breeding is the mating and producing of offspring. This process aims to

improve genetic make-up of the animals, increase the population of the cattle herd
and in some cases increase the resistance of the offspring to parasite infestation
and disease infection. Proper techniques and methods must be followed to attain
optimum results.
Types of Natural Breeding
1. Hand Mating
This type of breeding involves the complete confinement of the bull in
a separate quarter and isolation from the rest of the herd. When a cow or
heifer is “in heat”, they are brought to the breeding corral with the bull
where they are mated with or without the assistance of the caretaker. As a
rule, only one service of the bull is needed to successfully mate a cow or
heifer with the following bull – cow/heifer ratio:
Yearling bull -10 – 12 cows/heifers
Two-year old bull - 25 – 36 cows/heifers
Three-year old bull - 40 – 50 cows/heifers
Hand mating has the following advantages and disadvantages.
3
Advantages:
1. Keeping record is easier and more accurate, ensuring better care for
calving cows.
2. Bulls do not waste energy in mounting cows more than once.
3. “Settled cows “are separated from others and are not disturbed hence,
the risk of abortion is lessened if not avoided.
Disadvantages:
1. More time and effort are required in identifying cows that are in heat so
as not to miss breeding with the bull; calf crop is considerably reduced.
2. A separate shed for the bull is required.
2. Pasture mating
This permits the bull to run with the herd throughout the breeding
season or throughout the year. This type saves labor in the daily inspection
of the herd for in heat cows or heifers and driving them to the breeding
corral for mating. It also precludes the possibility of a cow or heifer “going
by” unbred due to the herdsman’s failure to monitor heat period. A two-year
old bull can mate 20 cows or heifers successfully.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
Artificial insemination is the practice of injecting the bull’s semen into the
cow’s female genitalia by an instrument instead of the natural service of the bull.
Artificial insemination is the most valuable tool for genetic improvement. A healthy
bull can breed hundreds of female cattle with only one ejaculation.
Requirements for Artificial Insemination (AI)
1. Only healthy heifers weighing 250 kg or more which have shown at least 2
regular heat cycles must be included in the program.
2. Cows must be bred 60 days after calving.
3. Cows should be gaining, not losing ,weight at breeding time.
4. The raiser must be skilled in detecting estrus and in recognizing breeding
signs.
5. A reliable and quick means of transmitting request for A1 services to the
center is necessary.
6. The herd must be free from reproductive diseases.
7. A breeding chute must be provided during administration of semen and
pregnancy diagnosis.
8. AI must be administered by an expert technician for high conception rate.
Materials needed for A1
 Artificial vagina (7cm. in diameter and 15 cm. long) for semen collection
 Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation
 Catheter for semen deposition filled with either rubber bulb or a 2 ml syringe
 Speculum for opening the vagina
4
Artificial Vagina
Hycocytometer
Catheter
5
Speculum
Semen Evaluation
As soon as the semen is collected, it is evaluated for motility and

concentration. Good quality semen can be used immediately as liquid or fresh
undiluted semen or it can be diluted to serve more cows from only one ejaculation
using extenders.
Steps in Artificial Insemination

 Place the cow in a breeding stall to hold the cow firmly and elevate its rear
quarters. In the absence of stall support the cow by the knee just in front of
her udder.
 Clean the vulva and the surrounding area with ordinary tap water.
 Lubricate the speculum with KY jelly-oil or Vaseline.
 Insert the speculum gently not with a jerk, through the vulva into the vagina.
 The insertion is usually followed by a twisting motion with slight amount of
pressure. The speculum must be inserted following the angle of the rung.
 Using a flashlight and manipulating the speculum, locate the cervix.
 With the correct amount of semen previously loaded into the 1ml. pipette or
catheter, introduce the opened end through the speculum into the cervix.
 The catheter must be worked gently through the cervical opening. Semen
deposition must be made from 1 to 1.5 cm inside the cervix releasing the
semen behind. The first fold, approximately 0.6 cm is permissible in heifers.
 Deposit 1-2 ml of semen containing 120-125 million sperm cells by pushing
the syringe plunger or pressing the rubber bulb slowly and holding it in that
position, until it is withdrawn from the cervix. If a speculum is not available,
a rubber hose 2cm. in diameter and 15cm. long may be used. Both ends
must be smooth.
o To get high conception rate, make technique of semen deposition as
natural as possible, use semen of high quality, inseminate the animal
at the right stage of estrus, and use only clean and sanitized
equipment.
Systems of Breeding
1. Inbreeding. It involves the mating of animals that are more closely related
from the average of the population from which they belong. This reduces
animal’s vigor. It also affects the growth rate, fertility and viability of the
offspring.
6
2. Line breeding. It is done by cattle raisers who do not wish to concentrate on
the qualities of the superior ancestors as line breeding involves the mating of
cousins or more distantly related cattle.
3. Crossbreeding. It is the mating of purebred animals or crossing two
superior animals of different breeds. The purpose of crossbreeding is to
obtain foundation animals for a new commercial breed. The crossing of two
superior animals usually results in an increased growth rate, improved body
conformation, and increased fertilization and production.
4. Upgrading. It is the system of breeding bulls with unrelated cows to upgrade
the quality of the offspring. The breed composition of the first generation is
50% exotic.
5. Out-crossing. It is the mating of bulls from distantly related strains with
cows of the same breed. Out-crossing brings together the characteristics of
the two strains that produce high production. The system may also be used
either with grades or purebreds of the same breed.
Breeding of Cattle
Cows remain pregnant for about 9 months. Beef breeders prefer their cows to
have calves in the spring and early summer. These calves can safely live in the
pasture in mild weather. Dairy farmers must breed cows year-'round to maintain
milk production. These calves are usually bottle fed and kept in calf hutches. You
must either own one or more bulls or use an artificial-insemination program to
breed cows.
Instructions in Breeding
 Turn out your bull with your cows about 9 months before you want them to
calve. Remember that your bull cannot service all of your cows in one day,
nor will all of your cows be ready to receive him on the same day.
 Feed your bull extra food and vitamins when he is breeding the cowherd, or
he may lose a lot of weight. Feed your cows extra food, including a vitamin
supplement when they are pregnant and nursing their calves. It is also
important for cows to be on a good nutrition program if you intend to use
artificial insemination.
 When using artificial insemination instead of a bull, inject your cow with
hormones to force ovulation. You must watch your cows carefully each day
to determine when you should artificially inseminate. Sexually mature cows
normally come into heat about every 18 to 24 days when they are not
pregnant. If a cow stands while another cow tries to mount, that is a sign
that you can artificially inseminate the cow.
How to Breed Dairy Cattle

Learn the cows' reproductive cycle and decide whether to use hormones to time
reproduction and increase milk production. This decision determines whether
you're a traditional or an organic dairy farmer, and it has profound effects on your
breeding operation.
Supplement cows' feed during pregnancy and, of course, lactation. For cows
treated with hormones, this is of special concern because they reach a point where
milk production is so high that they simply can't consume enough calories in a day
to maintain their weight. It is therefore necessary to ensure that they are
nutritionally sound before that point, during pregnancy and in the first phase of
lactation.
7
Use artificial insemination if you're a beginner, as dairy bulls are the most
difficult to deal with. Cows must be bred for conformation (femininity, including
pelvis size), longevity and milk quality and quantity. The less often you must
replace cows, the better.
Separate cows due to calve and watch them closely. Provide shelter from the
elements-calving stalls in the barn in cold climates and shaded pasture areas in
hot climates. Studies have shown that heat stress during parturition plays a role in
milk
Bottle-feed calves one gallon of colostrums (ideally) 30 minutes after birth,
but certainly within 24 hours. Feed calves pasteurized waste milk with excess
colostrums or milk replacers at a rate of 1 gallon per day and supplement with a
commercial calf starter feed. Wean them at 5 to 6 weeks.
Adjust the diet of your heifer calves so that they're large enough to breed at
14 to 16 months of age, and build your herd with quality heifers born on your own
farm to keep replacement costs low.
LET US REMEMBER
The production rate of the cattle project is increased if one would internalize
and practice the importance and application of appropriate breeding practices
coupled with the ability and diligence of the caretaker to undertake such.
Self-check
Select the best answer. Write the letter of your answers in your activity
notebook.
1. The mating of animals to produce an offspring is called _________.

a. culling
b. breeding
c. calving
d. kidding
2. Which of the following is not an objective of breeding?

a. improvement of genetic make-up
b. increase in population
c. improvement of the resistance of the animals to distance
d. improvement of fertility of cows
3. How many cows or heifers can a normally - grown bull serve?

a. 40 – 50 heads
b. 30 – 39 heads
c. 11 – 26 heads
d. 10 – 12 heads
4. Which of the following is considered the most expensive and laborious

means of breeding?
a. hand mating
b. pasture mating
c. artificial insemination
d. natural mating
8
5. When can we possibly inseminate cows postpartum?
a. 30 days after calving
b. 60 days after calving
c. 90 days after calving
d. 120 days after calving
6. Which system of breeding needs the expertise of a technician for high

conception rate?
a. pasture mating
b. hand mating
c. artificial insemination
d. natural mating
7. How many milliliters of semen are used to inseminate a cow?

a. 2 ml
b. 4 ml
c. 6 ml
d. 8 ml
8. The breed composition of first generation upgraded offspring is ____________.

a. 10 %
b. 25 %
c. 50 %
d. 75 %
9. The mating of bull from distantly related strains with cows of the same breed
is called ________.
a. Out-crossing
b. inbreeding
c. crossbreeding
d. line breeding
10.This is the mating of purebred animals or crossing two superior animals of

different breeds.
a. inbreeding
b. out-crossing
c. crossbreeding
d. line breeding
1
Post-Test
Directions: Read the items below. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
answer sheet.

a. puberty
b. estrus
c. breeding
d. heat
a. 8 – 12 months
b. 13 – 15 months
c. 16 – 18 months
d. 19 – 20 months
3. What is the average heat cycle of normal cows and sexually mature
heifers?
a. 21 hours
b. 21 days
c. 21 weeks
d. 21 months
4. Ovulation period of cattle takes place ________ hours after the end of
estrus.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20

a. 18 hours
b. 20 hours
c. 22 hours
d. 24 hours
6. Which of the following is not a sign of estrus in cattle _______?

b. reddening or swelling of vulva
7. The uterine involution period of a newly calved cow is ______.

a. 20 day
b. 22 days
c. 24 days
d. 26 days
8. The postpartum breeding schedule for a normally calved cow is _____.

a. 40 days
b. 50 days
c. 60 days
d. 26 days
2
9. What must be given after calving to hasten postpartum breeding
schedule?
10.A technique used among cows for possible manipulation of estrus for
introduction of artificial insemination.
0
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLEA AND
BUFFALOES)
Module No.3 Module Title: FEEDING LARGE RUMINANTS

MODULE 3

BUFFALOES)
MODULE TITLE : FEEDING LARGE RUMINANTS
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
successful provision of feeds and feeding management of a herd.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. provide feeds for large ruminants;

2. employ pasture management practices for general herd;
3. employ proper management practices in producing large ruminants.
4. identify feed sources of cattle at various physiological stages based on
BAI standards;
Pre-Test
Read the items below and choose the best answer by writing the letter of
your choice in your answer sheet.
1. ________ are chemical compounds given to animals for maintenance and

reproduction.
a. feeds
b. nutrients
c. additives
d. d. biologics
2. The major source of energy in the animal ration is ____________.

a. protein
b. carbohydrates
c. water
d. d. minerals
3. Which nutrient provides 2.5 times more energy than carbohydrates?

a. protein
b. fats
c. water
d. vitamins
1
4. Which of this is not considered a nutrient but very important in the
animal diet for digestion and absorption?
a. minerals
b. vitamins
c. water
d. additives
5. Ionophores are groups of compounds incorporated with growing-finishing

rations of cattle. They constitute
a. additives
b. concentrate
c. nutrients
d. roughages
6. All of the following are agro-industrial by-products with high feeding

value except _____.
a. pineapple pulp
b. agricultural lime
c. soya pulp
d. tomato pulp
7. Which of the following contributes to an increased milk production in

cows?
a. high-level protein
b. high-level fat
c. low-level protein
d. low-level fat
8. What process supplements the scarcity of cattle feeds during dry season?
a. concentrate
b. silo
c. roughage
d. pasture
9. A native pasture grass which is not a good material for silage-making is

called _______.
a. cogon
b. napier
c. carabao grass
d. guinea grass
10.The only source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the country is called

_______.
a. diammonium phosphate
b. urea
c. biuret
d. ammonium chloride
11.The multiplier used to convert nitrogen in urea to crude protein

equivalent is________.
a. 6.00
b. 6.50
c. 6.25
d. 6.75
2
12.All of the following are the factors influencing the choice of feeding system
by cattle producers except _______.
a. availability of roughage
b. type of production system
c. cost of concentrates
d. availability of raw materials
13.This is a management practice that ensures appropriate nutrition to the

different age groups of cattle.
a. herd division
b. herd immunization
c. herd pasturing
d. herd maintenance
14.Newly-delivered calves must suckle colostrum within _______.

a. 3 hrs.
b. 7 hrs.
c. 5 hrs.
d. 9 hrs.
15.The most effective means of cattle identification denoting ownership is

_______.
a. castration
b. branding
c. teeth determination
d. dehorning
2
LESSON 1: FEED SOURCE APPROPRIATE FOR CATTLE AT

VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES
INTRODUTION
This lesson deals with the different feed sources appropriate for cattle at
various physiological stages based on Bureau of Animal Industry Standards.
ASSESSMNET CRITERIA
1. Feeds and feeding requirements for large ruminants at various

physiological stages are identified.
2. Feeds and feeding requirements for dairy cattle and caracows are
identified.
3. Feeds and feeding requirements for beef cattle are determined.
4. Nutritional requirements for the different physiological stages are
discussed according too Bureau of Animal Industry standard.
5. Rations for beef and dairy cattle and buffaloes are formulated
according to BAI standards.
6. Feed additives are classified accordingly.
7. Functions of feed additives discussed.
8. Mineral supplements are identified as required.
9. Feed and mineral supplements are provided to the animals according
to requirements and BAI standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ration the daily allowance of feeds or mixture of feedstuffs provided to
livestock
Total the sum of all digestible organic components of forage or
Digestible feedstuff; i.e., protein, fat, fibre and nitrogen free extract
Nutrient (TDN) (starch & sugar). Fat is multiplied by 2.25 to correct for its
higher energy density compared to the other components
As-fed(or as- the feedstuffs or ration as it is fed to livestock. i.e., with the
is) basis water (moisture) included.
Dry Matter
- the solid (non-water) constitutes of forages and
(DM) other feedstuffs that contain the essential nutrients required
by
livestock.
Crude Protein the sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds
(CP) present in forages, and other feedstuffs. CP is calculated by
multiplying the % nitrogen, which is determined by the
Kjeldahl method, by the factor 6.25
Feed Additives an extra ingredient added in small quantity to improve
stability, flavor, performance or cost
Mineral substances that are added to the feeds to supply nutrient

Supplements deficiencies
3
Feeding standard is the major requirement in feed formulation. This
standard states the amount of nutrients which should be provided in the rations
for farm animals to obtain desirable performance.
The feeding standard or nutrient requirements depends upon body size,
level of production or growth, stress condition, temperature and sex. Thus, no
two animals have exactly the same requirements.
The feeding standard must be accompanied and used with feed
composition tables which provide information on nutritive compositions of
feedstuffs shown as follows:
Table 1
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SELECTED FEEDSTUFFS IN ASIA, DM BASIS
DM TDN CP Ca P
FEEDSTUFF % % % % %
Bone meal, steamed 96 0 7.4 32.3 14.6

Brewers grains, wet 21 88.1 23.3 0.5 0.5
Cassava chips 93 86.0 2.6 0.1 0.1
Cotton seed 92 95.6 23.9 0.1 0.8
Cotton seed meal, 41% mech. 93 77.4 44.1 0.2 1.2
Cotton seed meal, 35% 92 72.8 42.0 0.2 1.1

Cotton seed hulls 91 45.1 4.1 0.1 0.1
Copra meal 91 74.7 23.4 0.2 0.7
Corn grain 89 86.5 10.8 0 0.3
Corn gluten meal 91 85.7 46.9 0.2 0.4
Corn gluten feed 90 83.3 25.6 0.3 0.8
Corn cobs, ground 90 50.0 3.1 0.1 0
Corn and cob meal 87 82.8 9.0 0.1 0.2
Corn stover silage 35-45 50.0- 5.0-7.0 0.3 0.3
56.0
Corn silage 30-35 65.0- 7.5-8.5 0.3 0.3

70.0
Citrus pulp, fresh 18 82.0 6.6 2.2 -

Cabbage, fresh 10 86.4 20.8 1.0 -
Limestone, ground 100 0 0 34.0 0
Meat and bone meal 93 71.0 54.2 11.1 5.5
Molasses, blackstrap 75 72.0 5.9 1.1 0.1
Oyster shell, ground 99 0 0 38.0 0.1
Poultry manure 89 66.3 24.6 3.1 1.8
Peanut hay 91 55.6 15.3 1.2 0.1
Peanut hulls 91 22.0 7.8 0.2 0.1
Phosphate, defluorinated 97 0 0 32.0 18.0
4
Phosphate, dicalcium 97 0 0 27.1 19.3
Rice bran, D1 91 69.2 14.0 0.1 1.6
Rice hulls 92 12.0 7.3 0.1 0.1
Soybean seed 92 90.2 42.6 0.2 0.7
Soybean meal, 49% CP 90 86.7 55.2 0.3 0.7
Soybean meal, 44% CP 89 84.3 50.1 0.3 0.7
Sweet potato, fresh 31 81.7 5.6 - -
Sorghum grain, ground 90 86.7 10.1 0.1 0.3
Sudan grass, boot stage 18-23 58.0- 10.0- - -

