Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355

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Geodesy and Geodynamics

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Depositional setting analysis using seismic sedimentology: Example

from the Paleogene Lishagang sequence in the Fushan depression,
South China Sea
Yuan Li a, Song Lin a, b, Hua Wang c, *, Denggui Luo a, b
a
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China
b
Wuhan Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Wuhan, 430071, China
c
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074,
China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Fushan depression is a classic lacustrine rifted sub-basin in the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea. The
Received 27 July 2016 Paleogene Liushagang sequence is the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratigraphic unit in the depression.
Accepted 8 May 2017 Using three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data and logging data, we analyzed depositional setting of the
Available online 17 May 2017
Liushagang sequence. We use wave impedance inversion to describe progradational directions of
provenance and the general distribution of sand body. The seismic facies was analyzed by using the
Keywords:
seismic sedimentology approach based on 3-D seismic data, and summed into eight types of seismic
Fushan depression
facies which could be well related to sedimentary facies. Seismic attributes with six objective sequence
Seismic sedimentology
Seismic facies
boundaries were extracted. Consequently, four provenance system of Liushagang sequence in the study
Seismic attribute area were confirmed by the corresponding relationship between the geologic information and the warm
color and higher value area of seismic attributes: (i) the Hainan uplift provenance area in the south, (ii)
the Linggao uplift provenance area in the west, (iii) the Yunlong uplift provenance area in the east and
(iv) the northern provenance area. The seismic sedimentology used in this study may provide new in-
sights into a better understanding of depositional setting in continental lacustrine rifted basins.
© 2017 Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and hosting by Elsevier
B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Chengyan, Dong Chunmei, Zhu Xiaomin, et al. continually studied

In 1998, Zeng Hongliu firstly proposed a concept of “Seismic
Sedimentology”, marking the birth of this subject [1]. In 2004,
Professor Zeng defined seismic sedimentology as a subject by using
seismic data to study the sedimentary rocks and the formation
process, with seismic petrology and seismic geomorphology
composed the core content [2]. Later, Zeng Hongliu, Schlgaer, Lin
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wanghua@cug.edu.cn (H. Wang).
Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake
Administration.
Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi
on the concept, method and technology of seismic sedimentology,
which is gradually enriching and perfecting the theory system
[3e7]. In recent years, domestic scholars carried out a lot of
research on continental complex reservoir in China by using
seismic sedimentology, and has achieved remarkable results
[6e20] in petroleum exploration and development, but still in the
development stage. For example, Dong Chunmei considered the
90
phase inversion-stratal, stratal slicing and frequency division
interpretation as key technology in seismic sedimentology research
[6]. Lu Yongchao classified logging constrained inversion, strata
slice, attribute analysis and frequency division interpretation into
main methods of seismic sedimentology [8]. With the continuous
development of seismic technology, we should combine the basic
principles of sedimentology and new geophysical technology, get
further understanding of ancient sedimentary facies. Similar re-
searches have been carried out in some adjacent sub-basins in the
South China Sea. Based on the seismic data, Ma identify the seismic

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2017.05.001
1674-9847/© 2017 Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
348 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355

