2A

Lecture 2- Human Phys

Ch. 3 – Cells and Tissues

Wee beasties!
Dr. Orr

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 Lecture 2-3 Objectives
• List the major organelles within a cell and
describe their functions
• Revisit how chemistry is important for cell
function
• Solidify the foundation of physiology: the cell!

What is a cell? (define) -The basic functional unit of living

organisms, can carry out the
processes of life. (Ch. 3).

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 Lecture 2 outline: Cells
• Overview of cell structure (Chpt 3)
• The organelles (Chpt 3)
• The cytosol and cytoskeleton (Chpt 3)
• Cell-to-cell adhesions (Chpt 3)

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 Structure of Typical Cell

See Silverthorn Fig 3.4

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 2.15
Summary of Cell Components

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 Overview of cell structure
Plasma membrane
• Also called the cell membrane
• Surrounds every cell
• Separates cell contents from surroundings
– Separates: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid
(ECF)
• Controls movement of molecules into and out of cell.

See Silverthorn Fig 3.2 6

Figure 2.15b
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Flashback to lecture 1: Body Fluid Compartments

Silverthorn Fig 3.1 7

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 1.5
Plasma Membrane Structure
Extracellular side

Intracellular side
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 Membrane Proteins
• Integral proteins - span the membrane
• Peripheral proteins - embedded on just one
side of the membrane
• Functions:
– Structural support
– Transport
– Enzymatic control of cell processes
– Receptors for hormones and other molecules
– “Self” markers for immune system
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 Overview of cell structure
Nucleus
• Typically largest single organized cell
component
• Enclosed by a double-layered nuclear
envelope
• Contains cell’s genetic material, DNA
– DNA:
• A genetic blueprint during cell replication
• Directs protein synthesis

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 Overview of cell structure
Passage for RNA
Nucleus and proteins
Site of assembly of
ribosome subunits

See Silverthorn Fig 3.4

From: Essential of the Living World, McGraw Hills

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 Overview of cell structure
Cytoplasm
• Portion of cell interior not occupied by the
nucleus
• Consists of
– Organelles
• “little organs”
• Distinct, highly organized, membrane-enclosed structures
– Cytosol
• Complex, gel-like mass in which the cytoskeleton is
found.

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 Cells
✓Overview of cell structure(Chpt 3)
• The organelles (Chpt 3)
• The cytosol and cytoskeleton (Chpt 3)
• Cell-to-cell adhesions (Chpt 3)

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2B
Organelles
• Endomembrane system
1. Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi complex
3. Lysosome
4. Peroxisome
• Mitochondria

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 Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Elaborate fluid-filled membranous system
distributed throughout the cytosol
• Primary function
– Protein and lipid manufacture
• Two types:
– Rough ER (protein synthesis)
– Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)
• Mesh of tiny interconnected tubules.

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 Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

See Silverthorn Fig 3.7

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 Organelles
Rough ER
Why ‘rough’ ER?
• Ribosomes for proteins
synthesis
• Proteins
– Secreted
– Used for membrane
synthesis
• Most abundant in cells
specialized for:
– Secretion
– Extensive membrane
formation.
http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/histologie/introhis/HIS/txt/tacsem/tac10_sem.htm
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 Organelles
Rough ER
• Proteins synthesized by rough ER ribosomes in the
lumen of the ER
• Smooth ER - packages proteins for secretion.

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From: Essential of the Living World, McGraw Hills
 Organelles
Smooth ER
Why ‘smooth’ ER?
• No ribosomes
• Packages proteins into
transport vesicles
• Lipid synthesis
• Location of detoxification
enzymes in liver cells
• Sends transport vesicles to
Golgi complex.
From: Essential of the Living World, McGraw Hills
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 Organelles
Golgi complex
• Closely associated with ER
• Consists of flattened, slightly curved, membrane-
enclosed sacs called cisternae
• Number of Golgi complexes per cell varies with
the cell type
• Functions
– Processes raw materials into finished products
– Sorts and directs finished products to final
destinations
– Produces secretory vesicles with contents to be
secreted from the cell via exocytosis.
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 Organelles
Golgi complex

Figure 2.20

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Organelles
Lysosomes
• Originate from the Golgi complex
• Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic
enzymes
• Serve as intracellular digestive system
– Worn-out cellular components
– Substances taken into cells
– The resulting material is then recycled.