62.0 15.0
Urea, -45% nitrogen 99 0 278.6 0 0
Wheat bran 89 70.8 17.1 0.1 1.3

Adapted from: Zamora,R.G. and S.S. Baguio. 1984 Feed Composition Tables for the Philippines.
Book Series No.13. PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Cullison, A.E. and R.S.
Lowrey.1987.Feeds & Feeding. Prentice Hall, Inc., N.J. USA
Table 2
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF COMMON FORAGES IN ASIA, DM BASIS
DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE
% % % % %
Alabang X
56 days 26.7 49.2 6.0 - -
84 days 33.9 28.9 2.4 - -
Centro
42 days 18.5 64.3 27.6 - -
68 days 20.2 61.4 25.7 - -
84 days 22.3- 48.0- 20.8- 1.15 0.34
24.0 60.5 22.4
Imperata grass 32.4 39.2 4.9 0.06 0.06
Guinea grass
42 days 24.0 57.9 7.9 - -
56 days 24.6- 52.0- 6.1-10.3 0.74 0.47
25.0 54.1
Leucaena
Leaves 29.2 59.2 27.4 - -
Tops 27.8 71.2 21.9 - -
Kikuyu 20.0 63.0 24.0 - -
Kudzu
Mature 20.8 60.6 19.7 - -
5
Young 21.0 59.0 15.3 1.10 0.24
DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE
% % % % %
Napier grass
42 days 20.3 58.6 9.8 - -
56 days 20.5- 55.0- 7.8-9.5 0.42 0.39
22.0 57.6
Pangola grass
56 days 23.0 51.3 6.1 - -
84 days 21.0 51.5- 3.1-6.5 0.55 0.33
58.0
Paragrass 26.0 56.0 7.9 0.35 0.33
Peanut hay 85.0 55.0 17.3 1.23 0.15
Rice Straw 90.0 47.0 3.8 0.32 0.10
Star grass 23.0 63.0 12.4 0.50 0.47
Sugarcane tops 31.0 52.0 6.4 0.20 0.17
Adapted from: Institute of Animal Science and Dairy Training and Research Institute,UP Los
Banos. 1993
Table 3
Daily Feed Requirements of Feedlot Cattle Fed
Chopped Napier Grass and Concentrate (70 to 30 ratio) 1/
Target ADG of 0.7-0.8 kg
RATION, DM BASIS
BODY DAILY DM
WT REQUIREMENT
Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)
(kg)
% B. wt Kg kg, as-fed basis
250 2.6 6.5 22.8 2.2
270 2.6 7.0 24.5 2.4
290 2.6 7.5 26.2 2.6
310 2.5 7.8 27.3 2.7
330 2.5 8.2 28.7 2.8
350 2.4 8.4 29.4 2.9
370 2.4 8.9 31.2 3.1
390 2.3 9.0 31.5 3.1
410 2.3 9.4 32.9 3.2
430 2.3 9.9 34.6 3.4
450 2.2 9.9 34.6 3.4
6
1/ Nutrient composition
DM TDN CP 2/
FEED
%
% DM basis
Chopped napier grass 20 55 8.0
Concentrate 87 70 11-18
2/The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from approximately 18 to

15 to 11% as the cattle wt. increases from 250 to 350 to 450 kg, respectively.
Table 4
Corn Stover Silage and Concentrate (70 to 30 ratio) 1/
TARGET ADG OF 0.7-0.8 kg
RATION, DM BASIS
BODY DAILY DM
WT REQUIREMENT
Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)
(kg)
% B. wt kg kg, as-fed basis
250 2.6 6.5 11.4 2.2
270 2.6 7.0 12.3 2.4
290 2.6 7.5 13.1 2.6
310 2.5 7.8 13.7 2.7
330 2.5 8.2 14.4 2.8
350 2.4 8.4 14.7 2.9
370 2.4 8.9 15.6 3.1
390 2.3 9.0 15.8 3.1
410 2.3 9.4 16.5 3.2
430 2.3 9.9 17.3 3.4
450 2.2 9.9 17.3 3.4
DM TDN CP 2/
FEED %
% DM basis
Chopped stover 40 55 6.0
silage
2/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from approximately 23

to 19 to 16% as the cattle wt. increases from 250 to 350 to 450 kg, respectively.
7
Table 5
Corn Silage and Concentrate (80 to 20 ratio) 1/
TARGET ADG OF 0.7-0.8 kg
BODY DAILY DM RATION, DM BASIS
WT REQUIREMENT
(kg) Grass (70%) Conc. (30%)
% B. wt Kg kg, as-fed basis
250 2.6 6.5 17.3 1.5
270 2.6 7.0 18.7 1.6
290 2.6 7.5 20.0 1.7
310 2.5 7.8 20.8 1.8
330 2.5 8.2 21.9 1.9
350 2.4 8.4 22.4 1.9
370 2.4 8.9 23.7 2.0
390 2.4 9.4 25.1 2.2
410 2.3 9.4 25.1 2.2
430 2.3 9.9 26.4 2.3
450 2.3 10.4 27.7 2.4
DM TDN CP 2/
FEED %
% DM basis
Corn silage 30 65 8.0
2/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from

approximately 26 to 22 to 18% as the cattle wt. increases from 250 to 350 to 450
kg, respectively.
8
Table 6
16-Week Feeding Program for Feedlot Cattle
Using the PDF Feeding Guides for Corn Silage 1/
Given: Initial body wt., kg = 250

Target ADG, kg = 1.0
Feeding period, wks = 16
END ESTIMATED BODY WT. FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS

OF BODY WT. BRACKET
Daily Weekly
WEEK (kg) (kg)
Corn Concentrate Corn Concentrate
Silage Silage
1 257 17.3 1.5 121.1 10.5
2 264 18.0 1.55 126.0 10.8
3 271 270 18.7 1.6 130.9 11.2
4 278 19.1 1.6 133.7 11.2
5 285 19.6 1.65 137.2 11.6
Sub-Total 648.9 55.3
6 292 290 20.0 1.7 140.0 11.9

7 299 20.3 1.7 142.1 11.9
8 306 20.6 1.75 144.2 12.3
9 313 310 20.8 1.8 145.6 12.6
10 320 21.1 1.8 147.7 12.6
11 327 21.5 1.84 150.5 13.0

12 334 330 21.9 1.9 153.3 13.3
13 341 22.1 1.9 154.7 13.3
14 348 22.3 1.9 156.1 13.3
15 355 350 22.4 1.9 156.8 13.3
16 362 22.7 2.0 158.9 14.0
Total Feed Requirement, kg 2,298.8 196.8
1/ Based on the daily feed requirement for corn silage and concentrate from
table 5.
9
Table 7
Daily Feed Requirements of Beef Cows
Last Month of Gestation (body conditioning) and First 3 Months

After Calving (lactation)
RATION, DM BASIS 1/
DAILY DM
BODY REQUIREMENT 100% 80% 80%
WT. Corn Napier 20% Corn 20%
(Kg) Silage grass 3/ Conc. Stover Conc.
4/ Silage 5/
3/
% B. wt kg 2/ kg, as-fed basis

300 2.4 7.2 (6.5) 21.7 28.8 1.7 14.4 1.7
350 2.3 81.1(6.1) 23.0 32.4 1.9 16.2 1.9
400 2.2 8.8(7.4) 24.7 35.2 2.0 17.6 2.0
450 2.1 9.5(7.8) 26.0 38.0 2.2 19.0 2.2
500 2.0 10.0(8.3) 27.7 40.0 2.3 20.0 2.3
DM TDN CP
FEED %
% DM basis
Chopped napier 20 55 8.0
grass
Corn Stover silage 40 55 6.0
Concentrate 4/ 87 70 8-13
Concentrate 5/ 87 70 16-21
2/The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from approximately

26 to 22 to 18% as the cattle wt. increases from 250 to 350 to 450 kg,
respectively.
3/ The napier grass and corn stover silage rations provide slightly more TDN
than the requirements.
4/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from approximately
13 to 8% as the cattle wt. increases from 300 to 500 kg.
5/ The CP content needed in the concentrate decreases from approximately
21 to 16% as the cattle wt. increases from 300 to 500 kg.
10
Table 8
DAILY FEED REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF COWS
Last 4 Months of Nursing a Calf (lactation & pregnant)

and First 4 Months of the Dry Period (pregnant)
RATION, DM BASIS 1/
DAILY DM 100% 80% 80%

BODY REQUIREMENT Corn Napier Corn Stover
WT. Silage grass Silage
(kg)
% B. wt 2/ kg 3/ kg 4/ kg, as-fed basis 5/
300 2.3 5.4 6.3 18.0 31.5 15.8
350 2.2 6.0 7.1 20.0 35.5 17.8
400 2.1 6.5 7.6 21.7 38.0 19.0
450 2.0 6.9 8.2 23.0 41.0 20.5
500 1.9 7.4 8.7 24.7 43.5 21.8

DM TDN CP
FEED %
% DM basis
Chopped napier grass 20 55 8.0
Corn Stover silage 40 55 6.0
2/The DM requirement when the ration (forage or roughage) contains

approximately 50% TDN
3/ The DM requirement when the ration contains 100% corn silage.
4/ The DM requirement when the ration contains 100% chopped napier
grass or 100% corn stover silage.
5/ It might be necessary to feed approximately 0.5-1.0 kg of concentrate
during the last 4 months of lactation to balance the ration for TDN, CP,
minerals and vitamins. The corn stover silage ration would need a slightly
higher level of CP in the concentrate than the corn silage or chopped napier
grass rations.
11
Table 9
16-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR BEEF COWS
Using the PDF Feeding Guides for Corn Stover Silage 1/
Given: Initial body wt. of an 8-month pregnant cow = 420 kg

Body wt. bracket used for each month = 400 kg
FEED REQ'T., kg, AS-FED BASIS

END STAGE
OF OF Daily Weekly
WEEK PRODUCTION
Corn Corn
Concentrate Concentrate
Silage Silage
Last month of gestation (body conditioning) and first three months after calving
(lactation)
1 9 months pregnant 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0
2 lactation 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0
3 -do- 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0
4 -do- 17.6 2.0 528.0 60.0
Last 4 months nursing a calf 4/ (lactation & pregnant & first 4 months of the dry
period (pregnant)
5 lactation & pregnant 19.0 1.0 570.0 30.0
6 -do- 19.0 1.0 570.0 30.0
7 -do- 19.0 0.5 570.0 15.0
7 -do- 19.0 0.5 570.0 15.0
9 5 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0
10 6 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0
11 7 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0
12 8 months pregnant 19.0 0.0 570.0 0.0
Total Feed Requirement, kg 6,627.0 330.0
1/Based on the daily feed requirement for corn stover silage and concentrate
from tables 7 and 8.
12
Table 10
12-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR DAIRY COWS
Using Corn Stover Silage and Chopped Napier Grass 1/
Given: 400 kg mature cows; 6-10 litres of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat
FEED REQUIREMENT in kg, AS-FED BASIS
END Daily Monthly 2/
OF Corn Corn
MONTH Napier Napier
Stover Concentrate Stover Concentrate
Grass Grass
Silage silage
First 3 months of lactation; 10 litres of milk per cow per day
1 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91
2 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91
3 11.9 13.2 3.0 362 400 91
Middle 4 months of lactation; 8 litres of milk per cow per day
4 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60
5 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60
6 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60
7 11.9 13.2 2.0 362 400 60
Last 3 months of lactation; 6 litres of milk per cow per day
8 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30
9 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30
10 11.9 13.2 1.0 362 400 30
Last 2 months of gestation
11 - 33.2 0.5 - 1,010 15
12 - 33.2 0.5 119 809 40
Total Feed Requirement, kg 3,739.0 5,819.0 658.0
1/ Based on the daily feed requirement for corn stover silage, chopped napier
grass, and concentrate.
2/ Includes feeding the “close-up” ration for 10 days prior to calving in month12
Table 11
13
12-MONTH FEEDING PROGRAM FOR DAIRY COWS
Using Corn Silage and SSG Silage 1/
Given: 450 kg mature cows; 12-20 litres of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat
FEED REQUIREMENT in kg, AS-FED BASIS
END Daily Monthly 2/
OF
MONTH Corn Corn
Napier Napier
Stover Concentrate Stover Concentrate
Grass Grass
silage silage
First 3 months of lactation; 12 litres of milk per cow per day
1 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200
2 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200
3 12.9 15.0 6.6 392 456 200
Middle 4 months of lactation; 16 litres of milk per cow per day
4 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140
5 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140
6 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140
7 12.9 15.0 4.6 392 456 140
Last 3 months of lactation; 12 litres of milk per cow per day
8 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79
9 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79
10 12.9 15.0 2.6 392 456 79
Last 2 months of gestation
11 - 25.3 0.5 - 770 15
12 - 25.3 0.5 129 666 60
Total Feed Requirement, kg 4,049.0 5,996.0.0 1,502.0

1/ Based on the daily feed requirement for corn stover silage,chopped napier
grass, and concentrate.
2/ Includes feeding the “close-up” ration for 10 days prior to calving in month
12.
Adapted from: Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, 1994, Pioneer

Development Foundation for Asia and the Pacific, Inc.
Cattle Ration Formulation
14
No single feedstuff is a complete ration. You need to formulate
nutritionally-balanced cattle ration for best results.
Steps to Follow in Cattle Ration Formulation

1. Determine the nutrient requirement (amount in kilogram on a dry
matter basis and the % of the dry matter ration)
2. List the available feedstuffs and their nutrient content (i.e., DM, TDN,
CP, Ca & P)
3. Calculate if the forage alone satisfies the TDN requirement. If not, part
of the forage will be replaced by a concentrate feed. (i.e., rice bran,
copra meal, grain, etc.)
4. Calculate if the forage alone satisfies the CP requirement. If not, part
of the forage will be replaced by concentrate feed.
5. Calculate if the forage plus concentrate satisfied the CP requirement. If
not, part of the concentrate will be replaced with another feedstuff that
contains a higher level of crude protein.
6. Calculate the final composition of the ration on an “as-fed” basis.
Example No. 1
Formulate a beef cattle ration using chopped Napier grass for a 250 kg
steer, 0.75 kg Average Daily Gain
Step1. Nutrient Requirement, Dry Matter (DM) basis

DM TDN CP Ca P
ITEM
kg Grams
1. Amount 6.4 3.8 693.0 21.0 17.0
2. % of the Ration DM - 59.4 10.8 0.33 0.26
Basis
Calculations:
3.8 kg ÷ 6.4 kg x 100 = 59.4% TDN
693 g ÷ 6,400 g x 100 = 10.8% CP
Step 2. Available Feedstuffs and their Nutrient Composition DM basis

DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED %
% DM Basis
1. Napier grass 22 55 9.5 0.42 0.39
2. Rice bran 88 80 15.3 0.07 1.62
3. Ipil-ipil leaf 90 67 24.4 2.20 0.30
Step3. Total Digestive Nutrient (TDN) content of the ration and Total Digestive
Nutrient requirement
 6.4 kg DM requirement x 55% TDN content of Napier grass
100
= 3.52 kg available TDN
 3.8 kg TDN requirement – 3.5 kg available TDN
= 0.3 kg TDN deficit with napier grass
 To meet the TDN requirement, replace part of the napier with rice bran.
15
Use the Pearson Square Method to compute the proportion of Napier and
rice bran in the ration. Diagonally, subtract the lower numbers from the
larger ones.
Napier grass = 55% TDN 20.6 ÷ 25 x 100 = 82%
59.4%
TDN Req't.
4.4 ÷ 25 x 100 = 18%

Rice bran = 80% TDN Total 5.0 parts = 100%
 6.4 kg DM x 82% (proportion of napier

= 5.25 kgs of napier DM in the ration
 6.4 kgs DM x 18% (proportion of rice bran)

= 1.15 kgs of rice bran DM in the ration
Steps 4 and 5 Crude Protein, Calcium and Phosphorus Content in the

ration, nutrient requirement, and balance, DM basis
CP Balance of the ration
DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED
kg Grams
1. Napier grass 5.25 2.89 499 22.0 20.5
2. Rice bran 1.15 .91 176 0.8 18.6
Total Ration 6.40 3.80 675 22.8 39.1
Requirement 6.40 3.80 693 21.0 17.0
Balance 0 0 -18 +1.8 +22.1
 To meet the CP requirement (18 gram deficit), replace part of rice bran
with ipil-ipil leaf meal.
CP requirement - 693 grams
CP from Napier grass - 499 grams = to be supplied by
rice bran and
194 grams ipil-ipil leaf meal
 Determine the CP content of the concentrate.