characteristics about various sedimentary facies of the carbonate important reference value for the research of depositional system.
platform and different types of reef in the northern continental By extracting seismic attributes, the distribution range of sedi-
margin of the South China Sea [9]. Analysis of the drilling cores, mentary sand bodies can be defined from the plane, which has
well data and 3D seismic data was conducted to identify and important guiding significance in the study of sedimentary system.
interpret the sub-lacustrine fans which formed in a lacustrine In different regions, different data conditions, there are significant
succession as the low-stand fan in a sub-basin [10]. Zhu utilizing a differences in the response of various seismic attributes to the
high-quality 3D seismic data set, well logs and restored paleo- geological conditions. In this study we firstly build drilling in the
geomorphology, systematically investigated the architecture and calibration, comparing multiple seismic attributes and finally
genesis of switched sequence stratigraphic units [11]. Also we have choose CCP2 attributes and variance amplitude attribute to study
made some studies on the tectonic characteristics and structural the distribution of sedimentary system (Fig. 2).
styles by using seismic data in the Fushan depression [12], seismic It is worth mentioning that marine sedimentary strata usually
sedimentology is applicable for researches of sedimentary system using RMS Amplitude as a seismic facies strata slice selection, but in
in the South China Sea area. With an increasing demand for pe- our study, we found that CCP2 attribute is more applicable on the
troleum resources in China, the Fushan depression has recently properties of such a continental rifted basin (Fig. 2).
become a focal point for intensive petroleum exploration in South
China Sea [21e23]. The Fushan depression is an extensional sub-
4. Interpretation and results
basin formed during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting located in
the southeast of the Beibuwan Basin. However, the lack of spatial
4.1. Wave impedance inversion
and vertical research of deep lacustrine deposition has seriously
restricted the secondary exploration of the Fushan Oil Field.
Wave impedance inversion is a special processing and inter-
Therefore, a better understanding of the depositional system is
pretation technique for seismic inversion of formation wave
helpful for further basin research and hydrocarbon exploration.
impedance (or velocity) by using seismic data. This technology
However, traditional geological research based on logging data and
began to emerge in the 1970s, which is mainly focused on stacked
2-D seismic reflector data is hard to well understand the complex
one-dimensional wave impedance inversion based on convolution
characters and distributions of the depositional environment. The
model and has been booming since the 1980s. In 1983, Cooke
best way to extend the well data to the entire investigation area and
introduced the generalized linear inversion method, which brought
further study on previously identified area is by using 3-D seismic
a new chapter of the wave impedance inversion technique [28]. In
data. Given this, in this study, new log data, three-dimensional (3-
our research, we mainly used wave impedance profile to explain
D) seismic reflection data have been examined in the light of three
the distribution and trend of sand body, set the Bailian-Jinfeng Area
main objectives: (i) using wave impedance inversion to describe
as an example below:
progradational directions of provenance; (ii) combined with the
Fig. 3a is a seismic inversion profile in southwest north to east
actual situation, using better quality seismic sections to analysis
direction of the SQEls1 formation in the Bailian area, within well
major types of seismic facies which could be well related to sedi-
data adding on the profile, we can clearly see that wave impedance
mentary facies; (iii) extracting seismic attributes of six objective
level in longitudinal (colors of red, yellow, green, blue indicate wave
sequence boundaries, confirming provenance system of Liushagang
impedance decreased gradually) is very consistent with the nature
formation in the study area.
gamma curve level. It is worth mentioning that due to the precision
imitation of wave impedance inversion, strong axis of high wave
2. Regional geological setting
impedance represents a composite sand horizon but not a single
sand layer, and in fact any kind of inversion method are difficult to
The Fushan depression is a half-graben rifted sub-basin, located
achieve the true prediction of single sand layer. Overall, the high
in the southeast of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, with a
wave impedance (red, yellow and green) represents the sandstone,
total area of 2920 km2. It is a “dustpan” shaped depression bounded
and the low wave impedance (blue) represents the mudstone.
by the Qiongzhou strait to the north, the Hainan uplift to the south,
Therefore, we still can analyze the general distribution of the sand
the Lingao uplift to the west and the Yunlong uplift to the east
body based on the wave impedance profile.
(Fig. 1 a, b) [21,23]. Accumulating sediments is supplied through
Compared wave impedance inversion with seismic reflection
braided river deltas mainly from the southern margin [24,25]. Us-
profile, we can find that high wave impedance (sandstone) of
ing the sequence stratigraphic principles of Vail et al. [26], in
SQEls1 is mainly distributed in the HST period whereas low wave
combination with modern sedimentology techniques and sequence
impedance (mudstone) mainly distributed in the EST period
stratigraphic data (e.g. seismic reflection characteristics, cores, well
(Fig. 3). The HST sand body developed from the Yunlong uplift and
logs and geological studies), the Paleogene unit of the Fushan
extended into the deep-lacustrine of Bailian area with thinning
depression is divided into three 2nd-order depositional sequences
gradually. During the EST þ LST period, the coarse clastic system is
(SSQ1, SSQ2, SSQ3) (Fig. 1 c) which lasted approximately 41.5 Ma
not well developed as the weaken of the provenance and supply
[27], the Liushagang sequence (SSQ2) can be further subdivided
distance.
into three third-order sequences (SQELS3, SQELS2, SQELS1)
(Fig. 1c). Based on the interpretation of wireline-log patterns, lith-
ological combinations and 3D seismic successions, transgressive 4.2. Seismic facies analysis
surface (ts) and maximum flooding surface (mfs) were recognized
in the Liushagang sequence. Liushagang sequence belongs to the rifting stage of Paleogene,
which experienced intense tectonic activities, especially large-scale
3. Material and methods episodic tectonic movement. The depositional background is
characterized by a dustpan-like rifted lacustrine basin. Paleo-
Seismic attributes analysis technique is a kind of interpretation geomorphology can be further divided into steep slope or steep
automation technology by using 3D seismic data, which has been faulted belt, the depression area, the gentle slope belt and some
developed rapidly in recent years, and has been widely used in other tectonic-sedimentary belts. Our research combined with the
petroleum exploration. Seismic attribute analysis can provide an actual situation, using better quality seismic sections, finally
 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355 349