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 Organelles
Lysosomes

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http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/e/lysosomes/
 Organelles
Peroxisomes

• Membranous sacs
derived from golgi
complex
• Contain oxidative
enzymes that
detoxify various
waste products
• Contain catalase –
turns H2O2 into H2O
and O2 .

Figure 3.4 Cell Structure

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 Organelles
Mitochondria
• Energy organelle
– Major site of ATP
production
– Contains enzymes for
krebs cycle and
electron transport
chain
• Enclosed by a double
membrane
– Inner infolded
membrane is called
the cristae.
See Silverthorn Fig 3.4 25
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 2.21
 Cells
✓Overview of cell structure (Chpt 3)
✓The organelles (Chpt 3)
• The cytosol and cytoskeleton (Chpt 3)
• Cell-to-cell adhesions (Chpt 3)

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 Cytosol
• Semi-liquid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds
the organelles
• Occupies about 55% of total cell volume
• Contains cytoskeleton
• Activities associated with gelatinous portion of
cytoplasm
– Enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
– Ribosomal protein synthesis
– Storage of fat, carbohydrate, and secretory vesicles.

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2C
Cytoskeleton

Study this figure

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 2.24
 Cytoskeleton
• What is it?
• A dense network of protein fibers that
– Supports the shape of the cell
– Anchors organelles
– Aids cell movement and movement within cell
• Three different kinds of protein fibers
1. Intermediate filaments - permanent
2. Microtubules
3. Microfilaments. See Silverthorn Table 3.2
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 1. Intermediate filaments

• Diverse
– Protein composition varies
• Ropelike fibers
• Functions
– Cell shape
– Anchors organelles.

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 2. Microtubules

• Made of tubulin
• Hollow
• Functions:
1. Support
2. Structure
3. Movement
• Of cell
• Of contents inside of cell.

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 Microtubules
• Centrioles
– Microtubule-organizing center
– Especially important for cell division

See Silverthorn Fig 3.5

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 Microtubules – cell movement
• Flagella and cilia
– Consist of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
– Anchored in the cell by a basal body
• Flagella
– Long and few in number
– Propel a cell
• Cilia
– Short and numerous.

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 Microtubules – cell movement

Cilium

Microtubules

Microtubules
Basal body

See Silverthorn Fig 3.5

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Cilia

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 Flagellum
• A single whip-like structure - can propel a
cell forward
• Only one cell in the human body has a
flagellum.

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 Microtubules – movement within cells
• Act as train tracks for motor proteins to run on and
carry vesicles from one part of the cell to the other

See Silverthorn Fig 3.6

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 3. Microfilaments

• Made of actin
• Solid
• Functions:
– Muscle contraction
• With myosin
– Amoeboid movement
• Localized movement of
plasma membrane.

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 Cells
✓Overview of cell structure (Chpt 3)
✓The organelles (Chpt 3)
✓The cytosol and cytoskeleton (Chpt 3)
• Cell-to-cell adhesions (Chpt 3)

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 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
• Three types of specialized cell junctions
– Desmosomes
– Tight junctions (impermeable junctions)
– Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

See Silverthorn Fig 3.8

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 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Desmosomes
• Act as “rivets” that anchor two
closely adjacent nontouching
cells
• Most abundant in tissues
subject to considerable
stretching.

See Silverthorn Fig 3.8

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 2.28a
 Plasma Membrane Structure
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Tight junctions
• Firmly bond adjacent cells together
• Seal off passageway between the two cells
• Primarily in sheets of epithelial tissue
• Prevent leaks within epithelial sheets.

See
Silverthorn
Fig 3.8

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Fig 2-27
 Plasma Membrane Structure
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Gap junctions
• Small connecting tunnels
formed by connexons
• Abundant in cardiac and
smooth muscle for ion
movement
• Allow direct transfer of small
signaling molecules from one
cell to the next.

See Silverthorn Fig 3.8

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