= 194 gm (CP from Conc.) x 100
1,150 gm (DM from Conc.)
= 16.9% CP
 To determine the proportion of rice bran and ipil-ipil leaf meal, use the
Pearson Square Method.
Rice bran = 15.3% CP 7.5 ÷ 9.1 x 100 = 82%
16.9%
CP Req't.
1.6 ÷ 9.1 x 10 = 18%
Ipil-ipil leaf meal = 24.4% CP Total = 9.1 parts 100%
16
 Calculate the kilogram of Dry Matter in the concentrate
= 82% rice bran x 1.15 kg of DM = 0.94 kg of rice bran
= 18% of ipil-ipil leaf meal x 1.15 kg of DM = 0.21 kg of ipil-ipil leaf
meal
NUTRIENT BALANCE OF THE RATION, DRY MATTER BASIS
DM TDN CP Ca P
FEED
kg Grams
1. Napier grass 5.25 2.89 499 22.0 20.5
2. Rice bran 0.94 0.74 144 0.7 15.2
3. Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.21 0.14 51 4.6 0.6
TOTAL 6.4 3.77 694 27.3 36.3
REQUIREMENT 6.4 3.80 693 21.0 17.0
BALANCE 0 -.03 +1 +6.3 +19.3
Step6. Final Composition of the Ration, AS-FED basis
1. Napier grass - 5.25 kg DM ÷ 22% DM x 100 = 23.9 kg

2. Rice bran - 0.94 kg DM ÷ 88% DM x 100 = 1.1 kg
3. Ipil-ipil leaf meal - 0.21 kgs DM ÷ 90% DM x 100 = 0.2 kg
TOTAL = 25.2 kgs
Example No.2 Dairy Cattle Formulation using Corn Silage Sorghum

– Sudan grass (SSG) Silage.
450 kg Cow; 16 litres of milk per cow per day; 3.5% fat
Step1. Daily Nutrient Requirement, DM basis
TDN CP Ca P
ITEM
kg Gram
1. Maintenance 3.44 0.403 17 14
2. Production, per liter of milk 0.304 0.082 2.6 1.75
3. For 16 liters of milk 4.86 1.312 41.6 28.0
4. Total 8.30 0.715 58.6 42.0
Step2. Available forages (roughages) and their nutrient composition, DM

basis
FORAGE DM TDN CP Ca P
(roughages) %
% DM Basis
1. Corn Silage 35.0 65.0 8.0 0.30 0.30
2. SSG Silage 30.0 60.0 10.0 0.40 0.30
17
Step3. Determine the amount of forage (roughage) intake DM basis
 Assure a DM intake of 2.0% of body weight
 Assume that 50% of the forage is Corn silage and 50% SSG Silage
 450 kg body wt. x 2.0% = 9.0 kg of DM intake
9.0 kg x 50% (proportion of corn silage) = 4.5 kg
9.0 kg x 90% (proportion of SSG silage) = 4.5 kg
Step4. Determine the amount of nutrients supplied by the forages and nutrient
balance
DM TDN CP Ca P
FORAGE kg
kg DM Basis
1. Corn Silage 4.5 2.92 0.360 13.5 13.5
2. SSG Silage 4.5 2.70 0.450 18.0 13.5
Total Supplied 9.0 5.62 0.810 31.5 27.0
Requirement - 8.30 1.715 58.6 42.0
Balance - -2.68 -0.905 -27.1 -15.0
Step5. Determine the amount of concentrate needed and its nutrient content
 Assume the concentrate is 70% TDN, DM Basis
2.68 kg TDN = 3.83 kg of Concentrate

0.7kg TDN per kg of Conc (Round-up to be 4.0 kg)
 Calculate the % CP, % Ca and % P needed in the concentrate
= 0.905 kg CP deficit x 100 = 22.6% CP

4.0 kg of concentrate
= 27.1 gram Ca deficit x 100 = 0.7% Ca

= 15 g P deficit x 100 = 0.4% P
Step6. Final Composition of the Ration, as fed basis
1. Corn Silage = 4.5 kg DM ÷ 35% DM x 100 = 12.9 kg

2. SSG Silage = 4.5 kg DM ÷ 30% DM x 100 = 15.0 kg
3. Concentrate = 4.0 kg DM ÷ 87%DM x 100 = 4.6 kg
TOTAL = 32.5 kg
Adapted from: Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, Pioneer Development Foundation for Asia and
the Pacific, Inc. 1994
The following tables present the daily nutrient requirements of the

different physiological stages of cattle:
18
Table12. Daily Nutrient Requirement of Beef cattle
19
Table12. Continued
20
Table12.
21
Table12.
Table13. Daily nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (DM basis)
22
Table13.
23
Table13.
24
Table14. Daily nutrient requirements of lactating Dairy Cows
(DM Basis)
Source:
The Philippines recommends for Livestock Feed Formulation, PCARRD,
Los Banos, Laguna, 1987,
25
Feed Additives and Growth Promoting Implants
The most common feed additives used in feeding growing-finishing cattle

belong to a group of compounds collectively called ionophores. Examples of
these are monensin and lasalocid. These additives modify rumen fermentation to
increase the proportion of propionic acid produced in the rumen which results in
increased efficiency of feed utilization. It also improves the feed efficiency which
is realized in high-gain diets particularly in finishing cattle.
Growth-promoting implants improve the growth and feed efficiency of
growing-finishing cattle. This is done by the slow release of a naturally occurring
hormone or hormone-like compound from the implant into the blood stream.
This, in turn, stimulates the release of growth-promoting hormone in the body.
Implants can be one or more pellets deposited underneath the skin on the
back side of the ear. In terms of active ingredients, implants contain any of the
following: estradiol benzoate and progesterone, zeranol and estradiol-17B.
The use of growth-promoting implants must be approved for use by
proper authorities.
Mineral Supplements
Minerals are inorganic compounds in the body. Mineral elements are

generally divided into two categories: Macro-minerals (required in relatively large
amounts), and micro-minerals (required in small amounts). Macro-minerals
include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur and
magnesium. Micro-minerals include copper, ion, selenium, cobalt, manganese,
iodine, zinc, molybdenum, etc. In the body, minerals function as component of
bones and teeth (particularly calcium and phosphorus); component of organic
compounds (coenzymes in metabolic reactions); and moderator of acid-base
balance and osmotic pressure.
In general, forage-based diets are good sources of calcium but poor
sources of phosphorus. Some other sources are native feeds, salt, cottonseed
meal, bone meal, limestone flour or oyster shells and grains.
Vitamins
These are organic substances given to animals in small amounts. They
play an important role in maintaining vigor, health and productivity of the
animals. Vitamins are divided into two large sub-groups: fat-soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, and K) and water soluble vitamins (B-Complex).
For ruminants, vitamins A, D and E should be provided either in the feed
or injectable form. Water-soluble vitamins and vitamin K can be synthesized by
micro organisms in the rumen. Upon digestion of these micro organisms, water-
soluble vitamins are obtained by the animal.
Urea in Cattle Ration
In the Philippines, the only source of non-protein nitrogen is the fertilizer

grade urea. To calculate the crude protein content of urea, simply multiply the
percentage of nitrogen of urea which is 45% by 6.25.
Example: Urea (45% nitrogen) 45 x 6.25 = 281 crude protein equivalent
(This means that 1 kg of Urea provides 2.81 kgs crude protein equivalent.)
26
Requisites in the Use of Urea Supplements
 Urea must be thoroughly mixed with the ration.
 The ration must be free from lumps of urea.
 Animals below 1 year old and sick animals must not be given urea.
 Energy feed must be adequate.
 Urea intake must be controlled.
 Adaptation period must be provided.
 Follow strictly the procedures involved in using urea.
Molasses
Molasses is a good source of both energy and minerals. During summer

months where molasses is readily available, water-urea-molasses mixture with a
maximum of 10% urea may be used as a lick, with proper precaution. To
regulate animal intake of water-urea-molasses mixture, a rotary licker is
recommended. The recommended mixture is as follows: 3.0% urea, 48.5%
molasses, and 48.5% water.
Molasses is added to the Ration:

 to improve palatability or acceptability of the ration;
 to reduce dustiness of the ration;
 to serve as a binder for the ration ingredient;
 to serve as a source of energy;
 to improve microbial activity in the rumen;
 to serve as a source of unidentified nutrient factors.
Rating Sheet in Giving Feed Additives/Minerals Supplements

R A T I N G
Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair
ACTIVITIES
Satisfactory
100% - 94% 93% - 87% 86% - 81% 80% - 75%

1. Used appropriate tools
and materials
2. Administered required
dosage
3. Maintained cleanliness
and orderliness
4. Used appropriate
technique
LET US REMEMBER
Introduction of the proper techniques in administering or giving feed

additives and mineral supplements makes cattle raising more profitable. This is
because these substances improve feed efficiency, lower costs of production and
hasten productivity.
Proper feeds and feeding ensures the profitability of cattle production. It
includes the utilization of locally available grasses and agro-industrial by-
products which greatly lessens cost of production especially if you have the
knowledge and skills in feed formulation.
27
Self-Check
I. Select the best answer by writing only the letters of your answers in your
notebook.
1. Ionophores are the collective term to a group of compounds that are used
in feeding growing-finishing cattle. These compounds are called _______.
a. Feed supplements
b. Feed ingredient
c. Feed additives
d. Feedstuffs
2. This modifies rumen fermentation which increases efficiency in feed

utilization.
a. feedstuffs
b. feed ingredient
c. feed supplement
d. feed additives
3. This is generally used to improve the growth and efficiency of growing-

finishing stock.
a. growth-promoting implants
b. feed supplements
c. feed additives
d. feed ingredient
4. They are grouped as macro and micro inorganic compounds in the body.
a. mineral elements
b. feed supplements
c. feed additives
d. growth-promoting implants
5. In general, forage-based diets are poor in

a. calcium
b. phosphorus
c. potassium
d. magnesium
6. Which of the following is the first requirement of feed formulation?

a. feeding standards
b. feeding system
c. feeding requirements
d. feeding schedules
7. Which of the following factors depend on the nutrient received by the

animals?
a. size of animal
b. stress condition
c. type of animal
d. temperature
28
8. The daily feed allowance of a feed or mixture of feedstuffs provided to
livestock is called _______.
a. ingredients
b. concentrate
c. ration
d. roughage
9. The sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds present in forages and other

feedstuffs is _______.
a. dry matter
b. crude protein
c. total digestible nutrient
d. ration
10.It is a process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a

proportion that will give the animals the proper amount of nutrients needed.
a. feed identification
b. feed estimation
c. feed calculation
d. feed formulation
II. Classify the different mineral elements by checking the column where they
belong.
Mineral Elements Macromineral Micromineral

1. Calcium
2. Selenium
3. Sodium
4. Zinc
5. Phosphorus
6. Magnesium
7. Copper
8. Iron
9. Potassium
Mineral Elements Macromineral Micromineral
10. Iodine
11. Molybdenum
12. Chloride
13. Cobalt
14. Sulfur
15. manganese
TEST III: Supply the missing data in the table
2
FEEDSTUFF DM TDN CP Ca P
1. Cassava Chips 93 0.1 0.1
2. Copra Meal 74.7 0.2 0.7
3. Corn grain 89 0 0.3
4. Oyster shell, ground 0 0 38 0.1
5. Peanut hulls 22 7.8 0.2 0.1
6. Rice bran 69.2 14.0 0.1 1.6
7. Sorghum grain 90 10.1 0.1 0.3
8. Alabang X 49.2 6.0 0 0
9. Kudzu, mature 19.7 0 0
10.Napier grass, 42 days 9.8 0 0
3
ACTIVITY SHEET 3.1
Cattle Ration Formulation
I. Demonstrate the proper way of giving or administering feed additives,

growth promoting implants and mineral supplements. You will be rated
accordingly by using the rating sheet above.
II. Formulate a beef cattle ration using Corn Stover Silage for a 250 kg steer;
0.75 kg ADG. Refer to the table above for the requirements of the problem.
III. What is the importance of formulating rations in cattle production? Explain.
RESOURCES:
Samples of feed additives/mineral supplements

Learning guides/modules
Samples of feedstuffs
Rice bran, molasses, fish, meat, salt
spade, sack/containers
roughage
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Learning guides/modules
Calculator
Weighing Scale
Backyard Cattle Fattening
REFERENCES:
Philippine Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los Banos,

Laguna, 1994
Juergenson, E.M., Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production,
Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, Pioneer Development Foundation

for Asia and the Pacific, Inc., 1994.
The Philippines Recommends for Livestock Feed Formulation, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1987
The Philippines Recommends for Forage and Pasture Crops,

PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 2001
4
LESSON 2: PASTURE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND

SOUND STOCKING RATE
INTRODUCTION
The lesson deals with the proper selection of site for pasture, sound stocking
rate and pasture management practices for cattle raising.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Pasture establishment and maintenance are discussed according to

standard manuals.
2. Pasture improvement is employed according to BAI standards.
3. Proper division of paddocks is observed.
4. Materials needed in pasture establishments are provided.
5. Recommended stocking rate is computed based on standard procedures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Pasture - land with herbage or forage crops for grazing animals

Site - a place where a project is established
Forage - anything suitable as feed for herbivores, usually with a lower
nutritive value and digestibility than concentrates
Herbage - grass and other herbaceous vegetables for animal feeding
Selection of Site for Pastureland
A native pasture is a portion of grassland that is suitable for ruminant

production. To provide the necessary factors for optimum productivity, the
following requirements must be considered.
1. Location
There should be an extensive space for expansion. It must also be accessible

to transportation facilities and must be near to market.
2. Topography
Gently rolling and elevated land for good drainage is desirable. Hilly lands
of not more than 30 degrees may be selected but steep areas and ravines should be
avoided or fenced-out.
3. Availability of Water
Safe rivers, springs, ponds and creeks are highly desirable for drinking.
Presence of trees in the immediate vicinity for shade and to act as water shed is
important.
5
4. Soil and Vegetation
Soil in the ranch must be capable of growing improved grasses and legumes
all year round. The forage crops grown must not only be palatable and nutritious
but must also be free from toxic substances. The forage crops must be drought-
resistant and capable of withstanding trampling.
Materials Needed in Pasture Establishments
Pasture establishment is quite a difficult task in cattle production. It

involves fencing so as to secure the stocks or animals in their respective grazing
areas or paddocks.
The following are some tips needed in pasture establishment:
 Fencing materials must be durable and strong. The posts may be cut and
treated or live. Examples of trees which may serve as posts when treated
are molave, yakal, guijo and mangkano while dapdap, ipil-ipil, kapok,
kalumpang and kakawate are good examples of live posts for fencing.
 Posts must be buried at 60 to 70cms deep and 1.20 m above the ground.
 A distance of 4 to 5 meters between posts is recommended. If the
distance of the posts is more than the recommended length, battens are
needed to keep the wire turgid.
 The wire to be used in fencing should have the necessary strength to
withstand trampling and charges of the animals. Barbed wire is
recommended because of its thorns, durability and availability. However,
a combination of barbed wire and common wire gauge eight or nine
inches is also recommended to reduce the cost of fencing. Three strands
of wire would be sufficient to control the animals within the paddocks at
a distance of 40cms from each other and 30cms from the ground.
Figure1. A well-established cattle ranch

Stocking Rate of Cattle:
Efficient use of pasture is an important measure in the production of cattle

per unit of land, particularly in areas where land values are high with intensive
6
cattle projects. The stocking rate of cattle is measured in terms of animal unit (a.u.)
per hectare as shown in table I.
Table1. Animal Unit (a.u.) equivalent for each class of cattle.

No. of Heads Class of Animal Animal Total Animal Approximate
Unit/Head Unit Age
20 Cows 1.00 20.00 above 3 years
1 Bull 1.25 1.25 above 3 years
2 heifer/steer 0.75 1.50 2-3 years
4 yearling steers 0.50 2.00 1-2 years
4 yearling heifers 0.50 2.00 1-2 years
2 yearling bulls 0.50 1.00 1-2 years
15 calves 0.25 3.75 1 year
48 31.50
Source: Philippine Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
Therefore, if the feasible stocking rate of pasture is ½ a.u./ha., a total of 63

hectares pastureland is needed to maintain 48 heads of cattle with the herd
composition above. However, the rule of thumb in the Philippines in the
management of cogon grass is that 3-4 hectares can support one mature animal
throughout the year.
Pasture Improvement and Renovation

Excessive stocking, grazing of the pastures when the forage crops are most
susceptible to damage, and decline in soil fertility will weaken the desirable sown
species and make them less competitive. Unwanted plants (weeds) grow and
replace desirable species thereby reducing the amount of feed for animals.
Pastures therefore deteriorate in productivity and should be addressed
immediately through renovation or improvement through:
1. Mowing or Clipping. Mowing controls the growth of broad-leaved weeds and

promotes uniform grazing. When plants become stemmy, mowing 5-10cms
close to the ground allows the growth of vigorous tillers.
2. Disking or Plowing. Disking controls weeds and facilitates formation of new

tillers of stoloniferous species. This is best applied to paragrass when it
becomes stemmy because of prolonged grazing interval.
3. Chemical Weed Control. This is done when broad-leaved weeds invade the
pasture. Spot spraying of herbicides and then resting for some time restores
pasture's productivity.
4. Fertilization and Liming. After mowing and disking, applying appropriate

fertilizer is needed to encourage growth of the original planted species.
Sufficient nitrogen should be applied to grasses and phosphorus on legume or
grass/legume mixture. Liming is recommended if the soil has become acidic.
7
LET US REMEMBER
Knowing the principles of sound stocking and pasture management

practices helps the cattle raisers care for the appropriate herd number in a given
area to produce the maximum results with lesser production inputs.
Self- check
I. Select the best answer by writing only the letters of your answers in your
answer notebook.
1. It is a piece of land with herbage or forage crops for grazing animals.

a. forage
b. site
c. pasture
d. location
2. This relates to the accessibility of the project to the transportation facilities
and to the market.
a. location
b. soil and vegetation
c. topography
d. pasture
3. Which of the following is not a desirable characteristic of forage crops?
a. palatable
b. toxic
c. nutritious
d. resistant
4. Which of the following secures and controls animals inside the paddocks?
a. fence
b. corral
c. shed
d. chute
5. An example of a tree from which caretakers can get treated posts for fencing is
_______.
a. yakal
b. kapok
c. kakawate
d. ipil-ipil
6. The posts for fencing must be buried at a depth of _______.
a. 40-54cms
b. 60-70cms
c. 55-59cms
d. 77-81cms
7. The recommended height of posts above the ground is _______.
a. 1.50 m
b. 2.0cms
c. 1.80 m
d. 2.50cms
8. The rule of thumb in stocking mature cattle in a 3-4 hectare cogon pasture land
in a year is _______.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
8
9. It is the process applied to broadleaf weeds when they become stemmy in the
paddocks leaving a length of 5-10cm only from to the ground.
a. disking
b. chemical control
c. mowing
d. liming
10. It is the chemical used to kill weeds in the pastureland.
a. insecticide
b. herbicide
c. moluscicide
d. fungicide
II. Compute and fill-up the table on sound stocking below considering the
requirements aforementioned.
No. of Heads Class of Animal Animal Total Animal Approximate

