DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering

CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
UNIT I
QUANTITY ESTIMATION
PART A

1. Define estimate.
An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be
incurred in the construction of a work. The estimate is the probable cost of a work and is determined
theoretically by mathematical calculation based on the plans and drawing and current rates.
2. What are the two main methods used to building the estimate? (AU Nov/Dec 2016) (N/D 12)
• Centre line method
• Inner to Inner and Outer to Outer wall method
3. Write the different types of estimates. (N/D 2007) (N/D 12) (M/J 13) (N/D 14) (N/D 18)
(i) Preliminary Estimate or Rough Cost Estimate
(ii) Plinth Area Estimate
(iii) Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate
(iv) Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
(v) Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate
(vi) Revised Estimate
(vii) Supplementary Estimate And Revised Estimate
(viii) Annual Repair or Maintenances Estimate
(ix) Supplementary Estimate
4. Distinguish between load bearing structures and framed structures.
Load bearing structures:
Load bearing structures are structures where the loads are transferred to the foundation via walls
(external and internal). These types of structures have a smaller window to walls ratio. Since the loads
are borne by the walls the height of walls are limited.
Framed Structures:
Framed structures are structures where the loads are transferred to the foundation via beams and
columns. So beams and columns play a major role here. The load in floor is transferred to the beams
and then columns. These types of structures can have large open areas in the walls. These types of
structures can be adopted in high-rise buildings.
5. Briefly explain about preliminary Estimate. (N/D 18)
The estimate which prepared using any rough method to get the approximate cost construction
anticipated in a project is called an approximate or rough estimate. Since this estimate is normally
prepared in the preliminary estimate.
6. Define Abstract estimate
This is the third and final stage in a detailed estimate. The quantities and rates of each item of work,
arrived in the first two stages, are now entered in an abstract form. The total cost of each item of work
is now calculated by multiplying the quantities and respective rates.
7. Define detailed estimate
The estimate, which provides the item wise quantities of works, item wise unit rates and item wise
expenditure anticipated in the project/construction, is called a detailed estimate.
(Or)
Detailed estimate is an accurate estimate consists of working put the quantities of each item of works,
and working the cost. The dimension, length, breadth and height of each item are taken out correctly
from drawing and quantities of each item are calculated, and abstracting and billing are done.
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
8. Write the duties of quantity surveyor.
• Preparing bill of quantities (Taking off, squaring, Abstracting and billing)
• Preparing bills for part payments at intervals during the execution of work
• Preparing bill of adjustment in the case of variations ordered during the execution of work.
• Giving legal advice in case of court proceedings
9. Estimate the quantities of brickwork and plastering required in a wall 4m long, 3m high and 30
cm thick. Calculate also the cost if the rate of brickwork is Rs.320.00 per cu.m and of plastering
is Rs. 8.50 per sq.m.
Quantities of brickwork =LxBxH
= 4m x 3m x 0.30m
= 3.6 cu.m
Quantity of plastering (two faces) = 2 x 4m x 3m
= 24 sq.m
Cost of brickwork = 3.6 x 320.00
= Rs.1152.00
Cost of plastering = 24x 8.50
= Rs.204.00
Total cost =1152.00 + 204.00
= Rs.1356.00
10. Write the essential qualities of a good surveyor.
• The quality surveyor must be well versed with the drawings of work.
• He should be able to read the drawing correctly and bill the quantities accurately.
• He should have a thorough knowledge of the construction procedure to be adopted, the various
items of works involved in the execution: and the different materials to be used in the work.
• He should be able to prepare schedule to be priced by tender.
11. Briefly explain about revised estimate
The estimate, which is prepared
• When any major change or alteration is made in the plan / structural arrangement, with or
without affecting the estimate cost, and
• When the estimated cost is likely to exceed by more than 5% during execution, due to increase
in the cost of materials and labour or due to increase in the cost of materials and labour or due
to alterations in the items of works to get the revised quantities /rates/ amount is called a
revised estimate.
12. What are the methods of taking out estimates?
• Centre line method
• Crossing method
• Out to Out and in to in method
• Bay method
• Service unit method
13. Briefly explain about Out to Out and in to in method. (N/D 15)
This method is most practicable under all circumstances and is generally followed in the P.W.D for
computing the quantities of various items.