Fig. 1. a e Location of the Fushan Depression; b e Geological map of the Fushan Depression; c e General stratigraphy of the Palaeogene infill of the Fushan Depression.

Fig. 2. Contrast diagram of different seismic attribute types.

summed up the eight types of seismic facies which could be well
related to sedimentary facies (Fig. 4).
Channel filling seismic facies d Influenced by abundant prov-
enance from the Hainan uplift, incised valley is widely developed
along the southern slope zone and mainly distributed in the
SQEls2LST period, presenting as the depositional strata suffered
long-term erosion cutting and continuous transport of sediments.
Channel filling seismic facies formed during the period of basin
initial crack subsidence stage which is usually related to strong
fault activities and mainly appears in the formations of SQEls3,
SQEls2 and SQEls1.
S-type progradational reflectors d S-type progradational re-
flectors is widely developed in our study area, which is mainly
distributed at the fault controlled steep slope area during the
SQEls3 and SQEls1 periods. Presenting as fusiform-like with
thick middle parts and thin ends, composed of a set of same
direction phase axis, with the upper and lower volts of the flat
phase angle or tangent line. Progradational reflection layer
showed a “s” shape structure with proximal apical super in
overlying strata.
Continuous progradational reflectors d Continuous prograda-
tional reflectors show the progradation of phase axis into the basin
center, which is a common seismic reflection characteristic of the
delta front facies. Therefore, we can not only determine the direc-
tion of the provenance through the seismic reflection analysis, but
also get an important reference value for the analysis of the source
channel location. This seismic facies mainly distributes in the for-
mations of SQEls3 and SQEls1.
350 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355
Fig. 3. a e Seismic wave impedance inversion of the Line 1; b e Seismic profile and sand body interpretation for sedimentary facies.
Chaotic reflectors d The reflection structure shows discontin-
uous and disordered seismic reflection phase axis, which is lacked
of orderly arrangement of the wave impedance interface, the
reflection structure is difficult to identify and the amplitude in-
tensity changes greatly. The reflection represents deposition
product with relatively high energy formed in turbulent hydrody-
namic condition. In our study area, chaotic reflectors reflect rapid
accumulation formation of the braided river delta front sediments
to form sandy debris flow deposits with the change of the high-
energy environment. It is mainly distributed in the eastern region
of the south slope belt of SQEls2 period.
Broom-like progradational reflectors d In structure, the
advance distance of progradational phase axis became smaller from
bottom to top, super on top of the underlying strata with a grad-
ually contraction towards to the basin-control fault and presenting
as a broom like reflection. This type reflects that the accommoda-
tion space increased by the fault activities is exceeded the sediment
accumulation rate, which led the sedimentary bodies gradually
towards to the basin controlling fault and forming unique broom
like appearance. Such a reflector usually indicates deep-water and
steep slope sedimentary background and corresponds to nearshore
subaqueous fan sedimentary facies during the SQEls3 and SQEls1
periods.
Small dome reflectors dThe reflection is smaller and typical
identification mark of sub-lacustrine fan. Characterized by “flat
bottom and raised top”, the small dome reflector has straight or
slightly concave bottom, convex top with in-phase axis ultra on both
sides. The general explanation for the reflection is to be deposition of
the high-energy environment, mainly reflects the fan delta and sub-
lacustrine fan sedimentary facies during the SQEls2 period.
Low frequency strong amplitude continuous and parallel re-
flectors d It is continuously distributed in the depression center
with its low frequency characteristic which is different from the
other types, reflecting fine grain sediment deposited under steady
and slow under-water condition, is also an identification mark of
deep-lacustrine hydrocarbon source rock. The external geometry is
presented as a sheet whereas internal seismic reflectors consisting
of a set of parallel axis with parallel contact relationship, and the
thickness is relatively stable. Such a reflection presents a deposi-
tional system formed under a relatively stable and low energy
water condition, also deep-lacustrine depositional environment in
other words during the SQEls2 period.
Intermediate frequency medium-weak amplitude continuous
and parallel reflectors d It is continuously distributed in the
depression center with its middle-low frequency characteristic
which is different from the other types, reflecting fine grain sedi-
ment deposited under steady and slow under-water condition, is
also an identification mark of deep-lacustrine hydrocarbon source
rock. The external geometry is presented as a sheet whereas in-
ternal seismic reflectors consisting of a set of parallel axis with
parallel contact relationship, and the thickness is relatively stable.
Such a reflection presents a depositional system formed under a
relatively stable and low energy water condition, mainly appears in
the formations of SQEls3, SQEls2 and SQEls1.
4.3. Seismic attribute analysis
The results of impendence inversion in the main seismic sec-
tions were refined by the restriction sparse pulse inversion method,
then the seismic attributes (such as variance amplitude and CCP2)
 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355 351