Unit/Head Unit Age
25 Cows 1.00 above 3 years
2 Bull 2.50 above 3 years
4 heifer/steer .75 2-3 years
8 yearling heifer 4.0 1-2 years
30 calves .25 1 year
6 yearling steers .75 2-3 years
4 yearling bulls 2.0 1-2 years
ACTIVITY SHEET 3.2
Pasture Establishment
Visit the school's cattle pastureland. Identify a part where the fence needs
restoration. Applying the knowledge gained from the lesson on restoration. You will
be graded based on the rating sheet below.
R A T I N G
Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair
CRITERIA
Satisfactory
100% - 94% 93% - 87% 86% - 81% 80% - 75%
1. Durability
2. Depth & Height of Post
3. Distance of Posts/Accuracy
4. Workmanship
9
RESOURCES
Samples of fencing materials

Pasture land
Learning guide/ hand outs
Rating sheets
Tools and materials for pasture establishment
REFERENCES
Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los

Banos, Laguna, 1994
Philippines Recommends for Forage & Pasture Crops, PCARRD, Los

Banos, Laguna, 2001
Silage Technology for Cattle Feeding, Pioneer Development Foundation

for Asia and the Pacific, Inc., 1994
10
INFORMATION SHEET3.3
LESSON 3: HERD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with ways of breeding cows, bulls, calves, growers and
fatteners reared according to enterprise requirement.
ASSESSMENT OF CRITERIA
1. Management practices of breeding cows, bulls, calves, growers and

fatteners are discussed.
2. Management practices in rearing breeding cows, bulls, calves, growers
and fatteners are performed as required and according to Bureau of
Animal Industry.
DEFINITON OF TERMS
Fattener - male or female cattle intended for beef production

Grower - weaners or yearlings which are not to be fattened immediately.
Management - the skilful use of means to accomplish a purpose
Colostrum - first milk of a cow after calving
Palpation – the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the
rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cows/heifers.
Herd Management
The goals of herd management are to produce crop or cattle of high quality
and heavy-weight calves. The following are factors contributory to the goal of
herd management:
 early sexual maturity

 high conception rate
 high calf-crop
 early rebreeding (postpartum) after calving
 excellent milk production of cows
 availability of a year-round feed supply
The qualities of management, feeding and nutrition, and farm

infrastructures are important determinants of profit or loss.
Herd Division
Herd division ensures the appropriate nutrition of the different age groups of
the herd knowing that each group requires different feed requirements. If
the herd consists of animals of varying ages, feeding will always be to the
disadvantage of young animals. Adults with bigger built and higher feeding
capacity will certainly deprive younger ones from eating palatable and nutritious
components of feed. One-herd management system also creates problems on
premature breeding which seriously affect the growth of young bulls and
heifers.
11
Therefore, the herd must be divided and managed as follows:
 Pregnant herd is composed of pregnant females. Cows are grouped with
the breeding herd during the breeding season.
 Breeding herd consists of dry cows and heifers ready for breeding. After
the breeding season, pregnant animals are transferred to the pregnant
herd.
 Heifer herd is composed of heifers not yet ready for breeding. Heifer
calves are included in this herd after weaning.
 Steer, feeder, or fattener herd consists of growing cattle and those to be
fattened for the market.
 Bull herd consists of mature males kept mainly for servicing the breeding
cows.
Lactating and Pregnant Cows
Separate pregnant cows from the herd once they are detected so. This
management practice prevents injuries for possible abortion caused by
riding, butting and fighting with other animals.
A small-grass paddock is recommended to keep pregnant animals especially
cows that are expected to calve within two weeks. The paddock must be near the
cowboy's quarter so as to give immediate assistance during parturition.
Palpation is also recommended at 60-90 days of pregnancy but must be
done by an expert technician for reliability tests of pregnancy. Palpation is the
manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon
to verify pregnancy of cows/heifers. This is done inside a chute where the
animal is restrained. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE) is recommended. A hand-in rubber glove is inserted to the rectum towards
the colon. The presence of fetus can be felt beneath the floor of the colon. When
gently pressed by the hand, the fetus slips away, but returns immediately to its
original position when pressure is released.
Palpation is discouraged if pregnancy is already at 5-6 months because it

can lead to abortion. Cows that fail to settle at breeding time should be exposed to
the bull for service for another three months in the breeding herd (clean-up
breeding).
Open Cows and Replacement Heifers
This age group of animals should also be given proper care in such a way
that they also consume the right feed requirement daily. Their good body
condition should be maintained to ensure that they are at the right physiological
status. Cull animals that do not settle even after repeated breeding and animals
with reproductive failures.
Calves
Calves should suckle colostrum milk from the mother cow within 3 hours
after calving. If calves don't suckle 5-6 hours after calving, they should be led to
the mother's udder.
Calves born during bad weather should be brought to the barn with the
mother. Orphaned calves can be raised through cow's milk or with the use of
milk replacer.
12
Growers
They must be raised in such a way that maximum growth is achieved at the
lowest possible cost. The growing period starts from weaning to fattening or even
replacement stage. They are raised in pastures with little attention with salt and
mineral supplements or they can be given sufficient concentrates in addition
to roughage if they are on confinement system.
Fatteners
This age group requires shorter feeding period to reach slaughter weight.
They are generally bigger, mature or nearing maturity which is at 1½ to 2 years of
age or a weight range of 200-300kgs. They can be fattened either in feedlot, in
pasture or in both areas.
Breeding Bulls
Purebred bulls must be selected to breed heifers or cows because they
contribute 50% of the genetic make-up of the offspring. Bulls must be managed
well for service at the start of the breeding season. The aggressiveness of the bull to
breed is maintained through regular exercise. They must also be used when they
reach the age of 2 years. A supplemental feeding of grains or concentrates 60-90
days before and after the breeding schedule is recommended.
Breeding bulls should only be brought to the herd once observed to be
aggressive. However, bulls must be kept out of the herd 2½ -3 years or when its
offspring reaches puberty to avoid inbreeding.
Selecting productive bulls is done through measurement of testicular
circumference which is at least a minimum of 30 cm for a yearling bull. This
consideration would greatly contribute to the bull's fertility index as well as that of
its female progeny.
General Management Practices
Cattle Identification
This management process denotes ownership. The most common method of
cattle identification is branding with hot iron. The brand must be registered by the
owner in the right office of the municipality concerned and should be used legally.
The owner's brand should be placed at the animal's left foreleg or left hind leg
depending on the municipality's regulation. The municipality's brand should also
be placed opposite the owner's brand. As a rule, the brands must measure 6.4 cm
long and 5.0 cm wide. The branding iron should be 1 cm wide and 65 cm long for
easy handling.
Dehorning
Advantages:
 Dehorned cattle require lesser space in feedlots.

 They occupy lesser space in transit or shipment.
 They are more uniform in appearance.
 Injuries caused by fighting are avoided.
 Injuries to herdsman are lessened.
Dehorning is a sophisticated practice in cattle raising. It is recommended

only in large-scale projects to facilitate handling and management. Dehorning
instruments or chemicals for this purpose are seldom sold in the market; therefore,
they are expensive. However, it is still worthwhile because of the advantages it
brings to the cattle raisers and to the herd.
13
Dehorning should be done while the animal is still young. They are easier to
handle and its after-effect to the animal would only be slight. Dehorning should not
be repeated once the first operation was not successful.
Very young calves whose horn buttons are still small can be dehorned
through applying caustic soda or commercial dehorning paste. When applying the
soda or paste, the hair around the base should be clipped first. Vaseline should be
applied around the horn to prevent the caustic soda to from dripping into the eyes
of the animal. However, mature cattle can be dehorned with metal spoon, Barnes
dehorner, a dehorning clipper or hand electric saw. Pine tar should be applied on
the horn sores to prevent maggot infestation.
However, dehorning nowadays is not a serious problem anymore because of
the continuous upgrading of hornless cattle.
Castration
Castration is the removal of the testicles of male animals. This is preferably
done when the animal is still young to avoid hemorrhage and other related
problems. The slit and the cap methods are both effective ways of surgical
operations of castration. Bloodless castration can also be done with Bursdizzo
pinchers or emasculator.
Record-Keeping
Most cattle raisers don't keep records of their animals. If they do, only a few
use their records efficiently. Herd records have a some value when they are
intelligently studied and used in selection and culling operations, as well as in farm
management decisions. The different records that must be kept are located
in the succeeding module.
Selection and Culling

As mentioned earlier, records are very useful in the selection and culling of
animals in the herd. Breeding stock with poor performance must be culled for
slaughter using the following as bases:
a. low milk producer despite good management practices

b. small, weak and unhealthy animals
c. breeding stock that do not settle even after 3-4 matings
d. breeding stock that do not get in heat at the right ages or time
e. heifers that cannot meet standards
f. stocks with undesirable hereditary defects
Weight Approximation
Knowledge on weight calculation is important in many aspects of beef
production. The weight of the animal at different growth stages can be used
effectively to measure feed requirement, medication and to the advantage of the
raiser during marketing and procuring animals.
Weight approximation can be done with the use of the following equation:
Approximate Lwt = (HG)² x BL
10,840
Where : Lwt = Live weight in kilogram
HG = Heart Girth in centimetres
BL = Body Length in centimetres
14
Fig1: Proper way of getting measurements of heart girth and body length (PDF,
1994).
Age Determination
Age determination can be done through dentition. After four (4) years of
age, the approximate age of the animal can be determined by the amount of wear
in the masticator surface of the teeth. The age is determined through the following:
 1 year old - All four pairs of temporary incisors have erupted

 1 ½ – 2yrs old -Permanent incisors have replaced temporary incisors
at the center.
 2–2½ yrs old - The temporary central and medial incisors are both
replaced by permanent incisors.
 3–3½ yrs old - All incisors except the corner are permanent
 4 yrs old - All four pairs of incisors are permanent
 4½yrs old and above - A table of masticatory surface of the incisors is
formed. This becomes broader as the animal gets older.
Night Corralling
Generally, this practice is not recommended because animals do most of

their grazing during late afternoon, early evening and early morning hours. This is
mostly done in places where breeding bulls are not available when needed so that
breeding cows would be brought to the night corral for the service of the bull.
Likewise, this operation is desirable in places where a cattle rustling is
rampant. Confined animals in the corral at night should also be given enough feed
to eat.
15
LET US REMEMBER
The ultimate goal of herd management is to produce cattle, whatever age

group or type they belong, which is of high-quality with the least setback of
production.
The qualities of management, feeding and nutrition and farm infrastructures
are important determinants of profit or loss.
Self-check
I. Select the best answer by writing the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. Which of the following is the ultimate goal of herd management?

a. to produce many calves per year
b. to wean many calves early
c. to reach market early
d. to produce high quality cattle
2. All of the following are contributory factors to the goal of herd management
except _______.
a. early sexual maturity
b. high conception rate
c. availability of water supply
d. high calf crop
3. This ensures appropriate nutrition of the different age groups of cattle.
a. herd division
c. herd immunization
b. herd pasturing
d. herd maintenance
4. Abortion is a reproductive failure among _______.
a. pregnant cows
b. open cows
c. lactating cows
d. replacement heifers
5. Palpation must be done to pregnant cows at a gestation period of _______.
a. 40-55 days
b. 95-110 days
c. 60-90 days
d. 115-130 days
6. Newly delivered calves should suckle colostrum milk within _______.
a. 3 hours
b. 6 hours
c. 5 hours
d. 8 hours
7. Milk replacement or milk of other cows are alternative sources of milk for
a. young growers
b. newly weaned yearlings
c. orphaned calves
d. sick or unhealthy calves
8. These are generally bigger in size,are mature or nearing maturity which is at
age range of ½ to 2 years old.
a. growers
b. fatteners
c. calves
d. breeders
16
9. A breeder bull has satisfactory result in mating when it is
a. temperamental
b. restless
c. aggressive
d. stressed
10.The most effective method in cattle identification denoting ownership.
a. castration
b. teeth determination
c. dehorning
d. branding
II. Define the following:
1. Breeding Herd 4. Fattener

2. Colostrum 5. Grower
3. Culling
17
ACTIVITY SHEET 3.3
Management Practices
1. Proceed to the cattle project and identify the classes of the herd. What
did you observe? Is there a management practice as herd division? If
none, employ the principles of herd division.
2. Perform palpation, branding, ear tagging and weight approximation in

the herd using the different tables for assessing students’ performance
below.
Table1. Suggested Rating Sheet in the Performance of Palpation
RATING S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Use of appropriate PPE 20
2. Palpation Technique 30
3. Reliability of the 40
process
4. Speed 10
T O T A L 100%
Table 2: Suggested Rating Sheet in Branding or Ear Tagging
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Speed 10
2. Branding Technique 20
3. Proper placement of 30
Brands
4. Workmanship 40
T O T A L 100%
18
Table 3: Suggested Rating Sheet in Weight Approximation
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Speed 10
2. Reliability of Result 20
3. Use of proper tools 30
4. Accuracy of 40
measurement
T O T A L 100%
RESOURCES:
Learning guides
Hand outs on cattle management
Animals (herd)
Rating sheets (Tables)
REFERENCE:
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los

Banos, Laguna, 1994
19
Post-Test
Read the items below and choose the best answer by writing the letter of
your choice in your answer sheet.
1. ________ are chemical compounds given to animals for maintenance and

reproduction.
a. feeds
b. nutrients
c. additives
d. d. biologics
2. The major source of energy in the animal ration is ____________.
a. protein
b. carbohydrates
c. water
d. d. minerals
3. Which nutrient provides 2.5 times more energy than carbohydrates?
e. protein
f. fats
g. water
h. vitamins
4. Which of this is not considered a nutrient but very important in the animal
diet for digestion and absorption?
a. minerals
b. vitamins
c. water
d. additives
5. Ionophores are groups of compounds incorporated with growing-finishing
rations of cattle. They constitute
a. additives
b. concentrate
c. nutrients
d. roughages
6. All of the following are agro-industrial by-products with high feeding
value except _____.
a. pineapple pulp
b. agricultural lime
c. soya pulp
d. tomato pulp
7. Which of the following contributes to an increased milk production in
cows?
a. high-level protein
b. high-level fat
c. low-level protein
d. low-level fat
8. What process supplements the scarcity of cattle feeds during dry season?
a. concentrate
b. silo
c. roughage
d. pasture
20
9. A native pasture grass which is not a good material for silage-making is
called _______.
a. cogon
b. napier
c. carabao grass
d. guinea grass
10.The only source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the country is called
_______.
a. diammonium phosphate
b. urea
c. biuret
d. ammonium chloride
11.The multiplier used to convert nitrogen in urea to crude protein
equivalent is________.
a. 6.00
b. 6.50
c. 6.25
d. 6.75
12.All of the following are the factors influencing the choice of feeding
system by cattle producers except _______.
a. availability of roughage
b. type of production system
c. cost of concentrates
d. availability of raw materials
13.This is a management practice that ensures appropriate nutrition to the
different age groups of cattle.
a. herd division
b. herd immunization
c. herd pasturing
d. herd maintenance
14.Newly-delivered calves must suckle colostrum within _______.
a. 3 hrs.
b. 7 hrs.
c. 5 hrs.
d. 9 hrs.
15.The most effective means of cattle identification denoting ownership is
_______.
a. castration
b. branding
c. teeth determination
d. dehorning
2
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 4 Module Title: HOUSING THE GENERAL HERD

MODULE 4

(BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE)
MODULE TITLE : HOUSING THE GENERAL HERD

MODULE INTRODUCTION

successful provision of housing and other facilities in raising large ruminants
and providing other facilities for general herd.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. construct housing for the general herd.