14. On What basis, plinth area estimate of a building is done. (N/D 12)
This is prepared on the basis of plinth area of building, the rate being deducted from the cost of similar
building having similar specification, heights and construction, in the locality. Plinth area estimate is
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
calculated by finding the plinth area of the building and multiply by the plinth area rate. Plinth area
estimate is only approximate estimate.
15. List out the different methods adopted for approximate estimation. (N/D 13) (M/J 16)
• Preliminary estimate or rough cost estimate
• Plinth area method
• Cube rate estimate or cubical content estimate
• Approximate quantity method estimate
• Typical bay method
• Carpet area method
• Unit cost
16. What are the uses of an estimate?
Before undertaking the construction of a project it is necessary to know its probable cost, quantities of
materials required cost of the work etc., are known by using these estimates.
17. What are the units of measurement for the following items?(A/M 08)(M/J 12) (N/D 13) (N/D 07)
a) Damp proof course - Sq.m
b) Brickwork in cm 1 : 6 - Cu.m.
c) Wood work - Sq.m.
d) RCC work - Cu.m.
e) Pipe line work - meter
f) Honey comb brick work - Sq.m.
g) Form work - Sq.m.
h) Steel reinforcement in RCC works - Quintal
i) 11.5 cm thick partition wall in brick work - Sq.m
j) Earth work filling in excavation in foundation - Cu.m.
k) Weathering course - Sq.m.
18. What is the purpose of estimate? (M/J 14)
For all engineering works it is required to know beforehand the probable cost of construction known
as the estimated cost. If estimated cost is greater than the money available, attempts are made to
reduce the cost by reducing by work or changing the specifications.
19. Explain : DPC
Damp proof course (DPC) usually of 2.5 cm thick rich cement concrete 1:1.5:3 or 2 cm, thick rich in
cement mortar 1:2 mixed with standard water proof material, is provided at the plinth level to full
width of plinth wall, and the quantities are computed in sq.m. Usually DPC is not provided at the sills
of doors and verandah openings, for which deduction are made.
20. What is meant by plinth area method of estimate? (M/J 14)
Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding the plinth area of the building and multiplying by the
plinth area rate. This is prepared on the rate being deducted from the cost of similar building having
similar specification, height and construction on the locality. Plinth area is only approximate, and is a
preliminary estimate, to know the approximate cost beforehand.
21. What is Centre line method? (N/D 07) (N/D 13)
In this method known as Centre line method sum-total length of Centre lines of walls, long and short,
has to be found to be found out. find the total length of Centre lines of wall of same type, long and
short having same type of foundations and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the
total Centre length by the respective breadth and height. In this method, the length will remain same
for excavation in foundation, for concrete on foundation, for all footings and for superstructure.
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
22. Under what circumstances revised estimate is prepared?
Revised estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to be prepared under the following
circumstances:
• When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded of likely to exceed by more than 5%
• When the expenditure on a work exceeded or likely to exceed the amount of administrative
sanction by more than 10 %
• When there are material deviations from the original proposal, even though the cost may be met
from the sanctioned amount.
23. What are the types of culvert?
• Arch culvert
• Slab culvert
• Pipe culvert
• Box culvert
24. What are the different methods to calculate quantity of earthwork for roads? (Au Nov/ Dec
2016)
• Mid ordinate rule
• Mean ordinate rule
• Trapezoidal rule
25. What are the main components of culvert (AU Nov/Dec 2016)
• Wing wall
• Kerb
• Abutment
• Vertical wall
26. What are the main components of culvert?
• Abutments
• Wing walls
• Arch

27. What are factors to be considered in design of septic tank? (N/D 18)
The following factors should be taken into consideration:
• Material should be water proof and corrosion resistant.
• Natural ventilation provided should be adequate
• A manhole should be provided to permit inspection and cleaning.
• Baffles should be limited to one at the inlet and one at the outlet.
• The escape of gas and sludge to effluent pipe should be avoided.
28. Define lead. (M/J 12)
Lead is the crow flying horizontal distance from the center of borrow pit to the center of the earthwork
at site, i.e center of the area of excavation to the center of placed earth.
29. Define lift. (M/J 12)
Lift is the distance through which the excavated soil is lifted beyond a certain specified depth.