Fig. 4. Major seismic facies types and corresponding sedimentary facies of the Liushagang sequence.

(Fig. 3) with six objective sequence boundaries were extracted
(Fig. 5).
Seismic amplitude map of SQEls2LST intervals reveals features
with five high value areas (Fig. 5): 1) In front of the Meitai Fault,
obvious warm color high value area with clear boundary presents a
fan-like geometry, which is spreading into basin floor area with
lateral distribution along the fault. Combining with lithologic data,
we considered this high value area to be sub-lacustrine fan depo-
sition during the SQEls2LST period, 2) High value area around the
western part of the southern slope belt represents south prove-
nance and derived braided river delta towards the downslope di-
rection, 3) Large flower-like high value area distributes in the
eastern depression appears in the eastern study area with single
well drilling in thickness up to 220 m. The overall distribution
characteristics shows a huge set of bedding volcanic rock body
intruding into the dark lacustrine mudstones with burial depth
gradually decreasing northward to the Hainan uplift. In space, the
volcanic rock presents wide distribution, multiphase
352 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355
Fig. 5. Seismic attribute analysis of the Liushagang sequence.
superimposition, lager accumulated thickness and strong refor-
mation above the SQEls2 strata which has been deposited early, 4)
Another high vale area appears around the east-northern uplift
with a fan-like geometry extending into the eastern depression and
being assumed to be fan deltaic deposition, and 5) Besides the high
value area caused by the igneous rock, there exists another warm
color reflection in the eastern survey area mainly distributing
around the south-eastern edge provided by the Hainan uplift
provenance and being inferred to be braided river delta deposition.
Therefore, the RMS amplitude attribute presents a larger region of
cold color low-medium vale with high value of several local areas,
indicating a deep-lacustrine depositional environment and strong
supply capacity during the SQEls2LST period.
5. Discussion
5.1. Comparison between seismic sedimentology interpretation and
core data
Also, we made some work to consider the comparison between
seismic sedimentology interpretation and available core data to
verify the result. Take the western fan delta for example (Fig. 6), we
observed progradational filling and continuous progradational re-
flectors from the seismic profiles in the formations of SQEls2 and
SQEls1, which is responding to the fan delta deposits developed
with the western provenance. Vertically, the scale of the fan delta
formed from the SQEls2 period and become larger gradually, and
the corresponding changes could be found on the seismic profiles.
From the lithologic column and core photos, overall characteristics
of up-finer and retrogradation show that the estuary deposits are
accumulated in the process of lake extension. Conversely, overall
characteristics of up-coarser and progradation show that the de-
posits are accumulated in the process of highstand systems tract.
5.2. Analysis of provenance and depositional system
Comprehensive analysis of progradational reflection, sand
dispersion system, ancient water system, space configuration of
ancient depositional system and available core data (Fig. 6), we
finally concluded four provenance systems during the Liushagang
sequence (Fig. 7): 1) Southern Hainan uplift provenance system,
inheritance development provenance. The migration channels in
the basin are various in different periods, and can be subdivided
into four sets of secondary water systems; 2) Western Lingao uplift
provenance system, the scale became larger gradually and moved
northward or northeastward; 3) Eastern Yunlong uplift provenance
system, moved westward into the Bailian sub-depression area,
especially in SQEls2HST and SQEs1LST þ EST periods with poorly
developed; 4) Northern provenance system, developed over the
Liusha sequence in the local area but with smaller scale. Specific
features are as follows:
SQEls3 period d with three major provenance system: 1)
Southern Hainan uplift provenance system, which can be divided
into four branches with large area distribution, dominated by the
west and central channel system of the southern slope belt, its
distal arrived into deep-lacustrine area of the depression; 2)
 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355 353

Fig. 6. Comparison between seismic sedimentology interpretation, core data and depositional system.