2. identify housing systems and related infrastructures of the project.
3. provide appropriate space requirements of barn or shed for various
stages of cattle.
Pre-Test
I. Select the best answer and write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. Which tool is used in administering injectable biologics to cattle?

a. vat
b. Syringe and needle
c. drenching gun
d. pasteurizer
2. Which of the following is a cover used by animals which provides comfort

during bad weather?
a. equipment
b. tool
c. housing
d. compartment
3. Anything that is held in the hand to accomplish a manual work is

________________.
a. equipment
b. tool
c. infrastructure
d. paddock
1
4. Which of the following is a material used in the construction of a semi-
permanent cattle housing?
a. cogon
b. ipil-ipil trunk
c. nipa
d. galvanized iron sheet
5. Which local material is commonly used in constructing temporary cattle

shed?
a. cogon
b. concrete products
c. galvanized iron sheet
d. galvanized iron pipe
6. Which of the following does a good house provide to animals?

a. comfort of animals
b. freedom from destruction
c. ease of construction
d. possibilities for expansion
7. What must be the recommended height of cattle shed for good

ventilation?
a. 2 meters
b. 4 meters
c. 3 meters
d. 5 meters
8. Which kind of flooring is the most recommended for cattle shed to

maintain cleanliness and sanitation?
a. concrete
b. stony
c. mud
d. sandy
9. Which infrastructure facility is to be constructed in a cattle house where

feeds and biologics are kept?
a. trough
b. storage room
c. box
d. scale
10.Which of the following necessitates the construction of a loading chute in

a cattle ranch?
a. use of trucks
b. marketing
c. medication reasons
d. restrain animals
11.Treated posts for constructing working corral should be buried at a depth

of __________.
a. 65 cm
b. 85 cm
c. 75 cm
d. 95 cm
2
12.Which of the following facilitates the control of external parasites in the
cattle project?
a. dipping
b. squeeze
c. spraying
d. chute
13.Which is the most common and inexpensive source of water for cattle
Production?
a. pressurized tank
b. sea
c. stream
d. hand pump
14.What management practice limits space requirements of cattle raised

under confinement system?
a. immunization
b. branding
c. dehorning
d. ear notching
15.Which of the follwing is an example of artificial insemination

paraphernalia?
a. microscope
b. dipping vat
c. weighing scale
d. shovel
3
LESSON 1: AREAS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR PASTURE

ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE, HOUSING AND
INFRASTRUCTURES, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
INRODUCTION
This lesson deals with identification of housing systems and related

infrastructures for general herd.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Housing and infrastructure facilities for general herd are identified based
on requirements.
2. Tools and equipment needed in housing cattle and buffaloes are
discussed.
3. Materials needed in constructing housing and infrastructure facilities are
obtained.
4. House for the herd is constructed according to plan.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Equipment - anything that is needed or provided to accomplish a certain

task usually bigger in size and in monetary value than a tool.
Housing - a shelter or a cover used to provide comfort to animals.
Infrastructure - buildings or any construction work.
Tool - anything which is held in the hand to accomplish a manual work.
Housing Facilities
Housing is the second expensive item to feeds in a long-ranged system

cattle production. This involves the use of concrete products, galvanized iron
pipes and sheets to erect a semi-permanent housing while locally available
construction materials like ipil-ipil trunk for posts; nipa shingles, cogon or
bamboo for roofing and walling and lumber of varied sizes for roof and wall
frames are needed to construct a temporary shelter for backyard raising.
Good housing provides:
1. comfort to animals during bad weather

2. resting place of animals during noon and night times
3. convenient place for supplemental feeding and medication
4. ease in employing management practices.
4
Simple and Inexpensive Housing for Beef Cattle
The shed is about 3 meters high to allow good ventilation
5
Simple and Inexpensive Housing for Dairy Cattle
Figure2. Simple and Inexpensive Housing for Dairy Cattle
Adapted From: The Philippines Recommends for Dairy Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los, Banos,
Laguna, 1981,
2
Other Infrastructure Facilities
Storage Room
This is one of the components of cattle housing which is constructed in a

corner where almost all the pens have an access to it, with minimal labor or
requirement in feeding and in administration of medicines and other veterinary
products.
It is a room where feeds, feedstuffs, feed additives and supplements,
veterinary supplies such as anthelmintics, antiseptics, vaccines, antibiotics and
others are kept for safety and security.
It must be constructed in a lightly sloping area with natural drainage to
prevent water from stagnating which causes feeds to be spoiled, drugs and
biologics to be destroyed.
Laborer's Quarter
The laborer's quarter must be situated near the pregnant cow's pen so
that the caretaker can give immediate assistance during calving. This quarter
should be provided with lighting facilities, kitchen paraphernalia and some sort
of entertainment facilities so that the caretaker feels “at home” even if he is
together with the cattle inside the ranch most of the time.
Usual disinfection schedules should also be administered in this quarter
to keep the place sanitized ensuring good health for the person.
Slaughter Area
Slaughter are is a component of housing in cattle production where

animals are placed during slaughtering.
The slaughter area must be near the water source with good drainage
and most especially provided with receptacles for farm and animal wastes.
Always keep the area clean, free from garbage, and if possible, free from air
pollution.
Night Corrals and Sheds
Night corrals should be constructed at the middle of the pasture lots to

lessen movements of cattle from walking from their paddocks to the corral and
vice versa.
It should be constructed in an elevated area where there is natural
drainage. It should also be near the water supply. Disposal of wastes should
also be scheduled to keep the waste from filing up and making the area dirty
and unsanitary especially if the urine of animals aggravates the circumstances.
For economic reasons, the use of locally available materials is
recommended. Thus, construction costs are greatly reduced.
3
Handling Facilities
Working Corral
Corrals are highly specialized facilities and should be properly planned

before construction.
Fig1. Working Corral
The corral should be erected at the centre of the ranch to minimize

movements of the herd. The sides should be well-drained, with sandy-textured
soil.
For fence boards, 5cms x 5cm un-surfaced lumber should be used and
fastened with bolts. Fences should be 168-184cms high.Treated decay-resistant
species of posts should be used and should be set 183 cm apart, and at least
75cm deep.Used oil, coal tar or creosote could be used as preservative. Posts
should not be set in concrete because they would be difficult to replace them
once broken.
Gates must be placed in one of the corners of the corral or in a
convenient place where cattle can go and wherever possible, the gates should be
opened in the direction where the herd is driven. Materials need not be
processed lumber. For practical purposes and economic reasons, it is advisable
to use locally available materials like wooden poles, ipil-ipil trunks, Madre de
cacao and other plant species.
Race
The race is passageway usually constructed to facilitate segregating
animals into individual pen. The following are some races commonly used in
cattle production:
 Squeeze
This is constructed usually for deworming, branding, castrating,
testing for tuberculosis, vaccinating or performing minor surgical operations.
This saves a great deal on labor in catching and throwing animals.
Cattle squeeze is a usual component of pen arrangement in cattle corral that
must be durable and can thoroughly restrain animals. Design must be
convenient for the caretaker to use.
4
 Dipping Vat
This is very important in the control of ticks, lice, flies and other
external parasites. It should be constructed at the side where there is
abundant supply of water, near the center of the grazing area to avoid long
travel of animals. It should have approaches a good and concrete ground.
It should also be provided with a simple roof to prevent the rain from
diluting the dipping solution and prevent excessive evaporation which
increases concentration during sunny days.
A herd of 200 animals or more justifies the construction of a dipping
vat. However in the long run, it is more economical than the spraying
method of controlling external parasites.
Fig2. Dipping Vat

 Weighing Scale
This is used to measure the progress, attainment of production and
marketing goals, usually expressed in terms of weight. Birth weight, weaning
weights, daily weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass data are some of the
important parameters in measuring the profitability of the project. This is
also important in determining the total animal unit of the herd so that the
number of animals to graze in a given pasture lot can be determined. Thus,
overstocking, which is harmful to the growth of forage, is avoided.
Figure3. Weighing scale
5
 Loading Chute
The use of trucks and trailers in cattle farms necessitates the
construction of a loading chute for loading and unloading of stocks. The
height of loading chute must fit to the height of trucks commonly served,
adequate width to accommodate the animal and sufficient slope and clearing
in the platform approach to prevent slipping of the cattle's feet.
Feeding and Watering Facilities
Feeding Facilities:
Factors to consider in constructing feeding facilities:

1. Labor efficiency
2. Good drainage
3. Protection of both feeds and animals from bad weather
Proper management in the feed corral must be made to facilitate feeding

and hauling of manure with minimum labor. Gates must be wide enough for
tractors and trucks to go through with ease.
Feed yards should be placed on a slope with natural drainage, away from
the lot. Troughs must be placed along the sides of the feeding corral to fill them
with feeds without entering the area. Troughs should be strong, tight and with
right shapes and proportions. The animals should have an access to only one
side of the trough. The following space allowance should be followed; 76cms for
dehorned stocks; 107cms per horned animal and 61cms per calf.
A concrete slab of about 3.0–3.65 meters in width may be constructed to
cover the full length of the feeding trough to keep cattle out of the mud and to
facilitate cleaning.
6
Fig4. Feeding trough made of wood with roofing
Salt Boxes/ Containers
Open-top salt containers or boxes should be constructed and provided

with salt at all times. The salt is placed under the shed and fastened to a stand
high enough to prevent cattle from stepping on it. A shed should be constructed
over the salt box if left in the open to prevent the salt from being dissolved.
Watering Facilities
Water is as essential as feed so it must be provided at all times. The

common sources of water for cattle are reservoirs, springs, rivers, wells and
lakes aside from those provided by hand pumps and pressurized water systems.
The water troughs may be made from poured concrete, either round or
rectangular, or from round galvanized water tanks. Concrete watering facilities
should be provided with concrete approaches to improve sanitation and to keep
water clean.
Tools and Equipment
Artificial insemination kit and other paraphernalia:

 Artificial vagina (7cms in diameter and 15cms long) for semen
collection
 Microscope and haemocytometer for semen evaluation
 Catheter for semen disposition filled with either rubber bulb or 2 ml
syringe
 Speculum for opening the vagina
Syringe and needles

This is used during administration of injectable drugs or when measuring
liquid biologicals and supplements. It is provided with graduations to measure
exactly the needed volume for a specific task/job.
7
Shovels and Wheel Barrows
These are used in hauling heavy loads from place to place. They may be
used to haul feeds, feedstuffs, additives or supplements that are heavy and also
used to dispose of wastes and dead animals to proper receptacles.
Milking Pails
Pails are used to contain milk during milking times.
Milk Pasteurizer
A milk pasteurizer is used to prolong the lifespan of milk especially which
will be transported to other places.
Branding Iron/ Ear Tags

A branding iron is a fabricated piece of iron used to mark the skin of cattle
for identification purposes. A tag on the ear can be used for the same purpose.
LET US REMEMBER
Proper housing with the necessary other infrastructure facilities,

tools and equipment is very important in the normal operation and success of a
cattle project. Protection of animals from extreme degree of hotness and
coldness is the functions of cattle houses or barn. For beginners, use of locally
available materials for construction is recommended for economic reasons.
Self-Check
Match column B with column A by writing only the letter of your answer on
your notebook.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Syringe a. a graduated instrument used

2. Water trough for injecting drugs
3. Spring b. a shelter for animals
4. Microscope c. an equipment for artificial
5. Salt box insemination
6. Weighing Scale d. source of vitamins
e. receptacle for drinking water
7. Storage Room f. for weight determination
g. a compartment for keeping
8. Housing feeds and biologics
h. used for external parasite
9. Dipping Vat control
10. Squeeze i. used during castration and
deworming
j. container of mineral
supplements
k. source of drinking water
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1
8
Activity 1:
Direction: Enumerate the different infrastructure facilities in your cattle

project and describe each by giving the materials used, sizes of the facilities,
location of the facilities in the ranch and the nature of each.
Activity
Repair the damage facilities in your project by using local materials.
Construct new facilities when needed. You will be rated by your teacher as
follows:
Table1. Suggested rating sheet in infrastructure construction
STUDENTS
CRITERIA Points
1 2 3 4 5
1. Uses appropriate tools and materials 30
2. Uses appropriate P P E 20
3. Uses durable materials 30
4. Observes cooperation 20
TOTAL 100%
PPE = Personal Protective Equipment
RESOURCES:
Learning guides
Hand outs
Pamphlets
Construction materials
Tools
House plan
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, 1994
The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Preoduction, PCARRD,

Los Banos Laguna, 1978
2
LESSON 2: APPROPRIATE SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF BARN OR

SHED FOR THE VARIOUS STAGES OF CATTLE
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the appropriate space requirement of barn or shed
for the various stages of cattle.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Space requirements of cattle at various physiological stages are

discussed.
2. Space requirement for yearling cattle, calves, gestating cows, and bulls
are classified.
3. Ideal space requirement for the animals are provided based on various
stages and Bureau of Animal industry standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Space requirement - the area provided to animals which usually correlates to

their ages and body sizes.
3
Space Requirements
The space requirements of the animals for feeding, drinking, loading and
other purposes is usually determined through their body sizes, age group and
sometimes the behavior of the animals. The following tables (tables 1 and 2)
show the space requirements of feeding and watering troughs and space
requirements for barn or shed, respectively.
Table1. Space requirements of feeding and watering troughs

Class,
Age, Feed bunk or trough for hand Self Feeder
Waterer
Size feeding concentrates Trough Length
of Herd
Water
Width (if Width (if Height (If feeder per
Height at Length/
fed from fed from at is kept animal Water
throat animal
one two sides throat filled(cm / trough
(cm) (cm)
side(cm) (cm) (cm) /animal day
(liters)
Allow
Cows or 30.5 cm
steers 2 open
years or water
over 76 61-76 76 91-102 76 23-30.5 45 tank
space
for each
Yearlings 61 51-56 76 91-102 71 20-28 38 group of
10 cattle;
Calves, or one
160- automatic
230kgs 51 46-61 76 91-102 61 15-20 30 watering
bowl for
each
Cows in group of
maturity 25 cattle.
stall - 76 - - 76 23-30.5 57
Herd
bulls 66 76 76 91-102 76 23-30.5 57
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, 1994
 Feed bunks should be about 20cms deep for calves.

With liberal grain or other concentrate feeding, half of the recommended
space is given herein.
With bunker or self-feeder silos, allow 15cms/animal.
4
Table2. Space requirement of barn or shed for beef cattle
Barn Width
or Area (if Area (if (if feeds Width
Class,
shed Height Shade Shade ordinary paved Length from (if feeds
Age,
Floor of per Height dirt lot) lot) per one from 2
Size of
area/ Ceiling animal (m) animal side(cm sides
Animal
animal (m) (sq.m.) (sq.m.) (sq.m.) (cm) ) (cm)
(sq.m.)
Cows or
steers- 2
years or
over 4-5 2.5-3 3-4 3-3.5 17-22 5-10 61-76 76 90-100
Yearling 3-4 2.5-3 2.5-3.5 3-3.5 15-20 4-8 51 76 90-100
Calves,
160-230
kg 2-3 2.5-3 1.5-2.5 3-3.5 13-17 - 46 76 90-100
Cows one
in hectare
maturity pasture
stall 10-15 2.5-3 3.5-4 3-3.5 paddock - 76 - 90-100
Herd
bulls 10-15 2.5-3 3.5-4 3-3.5 -do- - 76 51 90-100
 Allow slope of 0.6 to 1.3 cms per 30 cms in paved lots and 1.3 or more in
dirt lots
LET US REMEMBER
Appropriate space requirements would not only reduce costs of

construction of houses and other infrastructure facilities but also provide
comfort of animals to produce to the maximum.
Too small or too wide cattle houses and infrastructure facilities create
some problems not only on the part of the animals but most especially to the
caretaker in performing the daily routinary activities in the herd.
5
Self-Check
I. Fill up the table with the necessary data.
Table3. Space requirements of feeding and watering troughs
Class,
Feed bunk or trough for hand Self feeder
Age, Size
feeding concentrates trough length Waterer
of Herd
Water/
Height Width (if Width (if (If feeder
length/ Height at animal
at fed from fed is kept Water
animal throat /
throat one from two filled(cm trough
(cm) (cm) day
(cm) side(cm) sides(cm /animal
(liters)
Cows or
steers 2 Allow
years or 30.5 cm
over open
water
tank
Yearlings
space
for each
Calves, group
160-230 of
kg 10 cattle;
or one
automatic
Cows in watering
maturity bowl for
stall each
group of
25 cattle.
Herd
bulls
II. What is the importance of providing appropriate space requirements to

the different classes of cattle? Explain thoroughly.
6
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.2
Visit the school's cattle project. Observe the different compartments

quarters or the different facilities. If the facilities do not conform to approved
practices in construction as to their sizes in accordance with the ages of the
animals, reconstruct or repair by using the resources of the school. You will be
rated accordingly.
Table4. Suggested rating sheet for the activity
STUDENTS
CRITERIA Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Uses durable materials 30%
2. Uses appropriate tools, materials and PPE 30%
3. Accuracy of measurements 30%
4. Speed in doing the work 10%
TOTAL 100%
RESOURCES:
Barn or shed
Personal Protective Equipment
Construction materials
Tools and equipment
Learning guides
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

Backyard Cattle Fattening, DA, Region 2, 1999
7
Post-Test
I. Select the best answer and write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. Which tool is used in administering injectable biologics to cattle?

e. vat
a. Syringe and needle
b. drenching gun
c. pasteurizer
2. Which of the following is a cover used by animals which provides comfort

during bad weather?
a. equipment
a. tool
b. housing
c. compartment
3. Anything that is held in the hand to accomplish a manual work is

________________.
a. equipment
a. tool
b. infrastructure
c. paddock
4. Which of the following is a material used in the construction of a semi-

permanent cattle housing?
a. cogon
b. ipil-ipil trunk
c. nipa
d. galvanized iron sheet
5. Which local material is commonly used in constructing temporary cattle

shed?
a. cogon
b. concrete products
c. galvanized iron sheet
d. galvanized iron pipe
6. Which of the following does a good house provide to animals?

a. comfort of animals
b. freedom from destruction
c. ease of construction
d. possibilities for expansion
7. What must be the recommended height of cattle shed for good

ventilation?
a. 2 meters
b. 4 meters
c. 3 meters
d. 5 meters
8
8. Which kind of flooring is the most recommended for cattle shed to
maintain cleanliness and sanitation?
a. concrete
b. stony
c. mud
d. sandy
9. Which infrastructure facility is to be constructed in a cattle house where

feeds and biologics are kept?
a. trough
b. storage room
c. box
d. scale
10.Which of the following necessitates the construction of a loading chute in

a cattle ranch?
a. use of trucks
b. marketing
c. medication reasons
d. restrain animals
11.Treated posts for constructing working corral should be buried at a depth

of __________.
a. 65 cm
b. 85 cm
c. 75 cm
d. 95 cm
12.Which of the following facilitates the control of external parasites in the

cattle project?
a. dipping
b. squeeze
c. spraying
d. chute
13.Which is the most common and inexpensive source of water for cattle
Production?
a. pressurized tank
b. sea
c. stream
d. hand pump
14.What management practice limits space requirements of cattle raised

under confinement system?
a. immunization
b. branding
c. dehorning
d. ear notching
15.Which of the following is an example of artificial insemination

paraphernalia?
a. microscope
b. dipping vat
c. weighing scale
d. shovel
2
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 5 Module Title: IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH

PROGRAM FOR LARGE RUMINANTS
MODULE 5

BUFFALOES)
MODULE TITLE : IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH
PROGRAM FOR LARGE RUMINANTS
MODULE INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
effective implementation of herd health program for large ruminants.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. identify the common parasites and diseases of cattle with their

respective characteristics, preventive and control measures;
2. perform appropriate preventive and control measures;
3. adopt a sound immunization program for cattle in accordance with
BAI standards;
Pre-Test
I. Read carefully. Select the best answer. Write only the letter the correct
answer in your notebook.
1. These are biological used to increase resistance of animals against

diseases.
a. vaccines
b. drugs
c. antibiotics
d. anthelmintics
2. The act or process of stopping or regulating infections of diseases or

parasites is called_________.
a. control measure
b. isolation measure
c. preventive measure
d. immunization measure
3. What skin disease of cattle is caused by Sarcoptes found in body parts

with thin hairs?
a. mange
b. pediculosis
c. tick fever
d. fly worry
1
4. What is disease caused by Haematopinus spp. infesting the neck,
shoulders, and withers and around the tail?
a. tick fever
b. ringworm
c. pediculosis
d. fly worry
5. What is the causal organism of Hush or Parasitic Bronchitis?

