LAB presentation

King Mongkut's Institute

of Technology Ladkrabang
Single Phase
Transformer
 SUBMITTED BY
Jaturaphat Sawangsri 63010118

Chinnachot Kraivicha 63010230

Yananthon Cherdchuthai 63010247

Electrical engineering
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Objective
1) To examine the structure and working principle of transformer
2) To examine effect of the load on efficiency and voltage
regulation
3) To examine the relationship between electrical power and
elctrcal energy
4) to examine the test to find equipvalent circuit of transformer
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Theory
1) faraday'law

2) the turn ratio

3) efficiency of transformer

4) voltage regulation

5) open circuit and short circuit

test on transformer
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What is a single phase transformer
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another through the
process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used
to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels
between circuits.

( figure 1 : structure of a (
single phase transfoemer
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Faraday's law of induction
the current flows through the coil to produce magnetic flux and
induce voltage from the primary winding to induce voltage across the
secondary winding

Due to AC supply, magnetic flux varies sinusoidally and it is given by

The relationship between the induced emf, E in the coil windings

of N turns is given by
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Faraday's law of induction

Where

= electromotiveforce of winding [V]

= the frequency [Hertz]
= the number of coil windings [turn]
= the magnetic field [Tesla]
= the area of the surface [m^2]
= Stacking Factor
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The turn ratio
The voltage ratio of an non-ideal transformer is directly
related to the turns ratio:

where

= primary voltage [v]

= secondary voltage [v]
= number of turns in the primary winding [turn]
= number of turns in the secondary winding [turn]
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Efficiency of Transformer

A transformer's output power is always slightly less than the

transformer's input power. The four main types of loss are copper
loss, eddy currents loss, hysteresis loss and flux Loss.

The ratio of a transformer's output power to its input power is known as

transformer efficiency. The effect of transformer losses is measured by
transformer efficiency

where η = Efficiency [%]

= secondary real power [w]
= primary real power [w]
= power loss [w]
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Voltage Regulation

Transformer voltage regulation is the percentage of voltage deviation

between no load and supplied resistive load condition

where

= primary voltage while connected load [v]

= primary voltage while no load [v]
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Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Test on Transformer

are performed for determining
The open circuit and short circuit test
the equivalent circuit parameters By these parameters, we can predetermine
the efficiency and regulation at any load condition.

Open circuit test

1) The test is performed at low voltage side.
2) This test is used to find core loss resisitance and
magnetizing reactance.
3) The test is performed from 0V to rated low voltage.
4) Wattmeter will give power factor for calculated.
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Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Test on Transformer
parameter for open circuit test
:
power factor

from

core loss current magnetizing current

core loss resistance magnetizing reactance

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Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Test on Transformer
short circuit test

1) The test is performed at high voltage side.

2) This test is used to find primary and secondary
magnetizing reactance.
3) The test is performed until the rated current at
high voltage side.
4) Wattmeter will give power factor for calculated.
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Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Test on Transformer
parameter for short circuit test
:
power factor

from

Equivalent impedance Equivalent resistance

equivalent reactance

and
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Equipment
1) varieble single phase supply
2) single phase Transformer
1kVa, 220V : 115v, 4.55A : 8.70a
3) digital power meter
4) incandescent lamp 100w 230V
(resistive load)
5) voltmeter
6) Junction box
7) Junction box with fuse
8) current probe
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Experiment
experiment 2 : LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1 ) connect the circuit as figure 2.

2 ) apply the rated voltage of secondary winding (220v) by variac.

record wattmeter reading for the no-load condition in the table 1.

3) apply the load across the secondary winding and keep the rated
voltage of secondary winding (220v).record wattmeter reading in
the table 1.
4) calculated efficiency and %voltage regulation.
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figure 2 :circuit for LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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table 1 : result of LOAD TEST ON
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
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Solution : consider at 5 incandescent lamp :

efficiency (η) pout= 467 W and Pin = 502 w

voltage regulation (%Vreg ) V in,on-load = 118.6 v , V in,no-load = 117.4 v

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Experiment
experiment 3 : the TEST to find equipvalen circuit

1 ) Determine the voltage and current used to these test and record in
the table 2.

2 ) First,Open circuit on low voltage side to measure the high voltage

side.then, open circuit on high voltage side swap to measure the low
voltage side and record in table 2.
3 ) Do a Short circuit test.Take measurements similar to point 2.

4 ) Calculate the parameters and write the equivalent circuit of the

transformer.
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figure 3 : circuit for the open circuit test

figure 4 : circuit for the short circuit test

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table 2 : result of the open and short circuit test
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Solution : Oc. test
Core loss resistance and
consider test result OCT. on L.V. side magnetizing reactance on L.V. side

angle between v-i of OCT.

transfer to H.V. side

Core loss and magnetizing current

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Solution : Sc. test
Equivalent resistance and
consider test result sct. on h.V. side Equivalent reactance on h.V. side

from

angle between v-i of sCT.

so

transfer to l.V. side

Equivalent impedance
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figure 3 : Equipvalent circuit refered to high voltage side

figure 4 : Equipvalent circuit refered to low voltage side

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Conclusion
analysis the results of experiments. we can conclude that when the transformer is operating
at no load condition, there is no current flows on the output side and the efficiency equal to zero.

if the load is applied to the circuit. It is observed that the output current flows to the load.
Therefore, resistive loss or copper loss caused by the resistance of the copper wire occur on the
output side and affecting to the efficiency.

If the output load current and the secondary voltage are increase by varying secondary
load conditions, therefore the primary voltage must be supplied more to reduce the voltage on the
secondary keep to 220 V and affecting to change in the primary voltage compared to the original
no-load voltage. If apply the load in steps up, the difference will increase.

The equivalent circuit can be calculated from the open circuit test and short circuit
test as shown in figure 3 and 4 is used to determine the efficiency and voltage regulation
at any load condition.
T hank y o
u