30. The actual expenditure incurred in the construction of a school building which have a total
length of main walls 140m is Rs.4.97 lakhs.Estimate the approximate cost of a similar school
building which will have 180m length of main walls.
Total expenditure = Rs.497000
Total length of main walls = 140m
Rate per m length of main wall = 496000/140 = Rs.3550/-
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Length of main walls in the proposed building = 180m
Approximate cost = 180 x 3550 = Rs.639000/-
31. Write the formula for Mid-ordinate rule and Prismoidal formula Rule. (A/M 15)
Mid sectional area method:
Q = (B dm+ s dm2 ) x L
Where
B – Formation width
S – Side slopes
dm – Mean depth
L – Length of the section

Prismoidal formula rule:

Q = L/6(A1 +A2+4Am)
Where
A1 = Bd1 + sd12
A2 = Bd2+sd22
Am = Bdm+sdm2
dm = (d1+d2)/2
32. How will you calculate the capacity of septic tank?
The capacity of the septic tank depends on the interval of sludge removal or cleaning. Normally sludge
may be removed once in every years and the liquid capacity of septic tank may be taken as 0.13 cu.m.
Per head.
33. Write the importance of soak pit. (M/J 13)
Soak pit does not provide adequate treatment for raw waste-water and the pit will clog quickly. A soak
pit should be used for discharging pre settled back water or grey water.
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering

Part – B
Unit I
1. Explain the method of calculation of quantities of brick work in a residential building.(M/J 14)
2. How will you estimate the Doors, windows and ventilators?(M/J 14)
3. Estimates by Centre line method the quantities of the following items of a two roomed building of
size 10.60m X 6.30 m c/c,with a cross wall at the middle of the longer dimension of the
building.Thickness of the wall 1.10 m.(i) Earthwork in excavation of the building. (ii) Lime
concrete in foundation.(N/D 14)
4. Work out the quantities of materials required for the following works(N/D 13)
(i) First class Brick work in CM 1:5 – 1 m3
(ii) Plastering in CM 1:6, 12 mm thick
5. Describe the Different types of estimates.(N/D 07) (A/M 08) (N/D 16) (AM 17)
6. Explain the methods used to find the approximate cost of the building.(N/D 13)
7. Explain the following detailed estimates (M/J 12)
(i) Individual wall method
(ii) Centre line method
8. Explain the following approximate estimates:
(i) Plinth area method
(ii) Cube rate method
9. What is the importance of estimation (N/D 12)
10. Prepare a detailed estimate of a R.C.C. retaining wall of 30 m in length whose cross section is
given in fig.1 steel bars shall have to be taken separately. (A/M 19)
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering

11

chainage 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

R.L 7.5 7.70 7.50 7.25 6.85 6.95 6.70 6.45 6.30

12. Estimate the quantity of earth work for the portion of the road from above data .the formation level
@ chainage zero is 8m.it has falling gradient of 1:100 .Top width is 12m with side slope of
1.5:1.Assuming transverse direction is in level. Take one chain 20 m. use Trapezoidal &Prismoidal
formula.
13. Prepare the detailed estimate for the septic tank, soak pit from the given drawing (fig.2)
a. Earthwork excavation in subsoil,
b. Brick work
c. plastering
14. Prepare the detailed estimate for the septic tank, soak pit from the above drawing (fig.2)
(A/M 19)
d. RCC & PCC work,
e. Coarse filling
C. Baffle wall & plastering
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering

Fig.2

15. Prepare a detailed estimate for a R.C.C. culvert given in Fig.3

 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering

Fig.3
16. Prepare a detailed estimate for the above drawing(Fig.3)
f. Earth work excavation in foundation
g. Abutment
h. Wing wall.