a. internal nematode c. Fasciola gigantica
b. Fasciola hepatica d. Dictyocaulus spp
6. Which of the following is the recommended control measure of stomach

and intestinal parasitism?
a. dusting
b. dipping
c. spraying
d. good pasture management
7. What is a viral disease that could be transmitted through dog bites with
signs of hypersensitivity and paralysis?
a. foot and Mouth Disease
b. rabies
c. tetanus
d. brucellosis
8. Which of the following diseases is characterized by bloody discharge in

the body openings with extreme bloating?
a. rabies
b. FMD
c. tetanus
d. anthrax
9. Which of the following is the major function of vaccine?

a. cause disease
b. combat infection
c. increase immunity
d. destroy parasites
10.Vaccines containing inactivated toxins are called _______.

a. toxoids
b. bacterins
c. live vaccines
d. killed vaccines
11.Which is the best place to store vaccines?

a. freezer c. cabinet
b. refrigerator d. storage room
12.Which animals are to be vaccinated?

a. sick animals
b. stress animals
c. ready-to- market animals
d. healthy animals
1
13.Due to unpredictable colostral immunity, calves must be vaccinated at
least _______.
a. once a year
b. twice a year
c. thrice per year
d. anytime of the year
14.How many months should animals be dewormed after a heavy rainfall?

a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months
15.Any organism annoying the health of another living thing is called

_______.
a. host
b. parasite
c. disease
d. micro organism
16.These are referred to as disease-causing organisms.

a. pathogens
b. hosts
c. parasites
d. pests
17.Which is an example of an internal parasite?

a. ringworm
b. mange
c. fluke worm
d. horn fly
18.Fasciola gigantica and hepatica are the causal organisms of the disease
called _______.
a. liver fluke
b. hush
c. tick fever
d. pediculosis
19.Which of the following is an example of a blood-sucking parasite?

a. horn fly
b. fasciola gigantica
c. tricophyton
d. bovicola bovis
20.Foot and mouth disease affects _______.

a. adult animals only
b. calves only
c. all ages of ruminants
d. any age
2
LESSON 1: COMMON PARASITES AND DISEASES:

PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the common parasites and diseases affecting cattle
and buffaloes and the appropriate preventive and control measures against
their spread.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Common parasites and diseases of cattle and buffaloes are identified

according to standard procedures.
2. Preventive measures against parasites and diseases are employed as
recommended and according to Bureau of animal Industry
standards.
3. Common parasites and diseases of cattle ad buffaloes are controlled
according to BAI standards.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Control measure - an act of regulating or stopping infection of diseases
Disease - any abnormality in the health status of an animal which is
usually caused by pathogens
Parasite - any organism that annoys the health of another living thing
Pathogen - any disease-causing organism like fungus, virus, bacteria and
nematodes
Preventive measure - an act of suppressing the occurrence of parasites and
diseases
Common Parasites and Diseases of Cattle
The following tables(Tables 1, 2, and 3) present the common parasites and

diseases of cattle with their respective characteristics, preventive and control
measures.
Table1. Common Parasites of Livestock
2
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Parasites Cause Clinical Signs Control/Treatment

Cattle Scab, Sarcoptes Most severe, affects regions of Spray or dip with 1%
Mange and the body where the hair is thin Lindane or Neguvon,
Itch Pyrethroids,Avermectin
Psoroptes Most common, lives on skin injection
where the hair is thick.
Skin inflammation, eruptions
and crust formation
Chorioptes Occasional, affects the skin
between the udder, scrotum
and thighs
Pediculosis Haematopinus Infests the neck, shoulder,

Dust, dip or spray with
spp. withers, heads and around the
OP compound or
(Sucking Louse) tail. Itchiness and scratching or
chlorinated
rubbing into objects,
hydrocarbon,
Bovicola bovis unthriftiness
Pyrethroids
(Biting Louse)
Myiasis Two Groups: Larvae easily seen infesting Clean wound, apply fly
infestation by Flesh Flies and wounds (after castration, repellents
Dipterous Blow Flies dehorning) and wire cuts
(Maggots causing irritation and bleeding
Larvae) Obligatory Bot
Flies and Warble
Flies
Tick Fever Boophilus Tick on the body with Dust, spray or dip with
micriplus encrustation acaricides
Fly Worry Horn fly( Blood- Around the base of the horns, Spray or dip with
sucking) back, shoulder, withers all over insecticides
the stable and also the body of
the animals.
Irritation
Ringworm Fungus, Usual areas affected are around Isolate and thorough
Tricophyton the ears, eyes sides and neck or cleaning of lesions;
spp. root of tail; infected wound apply tincture of iodine
patched gradually increase in 5-7 days
size.
3
INTERNAL PARASITES
Parasites Cause Clinical Signs Control/Treatment

Liver fluke Fasciola gigantica Chronic in nature; wasting Control snails, good
Infection Fasciola hepatica type(gradual loss of condition, drainage, fence stagnant
Liver rot or loss of weight, anemia );eggs water, use of flukecide
Fasciolosis in the feces;chronic diarrhea
Lungworm Dictyocaulus spp. Respiratory distress,
Infestation (more common in coughing, loss of weight,
(Hush or young calves) stunting, diarrhea, larvae in
Parasitic feces
bronchitis)
Stomach and Stomach and Progressive loss of weight, Good pasture
Intestinal intestinal nematodes loss of condition, stunted management, use broad
Parasitism and cestodes growth, pot belliedness, spectrum anthelmintics
amaciation, anemia, diarrhea, Good pasture management
edema of the jaw
Table2. Common viral and arthropod-borne diseases of cattle

Age Group Transmission Clinical Control/
Disease Host Cause
Affected Pattern Signs Treatment
Foot and All cloven- All ages Virus-of Direct Blister and Vaccination,
Mouth footed the seven contact, vesicles in hygiene,
Disease animals known ingestion of the feet topical
including serotypes contaminated mouth and application of
human only 3(A,O materials teats, strong
being and C) salivation antiseptics,
exist in the and antibiotic
country lameness injection
Rabies All All ages, Virus Dog bites(also Hyper Vaccination of

animals reported in through other sensitivity dogs and
including adult cattle carnivores) and cattle in
human and paralysis enzootic areas
being carabaos
Ephemeral Cattle and All ages, Virus Bites of insect Short- Control of
Fever carabaos more vectors course fever, insect vectors,
(three-day common in lameness proper
sickness) adults and management
recumbency of sick cattle
Warts Cattle All ages, Virus (host Direct Cauliflower Self limiting
more specific) contract like growth in isolated
common in contamination of head, growths,
growing neck and surgery on
cattle shoulder pedunculated
growths,
chemical
therapy,
vaccination if
it is a herd
problem
Table3. Common bacterial diseases of cattle
4
Disease Host Age Group Cause Transmission Clinical Control/
Affected Pattern signs Treatment
Hemmorrhagi Cattle, All ages Pasteurella Aerosol route Variable, Vaccination,
c Septicemia Carabaos spp. more contact commonly fever quarantine
(Buffalo (other serious in contamination and respiratory stamping out,
disease) animals) combinat-ion syndrome broad-spectrum
with virus and antibiotics
stress (early stage)
Leptospirosis Cattle, all ages Several Ingestion of Young jaundice, Vaccination,
Carabaos serotypes of urine bloody urine, regular blood test,
(including Leptospira contaminated adults variable eliminate possible
man) spp. materials, reactors, antibiotics
venereal,
transplacental
Foot Rot Cattle, More often Spherophorus Soil borne Lameness, foul Copper
(Pododermatit carabaos in adults necrophorus penetration odor in the feet, sulfate/formaline.
is) including through breaks swelling of feet foot dip, antibiotics,
small in the feet hygiene
ruminants
Tetanus All animals All ages Clostrid-ium Soil-borne Stiff gaits, Antitoxin injection,
including tetani through deep increased hygiene
man breaks in the irritability,
skin(castration rigidity of legs,
wounds) spasm
Genital Cattle, Adults Camphylo- Natural Repeat breeding, Quarantine,
Camphylobac carabaos bacter fetus breeding early abortion antibiotic injection
teriosis (Venereal) cull infected bulls
Anthrax All animals All ages Bacillus Soil-borne Very sudden with Proper disposal of
including anthracis ingestion of a death animal on cadavers,
man. Highly spores biting pasture, with Vaccination,
fatal in flies and other bloody discharges quarantine,
goats, cattle insects in body openings, massive antibiotic
and sheep extreme bloating injection in very
early stage
Blackleg carabaos Most Chlostrid-ium Soil-borne, Very sudden with Vaccination,
including common to chauvei ingestion dead bloated Quarantine
other 2-4 years through breaks animals. procedures, hygiene
ruminants old in the skin pronounced
swelling of
shoulders, thighs,
marked
lameness,
crackling sound
on pressure
Bovine All animals More Mycobacteriu Inhalation, Chronic Regular tuberculin
Tuberculosis including common in m bovis ingestion character, slow test, eliminate
human adults and (contamination) progressive, loss possible reactors,
in housed of condition, sanitation
animals emaciation with
respiratory signs
Colibacillosis Cattle More oftern Escherichia Ingestion direct Yellowish-white Vaccination,
(Scours) Carabao in calves coli contract foul smelling hygiene, isolation,
feces, respiratory antibiotic injection
signs
Johne’s cattle All ages Mycobacterium Contaminated Wasting diarrhea Incurable, improved
Disease carabao, common in paratuberculosis feeds, water, hygiene
(Paratubercul goats, sheep below 2 milk
osis) years old
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

5
Preventive Measures against Parasites and Diseases
 Strict Quarantine Program

This practice includes disinfection of vehicles, individuals and
animals; immediate isolation of sick animals to break the cycle of the
disease; proper disposal of wastes or dead animals and other
contaminated materials and rigid inspection of newly acquired animals.
 Early Diagnosis of Disease
This principle is very important in any veterinary medical program.
Most often, cattle raisers find it hard to detect the presence of infection in
its early stage. Indigenous animals have an inherent degree of resistance
to some infections, showing no clinical manifestations until the advanced
stage of the disease. A regular thorough clinical inspection is a must
especially in 100 to 200 multiple herd.
 Sanitation
Sanitation is considered the core of the health program. No drug
can substitute for proper hygienic measures. This involves cleaning and
disinfection of tools, materials, equipment, facilities and housing including
its premises.
 Good Recording System
A lifetime health record should be kept for each animal. This will
serve as basis for culling, performance of animal and especially the herd
health status. Changing of ineffective management procedure can be done
using the records as basis.
 Provision of Physical Facilities
Handling chutes and isolation corrals for cattle are necessary to
facilitate easier work-up with the animals. They lessen stress for follow-up
therapies and implementation of mass vaccination and deworming
programs.
 Judicious Use of Drugs and Biologicals
A rule-of-thumb for drug usage is to strictly follow veterinary
prescriptions and dosage rates. In using biologicals, always consider the
recommendation on the label.
LET US REMEMBER
Disease Prevention and Control for Cattle

Preventing and controlling parasites and diseases do not only promote
good health status of the herd but in the long run make the project more feasible
with lesser problems in production providing therefore greater satisfaction on the
part of the herd raiser.
Monitoring your livestock and following good farming practices are the
best ways to reduce the risk of disease among your cattle. You can find out
more about measures to prevent disease on your farm in our section on
controlling disease.
6
Buying, Registering, Identifying and Moving Cattle
There are rules which you must follow for registering cattle, and when
moving them. These procedures make it easier to trace and identify infected
animals in the event of a disease outbreak. For more information, see our
guide on cattle identification, registration and movement.
When restocking your herd, you should:

 consult your veterinarian to help you develop a plan for evaluating
prospective purchases
 buy health scheme animals - whenever possible - that have been certified
as free of specific diseases
 recognize the risks in buying older animals
Biosecurity and Hygiene
 Good biosecurity is a vital part of keeping disease away from your

animals. This will also protect the health of your workers and any
members of the public who may visit your farm. Your general biosecurity
measures should include:
 restricting and controlling movements of people, vehicles and
equipment into areas where your cattle are kept
 cleaning and disinfecting equipment, vehicles, protective clothing
and footwear before and after contact with farm animals
The presence of a disease may not always be apparent - particularly in

the early stages - so the measures above need to be part of your routine.
Health and Welfare Programs
You should seek veterinary and technical advice to create a written

health and welfare program for your cattle. This should be reviewed and
updated annually. As a minimum, it should include your :
 vaccination policy and timing
 parasite control procedures - internal and external
Drugs are useful for preventing disease in cattle, but you must use them
responsibly and record all usage. See the pages in this guide on hormonal
treatments and antibiotics for cattle and cattle inspections and record keeping.
7
Self-Check
I. Select the best answer by writing only the letter of your answer in your
notebook.

parasites is refers to _______.
a. control measure
2. Any organism annoying the health of another living organism is called

_______.
a. host
b. parasite
c. disease
d. microorganism

with thin hairs?
a. cattle mange
b. pediculosis
c. tick fever
d. fly worry

a. tick fever
b. ringworm
c. pediculosis
d. fly worry

a. Intestinal nematode
b. Fasciola hepatica
c. Pediculosis
d. Dictyocaulus spp.

a. dusting
b. dipping
c. good pasture management
d. spraying
7. This disease is transmitted through direct contact and can be

controlled by isolation, chemical therapy and vaccination if it is a herd
problem.
a. warts
b. rabies
c. foot and mouth disease
d. brucellosis
8
8. This is a viral disease infecting all cloven-footed animals including
human, transmitted through direct contact with blisters on the feet,
mouth and teats accompanied by salivation and lameness.
a. foot and mouth disease
b. brucellosis
c. rabies
d. tetanus
9. What is a viral disease that could be transmitted through dog bites

with signs of hypersensitivity and paralysis?
a. rabies
b. tetanus
c. foot and mouth disease
d. anthrax
10.Which of the following diseases is characterized by bloody discharge in

a. foot and mouth disease
b. tetanus
c. anthrax
d. rabies
2
ACTIVITY SHEET 5.1
Activity 1
Classify the following diseases by putting a check mark on the column they
belong.
Suggested Table for Activity 1

External Internal Viral Bacterial
Disease
Parasite Parasite Disease Disease
1. Rabies
2. Pediculosis
3. Leptospirosis
4. Anthrax
5. Foot & Mouth Disease
6. Cattle Mange
7. Blackleg
8. Lungworm
9. Liver fluke
10. Warts
Activity 2
Proceed to the cattle project. Observe the health status of the herd for
possible abnormalities or parasite infestation and disease infection. Get samples
of parasites and identify them basing on what you have learned earlier then
recommend possible control measures. Perform the necessary treatment using
the recommended biologicals. You will be rated as follows:
Suggested rating sheet for biological administration

Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
(%) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Used appropriate biologicals 30%
2. Administered required dosage 30%
3. Used proper procedures
30%
4. Speed 10%
TOTAL 100%
3
Activity 3
Proceed to the municipality's slaughter house. Do the following:
a. Gather parasites (External and Internal) preserve them in bottles, label

them with their names, characteristics, clinical signs and how to prevent
and control their occurrence.
b. If there are sick animals in the locality, determine the kind of disease
based on what you have learned. Apply the necessary handling methods
regarding sick animals.
Suggested rating sheet for Activity 3

STUDE NTS
CRITERI A Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Reliability of specimens 40%
2. Number of specimens Collected 35%
3. Preserving Techniques 25%
TOTAL 100%
RESOURCES:
Actual specimens (external and internal) parasites

Preserving materials
Disinfectants/ biologics
Knapsack Sprayer
Learning Guide/ Modules
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,

PCARRD, Los Baňos, Laguna, 1994
4
LESSON 2: IMMUNIZATION/MEDICATION PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with immunization and medication program to cattle.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Kinds of vaccines are discussed.