Fig. 7. Comprehensive analysis of the provenance system in the Liushagang depositional period of the Fushan Depression.

Western Lingao uplift provenance system, the sediment gets into
the depression through the Lingao fault zone with closer distance
and smaller area; 3) Eastern Yunlong uplift provenance system, the
sediment gets into the depression through the Changliu Fault with
smaller range. Finally developed southern braided river delta,
western nearshore subaqueous fan and eastern fan delta systems
(Fig. 8).
SQEls2 period d with two major provenance system: 1)
Southern Hainan uplift provenance system, which can also be
divided into four branches with large area distribution, dominated
by the west and central channel system of the southern slope belt,
its distal arrived into deep-lacustrine area of the depression; 2)
Eastern Yunlong uplift provenance system, the sediment gets into
the depression through the Changliu Fault, and reaches further
distance and larger area comparing with the SQEls3 peroid.
Although get deposits from the same provenance (the Hainan up-
lift), the western delta system appears to be “more distributary
channels” and “wider distribution” whereas “less distributary
channels” and “separate distribution” is presenting of the eastern
delta system (Fig. 8).
SQEls1 period d with four major provenance system: 1)
Southern Hainan uplift provenance system, which can be divided
into four branches with large area distribution, dominated by the
west and central channel system of the southern slope belt, its
distal arrived into deep-lacustrine area of the depression; 2)
Western Lingao uplift provenance system, the sediment gets into
the depression through the Lingao Fault zone with closer distance
and smaller area; 3) Eastern Yunlong uplift provenance system, the
sediment gets into the depression through the Changliu Fault with
smaller range; 4) Northern provenance system, smaller and
dispersed water system. There developed smaller southern braided
river delta but more abundant fan delta systems compared with the
SQEls3 period (Fig. 8).
6. Conclusions
In this study, using deep three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data
and Seismic Sedimentology, we analyzed depositional system of a
classic continental rifted basin in the Beibuwan Basin. The research
result shows:
354 Y. Li et al. / Geodesy and Geodynamics 8 (2017) 347e355
Fig. 8. Distribution of sedimentary system composited on the contemporaneous palaeogeomorphology of the Liushagang formation.
1) Using wave impedance inversion, progradational directions of
provenance towards the basin were described. As the high wave
impedance represents the sandstone whereas the low wave
impedance represents the mudstone, we still can analyze the
general distribution of the sand body based on the wave
impedance profile.
2) Our research combined with the actual situation, using better
quality seismic sections, finally summed up the eight types of
seismic facies which could be well related to sedimentary facies.
3) The seismic attributes (such as Variance Amplitude and CCP2) with
six objective sequence boundaries were extracted. Consequently,
four provenance system of Liushagang sequence in the study area
were confirmed by the corresponding relationship between the
geologic information and the warm color and higher value area of
seismic attributes: Hainan uplift provenance area in the south,
Linggao uplift provenance area in the west, Yunlong uplift prove-
nance area in the east and the northern provenance area.
Overall, the analysis of depositional system by using seismic
sedimentology provides strong theoretical support for future pro-
specting in the Fushan depression and other similar rifted basins of
the Beibuwan Basin.
Acknowledgments
We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) program (41472084) for providing funding and for allowing
publication of this paper, and China Exploration and Development
Corporation, PetroChina for allowing publication of seismic data.
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Yuan Li, graduated from China University of Geosciences
and obtained a doctoral degree on mineral resource pro-
specting and exploration in 2015. She has been to the
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environment, University of
Ottawa for two-year Joint Doctoral Education from 2012 to
2014. Now she is an assistant researcher at the Key Labo-
ratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology,
China Earthquake Administration. Her main research
fields are structural geology, sedimentary geology and
seismic geology.