17. Explain the mid sectional area method and mean sectional area method (M/J 12)

UNIT II
RATE ANALYSIS AND COSTING
PART A
1. Define analysis of rates.
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Determination of rates of works from the qualities and cost of materials and laboursrequired is
termed as analysis of rates
2. What is meant by schedule of rates? (N/D 07) (N/D 11) ( N/D 12)
A booklet containing rates of various engineering items for the preparation of detailed estimates of
buildings, roads, bridges and canals etc. it also gives the rates of materials, daily wages and labour,
carriage expenditure and tables for quantities of various materials required in construction.
3. What is the purpose of rate analysis? (N/D 12)
For the purpose of rate analysis, the details about all the operations involved in carrying out the work
should be available, the quantities required and their costs should be known and the number of
different categories of labours required and the capacity of doing work per labour and their wages per
day should be known. These can be known only from experience of practical works.
4. What do you mean by gross rent?
It is net return; all possible expenditures on outgoings are added to get annual rent.
Gross rent = Net rent + Outgoings
5. Define Floor area
It defined as covered area i.e plinth areas excluding area of walls (generally 10% - 15 %) sills of the
doors are not included in floor area. The floor area of every storey shall be measured separately.
6.Differentiate: Plinth area and carpet area (M/J 14) (N/D 16)
Plinth area: It is defined area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by taking external
dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.
Carpet area: this means area in building which is useful one ie., area of drawing room, dining room,
bed room etc. Areas of kitchens, staircase, stores, verandas, entrance hall, bathroom, basement etc., are
excluded. It is generally 50% to 60% of the plinth area.
7. Define Market value
Market value: The market value of a property is the amount, which can be obtained at any particular
time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to
time according to demand and supply.
8. Define Standard data?
It is a catalogue of normal time values for different elements of jobs or for minute movements
involved in different jobs.The total time thus obtained is an estimate of normal time for a job which
can be converted into standard time by adding proper allowances.
9.How will you analyse the rate of a particular item?
The rate per unit of an item can be analysed or estimated by estimating the following five sub-heads
and its summation
Quantity of materials and their cost
Labour costs.
Cost of equipments or tools and plants.
Overhead or established charges.
Profit of the contractor.
10.Define standard data book?
It is the details of the quantities of different materials and number of different categories of labour
required per unit of an item work published by the engineering department.

11.Write any two functions affect the rate analysis?

MAJOR FACTORS
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Materials and quantity of materials
Labour requirements
Specifications
MINOR FACTORS
Site conditions
Place of work
Availability of tools and plants
Profit and conditions of contract etc.

PART B
UNIT II
1. Using current schedule of rates for materials and labours prepare data for the following
items of work.
I. Half brick with CM 1:4 for 1m2.
II. P.C.C 1:5:10 for 1m3
2. Assuming current schedule of rates for materials and labours prepare data for the plastering
the walls in C.M. 1:5 12mm thick for 10m2.
3. Write in detail about rate analysis for all building works canala and roads?
4. Explain in detail about standard data for man hours and machineries for common civil
works?
5. Differentiate between standard and observed data?

UNIT III
SPECIFICATIONS REPORTSAND TENDERS
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
PART A

1. What is specification? (N/D 07) (A/M 08)

Specification is an important document attached with a tender form/contract agreement, which in most
cases controls the quality of materials and works.
2. State the different types of specification.
• General or brief specification
• Detailed specification
• Standard specification
3. Describe general or brief specification
General specification gives the nature and class of work and materials in general to be used in the
various parts of the works, from the foundation to the superstructure. General specifications give idea
of the whole work or structure and are useful for preparing the estimate.
4. Describe detailed specification
• The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document. The detailed specification of an
item of the work specifies the qualities and quantities of materials proportion of mortar
workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and method measurement.
• The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared separately which description
what the work should be and how they should execute and constructed.
5. Why and when the earnest money deposits are collected?
While submitting a tender, the bidder has to deposit with the department an amount equal to about 2
½% of the estimated cost of the work which is called earnest money deposit. This amount serves as a
check to prevent the contractor from refusing to accept the work or runway, when his tender has been
accepted. In case of refusal to take up the work his earnest money is forfeited.
6. Why and when the security deposits are collected?
At the time of execution of the contract agreement, the successful tender has to deposit a further sum
of 1% of the contract amount to the department. This amount is known as security deposit. This
amount is kept as a check so that the contractor fulfills all terms and conditions of the contract. The
security deposit will be refunded to the contractor on the satisfactory completion of the whole work,
after the observation period of 6 months
7. What is a tender notice?
Tender notice is the publicity of offer to the contractor to quote their rates for construction for
construction work or supplied. Sealed tenders are invited in the most open and public manner. It is
made public by advisement in leading newspaper, in the government gazette or by notice in English
and in the regional languages in public places.
8. Define report preparation
Report describing the various features of the work, is accompanied with estimate. The report should
be written in clear language. it should be written in such a way that while studying it one can get an
idea about the whole work.
9. What are the basic principles of report writing? (A/M 17) (N/D 18)
• Need for project
• Investigation and design carried out
• Details of proposals
• Schedule of rates
• Cost
10. What are the points to be included in the report?
• Brief history of the work
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
• Objectives, necessity and utility of the project with reasons
• Selection of site
• Surveying
• General specification and basis of design and calculations
• Availability of materials
• Labour amenities and temporary accommodation for staff
• Total cost and financing
• Return on revenue if any
11. Write a report on a residential building
• Types and location of building
• Types of soil and foundation
• Details of structure elements
1. Super Structure
2. Lintel cum sunshade
3. Beams and columns
4. Slab
• Joinery details
• Plumbing details
• Estimate cost of the project
12. Write a report on the construction of a culvert
Types and location of structure
Types of soil and foundation
Catchment area detail
Loading classification
Details of structural element
1. Abutment
2. Slab
3. Parapet wall
Estimated cost of the project
13. Write a report on road construction.
• Location an class of road
• Types of soil, subgrade and sub-base
• Alignment of road
• Plane table survey
• Loading classification
• HFL details
• Details of culverts across the road if any
• Estimates cost of the project

14. Write a report on water supply installation

• Location and population
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
• Overhead tank
• Bore well
1. Diameter and deep of bore wall
2. Pump
3. Capacity of overhead tank
4. Distributor system
• Laying of pipe line
15. Write the importance of report preparation. (A/M 16)
The report should be written in such a manner that on the study of the report one can form an
idea,about the whole work.
16. Enumerate the documents that accompany a report. (N/D 16)
The documents which accompany a report are:
(i)A brief note on the necessity of the work
(ii) Details of surveys conducted.
(iii) Complete design of compounds, if any
(iv) Detailed estimated of the work.
(v) All pertinent drawings.
(vi) Special permissions to execute the work.
(vii) Tender Notice
17.Write the principle for report preparation. (N/D 15)
Following principles have to be considered:
(i)Necessity of the project
(ii) Steps taken to select a site
(iii) Details of surveying undertaken
(iv) General specification of the items
(v) Material availability
(vi) Labour component
(vii) Equipment needed for the project
(viii) Total estimated cost
(ix) Revenue-return if any
18. List the different items of a proposed building to be shown in the report of estimate.
Details of different items of the proposed building to be shown in the report of estimate are:
(i)Excavation (ii) Foundation
(iii) Damp proof course (iv) superstructure
(v) Lintels (vi) plastering
(vii) Flooring (viii) Plastering
(ix) Doors and windows (x) Water supply
(xi) Weathering course (xii) Water supply
(xiii) sanitary Arrangements (xiv) Electrical Arrangements
(xv) Boundary Wall
Design and estimation and mode of construction are to be included.

19. List the factors to be included on the report on estimate of a culvert.

 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Different factors to be included on the report on estimate of a culvert are:
(i)Type of culvert and loading (ii) catchment Area
(iii) Foundation (iv) Brickwork
(v) Pointing
Design and estimation and mode of construction are to be included in the report.
20. What the steps to be taken for submitting a report on the construction of a road?
Following are the steps to be taken before submitting a report on the construction of a road:
(i)Surveying (ii) Alignment of road
(iii) Drainage crossings (iv) Road formation
(v) Pavement
21. List the primary assessment to be made for submission of a report of estimate on a water supply
to a village.
(i) Water demand (ii) Source of water
(iii) Bore well (iv) Purification plant
(v) Distribution system
22. What are the types of leases? (N/D 13)
Types of leases are:
1.Financial lease
2. Operating lease
3. Sale and lease back leasing
4. Sales aid lease
5. Specialized serive lease
6. Small ticket and Big ticket lease
7. Cross border lease
23. What is measurement book?
A measurement box is the original record of all kinds work which are susceptible of
measurement. All entries in a measurement book from the basis of payment. The rule should be observed
while writing a measurement book so that the entries are reliable clear and safe explanatory and all
chances of making double payment are avoided.
24. List out the factors to be considered while valuing an existing building.
Following steps are to be while valuing an existing building.
(i)Strength of existing client relationship
(ii) Technology
(iii) Quality of management team
(iv) Marketing strategy
(v) Financial
(vi) Employees
(vii) Profile/image
25.Write the principles of report writing. (A/M 17)
The report should be prepared in such a manner that on the study of report, one can get an idea about
the complete work.
The report should be given at the beginning of the estimate followed by calculation, design, general
and detailed specification.
26.Define a tender.
Tender is an offer given in writing to execute specified articles or materials at a certainrate, within
a fixed time, under certain conditions of agreement between the contractor and the party, which may be a
government department or an individual.
PART – B
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
UNIT III
1. Explain the legal requirements for tenders(N/D 14)
2. Explain the general specification for Ist class building(N/D 15) (M/J 16)
3. Write types of specification. Give their advantages and disadvantages. (M/J 14)
4. Write down the detailed specification of the following work:
a. Cement concrete in foundation
b. Wood work for doors and window shutters
c. Plastering in cement mortar 1:6
d. D.P.C
5. Explain about the contents of a typical tender notice.(N/D 08)
6. Explain the sequential procedure of openings of tenders(N/D 13)
7. Explain the procedure for preparation of reports (M/J 14)
8. How will you prepare a report on estimate of a culvert (M/J 14) (N/D 11)
9. Briefly explain the report preparation for estimation of residential building.
10. Write short notes on the following
a. Lump-sum item
b. Security deposit
c. Labours requirement
d. Call of Tenders
11. Prepare the report on the estimate for the construction of road (N/D 11) (A/M 15)
12. Mention and describe the general specifications of a bituminous road.
13. Write the importance particulars in tender documents and describe about it?

UNIT IV
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
CONTRACTS
PART A
1. Define ‘contract’
Contract is merely an agreement being enforceable by law between two persons orparties.
2. What is building cost Index
The building cost index is an index of input prices that describes development in the prices of factors
of production, materials, wages and salaries and other inputs of building trade relative to the average
price level of a base year.
3. What is earnest money deposit?
Earnest money is a deposit made to a seller showing the buyer's good faith in a transaction. Often used
in real estate transactions, earnest money allows the buyer additional time when seeking financing.
Earnest money is typically held jointly by the seller and buyer in a trust or escrow account.
4. Write the essentials requirements of contract.
• There must be an offer of one party and its acceptance by the other party to make an agreement.
• There must be an intention of both the parties to create legal relation.
• The object of the contract must be legal, and it must not be opposed to any policy of the
government or company.
• The agreement to make a contract should be supported by consideration, or recognized by law.
5. What are the types of contract? (M/J 14) (N/D 18)
• Lump-sum contract
• Cost plus percentage of cost contract
• Item rate contract
• Labour contract
• Integrated contracting system
• Piece work agreement
6. What are the important legal implications of a contract?
• Agreement should not violate the provisions of law.
• It should not have any adverse effect on the morals of the society
• The form of contract should be in writing and each page of the documents of thecontract should of
the contract should be signed by both the parties.
• Contractors who refuse to carry out the work before completion can be sued in acourt of law for
breach of contract.
7. What are the types of penalties that are imposed on a contract and why are they imposed?
Penalties may be imposed for non-fulfillment of conditions of contract such as not maintaining
progress, delay in completion and unsatisfactory work etc. The penalty may be fixed sum per day or a
percentage of the estimated cost upto 10%.
8. What is arbitration? (A/M 17) (N/D 18)
Arbitration means the settlement of a dispute by the decision of a third person chosen and acceptable
as a judge. The decision of the arbitrator is binding on both the parties. In public works department the
superintending engineer functions as the arbitrator.

9. What information should a contract document contain?

 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
• Title page
• Index page
• Tender notice and tender forms
• Schedule of quantities
• Drawings
• General specifications
• Detailed specification
• Schedule of issue of materials&Conditions of contract.
10. Who are contractors?
The term contractor means a person or firm who undertakes any type of contract. Usually, this term is
confined to the contractors engaged for the construction or execution of works of repairs.
11. What information should a contract document contain?
• Title page
• Index page
• Tender notice and tender forms
• Schedule of quantities
• Drawings
• General specifications
• Detailed specification
• Schedule of issue of materials&Conditions of contract.

PART B
UNIT IV
1. Explain the various types of contract system (M/J 13) (N/D 15) (M/J 16)
2. What are merits and demerits of percentage rate type of engineering contracts
3. Explain the contract document (N/D 08)
4. List and explain the different forms of contracts with respect to suitability, advantages and
disadvantages. (A/M 15)
5. Write in detailed about arbitration and legal requirements.
6. Explain in detail about drafting of contract document based IBRD/MORTH Standard bidding
documents.
7. Explaint the three forms of contract.

UNIT V
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
VALUATION
PART A
1. Define valuation
Valuation is the process of estimating the cost of a property based on its present condition. The
properties may be immovable properties like land, buildings, mines trees quarries etc., and movable
properties such as coal, oil, steel, cement, sand etc.
2. What are the important factors influencing the value of building?
• Type of the building
• Location of the building
• Expected life of the building
• Size and shape of the building
• The Present condition of the building
• Legal control of the building
3. What is the purpose of valuations?
• For assessment of wealth tax, property tax etc.
• For fixation of rent
• For security of loans or mortgage
• For insurance, betterment charges etc.
• For compulsory acquisition
• For reinstatement.
4. Define Floor rate.
It is the ratio between the total built up area (Plinth area) of all floors and the area of the plot.
Floor Area Ratio = Total Plinth area of all floors / Plot area.
5. Define Plinth area rate.
It is the ratio between the total present cost of a particular type of building and its plinth area.
Plinth area rate = Total present cost of a building/ plinth area.
6. A property fetches a net income of Rs.900.00 deducting all outgoings. Workout the capitalized
value of the property if the rate of interest is 6% per annum.
Year’s purchase = 100/6 = 16.67
Capitalized value of the property = net income x Y.P
= 900 x 16.67
= Rs.15003.00
7. Find the plinth area required for the residential accommodation for an assistant Engineer in the
pay scale of Rs.400.00 to 1,000 per month.
Average pay = 400+1000 /2 = Rs.700/month
Average month rent @10% of salary = 700.00/10 = Rs.70.00
Average annual rent 70.00 x 12 = Rs. 840.00
Capital cost of the building @ 6% interest = 840 x 100 / 6 = Rs.14000.00
Plinth area required @ Rs.150.00 per sq.m. of plinth area
= 14000/150 = 93.33sq.m
Normally the quarters for the assistant engineer should be constructed at the cost of Rs.14000.00
having plinth area of 93.33 sq.m. But due to the increase in the cost of construction, this may be
increased by 100% and the capital cost of construction may be fixed as Rs.28,000.00 and the
approximate plinth areas of 93.33.

8. A pumping set with a motor has been installed in a building at a cost Rs.2500.00.Assuming the
life of the pump as 15 years, workout the amount of annual installment of sinking fund to be
deposited to accumulate the whole amount of 4% compound interest.
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
The annual sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n– 1
= 2500 x 0.04 / (1+0.04)15- 1 = Rs.125
The owner is to deposit Rs.125/-annually in 4% compound interest carrying investment for 15 years to
accumulate Rs.2500/-
9. An old building has been purchased by a person at a cost of Rs.30,000/- excluding the cost of the
land. Calculate the amount of annual sinking fund at 4% interest assuming the future life of the
building as 20 years and scarp value of the building as 10% of the cost of purchase.
The total amount of sinking fund to be accumulated at the end of 20 years
S = 30000 x (90/100) = Rs.27000.00
Annual installments of sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n – 1
= 27000 x 0.04 /(1+0.04)20 - 1
= Rs.907.20
Annual installments for sinking fund requires for 20 years = Rs.907.20
10. Write the necessity of valuation.
• Rent fixation. It is generally taken as 6% of the valuation of the property
• For buying and selling
• Acquisition of property by Govt.
• To be mortgaged with bank or any other society to raise loan
• For various taxes to be given and fixed, by the Municipal Committee
• Insurance: For taking out on insurance policies.
11. Define the Obsolescence:
The value of property decreases if its style and design are outdated i.e rooms not properly set, thick
walls, poor ventilation etc. The reason of this is fast changing techniques of construction, design, ideas
leading to more comfort etc.
12. Define the Scrap Value: (N/D 07) (N/D 12)
Scrap Value: If a building is to be dismantled after the period its utility is over, some amount can be
fetched from the sale of old materials. The amount is known as scrap value of a building. If various
from 7% to 10% of the cost of construction according to the availability of the material.
13. Define the Salvage value
If a property after being discarded at the end of the utility period is sold without being into pieces, the
amount thus realized by sale is known as its salvage value.
14. Define the Capitalized value (N/D 14) (M/J 14)
It is defined as that amount of money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate will be equal
to the net income received from the property. To calculate the capitalized value, it is necessary to
know highest prevailing on such properties and income from the property.

15. Define sinking fund. (M/J 12) (N/D 13)

A fund which is gradually accumulated and set aside to reconstruct the property after the expiry of the
period of utility is known as sinking fund. The sinking funds may be found out by taking a sinking
fund policy with any insurance company or deposition some amount in the bank. Generally while
calculating the sinking fund, life of the building is considered. 90 % of the cost of construction is used
for calculations 10 % is left out as scrap value.
Sinking fund (I) = Si/ (1+i) n - 1
Where I = Annual installment required
n = Number of year required to create sinking fund
i = Rate of interest expressed in decimal i.e. 5% as 0.05
S = Sinking fund
16. Define Market value
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Market value: The market value of a property is the amount, which can be obtained at any particular
time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to
time according to demand and supply.
17. Define Book value
Book value: Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary
depreciations. The book value of a property at a particularly year is the original cost minus the amount
of depreciation up to the previous year.
18. Write the various methods of valuation. (N/D 07)
• Plinth area method
• depreciation rate method
• Rental method
• Land and building method
• Development method
19. The estimated value of a building is Rs.500000. The carpet area of the building is 70 sq.mIf the
plinth area is 20% more than this, what is the plinth rate of the building?
Value of building = Rs.500000
Carpet area = 70 m2
Plinth area = 20% more = 1.20 x 70 = 84 m2
Plinth area rate of the building = Value of the building / Plinth area
= 500000 / 84
= Rs.5952.38m2
20. The present value of a property is 20000/- Calculate the standard rent. The rate of interest may
be assumed as 6%.
Annual rent @ 6% = 20000x 6 /100 = Rs.1200/-
Standard rent per month = 1200/12 = Rs.1200/12 = Rs.100/-
21. Write the various methods of depreciation. (A/M 08) (N/D 13)
• Straight line method
• Constant percentage basis
• Quantity survey method
• Sinking fund method.
• Life of the building method
22. Define the Year’s purchase
Year’s purchase: It may be as the figure which when multiplied by the net income from a property
gives capitalized value of the property. It can also be defined as “a certain amount of capital whose
annuity of Rs.1/- at a certain rate of interest can be received”
Year’s purchase = 100 / rate of interest = 1 / i
23. Define Depreciation. (N/D 16) (N/D 14)
Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of the usefulness of a property. This may be defined as the
decrease or loss in the value of a property due to structure deterioration use, life wear and tear, decay
and obsolescence.
24. What do you mean by mortgage?
Mortgage: An owner can borrow money against the security of his property, and for that purpose he is
required to grant an interest to the party advancing the loan. The loan is required to be returned in
specified time. The person who takes the loan is known as mortgagor, and the person who advances
the loan is known as mortgagee.

Part – B
 DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE 8701 Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering
Unit IV
1. Explain the Purpose of valuation in detail.(M/J 13)
2. Calculate the Standard rent of a building with the following data:(A/M 08)
Cost of land: Rs.2, 50,000
Cost of building: Rs.7, 50,000
Expected Life of the building: 60 Years
Returns Expected: 5% of land and 8% on building
Annual Repairs: 1% on the cost of building
Sinking fund on 4% interest basis on 90% of the cost of building.
Other outgoings: 30% of the return from the building.
3. What are the methods of determining depreciations?(N/D 12) (M/J 16) (N/D 07)
4. Explain about term sinking fund and Year purchase
5. A RCC building was purchased for Rs. 5,00,000. Assuming its salvage value at the end of 10 years
as Rs.4,00,000. Find the annual depreciation for the 6th year also find the total depreciation and book
value at the end of the 6th year by following methods
• Straight line method
• Constant percentage method
• Sinking fund method – 6% interest rate.
6. A colonizer intends to purchase a land of 1,00,000 m2 area, located in the suburban of a city to
develop it into plots of 700 m2 each after providing necessary roads and parks and other amenities.
The current sale price of small plots in the neighbourhood is Rs. 150/ m2. The colonizer wants a net
profit of 20%. Workout the maximum price of the land at which the colonizer may purchase the land.
7. Explain in detail about the methods of calculation in depreciation(N/D 07)
8. Explain the different methods of valuation(N/D 15)
9. Discuss about a Freehold property and different forms of value(N/D 13) (M/J 14)
10. Explain the steps involved in the calculation of standard rent for buildings