2. Rules in handling vaccines are strictly followed according to the
Bureau of Animal Industry standards.
3. Procedures in vaccination are performed according to the expert’s
recommendation and BAI standards.
4. Effects of vaccines and vaccination are discussed.
5. Immunization program is undertaken as required.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Immunization - the process of administering biologicals to animals so

as to temporarily or permanently enable them to resist disease
Intramuscular - administering biologicals directly into the muscle of
the animals
Intranasal - administering biologicals through the nose of the animal
Vaccination -the act of administering vaccines
Vaccines - biologicals used to increase resistance of animals against
diseases.
Vaccines and Vaccination
Vaccines products contain high numbers of modified (live) or inactivated

(killed) organisms or sub-units (portions) or inactivated toxins (waste products) of
organisms known to cause or prevent a particular disease. A vaccine containing
inactivated toxins is called toxoids while a vaccine containing killed bacteria is
called bacterin.
Vaccination involves exposing an animal to an antigen derived from an
infections agent so that an immune response is stimulated and the animals
acquire resistance to that infectious agent before natural infection occurs.
There are relative advantages and disadvantages of vaccines. Two of the
prerequisites of an ideal vaccine; high antigenicity and the absence of adverse
side effects, tend to be mutually incompatible. Vaccines containing viable
infections agents stimulate the best immune response but have the potential to
produce disease because of residual virulence, whereas the antigens in killed
vaccines may be relatively poor immunogens but are usually much safer.
5
Two Kinds of Vaccines
1. Non-infectious vaccines ( killed vaccine)
These are vaccines that are unable to infect and replicate. They are
usually much safer for cattle than live vaccines but may be weaker in their
ability to stimulate an immune response. These vaccines are appropriate for
pregnant cows and calves nursing on pregnant cows. Non-infectious vaccines
include killed vaccines, bacterins, and toxoids, leukotoxoids, and chemically
altered body temperature sensitive, modified live vaccines that are injected
intramuscularly. The advantages of killed vaccines are that they are unlikely to
causes diseases of residual virulence or reversion and storage stability. To be
effective, 2 doses of non-infectious vaccines are administered at a 2-to 4-week
interval as follows:
First Vaccination:
Priming: A sensitizing dose providing no protection or low protection for 1-

4 months
Second Vaccination:
Required booster dose = recommended within 2 to 4 weeks but acceptable

within 4 months after the first dose. Immunity following the second dose
lasts from 6 to 12 months. To maintain immunity, the vaccinated animal
should receive a semi-annual or annual booster, depending on the stage and
risk of disease.
2. Infectious Vaccine ( live vaccine )
The virulence of an organism in a live vaccine is modified or reduced so as

that it can no longer cause disease, but is able to infect or replicate. The
advantages of live vaccines includes the following: strong and long- lasting
immunity; few inoculating dose required; convenient as they can be given by
nonparenteral routes; less chance of hypersensitivity; and viral vaccines may
stimulate interferon production. Some live vaccines possess the ability to revert
to a virulent organism and spread disease to unvaccinated cattle. Generally,
infectious vaccines are not effective when administered after a non-infectious
vaccine. However, infectious vaccines may give properly vaccinated cattle
immunity for life. Immunity of vaccinated cattle can be ensured by administering
non-infectious vaccine booster every year or an infectious vaccine for every 3
years.
Handling Vaccines
Vaccines are perishable products. Extra care and precaution are necessary
in their proper use. All vaccines should be refrigerated. Remove only briefly for
dose measurement and administration. Do not expose vaccines to direct or
indirect sunlight for any extended period of time. Observe sanitary measures
must be practiced to ensure that the vaccine is free from contaminants. When
handling a live vaccine, do not use chemicals to disinfect syringes, needles, skin
or vaccine vials. The unused portion of a vial of vaccine should be properly
discarded and not stored for a later use.
6
Guidelines for Vaccination and Use of Vaccines
The following guidelines should be observed at all times:
1. Vaccinate only healthy animals. Delay vaccination of sick ones until they
fully recover.
2. Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather.
3. Avoid stress on the animals during vaccination. In stressed animals, wait
when they are relaxed/ calm.
4. Do not buy or use expired vaccines and those with broken seals. Always
check expiration dates and read label of instruction. Check contents for
any signs of damage like discoloration, moldy growth, and the like.
5. Store vaccines in refrigerator or at cold temperature (2-7 ⁰C).
6. Transport vaccines in the ice chest or covered plastic/ Styrofoam
container packed with ice. Do not place vaccine in your pocket.
7. In transporting vaccines, place them in a plastic bag with cracked/ cubed
ice. Preferably place the bag in a bigger bag packed with cracked/cubed
ice and put the bag in a covered plastic container or any appropriate
container.
8. Prepare sterilized syringes and needles in advance. Sterilized them only by
boiling for at least 15 minutes. Do not use chemical disinfectant.
9. Clean and wipe, and dry the surface of the rubber stopper of the vaccine
vials/bottles with sterile absorbent cotton before inserting needles.
10.Use only approved diluents for vaccines. Preferably use the one that comes
with the vaccine. Mix diluents with vaccines only when ready for use.
Avoid more than one hour interval in mixing to actual use of the vaccine.
11.Use the recommended route of administration. Subcutaneous (SQ)
vaccines are administered under the skin in the side of the neck in front of
the shoulder. Intramuscular (IM) vaccines are injected deeply in the
muscles in the side of the neck in front of the shoulder. Intranasal (IN)
vaccines are introduced in the nasal passage of the animal.
12.Dispose and burn the unused vaccine container and the unused portion
unless it will be used within an hour from time of reconstitution. In case of
bacterins, unused portion of big quantities may be stored for a few days
provided aseptic precautions have been followed when withdrawing the
amount used.
13.Be ready against allergic reactions. Always have available epinephrine
preparation ready for use within 2-3 minutes in case of anaphylactic
shock.
14.Follow the withdrawal time recommendations for slaughter printed in the
label.
15.Young calves must be vaccinated at least twice a year because the exact
time of colostral immunity loss can not be predicted.
Immunization Program
A vaccination schedule must be properly planned to prevent outbreak of

disease in the area. It must be a continuing process blending with the other
management practices to minimize labor use and avoid undue stress to the
animals. Table 2 presents the suggested immunization program in cattle raising.
7
Table1. Suggested immunization schedule
Period Particulars Remarks
A. Cow-calf operation under the range/grazing management
Evaluate breeding record. Cull unproductive animals.
Conduct rectal examination for genital Segregate animals with genital
normalcy and pregnancy. abnormalities.
Test the bulls for fertility. Precautionary measures to serve
as guides in prevention and
control
Prebreeding Test all breedable animals for Use Bacterin with identified
Season Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, serotypes for Leptospirosis.
(2months) Camphylobacteriosis
and Tricomonosis. Use killed vaccines for
Vaccinate for Leptospirosis and Brucellosis.
Brucellosis in areas where they are
known to be enzootic. If necessary, use broad-spectrum
Detick and deworm all breeding anthelmintics.
animals. In endemic areas
Vaccinate for FMD and Hemorrhagic
septicaemia. In endemic areas
Vaccinate for Blackleg and Anthrax in
areas where they exist.
Administer Vitamins A, D,E injection. Vitamin supplementation
Breeding Detick once a month. If necessary

Season Observe the animals for physical Prompt treatment to ensure early
injuries healing of injuries and hasten
recovery
Administer GI parasite control on a Control chemical parasitism

selective basis (1 month after a
heavy rain)
Time vaccination and selective To reduce stress and protect
deworming during the monthly animals from infection
inventory.
Two months Administer vitamins A,D,E injection. Supplementation
before calving Vaccinate with Clostridium pertringen To prevent enterotoxemia
types B, C and D toxoids(if enzootic
in the region)
Closely monitor for parturition problems To prevent mortalities
(Dystocia, abnormal discharges, etc)
Calves at 1-30 Apply antiseptic to the navel. To prevent navel infection

days of age Make certain that the calf has suckled Calf will acquire protective
colostrum within 6 hours after birth. antibodies from the
mother
Examine for abnormalities. To ensure early return of the
mother to estrus
Examine for postpartum infection. To prevent toxocarosis
Deworm at 14 days of age.
Postpartum Tag/ear tattoo and dehorn at 7 days old To identify calves and dehorn
period (Equiva- optional
lent to 1-6 Periodically check feces for parasitic Use appropriate dewormer
months) load and deworm 2-3 months based
on fecal analysis
8
B. Backyard Cattle Farming or a Small Cow-Calf Operation, or Fattening or
Commercial Feedlot Operation Immunization Schedules
Preconditioning Vaccinate against FMD and To prevent infection
at source (2-4 Hemmorrhagic septicaemia.
weeks before Inject vitamins A, D, E. Optional
transport)
Good nutrition To prevent spread of these
parasites to the other areas
During Provide enough feeds and water. To minimize stress
transport Observe the conditions of the animals To prevent injuries
occasionally.
Arrival at the Observe the clinical manifestations of Early diagnosis to prevent
farm the disease. infection
quarantine
period (first 300 Treat for specific disorder noted of the Isolate
days) disease.
Observe proper care and management. Build resistance
Revaccinate against FMD and Simultaneous vaccination
Hemmorrhagic septicaemia.
Detick and deworm (periodic check-up). To control endo and ectoparasites
Castrate all undesirable males. Save the best bull calf based on
records
Vaccinate against Brucellosis and All heifers and calves
Leptospirosis (if enzootic in the
region).
Check for scouring and respiratory To ensure that cows are in
infections. healthy reproductive condition
Return cows to the breeding herd after
genital inspection.
Blood test for Brucellosis and
Leptospirosis.
Weaning period Vaccinate against FMD and Simultaneous vaccination can be

Hemmorrhagic septicemia 2-3 weeks done
before or after weaning.
Revaccinate against Leptospirosis 1-2
months after weaning.
Source: The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production,1994, PCARRD, Los Banos,
Laguna
Important Reminders in Implementing the Immunization Program:
 Thoroughly clean and disinfect trucks when transporting the animals.

Provide beddings and avoid overcrowding.
 Weak animals upon arrival should be given restoratives and antibacterial
drugs.
 Avoid sudden change in the feeding system. Concentrates must be
increased gradually to avoid occurrence of rumenitis, scouring and
bloating.
 Animals affected by a disease should be removed from the feedlot
immediately, isolated and treated.
 Feed additives and feed supplements should be added to the ration as
needed
 Vaccinate animals against Anthrax, Blackleg and enterotoxaemia in
regions where the disease exists.
9
 Revaccinate against hemorrhagic septicemia in regions where it has been
occasionally reported and twice a year in known enzootic regions. It is
recommended that revaccination should be timed prior to change of
climate
 Strategic deworming of animals in the herd (one month after a heavy rain)
is recommended. In liver fluke enzootic areas, give flukecide every after
three months.
 Provide mineral supplements (loose o block) free choice to prevent mineral
deficiencies.
Table2. Effects of vaccines and vaccination

Vaccines and Vaccination Vaccines and Vaccination
CAN CANNOT
1. Raise the resistance to infectious agents 1. Provide effective resistance in 100% of the
and should be considered as another tool to animals vaccinated.
control, prevent and eradicate livestock
diseases. 2. Provide immunity unless the producer
reads and follows directions (e.g. give 2 shots
2. Replicate and can cause disease especially 3 weeks apart, booster annually, keep
if vaccines are contaminated, if the infectious refrigerated, do not expose to sunlight)
agent is not completely inactivated or
effectively modified. 3. Provide effective resistance in very young
animals especially if high levels of passive
3. Undergo genetic change resulting in the immunity derived from colostrum are
existence of altered serotypes or form of virus present.
that could cause disease.
4. Provide effective resistance if given to
4. Be effective if the timing of vaccination stressed animals.
occurs just before the disease challenge and
the vaccine has enough time to stimulate the 5. Provide immunity and prevent disease if
immune system. given to an animal that is already incubating
a disease.
5. Interfere with conception if given to
breeding animals within 4-8 weeks of 6. Be used to treat diseases.
breeding.
7. Be effective unless the producer has
6. Cause abortion if given to pregnant developed biosecurity measures and sound
animals. management practices to maintain the health
and viability of the herd.
7. Cause adverse reactions, suppress the
immune system.
8. Be expensive and producers must evaluate

the cost benefit before instituting a
vaccination program.
10
LET US REMEMBER
Vaccines are either live or killed organisms that are introduced to the body to
develop immunity of animals against diseases. Once vaccines are not handled well they
can cause disease outbreak that would give serious problem to the cattle herd.
Therefore, it is a must that vaccines should be used with utmost care or better still
seek assistance of an expert technician to administer such.
Please remember that a vaccination is not a simple process that automatically

produces immunity. There are many reasons that vaccines can fail as noted below. You
can minimize the chance of vaccine failure by carefully handling and administering the
product:
 Keep vaccines refrigerated (not frozen).
 Keep vaccine out of direct sunlight.
 Be sure to use vaccines before expiration date.
 Vaccinate healthy animals, avoid vaccination of stressed livestock.
 Follow all label directions on proper routes of administration and injection site
selection.
 Follow all label directions on vaccination of pregnant animals, and age of animals
at vaccination.
 In addition, it may be necessary to administer booster injections if indicated on the
label directions.
Vaccines can fail for a variety of reasons:
 Failure of the animal to respond. A certain percentage of animals will not

respond and build an immune response to a vaccination. This is more likely in
stressed or debilitated animals.
 Insufficient resistance if the animal is faced with overwhelming exposure.
 For younger animals there are blocking maternal antibodies (from colostrums)
present that interfere with the ability of the animal to build immunity. This is
the result of vaccinating animals that are too young, FOLLOW ALL LABEL
DIRECTIONS.
 There is a lag time of up to three to four weeks before sufficient immunity can
develop in a properly vaccinated animal.
 A booster dose is not given to generate an adequate immune response. This is
applicable on vaccines with label recommendations that specifically recommend
a booster. FOLLOW ALL LABEL DIRECTIONS.
 Improper handling of the vaccine includes exposing to sunlight, improper storage
temperature or mixing problems. This the most common cause of vaccine
failure.
Self-Check
I. Read carefully. Select the best answer and write only the letter of your
answers in your notebook.

a. cause disease
b. combat infection
c. develop immunity
11
2. Vaccines containing inactivated toxins are called _______.
a. toxoids
b. bacterin
c. killed vaccines
d. live vaccines
3. All are examples of non-infectious vaccines except _______.

a. toxoid
b. bacterin
c. killed vaccines
d. live vaccines
4. Generally, infectious vaccines are effective when introduced after non-

infectious vaccines. However, it can provide immunity for _______.
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 2 years
d. life
5. Which is the best place to store vaccines?

a. freezer
b. refrigerator
c. cabinet
d. storage room
6. Which animals are to be vaccinated?

a. sick animals
b. stress animals
d. healthy animals
7. Which of the guidelines will not consider when administering vaccines?

a. Use recommended route of administration.
b. Use expired vaccines.
c. Follow withdrawal time recommendation.
d. Follow directions well.
8. Subcutaneous injection is done _______.

a. under the skin, side of neck, in front of shoulder
b. under the skin, side of neck, back of shoulder
c. under the skin, top of neck, in front of shoulder
d. under the skin, top of neck, back of shoulder
9. Due to unpredictable colostral immunity, calves must be vaccinated at

least _______.
a. once a year
b. twice a year
c. thrice a year
d. anytime
10. How many months should animals be dewormed after a heavy rain?
a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months
2
ACTIVITY SHEET 5.2
Proceed to the cattle project. Observe the herd giving attention on their
health status. Basing on your lesson on immunization, develop a sound
immunization program for your stock considering the different age groups of the
animals. Recommend and administer appropriate biologicals or vaccines with
utmost care for this purpose. You will be rated as follows:
Table3. Suggested rating sheet in administering biologicals
Rating STUDENTS
CRITERIA
(%)
1 2 3 4 5
1. Used appropriate drugs/biologicals 30
2. Administered required dose 20
3. Administered on right routes 25
4. Observed timing of administration 15
5. Used appropriate PPE, tools and materials 10
TOTAL 100%
RESOURCES:
Cattle herd/animals
Vaccines and biologics/Dew ormers
Learning Guides/modules
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD, Los

Banos, Laguna, 1994
Internet Clippings
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=108
2249006&type=RESOURCES
1
Pre-Test
II. Read carefully. Select the best answer. Write only the letter the correct
answer in your notebook.
1. These are biological used to increase resistance of animals against

diseases.
a. vaccines
b. drugs
c. antibiotics
d. anthelmintics

parasites is called_________.
a. control measure

with thin hairs?
a. mange
b. pediculosis
c. tick fever
d. fly worry

a. tick fever
b. ringworm
c. pediculosis
d. fly worry

a. internal nematode c. Fasciola gigantica
b. Fasciola hepatica d. Dictyocaulus spp

a. dusting
b. dipping
c. spraying
d. good pasture management
7. What is a viral disease that could be transmitted through dog bites with
signs of hypersensitivity and paralysis?
a. foot and Mouth Disease
b. rabies
c. tetanus
d. brucellosis
2
8. Which of the following diseases is characterized by bloody discharge in
a. rabies
b. FMD
c. tetanus
d. anthrax

a. cause disease
b. combat infection
c. increase immunity
10.Vaccines containing inactivated toxins are called _______.

a. toxoids
b. bacterins
c. live vaccines
d. killed vaccines
11.Which is the best place to store vaccines?

a. freezer
b. refrigerator
c. cabinet
d. storage room
12.Which animals are to be vaccinated?

a. sick animals
b. stress animals
d. healthy animals
13.Due to unpredictable colostral immunity, calves must be vaccinated at

least _______.
a. once a year
b. twice a year
c. thrice per year
d. anytime of the year
14.How many months should animals be dewormed after a heavy rainfall?

a. 1 month
b. 2 months
c. 3 months
d. 4 months
15.Any organism annoying the health of another living thing is called

_______.
a. host
b. parasite
c. disease
d. micro organism
16.These are referred to as disease-causing organisms.

a. pathogens
b. hosts
2
c. parasites
d. pests
17.Which is an example of an internal parasite?

a. ringworm
b. mange
c. fluke worm
d. horn fly
18.Fasciola gigantica and hepatica are the causal organisms of the disease
called _______.
a. liver fluke
b. hush
c. tick fever
d. pediculosis
19.Which of the following is an example of a blood-sucking parasite?

a. horn fly
b. fasciola gigantica
c. tricophyton
d. bovicola bovis
20.Foot and mouth disease affects _______.

a. adult animals only
b. calves only
c. all ages of ruminants
d. any age
2
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH YEAR
Module No. 6 Module Title: UPDATING AND KEEPING RECORDS OF

DATA GATHERED
MODULE 6

BUFFALOES)
MODULE TITLE : ANALYZING RECORDS
MODULE INTRODUCTION

keeping accurate and up-to-date records in raising large ruminants.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
1. gather and record data accurately.

2. keep essential records of large ruminant production.
3. analyze farm records of large ruminant production.
4. analyze economic viability of the project.
Pre-Test
I. Read carefully and select the best answer. Write only the letter of the
correct answer in your answer notebook.
1. Which management practice is important in decision-making that is

usually accounted for the success or failure of the farm enterprise?
a. record keeping
b. analysis of data
c. data gathering
d. cost and return analysis
2. Which of the following is not included in the production record of a cattle

project?
a. interest on capital
b. age
c. weight
d. blood composition
3. Which record includes the date of kidding, date of service and buck used,
pregnancy diagnosis with specific diagnosis and expected kidding date,
estrus period, birth type (single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval?
a. Herd health and disease control records
b. production record
c. reproduction/ breeding record
d. feed record
1
4. Which of the following is written account or other permanent form
serving as a memorial or authentic evidence of a fact or event?
a. record
b. viability
c. performance
d. report
5. How to compute net income?

a. net profit minus expenses
b. gross sales minus expenses
c. gross sales minus profit
d. expenses minus gross sales
6. Which record includes observations on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis,

kidding trouble, foot rot, scours, and parasitic infestation?
d. feed record
7. Which record includes the amount and kind of grain, roughage or forage
feed, estimated composition of feeds, and relative cost.
d. feed record
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good record?

a. complete c. simple
b. accurate d. thorough

d. none of these
10.The capacity of the project to live and develop normally

a. record c. viability
b. performance d. receipt
2
II. Proceed to the cattle project and gather the following data:
Breeders
Number of Cows ____________ Average Weight (kg) _________
Number of Bulls ____________ Average Height (m) _________
Number of Pregnant Cows ______
Yearlings, Heifers & Steers

Number of Yearlings ____________ Average Weight (kg) _________
Number of Heifers & Steers______ Average Height (m)_______
Calves
Number of Calves ______ Average Weight (kg)_______
Others
Feed Consumption __________________
Biologicals Used (drugs and medicines) __________________
Honorarium of Caretaker ___________________
Estimated Cost of Housing and Equipment __________________
2
LESSON 1: KEEPING ESSENTIAL RECORDS FOR

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the importance of keeping farm records.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Different farm records are enumerated.

2. Essential data needed in accomplishing farm records are collated as
required.
3. Different farms records are accomplished according to standard
procedures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Record –an account in written or other permanent form serving as a
memorial or authentic evidence of a fact or event
Viability – the capacity of a project to live and develop normally
Pedigree –parents and grandparents of animals
Progeny – offspring or calves
Record Keeping
These management practices are very important since most decisions in

the farm are based on records. Record keeping usually account for the success
or failure of the farm enterprise.
Records should always be simple, complete and accurate.
Types of Records to be kept:
 Production records. These may be growth records or lactation records.

Growth records include date of birth, birth weight, weight at three and
eight months old, average daily gain (ADG), and mortality. Lactation
records include records of amount of daily, weekly, or monthly milk and
fat production of individual does; number of days on milk; other
information such as permanent identification of doe’s date of birth; her
sire and dam; number and sex of kids; and dry dates.
 Reproduction and/or breeding records. Included in these are the date
of kidding, date of service and buck used, pregnancy diagnosis with
specific diagnosis and expected kidding date, estrus period, birth type
(single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval.
 Herd health and disease control records. These include observations
on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis, kidding trouble, foot rot, scours,
and parasitic infestation. Also included are date and frequency of
treatment and vaccination given.
3
 Feed records. Included in these are amount and kind of grain, roughage
or forage fed, estimated composition of feeds, and relative cost.
 Others. Herd inventory record, daily increase or decrease of animal
numbers in herd, pasture production, harvesting, or rotation period,
animal dispersal record, monthly weights of animals in herd, personnel
services record, and expenses records.
SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL RECORD
Animal No. or name: __________ Date of Birth: ____________________

Bull: __________________________ Birth weight (kg): _________________
Cow: __________________________ Color: ___________________________
Sex: __________________________ Littermates: ______________________
______Single
______Twins
______Triplets
Method of Disposal ____________ Market Weight (Kg)__________
Date of Date of Calf Birth Milk Lact. Ave. Remarks

Breeding Calving No. Weight Prod. Days Prod.
Bull
and
Sex
A Sample of Lactation Record
Form1. INDIVIDUAL LIFETIME DAIRY CATTLE RECORD SUMMARY
Cow No.:_____________ Breed :______________ Date of Birth:____________

Date of Disposal:_______________ Reasons of Disposal:_______________
PRODUCTION RECORD OF COW

Age Total Actual Production
Lactation Date of Days
YR. Date Dry
No. Calving in milk Milk (litres) % Fat
Mo.
Remarks About the Cow BREEDING AND KIDDING INFORMATION ON COW
Mature Non Breeding dates Date

body Date Date Calf
wt. serv Concei
ved
Bull
Due Calved
Sex
No.
Disposal
____ ice
4
Days of heat
Milking
____ date
Misc s
Bre B Bre B Bre

Bull
d ull d ull d
DAUGHTER RECORDS
Cow No.____________ Daughter No. No. Rec. Milk % Fat
Date Born __________
HEALTH RECORD
Reproductive Others
Date: ____________________
A. PRODUCTION
B. SALES/DISPOSAL
PR/INV.
No.

For the Month of ____________
5
Mode of Sale
Qty. Unit Consumer’s Cash On
Date Particulars Total
(kg) Cost Name Account
Amt. O.R. No. Amount
TOTAL _______ _______ ________
TOTAL
6
TOTAL
PROJECT INVENTORY
For the month of _____________________
Name of Project: _______________________
Balanced
Particulars Beginning Production Sales Mortality Cause of Mortality
of the
Month
7
INVENTORY OF CATTLE PROJECT
FOR THE MONTH OF______________
Beginning Ending
CLASSIFICATION Produced Sold Purchased Mortality Remarks
inventory Inventory
Breeder Bull
Breeder Bull
Heifer
Steer
Yearling (Male)
Yearling
(Female)
TOTAL
SPECIAL CARE PROGRAM (Endoparasite Control)

Date: ________________________
Classes Name of Anthelmint Route of Date of

of Animal Parasite ic Administrat Administration
Reactions Remarks
Administer ion
ed
8
MEDICATION PROGRAM
Date: _______________
Classes Name
Medicines Route of Date of
of of Reactions Remarks
Administered Administration Administration
Animal Disease
LET US REMEMBER
Record keeping is an indispensable management tool in evaluating

production, farm input and output and the overall efficiency of the goat raising
enterprise. All records are useless unless critically-analyzed and properly
interpreted. It should be remembered that records are the key to an efficient
management of any enterprise.
Self-Check
Read and answer the following test items and write the letter of your choice in
your activity notebook.
a. a. sales report c. production record

b. b. individual record d. record of inventory
2. When preparing an inventory report, you should always start on _______.

a. 1st day of the month c. 3rd week of the month
b. 2 week of the month d. 4 week of the month
nd th
9

d. none of these
4. What is the importance of preparing the special care program in the

production?
a. to prevent the incidence of internal and external parasites

d. none of these
5. Which record reflects all inputs of the project?
a. a. records of expenses c. sales record

b. b. inventory d. individual record
10
ACTIVITY SHEET 6.1
Using the previous forms of records discussed, use the following data to fill up
the record of expenses and sales report. Analyze your record and determine
whether your project is gaining or losing.
Assumptions:
Cost of labor – P5, 000.00
Cost of biologics – P850.00
Cost of feedstuffs:
a. rice bran – P7.00/kg
b. ground corn – P12.00/kg
c. soy bean oil meal – P24.00/kg
d. copra meal – P15.00
e. salt – P20.00
Sales of 20 heads of goats at P1, 500.00 per head
RESOURCES:
BNAS School Project Records

Charts and Tables
REFERENCES:
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming

Training Regulation
Competency-Base Curriculum
Technology and Home Economics IV
11
LESSON 2: ANALYZING FARM RECORDS
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the importance of analyzing farm records

according to the farm standard procedures.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Accurate data are collated.

2. Record forms are accomplished as required and according to farm
standard procedures.
3. Accurate and updated records are analzed according to standards
procedures.
4. Return-on-investment is computed.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Return on is one way of considering profits in relation to capital invested
investment
Update supply with recent information needed
Analyze To study and interpret past, present and projected corporate,
economic and market information in order to make predictions
about the future.
Collate To collect, compare carefully in order to verify, and often to
integrate or arrange in order.
Keeping Records
Keeping and analyzing accurate records are very important in cattle

production, yet are often overlooked. Records should be simple and easily
understood by others especially the caretaker. However, they should include all
the necessary information such as breeding and calving dates, sales and
transfer, cost of production, herd improvement records and the like.
The following are some of the approved practices in record keeping:

a. keeping records of price trends
b. keeping records of breeding dates
c. keeping records of calving dates
d. using an effective identification system
e. keeping weight records
f. keeping a proper journal (Expense & Receipts)
g. determining cost of production
h. keeping records of sales, transfer and pedigrees
i. analyzing records
12
Analyzing Records
At the end of the year, a careful analysis of the entire operation of the
project should be made to see the results for further analysis and improvement
of the operation. If records are not analyzed, there is practically no reason for
going to the trouble of keeping them.
The following are some of the results that should be summarized:
1. Determine the percentage of calf crop.

2. Determine the percentage of producing a kilo of beef.
3. Determine the average weight of calves at weaning.
4. Determine the average price received per head for breeding stock, and
average price received per kilo of fat or feeder cattle.
5. Determine the average rate of gain for feeder cattle.
6. Determine the number of kilo of beef produced per hectare of farm or
pasture.
7. Determine the net profit for the cattle enterprise.
8. Determine percent death loss.
9. Determine the value of expense in producing goods and services.
10. Determine the amount of labor.
11. Determine the value of beginning and closing inventory.
12. Determine the percentage of miscellaneous expenses such as
veterinary supplies, transportation, etc.
Probably no producer could figure all of these items, but will determine
as many as may have a direct bearing on his particular herd.
Simple Budgetary Estimate of Five (5) Heads Cattle Feedlot Fattening
Basic Assumptions
Type of animal - graded
Initial age - 1.5 to 2 years
Average/initial weight - 150 kg
Average Final Weight - 240 kg
Price per kilo of beef - P160.00
Average daily gain - 0.5 kg/day
Feeding Period - 180 days
Feeding Assumption
Roughage: Fresh grasses
say: 10 kilos/day/animal
@ P3.00/kilo P27, 000.00
Concentrate:
say: 2 kilos/day/animal
@ P15.00/day P27, 000.00
P54, 000.00
Housing:
Cogon roofing, wooden feed bunk
with loafing area, concrete
flooring (4 sq.m./animal) P12,000.00
13
Labor/Honorarium:
1 laborer @ P100.00/day P18, 000.00
Stock:
5 heads graded yearlings
@ P10, 000.00/head P50, 000.00
Certificate of Ownership
& Transfer P 5,000.00
P55, 000.00
Feed Supplements, Drugs and Other Supplies P10, 000.00
Miscellaneous P 1,000.00
TOTAL P150, 000.00
Cost and Return Analysis
The Cost and Return Analysis is the most common method of

determining the profitability of a farm business. The Net Return is also referred
to as the Net Income. Net Return is the profit from the year’s operation and
represents the return to the owner for persona1 labor, management, and equity
used in the farm.
A. Revenue:
Sales from 5 heads fatteners,

240 kg/head @ P160.00/kilo....... P192, 000.00
B. Expenses: ........................................ P150, 000.00
NET INCOME ... P 42,000.00
Net Income
ROI = Expenses x 100
P42, 000.00 x 100

= P150, 000.00
= 0.28 x 100
= 28%
14
SUGGESTED RECORD FORMS FOR A CATTLE HERD
INVENTORY OF CATTLE PROJECT

FOR THE MONTH OF______________
Beginning Ending
CLASSIFICATION Produced Sold Purchased Mortality Remarks
inventory Inventory
Breeder Bull
Breeder Cow
Heifer
Steer
Yearling (Male)
Yearling
(Female)
TOTAL
INCOME/SALES RECORD
For the Month of ____________
No. of Head Value of Cost of Net

DATE REMARKS
Disposed the animal Production Income/Loss
TOTAL
15
MORTALITY RECORD
Animal Estimated
Date Sex Age Cause of death REMARKS
No. Value
16
DAILY MILK PRODUCTION RECORD
For the Month of _______________
Animal Good Bad Milk

Date Time Amount Remarks
No. Milk (Kg) (Kg)
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
TOTAL
17
DAILY BIOLOGICS/FEED CONSUMPTION REPORT
for the Month of ___________________________
Beginning of the Month/

Daily Consumption Amount REMARKS
Date Purchases
Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate Biologics Roughage Concentrate
T O T A L
LET US REMEMBER
Timely and accurate recording provides the herdsman the necessary

information regarding the performance of animals and in the long run a very
reliable basis in determining the viability of the enterprise.
Self-Check
I. Select the best answer by writing the letter of your answer in your notebook.

a. record keeping c. gathering data
b. analysis of data d. cost and return analysis
2. Which of the following is not included in the production record of

animals?
a. interest on capital c. weight
b. age d. blood composition

a. record c. performance
b. viability d. receipt
4. The capacity of the project to live and develop normally is called ______.
a. record c. viability
b. performance d. receipt
5. The daily production data is gathered ________.

a. once a day c. thrice a day
b. twice a day d. anytime
6. When is the best time of the year to conduct gathering and analysis of
data to determine the performance of the herd?
a. beginning of the year c. third quarter
b. first quarter d. end of the year
7. Which of the following is not a part of beef animal records?

a. age c. blood composition
b. sire d. condition
8. What is the first step in weaning calves?

a. determine the body size c. brand for identification
b. determine the weight d. dehorn
9. Which of the following is not an approved practice in record keeping?

a. keeping of records of price trends
b. keeping of records of breeding dates
c. keeping weight records
d. keeping calving time
10. Which one is an example of a miscellaneous expense in cattle raising?
a. transportation c. biologicals
b. labor d. feeds
11
ACTIVITY SHEET 6.2
Basing on the initial data gathering activity, determine the status of your
herd as to its productivity and viability. Fill-up the aforementioned suggested
forms to obtain a reliable result. The result of your activity will be rated by your
teacher as follows:
Table1. Suggested Rating Sheet in determining the viability of the Project
Rating S T U D E N T S
CRITERIA %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Accuracy 40%
2. Completeness of 40%
Data
3. Posting of Data 20%
T O T A L 100%
RESOURCES
Cattle herd
Suggested forms/records
Learning Modules
Calculator
REFERENCES
The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD,

Los Banos, Laguna, 1994
The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Production,

PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, 1978 /1994
Juergenson, Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production
12
Post-Test
I. Read carefully and select the best answer. Write only the letter of the
correct answer in your answer notebook.

a. record keeping
b. analysis of data
c. data gathering
d. cost and return analysis
2. Which of the following is not included in the production record of a cattle

project?
a. interest on capital
b. age
c. weight
d. blood composition
3. Which record includes the date of kidding, date of service and buck used,
pregnancy diagnosis with specific diagnosis and expected kidding date,
estrus period, birth type (single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval?
d. feed record

a. record
b. viability
c. performance
d. report
5. How to compute net income?

a. net profit minus expenses
b. gross sales minus expenses
c. gross sales minus profit
d. expenses minus gross sales
6. Which record includes observations on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis,

kidding trouble, foot rot, scours, and parasitic infestation?
d. feed record
7. Which record includes the amount and kind of grain, roughage or forage
feed, estimated composition of feeds, and relative cost.
d. feed record
13
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good record?
a. complete
b. accurate
c. simple
d. thorough

d. none of these
10.The capacity of the project to live and develop normally

a. record
b. performance
c. viability
d. receipt
II. Proceed to the cattle project and gather the following data:
Breeders
Number of Cows ____________ Average Weight (kg) _________
Number of Bulls ____________ Average Height (m) _________
Number of Pregnant Cows ______
Yearlings, Heifers & Steers
Number of Yearlings ____________ Average Weight (kg) _________
Number of Heifers & Steers______ Average Height (m) _________
Calves
Number of Calves ____________ Average Weight (kg)_________
Others
Feed Consumption _________________________________________
Biologicals Used (drugs and medicines) ________________________
Honorarium of Caretaker ____________________________________
Estimated Cost of Housing and Equipment ____________________
12
12

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Republic of the Philippines

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING AND MANAGING

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. identify different breeds for specific breeding objectives.

3.Which breed has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg

7.Which of the following choices is the average heat of a doe?

8.Which of following is NOT a sign of heat?

9.The period from conception to kidding is called ______.

10.What is the average gestation period of goats?

11.The process of mating a native or unimproved parent with an improved

12.It is the mating of purebred buck to purebred doe.

13.It is the mating of two different breeds.

14.The heat duration of a doe is ______.

LESSON 1: DIFFERENT BREEDS FOR SPECIFIC BREEDING

This lesson deals with the identification of different breeds of small

1. Breeds of goat commonly raised in the Philippines are identified.

 Meat type- intended for the production of chevon.

 Dairy type- intended for the production of milk

 Dual purpose type- raised for both meat and milk

Different Breeds of Goats and Their Characteristics

3. Philippine Goat. Small but hardy, it weighs 25 kilograms at maturity. It has

5. Upgraded. It is a cross of a purebred (Nubian, Saanen or Boer) and Philippine

6. Toggenburg. This breed originated in Switzerland. It is smaller than the

Breeding of goats aims at increasing existing population in the inventory.

2. It has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg at

3. What is the ideal body shape of doe for breeding?

5. Which of the following breed is not a dairy type?

ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1

Breed Distinguishing Type

Pictures of different breeds of goats clipped from the internet

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends

Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in Ruminant

CLSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology

DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

LESSON 2 : SELECTING SUITABLE AND SUPERIOR BREEDS

This lesson deals with identification and selection of suitable superior

1. Type and breeds of goats are distinguished based on their physical

Selection is the method used by animal raisers to make long-term genetic

Major considerations when choosing goats to be raised:

In selecting goat as breeders or replacement stocks, consider the breeding

1. Stock a. the process of choosing

Pictures of different breeds of goats clipped from the internet

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends Series

Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in Ruminant

CLSU Pamphlet on Goat Technology

DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

3.Which breed has half-drooping ears with an average weight of seventy-five kg

7.Which of the following choices is the average heat of a doe?

8.Which of following is NOT a sign of heat?

9.The period from conception to kidding is called ______.

10.What is the average gestation period of goats?

11.The process of mating a native or unimproved parent with an improved

12.It is the mating of purebred buck to purebred doe.

13.It is the mating of two different breeds.

14.The heat duration of a doe is ______.

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module No. 2 Module Title: MANAGING BREEDERS AND THEIR

QUALIFICATION TITLE : ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in

After completing this module, you should be able to: